¢ Jn: Grinker and C. Steiner (eds) 1997 Perspectives on Afrtea Oxford, Blackwell 2 THe Nuer: Time AND SPACE E.€. EVANS-P! In deseribing Nucr conepts a ime we may ‘Bstingish between thse that 2re mainly feller of thei reins co envisoament, ‘hich we cll pecolegel ime, and chose chat rerefections of chet dations tone aorher in dhe social seructte which necallsersctural time Hoth refertosuccesiansof events which re of sufficient infers! tothe cammanity for them to be noted and elated to each other ‘enceptualy. The ler periods of cime are lmot certs roca, because the events ‘hey ceate are changes the relationship of ach groups. Marve, time-echoning thasedon changes eatare 2ndman's response tothem limited to anansual cycle andthere- fore cannot be used 10 diferentiate longer periods than seasons, sh, als, have lied fd fined notaians. Seasonal and Yonar Changes repent shenvalves year afer year that Nove ating x any point of ime bas toneeptual Knawldgeat wha es before hion fd ean predic spd eegnive his life necord- ingly Avmman’s strocural foure i Ukewise Trendy {bed and ordered into diferent perks go thatthe ronehangesinstarusa boy tullundergo in bis osied passage through the seca system, ees log enon De foreseen. Stocturatine appears 1 30 ni ‘Sal passing through the sci system tobe RITCHARD covely progressive, but 28 we shall seein 8 Sense this 1s am iflasion, Oecologia time appears vo be, ws, jc "The ecologies cycle isa year. Is dstine- sive shythm i the backwards and forwaeds overeat rom viagesto corps, whieh sthe ‘Nuer's response the elimi dichotomy of fn and drought, The yea (an) has 180 tain sessins et and ak, Tot, Gem about the Trae of March co he mile of September, Touilycoresponds ta he ese in the cure of ‘hint though ft dors cover the whole period ofthe ane Rain may fl beni athe fd of September ahd in early Ociober, and the county i si) bode in these months srhich belong, meverteless othe wisi lf of the year for itcommencesat the deine of he rainy = aot at their cessation ~ and roughly teaver the rough a the cure, from about He trial of Seprember tothe mide of Mar. "Thecwe seavinsherefore only approximate fur division soto rans ard drought, and 1H [Nuerelasieation aptly summarizes their way ‘flocking atte movement of time, the dtc” tion of atention in orginal rons Being 9s Significant asthe etal imate conditions. 19. the iiddieof SepremberNuerusn ast weet, tovardsthetifeo!Fabingand cate caps 5 feel hat vile residence and borcieubar He ‘ching ther. They begin speak of cos ‘hough they were already in Beng, and Lng © The Niners Tome an pace seve ue wee Set DR OU GH T HORTILCULTHU RE eee MEE PEMA Nc scancitY OF Foo0 Va hat LOA S BS en? bean eh nove This elessnssis even more marke vovatds the end of the drought when, puting cou shies, people tar cova the fe of villages and make preparaions for Stribing camp. Marginal months mey there {arebe cased a3 ff or mi since the belang tone setof acsiities bu presage he mbar set foe the concep of scasins fe devived from. soci ative sther than fons the mate ‘anges which determine them, and «years to Nine a pried of village residence (di) and pried of exp tesdence tw) ‘Staton yritions in socal aetivides 0m high Nasr concepts of time are primarily ‘bud, have been indicated and, om the conomic side, revorded a some length. The rman Features ofthese three plies of rhychr, ‘hysica,aeclogical nd cca are charted in Figue2 “The movements of the heavenly badies ster than the sun and ehe cen, the diesion ‘nd variation of winds, and the migration of ‘me species af birds are observed by che Nuer, nt ehey do no eogulate their activities fia reliion to them nor woe them 3 plats of ‘eleence in seasoral time reckoning. The characters hy which senoas aze most eleatly Gefined are those which conural the mover iments of the people: water, vegeton, ovement of fh, Be; i being dhe nee of title amd vations in fad-supaly which hilly waneateccenogialshythan into the socal hyn of the year, and the comtast Tperween uodes of i atthe eight the rains and at the beight of the arought which Provides the conceptual poles im time- reckoning. ‘Besides thete two main seasons of or and nay Nut resognive two sabsiiary seasons inched in them, being transitional periods between shen. The for seasons are 01 sharp Aivsions but overlap. Just a8 we reckon stminer and winger 25 the halves of our year tnd sperk ako af spring ad auruann, so Nur ‘eckon tt a tas halves oftheir yea and speak ako ofthe eegons af rl anew, Rew! $Sthe te of moving from camp 0 willage and fof leasing. and planting, fom aboot the tnidale nf March to the mde of June, before {the ean have seached ht peak Tt counts a8 ‘pare of the Jot Half of the yea, though is ‘onrased with Jt proper, the perind of full6 EE, Eoans-Prtchand sitlage life and Roriultre for about he le of June 10 theese of Sepreber. ‘Fam meaning “tna, isthe pend in which ‘Fhe persistent north wind bins to blow and people harvest, Gah from das, re the bush, and orm erly caops, rom abour the middle ‘of September to the mid of December. fount a6 part of dhe at hall of the year, hough ts contased wich mai proper, from Shows the mide of ecerber othe idle of March, when the rain comps are formed Roughly speaking, hereor, there are 0 tnujr sesens of sk months and four minor Savon of theee mths, but hese divisions tou not he earded oo ily since chy pots muuch ect unis of ime a8 rater YagYE ‘onceptalzetions of ebanges in oresogial fetaiane and stalactites which pass Fmpeccepibly Som one ste to ancther. Teshediagam shoveling ro om id Malco Spenbarathemibeiheye, engin eprint aclesagebe¥ees were eee sao eal edasrs Sisal scies, how one ee eae= sing os tsiney oe sun te gran nding ayy cam eae geal endecoainite wih eth below, where vilige He Shown im elation othe aeason of whic they are the fea) pin, Nor, espe the Sanger peopl aetlincmp arose Toeteeeryrotro andar oles ely anole ele eprom Ge soemput en) tee ene eS See a roe sain cps ding fron ewes nd mF Sol ae-econing bx snd fo he Pra sats coc ofthe SE Stine and tthe beh oe ee ie may hse Noe yn hat ington ins cea es. wot & wad fe Zltweatoe guess Scie gra nen “The yar bs tele moni, si tech of hen seen, ad mat ABU er 2 he more a months Bet Saree a been pew eqns 8 rine wa gaan ees Bee onns hoe sting odo wh he Fee pil he found Rowen ho er th a overt By he 2 Nest Sens equ we em te than the second. ‘The Nver: Tie aed Space w wer Sept Oat Ih (her Os = Nov fer Nov-Dec fap Gin} Dre Jon fiptinbws Jan-Feb Pe Fe Mar fot Mar ~ Are. geok Apee= ay Sat May—June rapt June ly spoon (payer) Jly~ AOE ther dg. Se ‘Nuer would soon bein dtfiuties over their ar eahendar they conser coonted the secesion of moons, but there are cersin tesvvesasciated wth each month theass0- as sametimes being indicated by che name fo the month, The calendar is 2 relation terween a cycle of setivtis and a conceptual {cleaned the eo ean all apart, since the feacepens eel is dependent onthe cycle of eto fom which i derives it: meaning tnd funtion, “Phus + twelve-month system oes na incommode Nur, forthe calender i anchored tothe cycle of ecological changes. Inthe month of drone makes the irs ishing art and form the Ris ete orp, at fince one ie deing hese things t must be br te thereabouts, Likewive in dat one breaks ‘anp and returns tothe vilbges, and since pple are en the move it mast be daw or Therese. Consequently the calendar emis ely sable and in any section of [Netland sheves genera agreement about the ame of the current mnt. Tn og enperience Nuer do motto any great ‘cence the name of the months to indicate ‘hetime of anevent, but generally refer instead Yo ome outstanding sy in proces tthe time ufisaccurrence, atthe ve of early amps, a the tee of ecding at che time of harvesting Re. and ire eaiy understandable ‘hat chey dso, since ime ite them elation 1 Ter taonc coer of nena oath we ete ih niltncnrtesvunnmelinctrpawathraat berweon acvtes During the ain the sages inthe gromib of millet nd che steps taken in itseulture are often usta points freference Pastoral activities, being Larely undiereni= aed throughout the maoths and eon, do at provide suitable poims. ‘There are mot uns of time berween the nowt and day and sight. People indicat the ‘ccurrence of an event more tana day or180, ago by reference to sorte other event which, Tok pine atthe same ime ory counting he amber of iatervening “seeys? oc, less Cammonly, tune There ar terms for -day, tormorrow, yewtetday, &c., but there nn ‘resison about thean, When Nuce wish (0 Aline the occurrence of a event sever] days fn advance, such ap 3 dance or wedding, they ‘iy s0 by reference 10 the phases of ee rn: few mat its waxing ull move, Ms waDing, andthe Brightness of ssucond guarer. When, They wish tbe presse they sate fore, ask the reader to forgive 2 certain ‘obscurity a cis point and to reserve rics ‘il we have had 20 opperrunicy of explaining onee clerly what is meant by structs ance. We bate reacted our discussione Nee systems of time-reckoning and have ct sonzidered the way in which 20 individual perceives ime, The subject vises with dt ‘ales, Thus an indieidua aay reckon the passage of time by reference tothe physcel ppeerance snd status of euerividuals nd ‘0 changes in his nen life-history, bat sich a natal of reckoning tire has no wide cole tive validiy. We confess hawever, det out heervatians on ehe maser have Been sight and thata aller analysis isheyond aur powers. ‘Weare merely indicated those aspects of Oe rable which are diectly related the Assripion of modes of livelihood which hs {one before and to the deseriptian of politi Insceations wich follows, ‘We have remarked that the movement ‘souctra ines, ina sense an uso, fete sinieture remains fay constant and the pevceptin of times no sare chen the move- rent of persons, often as groups, throug the structure. Thus age sets suecced one another forever, bat tare ate never more than x ‘existence and the relative posions ec by these six setsatany Ge are ved stactord aims chebogh which actual ses of persons pass in endless susession, Similarly, for seasons which we explain later, the Noer sem of lineages may be considered a xed sjsem, dhese Being aconstant number a steps bberween living persons and the founder of ther clan and the lineages having constant position relative (0 one another. However snany generations sueceed one another the depth and range of ineages does not increase ‘oles there his been structural chang. Beyond thelimitsofhistrial ime weencer a plane of wadiion in which a cetin element of istarieal fact may besoppased tobe incor porsted in complex of nyt Here the pints of reference are the srustaca] ones we hate indicated. At ane end tis plane merges into Distory; atthe odher end ievo myth. Tine perspective i here nat = te inapreson of eal dstmees eth created by our dating technique butareficionofretaions beam Tincages, #9 that the tradition events recorded have be pce atthe paints where the lineages concemed in them converge in ‘heiclinsof ascent, Th eros have therefore 2 potion n structare, uo esac position a Iistvial time a¢ we understand i ieyond train ies'the boriaoa of pute myth which is always seen io the same time perspecive ‘One eaytbologieal event did. not precede another, for mb explains costes of general social significance rather than the inert tions of paricula segmentsandaeytherefore, aor structualy stated, Explanations of af ‘olives of tere oof eulewre ae draw from, ‘his intllzerual ambien which imposes limits on the Nuer worldand atest ell esatained and enirey stelle vo Nuer i the relation fof cs pare The world, peoples, ana cultures Allexisted together (rom te same remot ast. Teil have been noted eat the Noe time imsension is shallow, Vabd history ends 2 century ago, and eaition, genesously roenaured, takes us back only ten 10 evelve trenerstions in fineagestrucrue, and if we are ‘ghtin supposing hat neage structoreneset res, ifallows that he citance between the Ieinning of the world and the present doy2 EE, Eume Pritchard remains unaerable, Tine is thus ot 2 ontinuum, bot is #eaneant socal rela~ tionship Uetoven two points the fis and ast persocs in a line of ageatic descent. How ‘hallow is Nuc Gi maybe judged fom the fact thatthe «ree under which mankind came Jno being wae ail standing in Wester "Nuerlind fe yeas ago! ‘Beyond the anal eye, time-reckoning is ascumeposaiaton f thesia erste, ‘he points of erence area pejecion into the past of actos relations berneen groups of persons. Tes les 2 means of co-ordinating eens than of co-ordinating eatonshipsané istherefore mainly loking-ackwards snes relationsipe mae eeglained i terms ofthe pas um We have concluded dit structural Gime is 9 reflection of structand distance. Inthe following sections we dfve farther what We faean by stricto dstanee, and make 2 formal, preliminary, eassifistion of Nuer terstrial groups of patil kind. We have ‘sified Nuer soco-remporal categories, We ‘ow easly their scio-spatial categories ‘Were a man t fly oes Nuerland he woud see ohite patches ih what ook Uke tiny fungoid growths on them, These ase vilsge sites with hute and byes. He would see that Derween such patches ae seth of teow and Back, the beown being open grissland 0d the bhek being depressons which are swampy in the eaing, and thatthe white patches te ‘wider and more frequent in some parts tain thers We fd Neer give co chee distin tions cerain values which compose their poll truceute, 1c would be possible to measure the exact stance benneen ic and bot, willage and Willa, tribal ares andra area, andsoferth, and the space covered by each, This would Five usa statement of patil measurement it ave physical crm. By itself it would bare ‘ver limited significance, Osclogiest paces > more than mere physi stance, thoveb cia ‘Mleced by it, for iis reckoned also by the Character af the couney intervening berween local groups and is relation to the biologist requirements of ice members, Abroad river Alivdes two Nier tribes wore sharply chan ‘anay miles of unoccupied bush. A dianee tthich appees smal ithe dry season has 2 Uillercatappeerance when the are iceoversi Mooded in the ris. A vilage community ‘which hs permanente water nara hand 2 very sfferen postion co one which bas to travel in the diy seasin to obssin mates, prsarage ard ching. ses lt creates 28 impassable bain, giving wide oecolegicel distance between the people in separates, and Sresence or absence of cae xenon nigh= fours af the Nuer ikewise determines the rclogical distance between them and the ‘Nur. Oecolagical distance n his sense is Felton betwein communities defined in tenns oF density and dsributon, and with feference (0 water, vegetation, animal ad inset life, 350.09. ‘Stuctueal diane is of 2 very diferent cede thoogh tie alwaysinuenced 304 ints polska dimensin, 10 2 large exter dete fined by ecologies! conditions. By sree Aistanceis mean, abe havealyeady indicted in the preceding section, the distance berween ‘ronps af persons ina sca system, expressed Frterns of wae ‘Te nature ofthe cooery SGetermines the dgebution of villages and, therefore, the ditance between them, DUE tues lin aad define the ditribaton in Taractral terme and give a diferent set of distances. A Nor wilage may be eqidstant teem two other villges, ba if one of test belongs toa diferent ibe and ihe ahr tthe same tbe i ay be said 10 be sirvctorally fore distank fre the frat an from the fccond. A Noer ibe whichis separated by forty miles from another Nur urbe is struc- ‘rally nearer cae thas toa Dinka tribe from Which itis separated by onky twenty ries. ‘When we leave reritoril values and speak of ne per: team pe veges it ages aca ase i et set by cvienen onions One sea ietin tO rae rt ser hana Te eerie rene ho, roe teenie ong pony a nin and neste poston he veo ae pews peso seve Fe of he Sons 2 etm edison ru pe Fe ned wa ony aol sae now grew eto pil dss W {We bave noted that stuctural dance i TRE Ainance between groups of peru in social (aructure and ay be of different tinds Those hich concern wf or present account ae Doical tance, hieage distance and get SGatnce. The polieal distance between ‘Foges of estinry wil section is ess than the distance beeen teriary segments of 2 Secondary nib section and tha is estan the ditance bese secondary segment of puimarytebal retin, and x0. forth, “The lineage sistance Derween sezmets of 3 tninorBneage isles han the distance between nino egrets of major Lineage, tats Irs than ue distance Deeween lor sepments fe a monimal Lineage, and s0 forth, The gest dance between segment of am ae isis fss shan the distance Derween suceeseve feats and tha i Wess chan the distance Seren ae-see which ae no s0coe8 ©, AB tye wish to develop our uments Yer TTecto wae analyse which does nt allow the reader wo afer book (0 statenents Mendy mde, we wil give inumediate consideration Ty wo political dttnce and only 40 some characteristics oi ‘Nuee give vale to Jeol disibutions. 1 might he thought 2 sorple mate to discover Grhat these values ae, Dut since they ate medi in words, ane cana underond their range of reference witout considerable Enouledge ofthe people's ngage an of the tuay they wet for meanings vay according'0 ‘Se social station spd a word may efer 108 ‘varery of hel groups. Tei, nevrtheles pomibte to ferent them and to make # Frade formal engicarion of ther, 6 Bose Ane in Figure 25 “Asinge living han rw is accupied By gnc 25 NaS Spal Cechwile and ber cikres and at times, by her fusion, They eaosiate simple residential Family group. The homestead, consisting of byce and ius, may consin& simple Emily croup or a polygamous fomily and there are often one oto Kenmealiving thete aswel, ‘Thisgroup, which weeatlahouseholi,isofen referred 10 48 the ol, word which means ‘Dear A hamlet wich gordensand wasteland round tis called dra cach has tsp name, often derived feam tome landmark ftom the tame of the senior Kinsman ving there A hamlet i geneally occupied by clase agnatic Kimemen, oft brothers, and heir owseholds, and we el this group of pervs 2 joins fly. Av these groupe ate not ested in our acount we sy no mmare about shem, emus be remembered however hata vile fs mor an unsegmented unit bur #3 relation berween a numberof salle nits ‘The vilageiea very citinct unit. lrissome- times referred to at bur, ridge of high ground, bot generally 5 eng, + word which ‘may be treated how, but which has such 4 vasery of meanings thc we shall devote a speci section 19 it, A illge compices inked by tommen residence and boy a network of Knskie aed finales, the smembers nf which, as we have seen, frm & unmon camp, eo-opetate in many seis, apd eat in aoe another's byres and wind sereens. 4 village isthe smallst Nee ou hich ino pecifically fa Linshiperde anc ‘isthe poisal uit of Nerand. The peuple of fhe village have a Fela of strong solidarity against other villages and great affection for thei ste and inspite ofthe wandering habits of Nuer, persons bora and bred in a illge have a aoa for it and are Tiel so retaen tot and make thes home there, even it they have vesided eleewhere for many yeas Membere of silage fight side y side and ‘supporceach othe in feuds. When the youths ofa village goto dances they enter the dance in ‘war ne (2) singing ther special war char A cate camp, which people of 3 village form in the drought nd in which member of neighbouring wiles participate, i know 35 tee While this word has the meaning of "camp contrat wath cen, "vlge,” Both word are use! che same geoerl sense a local community. Thus when it sid of certain clan that they have no mee we are 10 understand that they eowhere in 4 thal Scction o vlge form 2 dominant noc ‘he community and shat, shereare, 0 Real ‘comunity abe mete from thers large ‘ap scaled afer the dsminane lineage init cor after the vlog cammnunity who oct, andsmall camp are sometimes named afieran od pero of importance who has eeced ie swindseenn there, We haveeeen toe the sci composition of carn varies differen times the drought fom the people ofa hamlet to 1e people of a vlog, or wf neighbouring sillages, and hat men somermes exon with Lasmen Sviog in camps ether tan tose of their owen villages. Consequently, while foal ‘ominities of the rane tnd 1 be alo oe ‘ommuniiesin the drought ther coxpetiian may be some hor different, We again emph ‘Sze that not only ace the people of 9 amp lvingine more compact groupthan the people of a vilage, bat sao that in camp fe sere & more frequent contet between sty mere and greater co-ordination of ther activities. co yatta pany -Thecatle are herded together, ried tthe siete; and 20 on Ha ilage each house a1 herds its ovm exe, if hey are ber ded at fia performs its domestic and rsa tasks haependerly and 9 ferent tes. br the Toveht there i incressing eancensaron and {reser uniformity in response othe greater sei ofthe vaso. ‘Wesometime speakofa dateiet ta deseribe an aguregate of villages or camps which hie teiy and fequent intercommunicaion. The evil of dese villages take part ia the same ‘ances, internat, conduct feuds, goon vit faiding parties, Share dry season camps or inate compe inthe same Tocary, and 50 0, ‘Thinline ageregeteofconacts oes not castrate a Neer categnry oF 3 pois graup, ‘ecnse the penple do et Se Themse¥e, oor sreseenby others, asa unique comaueity, bat “diice ie a term we exploy 10 denote the sphere enon socialcantzrsor ofthe sci cia sf the people of ville and ithe fine, tlative to the person or community spe about, A dive in this sense vend 0 cexrespo te 2 tertiary or a secondary tribal sgriensacording co the siue ofthe ibe In the emallest cies a hole tribe ie 3 man's in and ditt may even cat arass tribal Boundaries im that in 4 large nike a order village may have more conte with reghbouring villages of another tribe shan wh distant villager af ite wm be. The sere os man scl comets Tay thus ot czely coincide with any stuctul ivson. ‘A numberof adjacent llges, vsying 1m amber and ttl extension aecoding 10 the Sie of ie rite, ate grouped iat sll wil sections and thece inte larger ones. Tn the larger tees itis convenient distinguish between primary, secondary, and trary ita sections, These setions, of whatever a, ae, ike a village, spoken of a ing” Since the next chapter is devel 0 hese tal ements no more daar sem v In our accoune of Nuer time-reckoning we noted that ia ene department of tie their stern of ceckoning 3 i a broad sense, a conceptualvation, ia tens of activities, oF of ‘physical changes that provide convenient pois of tefereace for activities, of thse ‘hates of the oeclegical rhythm which have peculiar signiGcance for chem. We further noted that in another department of time iis 4 conceptsatzanon of structural relations, tint units being comordioate wich units of srrvctoral space, We bive given Brief Uescrintion ofthese unis of sroctrsl¢psee in its polica, territorial, dimension and have Jrawnattension tthe nfhunce of ecology on stribution and hence on the values gven to the ditributon, the interetion between hic isthe pola! system. ‘Thi ystern i pot, hanever as smple ak we have presented fi, for vale are not seme, and we 900 tempt (ace sme ofthe dienes we ave oF negleced. We start this atempt by fsbing what ics the Nuer mean when they speak of thei ion ales are embodied i words chrouyh ‘which they inloence behavinur. Whena Nuer speaks of hi cen, hit Hr, bis ga, be is cunceptuabning hie feelings of strvensal ‘erance, idenifying himselt with a leat ‘commurity, and, by 0 doing, cutting hisell [fT From ober communities of thes kid [An examination ofthe woud ing will teach ws ‘one ef the yostfondamenral characteristics of [Nuc Toca groups and, inetd fall social teupe: cei ractaal relate, ‘What deeta Nuer mesa whenbesays, “Tam strman of seb-snd-sachs cing”? Cieng means “howe,” but ite precise significance varies withthe sation in which cis spoken, one meets a9 Englishman in Germany and asks tm her his heme is, he may reply thats England. If one meets the same man in [Condon and asks him the sare question be wil tell one that his home is in Oxfordshire, swbecest fame meets hin in ha ounty he witell one the name of the ‘awo or village ia which he fives. Uf questioned in bis town oF Wilage he will mention his particular sect, Fd if questioned inhi tet he wil ndiate is house Sot swith che Nuer. A Noe met coutside Nuerland says tha hit home eeng Nath, Nveland, He ay abo refertoiswital ‘couny oie cing, though the mace usual epresion fr thi al. Woe ash hiro bis siege will name his village ta tba) section according 10 the context ‘Generals he wllrame etter his tertiny wibal ‘seeion ar his village, but he may give his primary or sccondary section. Washed im bis village be wil mention the same of fis aml or indicate his boestead or the end of the village in which hie bomestend is sisted. ence faman says "We cede,” “Lam going Thome outside hi vilagebe means that he is roving 9 in ie vilagee ean that fe is going eo is hard, if his aralet be means that he is oing to is homestead, Cie thos mons homestead, nome, wilye, and bal sections af vasious dimensions “The varinons in the meaning ofthe word eng ae nt de to the econsitencies fl tunke, bat othe elativiy of the groupes owhichitretes Templusizthischareteraf Fructus distonce aan cal sage because 29 Cindertaning of i pocessary t0 follow the “tsount of various sil groups which we are tout to deere. Once is understood, the Spparent contradictions in oor acoont willbe ten oliecentradicionsin thesyucture itself, ‘being inact quality it ‘Renan is 2 member ef pobtical group of any bid ip vitae of is aon-membership of tuber groupcof the samekind. He sees thems froups and cheir members sce him os 3 ember of 4 group, and his relations with them ave conieled by he stractural distance ‘been the groups enced. Buta man docs notsee himself asametber of thor same OUP ino fra ip is amenber of segment oft ‘which tends outside of nd sepposed to oher Tegments aft, Hence aman exp be a member fo group apd yor nat ember oft THOE a i 2 meee of is ee nits relation eo bier wibes, but he is nor a meraber of is tae in abe relation of his segroent of i to ther segments ofthe same kind, Likewise a tan jet merbes of i bal segment in te elation 1 other segment Du he is noe & member of iin the ration of is village to (ther viloges ofthe sare egenent. A ebirac= Aeriticof any polvl geoup is hence ice invanable tendeney towards fission 298 the fepprtian oft Segments and another char ‘ere ets tendency foward sion ith tthe groups fits own order opposition to poles! sepments larger han its. Police ‘olues are thus alvaye stevroray speaking, Jn confit, One value attaches 2 an 10 8 rg ad another wa segment of tm OPPO Fition to other segments of i, and the elue rb controls hie action 2 fonction ofthe otal uation in wie he Ges ims. Foe fran seeshimeelfaa member of group only in opposition to other groups and be sees 3 member of another group 269 member of & fora asity however rach tay bea ‘oppated segments ‘Therefore Figure 25 cates polite stevctue in avery crude and formal sy Ie feanot very easy be picoted disgrsmma aly, fr poi seltions are reanive and ‘ynanie. They are exerted as tendencies 0 enor co cet vals in eta iaiony fo the value determined by the truce felationsips ofthe persons who compose the usten. Thos wherber and on which sie 2 Ian fights ina dapute depends om the t= tural reliant of he persons engaged init tnd of is own elasonship to each pay. "We eee refer another important prit~ ciple of Nur pola strocure: che salle the local group the stronger the sectiment tating. ts members. ‘Tebal sentiment 6 Sresker than she sentiment of one of iS fegments and the Sentiment of a segment Aresber then ch eatiment of wllge which it sve of ic Logealy she might be supposed © ‘ethecatforifunty within a proup sane tion of 1 apposition to groups of the sme i ind it might be svemied that che semimenc curity within a groop must be stronger chan the semmienen of unity within a larger Eroup that contains Bur aso evident chat the aller the group the more the eantcis erween ify embers, the more varied are these contacts, and the more they ae co-opec- tiie. Tn ig group Tike the rie contacts fermen ies members are infrequent and orporate setion is Limited occasional nili= (ary excursions, tn a small ou ike the lige not ony are ohere daly exe ontacs,ofen of 4 eo-cperzive nature, but fe merabers ae rited by clote agnaiy oponic, and anal ces which can be “peesed in reciprocal action. These become fewer and more ditt the wider the group, tnd the cebesion of « poli group 1s undoubtedly dependeat on the number and srength of ies of 2 nan-poitel Kind, Te mast alga be sated dt political ace nies ae confused xn conllicting. They are tnfised becate they ae not bN3y5, ven in 1 polceat contest, im accord wii political falues, though they ted to conform to ther, dod because social ies of 2 diferent hind “pert in the same Bl sometimes trength- ‘ching them and sometines unaing counter to them. They are conflicting berase the values ther determine ther afc, owing fo the rel rity of palical sructure, chemseles in conflict, Consistency of policies! scruaiies ‘anonly be seen when she dyamismn and rela- tivity of peel srucure a understood and the celation of pois structure tothe scat syetems taken in consideration