serupLio oF tHE PuEIPrINES ‘OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT JOSE RIZAL NATIONAL CENTENNIAL COMMISSION OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES DIOSDADO MACAPAG: President, Republic of the PI CHAIRMAN ALEJANDRO R. ROCES ‘Secretary of Education VICE-CHAIRMEN RODRIGO PEREZ, JR. end SANTIAGO F, DE LA CRUZ ‘Aetg. Secretary of Finance ander jupreme Com Order of tha Knights of Rizal ‘MEMBERS MARIA KALAW-KATIGBAK JESUS E. PERPIRAN hemor, Common ea Benton Directory Buren of Private Schools SALIH UTUTALUM ‘Chairman, Coosmition oa Edveaton, Coma Hose of Repreweatatives EUFRONIO M. ALIP CARLOS P. ROMULO Praldent, University of the Philippine GERONIMA T. PECSON Chairman, Unesee Natit {a Spada, 195941555, Comton CARLOS QUIRINO Aig. Director, Barent of Pubte irri BENIGNO ALDANA BeSeeretary of Publlo Works Director, Burens of Publie Schosle al Commureations JOSE P. BANTUG Calera Avtache, Philippine Kasbuey LEONGIO LOPEZ RIZAL Charter Member, Natoaal Research Gounell VICENTE OROSA EDUARDO QUISUMBING BeDirscior, National Musee LUIS MONTILLA Execution Director YEDASTO G. SUAREZ Ausictant Director and Secretary COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS. LEONCIO LOPEZ RIZAL, Member LUIS MONTILLA, Member JOSE P. BANTUG, Member ‘VICENTE DEL CARMEN, Secretary Publications of the JOSE RIZAL NATIONAL CENTENNIAL COMMISSION WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL Volume VI HISTORICAL EVENTS OF THE. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS By Dr. ANTONIO DE MORGA Published in Mexico in 1609 recently ‘brought ts light and annotated By JOSE RIZAL preceded by « prologue by Dx. Fexoivano BLUMENTAITE CENTENNIAL EDITION Mawrca 1OSE RIZAL NATIONAL, CENTENNIAL COMMISSION 2 4w ves coe UNEASE ‘NORTH CARESUND PREFACE “Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas” veritten by Dr. An. fa de Morga, annotated by José Rizal with a pro. -dinand Blumentritt, was published by if in Paris in January 1890, considering it important for the propaganda activities which at the time he directed, and in order to set the record straight regarding the cultural conditions obtaining ‘among his countrymen, on the arrival of the Spanish ‘adventurers in the Philippine Islands. Rizal clearly states in his dedicatory remarks, the purpose which inspired him in undertaking the writing of this book, as follows: “In my “NOLL ME TANGERE” I commenced to sketch the present conditions obtaining in our country. The effect produced. by my efforts gave me to understand — before proceeding to develop before your eyes other sticcessive scenes — that it ig to necessary to first lay bare the past, in order the better to judge the present and to survey the road trodden during three centuries” “If the work succeéds in arousing in yourselves tho realization of our Past, erased from ihe meso ry, and in rectifying what has been falsified and slandered, then my efforts shall not have been in vain, With this as a basis, however small it may be, we can all proceed to studying the fo For this purpose, he chose “SUCESOS” by Dr Morga, which had been published in Mexico in 1608, and that. according to Dr, Blumentritt, became famous because it described better the conditions obtaining 10 vthe country during the so-called period tee ealkonine Mlands: The vahe of Bi we very well be judged by the fact that Lord Henry E, J. §, Stanley translated it into English, thus becoming one of the publications of the well-known Hakluyt So- ciety of London and which Justo Zaragoza had at- tempted to republish in 1888. Besides, in 1904 Messrs. Blair and Robertson published it anew in their work entitled “The Philippine Islands”, 1493-1898; and W. E, Retana also published it with’ his own annotations in 1909. After weighing and evaluating each and every proof he found in books, manuscripts, documents and other records in the course of his investigation of the vast Filipiniana Collection of the British Museum and other libraries, Rizal proceeded to reconstruct the records on the past history of the Philippines in order to show that, even before the arrival of the Spaniards, the natives of this country already possessed a con- siderably high culture, not as inferior as that depicted by the Spaniards subsequent to’ Morga’s time. As a matter of fact, he endeavored to proceed with the his- tory of the events occuring in the Archipelago, com- mencing with said period. In other words, he advanced new points of view from which to consider Philippine History. Thus, considering jointly the eight chapters of Morga, together with the annotation of Rizal on each chapter as sufficiently authentic, said book presents the ‘ancient Philippines as it was in ancient times in order to enable us to sift the falsity from the truth of our past history. ‘The “SUCESOS” as annotated by Rizal, appeared for the first time in the Philippines sixty eight years later when a publisher in Manila, published the new “work in 1968, to contribute his bit to the national effort to honor Rizal, The present. work is the sixth Volume of the Series of Writings of José Rizal which the José Rizal National Centennial Commission has now published in commemoration of his birth. wi ‘TO THE FILIPINOS In the Noli me tdngere I the sketch of the present state of our Native Land. The effect that my Attempt produced pointed out to me, before proceed- ing to unfold the other successive pictures before your eyes, the necessity of first making known to you the past in order that you may be able to judge better the present and to measure the road traversed during three centuries. Born and reared in the ignorance of our Yesterday, ike almost all of you, without voice or authority to speak about what we did not, see or studied, I con- sidered it necessary to invoke the yny of an illus- triowB Spaniard who governed the destinies of the Phil- ippines in the beginning of her new era and witnessed the last moments of our ancient nationality, It is then the shadow of the civilization of our ancestors which the author is now evoking before you. I transmit faith- fully to you his words, without changing or mutilating them, adapting them only whenever possible to modern orthography for greater clarity, and altering the some- what defective punctuation of the original in order to Wine its perusal easler. The post, the nationality, and merits of De Morga, together with the data and tes. fimonies fumished by Ns, coptemporaries, almost all Spaniards, recommend the book to your thoughtful con- sideration. If the book sueceeds to awaken your conscious- ness of our past, already effaced from your memory, and to rectify what has been falsified and slandere then I have not worked in vain, and with this as a basis, however small it may be, we shall be able to study the future. José Rizal Europe 1889 “Franalated by Enearaacién Alena vitPROLOGUE My very dear Friend: I accept your kind invitation, which so honors me and I'm going to write you a few lines instead of a prologue. I'm not afraid of the difficulties of writing in a language which I don't master; Ym pot afraid because I follow the impulses of my heart and the heart knows how to overcome grammatical and lexicographic obstacles. It is not the purpose of these lines to present a dish to those who relish the rich phraseology of the majestic language of Cervantes, no; my purpose is to thank you in the name of the international republic of scholars, in the name of the Philippines, in the name of Spain, for the publication of this most im- portant chronicle of the dear country in which you were born and whose adopted son I consider myself to be. With this reprinting you have erected a mont- mentum aere perennius’ to the name Rizal. Morga’s book always enjoyed the fame of being the best chro- icle_of tho“ 2 ; a mate. No i je Philippines cant disregard with impunity the wealth of data that sparkle in the work of the renowned justice; but neither can it satisfy his desires, because Morga’s Sticeaos is a rare book, 50 rare a book that the very few libraries that have it guard it with the same solicitude as if it were a treasure of the Incas. It must be supposed that the Spaniards rendered the just tribute of gratitude to the noble com- patriot, to the upright representative of the metropolis in the Far East, to the gallant defender of the glorious Spanish flag, to the greatest chronicler of the Philip- pines, but the expectations of the scientific world were not fulfilled in the country bathed by the Tajo and TA monument more enduring than brome, (EA) vill Guadalquivir, Not one Spaniard could be fo eet ne the inspiration of a noble and a oe patriotism, admired the work of the author who pre peed in’his character and soul the best virtues of his nation and whose pen proved to be the precious pen of an excellent author of lofty ideas. The Spaniaris Hid nothing; the Spaniagds who always boasted of their patriotism and Hispanism; thus they lost an opportune fioment of renewing the glories of the glorious pas. In view of this regrettable indifference of Spanish Philipinologists, a foreigner (boldness) ! meddled in the affairs of the country: An English lord, Lord Stanley, translated into the language of the “yes” the immortal work of the great S applauded by the world of foreign orientalists, not receive an honorable mention from that nation whose duty it was not to leave the laurels of his undertaking to a foreigner. The scientific world was satisfied; every orientalist, every Philippiniste, ought to understand Englisty, and the mu- merous notes and appendices of the translation did not hurt the value of the “resurrection” of the Suceios de Filipinas, Thanks to that translation, we foreigners aid not believe in the necessity or at least in the urgent need for the reprinting of the Spanish original. _ But you, my dear friend, were not in accord with this resignation and modesty of the outside world, with this indifference and apathy of Spain. In your heat, which is truly noble and generous, you have felt the nt of national ingratitude, and you, the elder son of the Tagalog nation, you, the mattyr of a loyal and aclive patriotism, you were the one who paid the debt of the nation— of the very nation whose degenerate sons mock your race and deny them intellectual endow- ments, ee Ladmire this proof of patriotic nobility and generous patriotism. The Darasites, the friars, pi the Sp i gods of the Filipino world call you filibustero; thus you have been slandered by those who, for their mad- ness for greatness, for the sake of their pockets, and for the bandage of their passions, are the indefatigable ix HPRE SO RO OCUNHE SHS SREwve-diggers of the integrity of the mother country, You have shown them wh lows how to fulfill ‘= duties of a patriot: The Filipino scholar who renews the laurels of a great author, statesman, and fighter of Span ade calls oe attention se government to the evils of mother country or they who sow racia) hatred i of the nh i their jeers and ifeibating expressions of contempt You know already that you will be attacked cruel- ly by the crowd of Spaniards who consider an educated Indio a crime of lese majeste. But if an Indio has entered the world of scholars, if that Filipino scholar not only fulfills the duties that Spaniards first of al) ought to fulfill, but also censures the conduct of the European colonizers and civilizers, then the Malayan author can consider himself lucky if only the anathema and curses of all those who believe themselves supe- rior beings, infallible and untouchable, should rain over him on account of the place of his birth and the sickly color of his skin. But you have not written your ook for them. The new edition of the Sucesos is dedicated to scholars and patriots. Both groups will be grateful to you. 1 have no dpe St your_not scholarly anc il thought out, will stir the European. world. 10 years abo the just and Christian protest against the eruelties committed by the Euro ¢ in the New World stopped spreading, its precursor being a noble Spaniard, the venerable prelate, Las Casas. ‘This man, truly a saint, spoke in the name of Christian rel- gion, and compassion, but he succeeded only in stop- ping the traffic of Negro slaves. | of the last century protested ai ¢_ maltreatment of man” a8 of their idea th : Fos eee os to various Spaniards the colored man Seemed a grownup child with the difference that the Gi ak at ater de h my : ae te efildren’ all the inexhaustible and ine x \autgent love that a father professed toward his child? ‘So we observe that this affection toward the “colored men” at bottom was a manifestation of the madness for greatness of the European race because their suppo- sition (erroneous) was that, with the exception of the white race, of the Chinese and Japanese, all the other nations and races of the world are either savages, primitive men, or at least men whom the providence of the Supreme Being endowed with childish and Timited intelligence. Following this theory and the other that modern civilization was a poison, the French ideal- ists wanted to guarantee a paternal and loving tutor- ship, but withal an eternal tutorship of the “colored men”. And full of idealism they wanted that tutorshij to be so indulgent and so benign that everything woul be permitted the “colored men” while the white man was to play the role of nurse or of the child ‘whose bad conduct had to be excused and even praised. ‘A good example was the German Forster. On an islet in eastern Oceania, the natives stole his hat (if I re- member rightly.) Forster did not complain against the thieves; on the contrary, he accused himself of having aroused the feeling of rapacity of the natives by using a beautiful hat. He was a model for numerous others. If the ideas of those deluded men had been realized, colored men would not have to thank their benevolent protectors, because they proposed not only to protect them against the brutalities of our race but also to otect and even nourish their vices and immoralities. ugly nakedness of reality ended the beautiful dream ug) of the deluded men who forgot that in the breast of every man sl the beast, that lich, like the noxious bacilli that are vu in, Killed only through the spread of education. But the illusions of those not remain sterile. The idea of the emancipation of slaves iaiginated in these illusions. I only regret that the noble and generous nation, the Spanish nation, had ceded the laurels of the emancipation af the Negroes to a nation who bears the sumame of “mercantile” —the English nation, ait aa i, “i ate ted that, th, er tte, Span, Innes Sh semicon nd RTann ett the lortabIn the following epoch, the cruelties committed by us Europeans were attacked, not for noble motives but for national rivalries and vain glory. Then the English accused the Spaniards, the Germans the Portuguese, the Dutch the French, ete., of having been barbarous and cruel towatd the natives of their colonies while they kept silent about the cruelties committed by themselves either for malice or for being blinded by national love. ‘The modern era, in short, with its democratic ideas, ended by looking with other eyes on their colored brothers. The new European ims,-or rather re Wotonly the equality of races but als cole Hianikind, To us the colored man is no Tonger a mystery or 4 human curiosity; the colored man_is the Now ‘through the fasion and advancement of geographical, ethnogra- phical, and historical knowledge, we are ashamed of the period when we denied to those brothers the full rights of man. Now we regret the errors, the crimes, the miseries that stain the pages of the history of the European ‘race. Now we confess with the frankness of a repentant sinner our guilt and as the modern genera- tion is not a deluded generation but an active genera- tion, we extend our arms to our brothers asking them to forgive the faults of our ancestors and we try to make up for the errors and crimes of centuries past. pservat - fian—The Germans specially discussed this theme in the same manner as you do, and Jet no one tell me that the Germans can talk about the cruelties committed by other nations because th have had no colonies, for Emperor Charles V transferr: to the bankers of Augsburg, to the Welsers (the Bal- zaros of the Spaniards) the territory that is now called Republic of Venezuela, and though German rule lasted only a few years, German eruelties were no different from those committed by other nations and the German historians rightly condemn with.the greatest harshness the crimes of their fellow nationals, So in general the accusations in your notes are not a novelty. But with- xii put doubt it interests us how the picture of these days and civilization is presented to the descer of discovery and civilization i Mctms of Europes te the mal L, Hea, ‘Naturally I havé found out that painted it fronf of eget feo, cy Pai Rar you have discovered things which have escaped ‘because even the most the attention of the Europeans, new points of view gi value, an undeniable value even for those who dream of an inaccessible superiority of race or nationality. The Scholar will salute with enthusiasm your erudite anno- colonial politician with gratitude and res- pect. Through those lines run a flood of serious observa- Hons equally interesting and important to historians and ministers of overseas colonies alike. My great esteem for your notes does not hinder me from confessing that more than once I have observed that you suffer from the error of modern hii rians censure the jast in accordance with the conce} at correspond to contem- Po E yught n¢ eso. The ought-“not-to-impute to the men of the XVI century the broad horizon of ideas that stirs the XIX century. ‘The second point wil ich I don't : which unbosoming af Catholicism, T believe that the origin of mmerole oeurrehoas repretible to religion, to Spa race should and to the good name of the Euro) havior and abuses of many be sought in the harsh b priests, : Until this point I have referred torical notes. Their very ‘avon grea rer in every man devoted to the scientific or politcal of colonial regime of the Spaniards as well as of se a er Europeans. This interest naturally increases When you speak of present-day affairs, defending Yow compatriots and condemning the bad condition of the founlry, T recommend the perusal of these annotations #2. all Spaniards who love the Philippines and desire ‘e preservation of the Archipelago. Ever those whoof the errors and il ns of “superior beings.” I don’t expect that those demi-gods ean be cured of their pre fees; to them your wor ce your Tagalo; Jeet: lekel, wpharsian,* TOD EREAE OD But — thank God—there is a sufficient number of Spaniards who do not need the operation of the cata- ract or who suffer from gout and these will follow attentively your suggestions. Every educated man knows by now that the French adage applies to the questions of the colonial regime: Les jours de fete sont pases.’ ‘The brutal exploitation of the natives cannot now find sufficient pretexts to appease the very sensitive public morality of the present generation. Neither religion nor civilization nor the glory of kings and nations now permits the conversion of the natives into servants with- out rights, without liberties. Even those states which base their regime on the prestige of their race take very great care not to offend the feelings of the ruled, because they know well that colonies cannot be pre- served if the mother country does not know how to inspire her children overseas if not with affection, at least with the respect that one contracting party shows the other, to say the truth, who contests the greater part part of the advantage of the contract, but at least ob- serves it scrupulously in all points. It is impassible now to regard colonies as a rich grazing-ground for the ad- ventures or for the enfants perdus* of the mother coun- try. The best men, the best talents, the most noble characters, ought to go out to fill the positions over- seas to be able to thus serve as leaders and supporters of the integrity of the mother country and Jo restore, not the prestige, but the good nam« ra6é, YRisa¥s famous novel, Noli me téngere, (E> 4.) Nambered, weighed, divided. (B. A.) SThe days of festivities are over. (E. A) ‘Lost ‘ehlidren. (B.A) xiv ‘The Philippines forms a colony sui generis,’ inhabited by millions of men whose religion is like ours, whose, , ivi is the child of our own, and whose éoples amalgamate with the bond of the Spanish lan- Those millions now aspire through the voice of their most enlightened sons to the assimilation of their country by the mother country and hope for the redemption of their country and the guarantee of the integrity of the mother country, not from the magna- nimity and nobility of the Spanish nation but from her sense of justice and prudence. The best reforms that are introduced into the Philippines will remain sterile if the policy of governmental terrorism continues, which places in danger the freedom of every Filipino liberal and smothers brutally publie discussion of the ills of the country, The same policy in Russia created nihilism and in the Philippines it will be indisputably the godmother of separatist ideas. Thus the present policy serves only to compromise Spanish rule. The mis- fortune of Spain and the Philippines is that the majority of the Spaniards do not want to recognize this truth. Some cannot recognize it for their egotistic interests; others because they live on illusions or they regard the colonies overseas with the boasted national indifference. To the first group belong the friars and those govern- ment employees who do not govern or administer the country but exploit its inhabitants. Every Hispanization or assimilation of the Filipinos or of the Philippines dis- turbs the circles of those predominant and powerful castes. To them the slogan “The Philippines for Spain!” means “Filipino gold into our pockets!” They fear the discussion of their abuses in the press of the country and in the Cortes of the kingdom; so they work with all the strength of their soul and of their gold to foment the traditional suspicion of the rest of the Spaniards, nourishing that hapless and hysterical suspicion by means of calumnies, denouncing every truly pro-Spanish TOF Wis own Lind, uakooa. (E, A) cd nsmovement of the Filipinos as filibusterismo. I don't be- lieve that all the partisans of this anti-Filipino league are so blinded by their passions that they cannot see the consequences of their behavior—the inevitable separation of the Philippines, or at least, a series of uprisings that will cost Spain much blood and much more money; but perhaps they trust in that “Apres nous le deluge”,* for they know by the Holy Seriptures that the sins of the fathers are visited upon their child- ren until the fourth generation. The friars at, least. know well that their power, their rule, will surely fall with or without the will of Spain and so they try by all means and with the help of pious frauds to postpone the end of their downfall. If this is brought about against the will of Spain, that is, by the separation of the country, it would not matter to them, because the orders of St. Augustine, St. Dominic, and St. Francis are international and they remain Augustinians, Domi- nicans, even if the Philippines does not remain Spa- nish territory, and in this case the friars either enter into an agreement with the Filipinos or emigrate to the place indicated by their general who resides at Rome. If the friars consent to the assimilation of the Philip- pines, they would do a patriotic act, but a very im- prudent act with respect to the interests of their busi- ness. The ideas of the friars are the following: “If we agree to assimilation, the consequence will be that, Fili- pino deputies will ask for the expulsion of the friars from the Philippines and they will get it; so it will be suicide to agree to the parliamentary representa- tion of the Philippines and to other attributes of assi- milation ; if we take advantage of the state of ignorance of the country that prevails in the circles.of the central government, we can at least retard our downfall. for some years to the benefit of our pockets.” Filipino radicals contributed greatly toward the development of this friar tactics, because they proclaim the slogan “Out ‘WAtter us the deluge” (B. A.) xyi At Friars!”, thus placing the friars in the dilem. = Steer to renounce voluntarily and immediately ma only their omnipotent influence but also all ther Tomporat property (Which does not seem to them worth. teas) or retard their ruin at the expense of the inteprty wethe mother country and the welfare of the PI pines. Thus the Filipino radi ranoe_of the oderint, dum metuant* The reasoning of the ex- adage der ees Metical with that. of the tian To the tion i i and naturally the interests of the stomach are greater than the interests of the mother country. Thus the Philippines count on an army of enemies, so much more fearful as they have in Spain the fame of being the support, the only suppor, of Spanish rule and the only ones who know the coun- try. According to my modest opinion, the exploiting employees form an uncompromising party while the friars would renounce much if they are guaranteed the rest... T have said the adversaries of the assimilation of the Philippines count on a large number of deluded persons, Among them in the first place are those who suffer from the madness of the Euto- pean race. Ev ig that does -not smell of theif coimtryis repugnant to them. The climate and the culi- nary art of the country seem to them hellish, and the noses and the color of the skin of the Filipino Malays and Mestizos are horrifying to them. Tt is true that those hapless representatives. of our European race do not belong to the haute voles” of the educated class but in political questions the most educated persons do hot play an important role; so we will have to, count on these specimens of the genus htumanum. ‘They belong to the uncompromising class, because de gustibus 10" eat disputandum,® and it is'a disgrace for Spain thst GExt Gem Bate, provided they fear, (Es_A.) 1 igh cass "G2. 4) there's ne for tanta, (BA) o seesa very large class, It is the fault of the they Trent of the metropolis becdise it did not lmow governtrag-in the minds of the Spanish youth in Pool dynamic love for their brothers overseas; it_cul- “ i ‘ide which is provocative tivated dangerous national _pride which ia_provocati and suis ; but it forgot to imbue the children with and silat omar all coumbries and all races that Pf om. If Spain did not 1+ j¥~ Mnillions of eolored eubjects, it would be well and ot: ue good to educate the Spanish youth in proud illu- ( form and inhabit the sions that every man who is not a Spaniard is inferior fr repugnant, but as Spain still preserves remnants of / her old colonial empire, it seems more than imprudent for the Spanish youth in the peninsula to forget that at "~ Jeast one third of Spanish subjects do not have the Poe ‘nenomenal Iuck of having been born in the penin- fula, That national and European pride is very agures. Sive and irritating and it is the greatest enemy o Spain because it establishes as indisputable the supe~ riority of the Castilas (Spaniards) and does not. allow tither the realization of the aspirations of the Filipinos or even the discussion of Philippine questions 0) sense favorable to the desires of the country. And this is the more regrettable as a favorable solution of the Philippine question is certain, time only being inseco™ and the question of whether the solution wl rd i in, This depends upon aniards i or againet SDAir she features and customs of the Pili: pinos seem to them so repugnant that it is no" é ‘astila god of TamBle defense of your Noli mo tangere, furious, wrote a little article in which this passage is found: “Are we not Spanis = Congra of a good race and ready for every sacrifice?” Cong, tulations, I agree and I hope that this © desires hollow phrase. ‘The first duty of a Spaniar’ fice the folly to preserve the country ought to be: Sacrife’ oP Ts for greatness of the European race and ni ties for the welfare and integrity of the mother coun- try; but, if I know those gentlemen, they will sacrifice their life, their money, and a hundred Philippines, Cu- bas, and Puerto Ricos before they will renounce their national vanities, as the fatuous and ruined nobleman sacrifices to his pride and vanity the few properties that remain to him from his grandparents: T'rahit quem- que sua voluptas, stat pro ratione vanitas* If Hispa- Pp 5 lave to overcome ‘ix_aversion to the flat ‘of the Indios and salute them as bro- dl F that nol ‘authorize Ge Fin ae weg te afr fate eens The interests of Spain deserve more attention than the aes- thetic concepts that certain lordlings form of the Indios. T repeat: The Philippines can be preserved only with, never against, the Filipinos. ‘The second group of deluded Spaniards is formed by those who are opposed to assimilation, because they be- lieve that it is not timely to grant it for the following reasons: Ist, the country has numerous savage tribes; 2nd, fren the Christian and civilized Indios_are_still in a low evel of education and culture. ‘This is true, bat iE does not impede the realization of Philippine aspirations. The numerous savage tribes do not matter because they havea smatt numberof souls andthe Filipinos do not claim the extension of constitutional liberties to the savage tribes. Yes, it is true that in generat the Filipino Indios have little education, but the example of Bulgaria proves that constitutional govern- ment does not depend upon the number of illiterates and literates. Still it must be added that this is not the time to discuss the question whether or not it is better to postpone the time for constitutional emancipa- tion, if we do not want to provoke the danger of His- panta deliberante Philippinae perierunt.* No one should forget that the present state of the Philippines is intoler- Wiis own pletzure draws each man, (BAL) ‘Witla Spein deliberates, the Philippines dee.” (. A.) xixbot ooh 7% able for any/nan who has sufficient dignity in his breast and even fo the last peasant, because wherever he Tooks, he sees oppression, injustice, and offensive and juri iliation, and over impossibility of defending Oneself, because the last Spanish crim- jnal believes himself and considers himself superior even to the best and most noble son of the country, while every Filipino who does not keep quiet and says “Amen” to every despotic and corrupt act of the ruling caste receives the appelation of filibustero and runs the danger of being deported and not only he but flso his friends; for in the Philippines, it is not only the criminal who is punished but also his whole family, physically and spiritually, as the vexations of your family prove. That peaceful and governable mass hears with greater pleasure what its educated sons tell it than what the friars preach, Yegnuse naturally they have more confidence in the_mef 0 ‘own race than in rho al aa 0 i ity. Thus the Philippines will get by force, get them gratuitously, their parliamentary representa: Kon and their rights to live free and respected. But T Goubt if the Filipinos would go to Madrid as deputies Gistigure it out of passion, the second becanse, by their pride, they do not know that thus 2 very unpleasant awakening awaits them. ‘The third and last group of deluded men hold the ideas of the first two groups; but their national, and European pride is not exaggerated to the point of dege- aerating into folly for greatness, neither is it aguressive por injurious. Thus they are better than the first group but worse than the second, because the latter at least promises to the coming generation what the, present Generation asks, while the third group says: “Never Fes composed of the routinists and doctrinaires: who x pelieve that the purpose of colonies is to provide the pelejard with employment and money and that the children of the co ast subordinate the inter e arse country not to the interests of Spain but rete jarda, An docu they_are not i provident pretension but they demand in addition the fratitade of the Filipinos because the superior Fermit them to be born, to live, to suffer, to pray, to pay, and to die ad majorem Hispanae gloriam. tT) Fevsush, we must say that the deluded men of the third group are against every kind of abuse and never will permit a violation of the laws and honor to be covered up with the prestige of the white race, But as their very ideas are nothing more than the codifi- cation of the abuses of power and of the prestige of our race (according to those who believe in the innate superiority of the Bnropeans), so they create finally a regime that demands from its employees justice and honesty while it is founded on an unjust and immortal sis. ‘Those three groups of deluded men exist in real- ity —the first is composed of many Spaniards in Ma- nila; the second is represented by a series of benevolent ministers to whom the’ country owes, many laudable reforms but reforms that, in view of despotism and terrorism, are like an excellent velocipede that is pre- sented to a prisoner; the third group includes a large number of Spanish senators and deputies to which we an also add General Salamanea in view of his speeches in the Senate of the kingdom, though unwitting agents Froweateure™ of fikhuateriemo, wile the second fane- uo a good Samaritan who bandage the wounds # 3 wounded gladistor so that he ean eome-out dee ne to the.arena ad majus gaudium'* of the so People. The lions and tigers that attack the gl Won, the great ea edema ot Sra For tht renter Gaigh (A) xxiator are the friars and other Castilas, and the Spine performance is the third group of deluded Ser niards. ‘Though it seems paradoxical, I believe that the different persons among the Spaniards constitute the hope oF the coUNIEY, Tor, as they have no anti-Filipino prejudices, it is supposed that some day they may fra- ternize with those from the Philippines, if they are ine formed of their true condition. But for this the help of the government is also needed to see to it that the youl of the Kingdom is taught the geography and elb- nagraphy of the SRnera is very sad, and perhaps more than sad, to note that the youth of countries which have no colonies, like my country Austria, is in general better informed about the Philippines than the Spanish youth and in part even the Spanish bureau- cracy. It is very sad, and perhaps even more than very sad, that Spain who reigns over 6 or 8 million Malays, does not have either a college or academy for Malay or oriental studies, the seminaries of the friars being the exclusive enterprises of private or international corporations. It is imprudent, and perhaps even more than imprudent, that the employees in the Philippines work like apprentices, for they do not know the lan- guages and ideas of their subjects, unable to graduate from the status of apprentices because even when their terms of office have not expired yet, they retire after staying a few years in their post, the governors. © mere three years. It is a monstrosity of Le consequences if every Petition of Right of the Phipinnt is considered a filibustero act that endangers ‘he 1° tegrity of the mother country. All this eter ae nourish filibusterismo and to separate the ole ts her metropolis, All the enemies and adver assimilation of Filipinos will ge the counselors of King Charles X of France in 1880, Fj ‘These observations are the fruit of the perusal of your notes, and it is the desire of my soul that your book find in Spain a circle of readers who -will not burst into imprecations but will know how to deduce from its perusal that the Filipinos in reality are not like, those in the disfigured picture painted by the friars and your enemies. If then they do not attend to the Filipinos, the Philippines will be lost, but through their fault. They pretend to be noble but they do not know how to be just; they pretend to be a superior nation and they do not know how to follow a prudent policy; they fear separatist ideas and they compel the Filipinos to seek refuge in revolution, May God will that these prophecies be not realized; but it seems that the govern. ments of Spain lack the aptitude for that of parat tueri: habent sua fata non solum libelli, sed. etiam regna."* Finally, I reiterate my expressions of gratitude for the precious gift with which you have favored your mother country, and the whole civilized world. I hope that you may continue your studies that honor Spain and the Philippines and glorify your name and with it the name Tagalog. I conclude these lines wishing justice for your work. Ferdinand Blumentritt Leitmeritz, Austria 9 November 1889 Tiers es Nee" fy books have thelr own destiny but also kingdoms.CHAPTER EIGHT Narrative of the Philippine Islands and their natives, their antiquity, customs and Government, both during their gentility (non-conversion) and after the Spaniards hhad conquered them; and other pecxr liarities. The Islands of the waters of the Oriental Ocean, adjacent to the farthest part of Asia, belong to the Crown of Spain, and are commonly called “The Islands of the West” by those who sail to them through the Castile demarcation line, and the seas and lands of America, for the reason that, from the time one leaves Spain, one takes a route until one reaches said Islands from Hast to West, the same as the one travelled by the sun. For a similar reason, they are called “Oriental Islands” by those who navigate through India of Por- tugal, from West, to Bast. The travellers going both ways, go around the globe through opposite routes, un- til they come to meet on the same Islands. Those pro- perl called Philippine Islands are numerous large, and small, subject to the Crown of Castile. They lie within the tropic of Cancer and extend from twenty-four de- grees North latitude, up to the equinoxial line, which passes through the Malaccan Islands. There are many others on the other line within the tropic of Capricorn, which extend up to twelve degrees, South latitude ‘The ancients have alleged that most of these Islands were deserted and uninhabitable,* but experience has Tilers exactly from 25°40" lat, No, until 129 tat. Sy Mf we are to a ee eae Ferme with reapers 2 the stin af this bli of Mons Ghee ta ty cate ested, did Sot belive thaa‘at the berina of Motes Re. But already since Diodorge Sion, (at century bef SGU “Barapa, hey ad news of thee lands though certain F "ian Csumatra at nat) aad iter wrote Ming dtaiedinarmation on the Sumber of iii vie, Peieny fa At er ‘three jolands whith in the tatin toxt are, called Sy SYP VREEE,,wiueh Meretior erates cn Cathe, —240— already demonstrated that this belief is fallacious, aw they count with good temperature, many people, food supplies and other factors favorable to the mainta of human life. They likewise have many minerals, rich metals, precious stones and pearls, animals and plants petanich Nature has not shown laxity. The totality of islands of this large Archi both large and small, is innumerable, Those which ate ineluded in the name and government of the Philippine Islands, properly speaking, number approximately forty. six large without any smaller ones. They are all exten. sive and the principal and best known ones are Luzon, Mindoro, Tendaya,* Capul, Burias, Masbate, Marindu: | ‘duque, Leyte, Samar, Ibabao,” Cebu, Panay, Bohol, Catanduanes, Calamianes, Mindanao, and other les important ones. The first island which the Spanish conquered and settled was Cebu* where the conquest was began, and continued in all the other surrounding islands which are | all inhabited by natives residing therein known as Vie sayans, otherwise called “the tattooed ones” for the reason that the most important male residents here have since their childhood, decorated their entire bodies by painting their skins, following a pattern therein drawn and by putting certain black powder where the blood oozes out, and this can never be removed. However, a8 the capital of government and the principal settlement It is very difficult now to determine exactly which was this island Tendtys, called for aamie. years. lola Pilipioa”. According to Ot Seeounls of FU) land wae . ° SS EE yee ee a Panay and Fr Colin in Leyte, Getween Abniyog ad Caballan agaist St pinion of others who place ft in Tbabea, or south of Samar. But ecsrdAt Brother oF the epoch, tte was no iland wiih Wis hue’ a"ehlol cali’ Tandaya, Mord t's" town Toeebed in tact par, od the Spaniards could not understand the Indios of the tim ® | many contradictions in twtr accounts occurred, We ose in. Laeuple Redtion,(Gocument 271805 Academia’ de ln’ Historia) that wale Be ‘Aver akin feng of Headey the Taglos were talking of © found ter ea yt ena IM daya ;they had to leave without hav seem, hawever, Th the "bjunta rahe eine Ns nate ‘SuENSavlem Patt of suman called ibabeo or Zidabeo, the wut if oa & be, —241—f the Spaniards were transferred to the i fon, which is a large and nearer ‘tant a cot Ta frontier of the great country of China and Japmeine te first discuss said Island’ of Luzon $00 @aPat that most of what can be said of the same ca ieee be said of the others, and the particular specialiice ood liarities of each province will be mentioned in th corresponding place. . This island of Luzon has a length from its tri head where one exiters the Phitin ee Talend teen mouth of the Capul Channel which lies on the thirteenth and one-half degrees North latitude, up to the Cape of Bajeador, in the marine frontier of China on tieenty degress latitude, over two hundred leagues away. In some places the width of the island is less than in others particularly in the middle of the same which is so nar. row that it is only less than thirty leagues wide. The entire island has approximately over four hundred leagues around the same. : The temperature on this island is not invarible, but changes in various regions and provinces thereof. In the head and beginning of the island, near the channel, the beaches' are warm while in the interior, where the City of Manila is situated, it is mild. The site is warm because it is low and closé to the sea while in its com- munities not far from the City proper, there are locali- ties and settlements which are more cool, where the heat does not annoy, and 1c is likewise thus at the head of the island in the marine frontier of China, named Cagayan. The seasons of the year, i.e., winter and sum- mer, are the opposite of those in Europe, as the rains generally falls over all these Islands from the month of June up to September, bi heavy downpour of rain, whirlwinds and storms, both on land and sea, In summer from October up to the end of May, the skies are clear and the sea is smooth, although in some pro- vinees winter or the cold season and the heavy rains begin earlier than in others' and in Cagayan, the winter THetice, meaning benches, summer However, ce [rnc gute exact cau Jansary, and Bebruary” the. thermometse | onthe oe Rogan znd therefore with regnrd to-the penta Spain'te aif ua at the North Hemiphert 2A and summer seasons are similar to those in Spain and they last as long. ‘The people who inhabit the large island of Luzon in the province of Camarines and even in the neighbor- ing provinces around Manila, both by sea and by land, are natives of the island, middle-sized, of a color similar to the quince fruit, and’both the men and women have good features, with very black hair, scarce beard and are quite ingenious in every way, keen and quick-tem- pered and quite resolute. They all live in the farm by their manuel labor, fisheries and trading, sailing from one island to another and going from one province to another by land. The natives of other provinces of this island as far North as Cagayan, are of the same kind and fortune; except that it is known by tradition that those of Manila and other neighboring communities, were not natives of \said island but immigrated therein, settled down and Peopled the same in past times, they being Malayan natives or natives of their islands and remote lands.* In some provinces of Luzon there is likewise a num- ber of natives who are of black complexion, the men and women having inky hair, not, so tall in stature, although clever and with robust bodies. They are bar- barians with very little mental capacity, who have no , fixed homes or settlements. They live in groups and settlements, roving through mountains and crags, noving along according to the Weather, from place to place, maintaining themselves by making clearings or kainging and improvised paddies or terraces, likewise by hunting game with their bows and arrows in which they are ite proficient, by collecting wild honey from the forests and picking edible roots and tubers from the ground, They are wild tribes of whom one cannot be safe, as they are inclined to kill and attack the settle- ments of the natives, to whom they cause considerable T Ancient traditions make Sumatra the place of origin of the Fiipines ‘rheae Tradition were int ad el an Se He ‘Erpeslonien that old Nstoriane al‘ abtwethanka fo Ge nal'ee the ‘th regpece“to The clinlony St foe "Pepys ae Uae pac We ot Simmand' does not alow us 43 diocuns the tater” extnatvay me Teese ‘end to the Tender the most Interesting work of Professor Blamentrtt ‘Verruch einer Emopraphie der Phiippiven (Gotha, Justus Perther, 1882), 248 —damages; and it has been unable to devise any measures to prevent them from this conduct or to defeat or pacify them, although it has often been tried to do this by good or violent means,’ as the opportunity had deter- mined them. The province of Cagayan is settled by natives of the same complexion as the others in the island, mare physically able and more brave and warlike than the others, ‘Their hair is long and hangs down their souldrs. ‘They had risen up and rebelled two times after the} had first been pacified, and there was considerable ef- fort made to defeat and pacify them again. ‘The dress which these natives of Luzon wore before the advent of the Spaniards in the land, consisted of the following: for the men, clothes made of cangan fabric without collar, sewn in front with short sleeves extending down to beyond the waist, some blue and some black, while the headmen used’ red ones which they called’ chininas' and a colored blanket wrapped around the waist and between the legs, in order to cover their private parts. In the middle of the waist they wore the bahaque® the legs being bare and the feet also bare, the head uncovered, with a narrow kerchief tied around it tightly over the forehead and temples, called potong.* Tay og Pel ome eo wil was matched when the Goversment Had to grier borefase them ever tsi eee ee Scare ares mea oar Pama Tr et ae oe err te’ oem 2 eer ie St G Searhces hares cr See Eh Tei Bane ea sa Sade. of ehivina the. word, fine” ahah lore th ad te fe ith aie” ane se ht FI ye eater ey smn aM I hn sean Peta Mee ete ga coved rene be he i cae Soar bee ity A Soc kage acy ay ents EE BEY tee xa min te ae ee Pea Mala pda tet they wore a long chain of en, Around the neck the} ire wear fi some Toner eed gold Man the others. On their arms they wore thi larger Mhayed gold bracelets called colombigas made in and engraicaigns. Some men used strings of stones, red ferent jest other colors and blue or white stones, agate ia‘them are valuable.* As garters, they used of Hnich Jes some strings of these stones and some st tishied black and tied around their legs, several times" in province named Zambales, they shave tne aa eitebly from the middle to the forehead, tnth a large lock of loose hair* on the back of the head. The women throughout this province wear sayas or dresses with sleeves called varo,* of the same cloth or of different color, without any chemise except white cotton sheets wound around the waist falling down to their feet. Others use colored ones around their bodies as shawls, with much gracefulness. The principal women use scarlet or silk ones or other fabrics, interwoven with gold thread adorned with fringes and other or- nament’ They use many gold necklaces around theit necks, bracelets around their writs, and heavy earrings made of engraved gold, and rings of gold and stone on their fingers. Their black hair is gracefully tied with a ribbon or knot to the head. After the Spaniards came to the land, many native men ceased to wear gee-strings and instead they wore baloon-trousers made out of the same blankets and cloths, also hats on their heads. The headmen wear dresses decorated with pounded gold- braid of various workmanship, and many of them weat shoes. Likewise, the principal women were curiously shod and many of them wear velvet shoes with gold trimmings, also white sheets as undershirts. TRS "ys tls of oor, (Calin, toe, et Tih toon "Sn“tbe_ tingere” “The ° i accessory bf the gala. iz like our sash, = richly colored cloak ree Sunk aoe it ~, Teaching until the feet and with 5 era be ke Sere Sa, Ms ea Borg ca is {This manner of wearing the hair and the long attire of the Bi ‘ualogy 10 the ao sayans have an Bare, — 245 —Both men and women, particular ‘ ope 270 ery clean and meat an thi eoeeomiment ress gracefully, and are of good demeanor. They ay their hair and pride themselves with keeping it quite black. They shampoo it with the boiled barktof aire called gogo® and anoint it with oil of sesame, perfumed Cath mosk and other sweet-smelling substereme ane are all careful of their teeth, and from their early age, they file and even up their teeth with grinders and otter fnplements of stone, ete., and give them a permaneat black color which is preserved until their old age, even if it be unpleasant to the eyes* J ‘The young and the old ordinarily bathe their entire bodies in the nvers and streams ‘without regard to whether this may be injurious to their health,* because they find it to be one of the best remedies to be healthy; and when a child is born, they immediately bathe it and likewise the mother. As a matter of pastime and occupation, the women work with the needle with which they are proficient and they engage in all kinds of needle work. They also weave blankets and spin cotton and keep house for their husbands and parents. They pound the rice which is to be cooked for their meals! and prepare the rest of the food. They raise chickens and pigs and do the house chores while their men-foll: engage in the work of the fields, fishing, boating and farming. The women both married and otherwise, are THather than the bark it fs the body itself of = shrub that is crushed tot foie Te tan hat utes Hoenn ee ese tee cooked him eg se tnr anes and washing clothes and pot oe f20e, Ment ich in for washing. the halt, ae i¢ te used until ow by almost all’ the Indios. ‘This practice Instill done, sect The eat eo Ie found in Zepan among marced women 8 rot of virtue, Today it ix declining. ‘the’ Spaniarae toink eo but they are mistaken. The Ind careful nob to take. bath during sieata, after lund dys of w eatarsh, when they have herpes; some, rom fiom, tes ter Pt, Chising aay (chapter, 2): 7 {heey ent ‘and almost, sated for, modeaty, mtd "the "Thode, with the greatest care, not to be, goon, BS stay sere anyboly who fan see them. The moft commen, 454 ee fencal Bathingchow ie aunace saftey the day's, work and (0 cA) Toes’ Some After a funeral they bathe.” This hygienic, custom, of Oe Bitnia st” the tropics, as” bean, preserved in, Japan. Ike, Dany things that prove‘ the southern origin of some of her inhabltan "though trix work ta not. vary hardy for che peste, fe EM, /t oe om dane ontraly"by men, leaving fo the women whe cenine — 246 — not so chaste, while the husbands, parents and brothers fare searcely jealous or careful regarding this matter. Men and women are covetous and money-loving, so that when there is a price, they easily yield* and when the husband catches his wife commiting infidelity, he is appeased and satisfied without difficulty. Some cf those hho have associated with the Spaniards and who desire to appear more cultured than the others, have sometimes been known to have killed the adulterers. When both men and women, especially the prominent people, go out for a walk along the streets or to church, they walk with a slow measured dignified step, well accompanied by male and female slaves who carry sill-parasols which they always carry with them for protection from the sun and rain. The ladies walk ahead followed by their female servants and slaves, their husbands, fathers and brothers walking behind them, followed in their turn by their male servants and slaves." ‘Their regular daily food is rice, crushed by wooden pilons or pounders, which is cooked and is then ealled morisqueta,* and this constitutes the daily mainstay for the entire country, together with boiled fish of which there is an abundance, and pork or venison, likewise meat of wild buffalo or carabao. They prefer meat and arrid oe marriagebie ne Se they nay he wl Map tami he nest fe by leading A fy the ‘hand in crossing 9 oe Rpetoun vive that haa a ery parte Pi Eee me at a eTeNS punch had Gay call teal) Metta ghar St}, he tothe ua, the Diese See Lene taP ihe fst yet of Chritinization, ive Mumetout sero ot the gaat ihe rested andi SEAT arte Pe oe oe at of he ple on feat fo SET weatnen’ toe ihe “pays we, alee, ingen aefet scp ili mend ont We tnd eaters rere eae Ieelt a0 aatitied with its morality and dhroughowt fit Magy ener’ Bina'consected with erimen, scandal peek apin macehon ster the srees and of Vetutiaon"i Chistian Stops, above all im the fa of prowaton on Gaeha” matiee. there leo. nation that ean throw BE soa he rate day the’ Flpin ‘women Rave no e000 BUGUE ete fs Sokeen'st the mont chaste nation of the oid meio sn bee 247 —fish, saltfish which begin to decompose and smelt They also eat boiled sweet-potatoes which resemble the or- Ginary potatoes, kidney-bean, quilitis, and other vege tables, all kinds’ of bananas, guavas, pineapples, anonas or custard-apples, oranges and other eitruses, and other Various kinds of fruit and vegetables which’ abound in the land. They drink that which drips out of the tender flo- wers of the coconut-trees and of the nipa-palms which are abundant and which are raised like vineyard-grapes although with less care and difficulty. Upon taking the tuba‘ juice from the palms, they distil the same in their containers, stoves and other utensils, and when it is fermented it becomes strong or light liquor which is drunk throughout the Islands. Tt becomes a clear fluid like water but very strong and dry. When used mode- rately, it is medicinal for the stomach and good for yhlegins and other kinds of rheums. When mixed with jpanish wine, it becomes a pleasant liquor which is tasteful and wholesome. ‘The natives of these Islands drink this liquor in the day and night without end in their meetings, weddings, feasts and circles, accompanied by singing by a few who are so inelined and who come to drink and have a good time, although this habit does not carry with it, Eecording to their estimation, any dishonor or infamy. rovinees the weapons of these people con. ‘ In 0rd and ‘arrows but generally, throughout the sist oe ‘are medium spears with well-made plants shields of ght Wood with their “oa. on speathesth are smooth inside, which cover then aan Yo foot and which they call earasas’, On their om head wear a foureinch wide dagger, with a waist they s'iong, the handle being uncovered and ma point 5 ‘or ivory with, two plain double edges, and they callit ‘Bararaos and have two edges with wooden scab call it Sevan finely engraved buffalo horns. They are ey a 'they go after their adversary, b very dexteroBy the hair and with the other hand, ‘nae holding ey oft with a single blow of the balaray, and cut his heady in order to hang it in their house to show it off, so that people will consider them brave and venge- ful of their enemies and the evildoers. After they had watched the Spaniards handle their ate St trem ean handle the arquebusque and ‘musket very well. Formerly they had possessed brass ‘mortars and other pieces of tempered steel with which they defended their forts and towers although their guapowder was not as refined as that used by the Spaniards. ‘Their vessels and craft are of many types. In the river and streams inland they use one-mast lange canoes or bancas made of boards attached to the keels. There are also the viceroy type and the barangay craft which are straight and light craft, with low body held together with wooden tress-nails, as strong in the prow as in the stern, accommodating many rowers on both sides, which fant Howie: ave paddles used outside of the raft paddlers who propel the same in unison, thanks to the chanting of their singers of native heroes hie pea of tn Beaienaaea Ph and eh oe Riicceinte ing” Qf eh¢ weapona mada today with those dascribed 07 hr ‘her lscabbards of hora, or ‘are they furlonte wees or mga aa fae fp mah Soa nau, cies ore et ce, GH RNEN BE Sta Ege al —249—and their deeds, in their native tongues f pose of quickening or slowing down A oon ‘of the vessel. Above the towers’ seals, there is a passage deck made of bamboo where as many fiphting-men'as the size of the craft requires, pass to and fro" without Gee turbing the rowers’ post. From there is handled the sail which is square and of canvas through a lift made of two thick bamboos, which serves as mast, and when the vessel is large, it also has a foremast of the same kind with their pulleys to lower the sail when the wind is. adverse, also its helmsman at the stern to steer the vessel. The vessel also carries another compartment made of bamboo on the same passage-deck on which, when the sun is hot, is placed a cover made of palm-leaves woven together closely to make a thick roof named Cayanos under which is covered the entire personnel ad vessel. There is also a cage-like devise made of thick bamboos on both extremes of the vessel, which is strongly attachd to it and which barely touches the water but does not interfere with the rowing but serves to balance and prevent the craft from turning over, howsoever rough the sea may get or howsoever strong the wind may hit the sails. It often happens that the uneovered vessel gets filled with water and capsizes and is destroyed yet it does not sink to the bottom in view of the bamboo balancing devise which serves as a buoy, and also prevents drifting away. This kind of vessels were used throughout the Islands since ancient times, likewise larger vessels known as bancas or vintas uncovered rowing-eraft, lapis and tapakes, They are used to transport the merchandise an priate for the purpose because they are roomy and tan float on shallow water and can be beached at the ‘mouth of rivers and canals on which they often navigate without going out to sea or far from the land, All na- tives are able to handle and navigate them. Some are so large that they can carry one hundred rowers sitting Sree wor ht to ppd he og ht toatl OS event et the onsen thelr relings ae soar, as ene tae eter a ae aang a beara eae as ie ies aha tal ta aes tea en eee Se ig aie mat Te pe a ay Reese soa Fete wu al ee, —250— on the border and thirty soldiers to top, but the common. draftare the barangays and the viceroy-type vessels using smaller sails and fewer crew. Many of them no longer use the wooden tree-nails but assorted metal nails, and their rudders and bows use fender-beams and so forth, Spansh style. The land is covered with shadows everywhere from trees of various kinds and fruit-bearing ones which beau- tty the country throughout the year, both along. the coastline and the meadows and mountains. It is full of large and small rivers giving good drinking-water which flows down to the sea and are navigable and abound in tasteful fishes of all species. There is also an abun- dance of timber which is cut down and taken to the saw-mills and many logs are floated down the rivers which are mostly navigable. The timber is good for building houses and edifices and for making large and small vessels. Many trees are straight and thick, fit for use as masts for galleys and galleons, both light and flexible, so that any vessel can be equipped with a single mast without need of dovetailing or cutting it into pieces. ‘There is likewise an abundance of timber for hulls of vessels, for their keels, framework, toptimber and any futtock-timbers, breast-hooks, knees and small-knees, upper works and good timber for decks and sides.* ~ +e Pilipino, lke the inhabitants of the Mavianas who are. 90 Jeas famous and illest orrenting, ve becom Resistends, cod ‘bout 2,000, tons (Hernando de Jou Rion, p. 24), mow has to yeedrt to foreign’ ports! like Hong: Keng, to give sway the gold wrested rom the in "return for. uteerviceable erulacra. "The Fivers’ ars chetructe, interior navigttion dies, dus to the obstacle crested y's timid and fof government. And of all “tat naval ieee tary oyna, om sonetae al woe Taae ra fon aavancement In" proportion ctretes te Five lapecd,"an it has heppesed 4 the adjacent countries “Ane thoes es Gari nit Aer Pe coer aces Aa re ‘the azeinat the, win ‘Bwignese, Why aid ‘TShagy because of the trees, later feckplae Ste panas dieapranred‘onwe fet Uae aearet Sn af them (cing the See $, Vidal y Soler) 88‘There are many fruit-trees in the land such as santol, ‘mabolo, tamarind, nanca or jack-fruit, anonas, papayas, guayaba and various kinds or oranges both small and large, sweet and sour, citrus and lemons, about ten or twelve varieties of bananas," very tasteful and whole- some, many kinds of coconuts with good-taste, from which liquor and common oil is made, very useful for wounds, and other wild palm-trees of the mountain which yield no nuts but which, however, give good trunks, and from the husks of which oakum is obtained, very useful for calking vessels. Efforts have been made to Taise olives and quince and other European fruits but so far, they have not succeeded excepting pomme- granates and grapes which yield excellent fruits after two years, and quite abundantly and three times a year; Ukewise figs. Vegetables of all Kinds thrive in abundance but they do not seed well, and it is necessary to bring seeds from Castile, China or Japan. In the Province of Cagayan there are chestnut-trees that produce nuts, and in other places there are pine- trees and other kinds of trees which produce large ker- nels and strong good-tasting nuts which are known by the name of piles.* There is an abundance of cedar whic is called calanta and also fine red timber called asana, also ebony, a variety of which is better than the rest, and other much esteemed woods fit for every elaborate Purpose. The, meats usually eaten are pork: which is abundant, tasteful and wholesome; beef of which there is plenty in many parts of the islands, considerable breeding-stations and ranches where cattle are raised, ‘They originated in China and New Spain, The cattle from China are small and very prolific and have small and curved horns which they use and butt with. They carry a large hump on their shoulders and are quite tame. There is a large variety of chickens like those of Castile and others still larger, the breed having been brought over from China, and they taste well and make ‘Buseta-and Bravo say that there are moce than 57 epecies. (p. 85) = Pit noe Shere was mich an, abundance of cattle that Fr. Gaapar de San ‘iatiive Farin Yor eae of so enany cow that Ghee Was time when ‘and bones and they taste good.‘ There Sher, skin, flee ese, swans, ducks and tame doves ot are ps brought over from China, There is an abundance Fee omg gach as deer and wild boar, and in some javes, murcopine, buffalos called carabaos which are Pised in the Fields and there are fierce carabaos aside from the tame ones brought from China, of which there are a great number, and very beautiful ones only useful for dairy purposes, their milk being thicker and better tasting than cow's milk. ts are also raised although owing to the damp- ey ‘Of the land, their flesh does not taste good and they easily get sick and die on this account, also because they eat certain poisonous plants. Although sheep have been imported several times from New Spain, they have never multiplied, so that they are searce in the land now’ as it seems that both the climate 6 eee lands are not quite appropriate for them. ere were no forses, mares or donkeys in the Islands until the Span- jards had them brought over from China and from New Spain. There are donkeys and mules but few in number, ‘but a great number of horses and ‘mares; and some ranches are full of them, and most of these have been raised here and are ball trast and good specimens having fine colors and are well-developed and very sa- tisfactory for work even if only middle-sized. Those brought from China are small, strong and have a good pace, quite treacherous, restless and not so well-develop- ed. There are brought from Japan some horses with good colors, stout, heavy and bristly with large bones and feet, looking’ like dray horses, with large heads, strong mouths, are poor runners but good pacers, live- ly and with good determination. Their regular fodder throughout the year is the green camalote,? unhusked riee which makes them become fat. ‘There is an abundance of country-fowl, wild game of fine colors, very nice in appearance. There are also no singing-birds fit to keep in cages, although from “The flesh of these chickens that the wae shee ‘the Tagalogs called witha is anid "Poey exit howerie now, thoush litle esteemed. 2 Zaota of wate int Te, gran toes ee capons. Some of the hens are black in their fea- — 258 —Japan there have been brought some calendar larks which are smaller than the Spanish Kind ‘which tang finely and are called fimbaros, ‘There are many turtle- doves some very green-colored pigeons besides wild doves or pigeons, said green ones having very red feet and bills, while some pigeons are white with a red spot on the breast like the pelican. In the place of quails, there are fowl resembling them although smaller known as ponos' and some small maya birds, ‘There are like- wise some wild cocks and chickens which are very small and which taste like partridges. They also have royal herons both white and brown also fly-catchers and sea- birds, ducks, Iawancos, egrets, sea-crows, eagles, bu- harros* and other birds of prey, although one of them ae used like faleons for huntig!, There are jays and thrushes as in Spain, storks and cranes, They do. not raise turkeys, rabbits" or hares, although they sometimes use them too. They either eat or destroy the wild, des- tructive animals living in the mountains and fields such as wild cats, foxes, badgers, large and small rats which abound, other land-animals, An infinite number of small and large ‘monkeys thrive and sometimes bend the branches of the trees, throughout the Islands, There are likewise green and white parakeets* but they are poor talkers, also very small parrots bearing green and red colors, called kula- sisi which also do not talk’. The hills and settlements abound in snakes of different colors, the ordinary ones being larger than those in Castile. Some boa-constrietors have been seen in the mountains which are strangely large’ and admirable in appearance. The most dangerous snakes. are very thin and shorter, and they drop from the trees where they usually live, on those who pass below, and sting them. Their poison is so active that the victim dies of madness within four hours. In the rivers and streams there are very large and small scorpions and a great number of very fieree and cruel crocodiles which frequently get the natives from re a ert ES Pe yo veh pie ‘Now there are house rabbits and turkeys abound. ee a, —254— their baneas on which they ride, They work a great havoe on the cattle and horses in the ranches when they go to the river to drink water. However much the eople may trap, catch and kill them, these reptiles Rardly seem to diminish in number, For this reason, the natives build on the border of their rivers and streams in their settlements where they bathe,—traps and fences with thick enclosures and bars of bamboo and timber within which they do their bathing and washing, secure from these monsters which they fear and respect to the degree of veneration, as if they were somehow superior to them.* Likewise, these reptiles are involved or mentioned in their oaths, exec ions, etc. hurled to their important hated people,—even among Christiaris,—in the Buhayan Moro language, thus: “May the crocodiles kill him!” and there have been cases where God has permitted those who have sworn false- ly or broken their promise, to become victims of the crocodiles, in view of their violation of the authority. and purity of the truth or promise. Fishing of all kinds of fish in the sea or in fresh waters of rivers and streams, is very greatly indulged in and is quite productive; in fact, this industry is quite general in the entire country and is considered a natural activity for the self-support of all the people. There is an abundance of good sardines, bass, sea- breams called bacocos, dace ella, bicuda, ‘tanguingue, flounders, plantanos* and tarakitos, pin-pointed fish, golden fish, eels, large and small oysters, mollusks, crabs, shrimps, sea-spiders, marine crabs and all kinds of mollusks, etc., also shad and white fish. In the Tagus River’ (Rio Grande) of Cagayan, in the proper season, there is an abundance of booby-fish which come to dean oom, se ahem bond ech ie scr shyt tn otis ta at ee al au eg hm a el ag Sed Se Rtn ish miter ee guetta ae caer ett Catia Sarin aa Te ee a a Rati siiscei nie win eeatic cue as eae reac re a Sa eee rig Sees he Sage pm a oo Soe weeny 0s Su ar reel aan ‘The Rio Grande. — 255 —shallow water in the bay to spawn. In the Bonbon lake, many tunny fish not as large as those in Spain, altho having the same shape, flesh and taste, can be caught during the proper season. The seas are full of large fishes such as whales, sharks, caellas, bufeo cetacean: and other unknown species having unusual size an shape. In the year fifteen hundred nine-six, during a great storm occurring then in the Islands, ‘there was stranded a fish so large and strangely deformed that although the water was three and one half brazas or three meters deep, it was no longer able to swim again and it died there. The natives said they had never seen before an animal having a similar appearance, and it had two horns on it which dropped down its back. An- other such fish was brought to Manila and it was co- vered with its thick skin or hide, having no bristles or seales, being white, large and about twenty feet long, bulky’ from the head and torso and thinning down pro- portionately to its tail, being a little hunch-backed and not quite round-looking, very solid and, all in all, cau- sing extreme surprise among those who saw it! ‘Approximately five leagues from Manila there is a large fresh-water lake having considerable fish, in it, to which several streams flow, and which debouches to the sea by means‘of a river running through Manila, It is called the Lake of Bai. It is thirty leagues around it, having ‘an uninhabited island? in the middle where much hunting can be had. Along the coast of the lake are several towns inhabited by natives who navigate extensively on the same from one coast to another with their craft. At times its waters become very troubled and dangerous to those sailing thereon and especially when the North winds blow, roughening it extremely although its coasts are easy to land on. - There is another lake in the province of Bonbon Bat bearing the same name, and although i eee larger de abounds with fish, The method of fishing used by the natives is that of making corrals or traps made of rattan vines which are very flexible, Tir 8 mi century, there: were fount Sag "tes Paci caste gf san, various mature whi ‘we dont know. if they have been studied, Talia Island. —256— strong, thin and solid, made into strong cables for their vessels and other purposes. These traps are attached posts stuck into the bottom of the lake and they gather the fish caught from said traps through wicker and bamboo baskets and smaller and various fishing-nets besides other contrivances and also fishing-rods. ‘The ordinary food of the natives is a very small fish which is netted, dried in the sun or air, then cooked in various ways; and'they enjoy them better than the larger fishes. Among them they call this fish laulau?, In lieu of olives and other aperitive fruits, they have a green, very small fruit, more diminutive than a nut, called paos* which comes in several sizes, but all smaller than the mango, which when properly prepared for , has a good taste when served as pickles or brin- ey likewise prepare charas’ and other vebetabl: jimilar manner, making good appetizers. ‘There is an abundance of ginger which is eaten raw, in vinegar or pickled, likewise much cachumba,* a plant giving both taste and color, used. in enoking in the place of safforn and spices. The regular delicacy offered throughout these ‘Islands and in other countries in the Asian mainland, is the buyo or betel which is made out of a leaf of plant* or vine resembling the mulberry leaf, coupled with a seed or nut from the areca palm‘ which is whitish inside, This nut called bonga is cut lengthwise into slices and placed inside the rolled betel leaf with a bit of very wet quick-lime.” ‘This rolled tidbit is placed in the mouth and chewed. It is so strong and stimulating that later it induces sleey and intoxication. Those not used to it get their mout feeling as if bumed. Its addicts get their mouth and TaciBTing i now called loolaw ig the salted and cried etn, 1 mist thatthe mathor refer the toi of Batanga of dle hi wast so Sits qoeniy at eaten by he Bi mane rey ama" 1 to 6 clnnear on win jfy tone and strong a? Sua 1 MB w * “Bia ATn Tagalog Knevbha, Yt comes from the Sanskrit Kannmbhe. Malay, Rasunbe He Eardo do Tavera, (1 SGnscrito aw la tenpus tapalee) Sede not tee but a vine which te cultivated by inaking ie sab insaliva turn red like blood, and obtain a taste which Snot unpleasant. After it’ has been chewed for some time and it has no longer any “juice, it is spit out of the mouth as zapa® or bagasse. Whatever juice may have entered the stomach is advantageous and tastes to the user and for certain ailments, it strengthens nd fortifies the teeth and preserves the gums from any rheums; and many claim it to be a panacea with Yonderful results for many illnesses. What one can observe is that the buyo-chewing is indulged in by. the natives. and the Spaniards, both laymen and priests, men and women, so commonly and regularly, that in the morning and afternoon, during meetings or visits whether sitting alone in the house or with company, everybody is affected by the buyo rage or fashion which makes use of certain well presented duyo or betel goldén plates or service-sets, just as in New Spain they also Qulge in sipping chocolate. Many have been given poison through these means and have died of it, and this occurrence is not infrequent. It is a habit among the well-to-do natives, as a show of greatness and luxury, to carry with them ‘when they go out of their houses, their brassware service. and sets of buyo or -betel, the buyo rolls being placed on the Sontainers apart from the loose leaves, the bonga or ontaed the wet lime. These sets curiously made of Prass and other materials and substanees include sepa brass Sniainers for the scissors or cutters and other uteneils for handling this delicacy are kept with great waco and wherever they go they take time out to make {hese buyo rolls and chew them, In the Parian or mar, Ket and elsewhere they sell this delicacy, extensively wet all as the articles that go to make a buyo service or set. ‘As to poisons and venoms, the natives of these Islands ordinarily use the herbs having these properties csents pound in every one of them. They are so deadly and efficacious that they produce miraculous . Thurs is a lizard somewhat greenish-bleck abounding cepecially in buildings, one palm’s length and three "Sapa. —258— fingers thick, known in Spanish as chacén’ which, en- anzcd tightly in a bamboo cylinder emits a certain {gid or saliva which; when mixed with food or drink Tenders the same poisonous. By pressing the body of this lizard this liquid is obtained and when mixed as Siready stated with anything to be eaten or drunk, how- axwersmall the quantity may be it becomes a atrong Solgon. ‘There are also other plants or herbs known to ped gathered by the natives for the same purpose, gome used dry and others fresh, which are given with food or used in fumigation as the case may be, while some others need only to be touched by the hands and Feet, or to be sat down or laid down on, to take effect actively and thus poison the vietim to death. ‘The na- fives ave so clever in making compounds of this nature that they prepare and apply the herbs so that the same may produce the deadly effect immediately or after 2 long or short time as may be desired; in fact even ay the end of one year.: Ordinarily many persons die miserably by poisoning, ly tho Spaniards who are impradent, bad behaving or who are hated for ill- treating the natives with whom they have any dealings in connection with the collection of taxes or in other matters in which the natives are employed against their will, the matter being beyond any remedy. ‘There are some herbs which are so poisonous that when they go to gather them they carry with them some herb-antidotes; End in the Island of Bohol, there is a plant that in order to cut it from the main trunk, they approach it from a direction against the wind for the reason that the mere smell of it carried by the wind is deadly. Nature has not left this danger unprovided for, because in these Islands there are. other herbs and roots which are eo effective and potent that they render the from other plants ineffective and harmless and tiey are used when there is great for them. Thus when it is known what particular poisonous plant has been used, itis not difficult to offset it when it is done on time by applying the herb which is contrary to said poison. It TERRES ew pg er (tn Seni cade Rema ei io SRE ain See any eee —259—has happened on certain occassions that the suspect of haying caused the poisoning has been forcibly compelled to bring the antidote-herb and thus prevent the evil. There are also other general antidote herbs for the pur- pose of preserving one’s system as well as for offset- ting the poison administered. However, the most ef- fective ones ate certain violet-colored flies or wood- bugs to be found among the bushes of the Visayan Islands (of the tattooed natives) which, when enclosed in a clean bamboo cylinder tightly stopped, multiply {side and are fed with pounded rice and kept enclosed for about eight days r which the rice is removed and new rice given them to keep them alive. Six of these flies when taken in a spoonful of wine or water, —“they have no offensive odor and taste like common cress —produce a miraculous effect. This is ususally done ‘as a preventive against poisoning, when one goes to Saers or feasts of a suspicious nature, and it preserves and secures one from every danger of poisoning. Throughout these Islands are certain places where there is an abundance of rich gold deposits and other mineral products which are collected by the natives through washing or placer-mining, However, after the Spaniards had settled in the land, the natives became more lax in the mining of gold,* contenting themselves with what they already had in the form of jewelry and ancient ingots of gold, inherited from their fore- bears, which were abundant in themselves. In fact, poor and indigent was indeed the one who did not possess gold-chains, bracelets and earrings. In Paracale, in the Province of Camarines, certain acer and other mines were developed and worked. ikewise, in Ilocos this eommodity was also being traded, because behind this province which is on the sea-cost, Tfho Tadion on seeing that wealth aroused the capacity, of the eve. a n wor nes, and pelesthisto- mendes solar, abandooed the work inthe mines and Pelee te hem, A20h Pre tine was obtained from the Talands the. value of 00,000 ouins, Seerage amunlly after 60 years of 100000 pesos in old 2 Booting ae maar of an fd ANG Pitino ‘ee inland, the fat tiie of oy the Deve Tha’ Fancasinan amon! be msumandorg alone. ik Sng, Panwasinan imei on the ship Sonia’ Ane. teat Cavendish selsd, 300 Tonle of olde —260— there are highlands which run and extend to Cagayan there are highlands “fie sources of the streams, live Tuany natives who have not been as yet pacified, called Tgorsots, whose country has not yet been penetrated by Ciuiders. They have rich mines of gold besides silver, oe Stich they get as much mineral as they need for theft uses. They take their still unrefined and unper- feeted gold to certain appointed places where they meet the people from Ilocos, where, for their gold, they are given in trade, rice, pigs, earabaos, blankets and other gricles which’ they need? The Iocanos refine and finish the gold and market the same throughout the plains and the country. Although efforts haye been Inade in order to ascertain the whereabouts of their mines and the manner in which they work them and get the mineral from the ground, nothing has been Teamned or ascertained regarding the matter, because they were suspicious that the Spaniards would not hesi- tate to go and get their mines for themselves. It was said that the Igorrots felt that their gold was kept more securely in the ground than in their own homes or settlements.* In the rest of the Islands, there is the same abun- dance of placer and other mines, particularly in the Visayas, Butuan River in Mindanaw and Cebu, where presently a mine called Talibon is being developed, which yields very good gold. If all the activities and efforts of the Spaniards were concentrated on the de- velopment of gold-mining, there could be obtained from any of these Islands as much gold as from any pos- sessions in the world. However, since they are giving more importance to other industries than to gold-mining, ey will be discussed in the proper place more exten- sively than the latter. aa In the waters along the coasts of these Islands, there are to be gathered, ostia de perlas' particularly in the Galamaignel, and. some have'been obtained. which. are quite large and fine and very oriental. Neither is there any business of importance done in this line, and throughout the country everywhere there is often to be found inside the ordinary mother-of-pearl shells, im- SAME RMS? asst 1 Mather of peat —261—perfect pearls and mothers-of-pearls as large as war- Hor-shields, out of which curious articles are made by hand. There are likewise seaturtles throughout the islands, s0 large that their shells are profited by the natives who sell them as trade-commodities to the Chin- ese, the Portuguese and other nationals, who come to buy them and who esteem them very much, because they make many curios out of them, Along the coasts of any of these Islands, there are many shining shells or cowries called Mra, "The na tives pick them and sell them by measure to the Siam- ese, Cambodians, Portuguese and other nationals of the mainland, where said shells are used as currency with which they purchase things like they do in New Spain with cocoa-beans. The horns of the carabaos constitute a commodity for China, also: the skins of deer, and red-wood for Japan. The natives profit by all these articles in tradin, ‘with them with these nationals, and derive much ad- vantages thereby. In this Island of Luzon, especially in the provinces of Manila, Pampanga, Pangasinan and Ilocos, there are to be found ancient earthen tidors or jars, brown in color and not so beautiful to look at: Some are of middle size and others are smaller, bearing certain marks and seals, and they cannot explain where they got them from or in what period. At present they are no longer obtainable neither are they manufactured in these Islands, and they are in great demand on the part of the Japanese who prize them very much for the reason that they have discovered that these are the only re- ceptacles in which to properly keep and preserve the roots and leaves of a plant called cha, the beverage of which they drink hot and which the'Japanese so highly esteem; so that they constitute their most pre- cious and valuable possession, which they keep in their stores and chambers. A jar is worth a great deal of money, and is adorned on the outside with fine gold- plating with much elaboration, and is covered with brocade cloth, so that there are vases which are worth Tea, which was not much used then. —262— or sold for two thousand eleven-reales (pieces of ele- ven) taels each, or less, as the case may be, even if it is slightly dented or has a flaw, for the reason that this is of no consequence so long ‘as tea can be safely Kept in them. The natives of these islands sell these articles to the Japanese as best they can, and take pains to look for them for this purpose; and as a mat- ter of fact, these vases have become very scarce owing to the great demand there is for them.* Once in a while, the natives find large chunks of ambergris along the coasts, which they are already ac- quainted with, inasmuch as they know that the Span- iards esteem it very much, and have made it a com- modity for trading. year, sixteen hundred and two, in the Island of Cebu, the natives found a large piece of ambergris, and as the news of it spread and reached the ears of the encomendero or grant-holder, he took it secretly for himself, charging it to tribute or taxes. It was said that it whighed ‘a great number of pounds, and that it was sold by the ounce at a high price* In the Island of Mindanao, in the province and river of Butuan, which have been’ pacified and granted as encomienda to the Spaniards, the natives have another industry or trade which is quite profitable. Inasmuch as there is an abundance of wild or civet cats, although they are smaller than the Guinea civets, the natives get the musk or perfume out of the cats and sell or trade the same, doing good and easy business thereby. Daring: the crescent moon, the natives go out with nets to *De.danor, Inia temons work Reine fn den Patippinc (Helin, sedan Riera Satay shoe Cae iar. tape, tad Sal Se ere Sa oasersbat price, ike these of a eats of Borneo, who torte ice of 10080. pean otra for ane of them, De Sinai, Water Melipniey wen alle to getsone, found om Met ateiuina umrtseee in Ligieanen, (Gamusnes Sr wih ol petaitaneoojeey belontse 2 Heed tal eon teil bea Dbctverine thet Wary preiwe edi, Slam, Cochin china, the Philippines, and other adjacent SAP emttactate dating fa'a‘ver? ence epee the tad Tota trouve cele nd easigons’ weal portage gre ua [eS t'comtion cena of castice for tse ‘And not tong ef shy Cally (J6E0)) “nas found clam, Islané foe, a ies ‘that walehed ne a of r RS ee posession ot the Terute na later governor tok DATE —268 — ¥ al i ‘ E: é ty safe 2 . 3 Z i siecivets, a considerable number of which get eaught. Once they have removed the muak out of them, chey let them loose again’ Likewise, they keep some of the civets, put them in cages and sell them all over the country at modest prices . Cotton is also raised throughout the islands, and they spin it into thread and sell if by skeins to the Chinese and other nationals who come over to trade in it. They also weave blankets in various ways which they also sell or trade,* likewise clothes made out of the fibre of bananas,* the cloth Imown as medrifiaque. ‘The Babuyanes conaist of many but small islands, and they lie on the head or point of Cagayan Province, inhabited by natives whose principal trade is to come to Cagayan in tapaque vessels carrying pigs, chickens, provisions and ebony spears, to sell. These islands are subject to no encomienda or grant, neither is any tri- bute collected from them, and there are no Spaniards living among them, as they are less civilized and orderly people. There have been no converts to Christianity among them, neither have they any system of Govern- ment ‘On the opposite end of Luzon, there are other islands on the frontier of Camarines province, on fourteen de- grees latitude north of the Espi ‘Santo channel, and they are called the Catanduanes islands. They are well populated by natives who are good and subject to Span- ish encomenderos, having parish schools, churches and THE sea tht thlaIndutry Se now very much fergie, for nothin more is heard of it, 7” 7 "io ony did they have Taree harvest of rice but alae of cotton hich hey Sate intl ais for ie acme an igh in uch Tbe a New Sean Gul of on Tale alot thee way aoe SSmendere who Tete 4 forfuse of more than 50,000 acsumslntl inc for SER vhne‘hiin ape ng In 18s hoy eure ihe cretion of the eneomandas, Ths ia nt urprsing hechune {is Kaows how’ the enchmetlors cxploied "Une Indie Now Shay demanded for fiom Ianets at the lowest, pice that di not reach hn tights art of ERG Peal Stee! ovr Chey cbented then fn "wslghts and’ tt whi i laptagsd che Indrgu riper ht ie Oy 1 “amon their aon destvaing them ead uraing them fay wes Sithaps Monga: fers tthe abeca textile, made of Berkape i sinamay, an fhe tes of cus Fecies "he cn tv obtained fom the tank a oot ov Beslder thie the islands are ao, very small that the itis benefit that they could ive didnot arouse’ elthar the seal or the charity of ihe sissonarion. —264— overns them. Most of them are laborers, Se otuers ‘are engaged in working placer gold-mines gnd in trading from one province to another on the inZon mainland, which is very near to them.* ‘There is in the coast of the Island of Luzon in the South, less than one hundred leagues from the Cape of Espiritn Santos, through which the Capul Channel of Eapin yay about thirty leagues wide having a harrow channel; and in the middle thereof, there is an island lying across it making it narrower, and is called Miraveles.’ It is approximately two leagues long, and ‘a half league wide, with elevated thickly-wooded land, having.a settlement of about fifty natives,” where the ‘or sentinel of the bay has his headquarters and Fesidence. There are channels on both points of the island through which to enter the bay, one being half a league on the South with a lighthouse in the middle called the Friar Island, and another on the northern part which is narrower; and through these two chan- hls all ocean-going vessels enter and leave the bay. ‘The entire bay is fathomable and clear, having many Janding-places eve here. From these channels to the Seltloment of Manila and the river sand-bar, there are eight leagues. Two leagues from Manila in the South- ern part of the bay, there is a large cove having an elevated point which covers the same, on which is a settlement of natives, called Cavite, and the cove ac- 7a wen of these inland are great carpenters and shinbullders “whe rmske many of them and very Ihe ones eed thy take them to be sold in'the ternary in a very strange way: They make a farge ahip sithout favering nor ion all nor fatisckCinbere and. they make snither thet si in honor of ie and inade i shay place another so that in’ lange Enis ey Me tag acoso ee ee ery manly. “They dent Urine toon the eee hough: eae The women's Great a prod and on the aide where it touches the forchend They went’ of trates {hres hoops of gold, one in the place where the Spanish. wo paneer, Sh, Eee, a, ha fe hey Pear me ‘Thase itnds have ales gine eclwceaess a Corregidor. polation (it there is aay) has greatly f e £ £ E E gh — 265 —uires its name from the town. It se i vessels, is very large and safe trom the, Scere £0 Southwest, West and Southeast, Northnorth oot North winds, It has a good, clear and fathowagie em ing-place, There is a good channel, over one lan and a haif wide, through which the’ vessels ay see and leave the port. All around the bay are poyd ned abundant fish supplies and communities thedoug hy natives. North of Manila, there is a Proives 4 twenty leagues in size called Pampanga, havi Aaa | reams and canals which irrigate the sante, all of Cece, flow to the Bay, said province being well-populated bi natives, and abounding in rice," fruits, fish, meat and other supplies and provisions. ‘The sand-bar of the Manila River in th lies by the City of Manila (walled city) on the Cad side, and Tondo on the other, and is searcely anchor. able in view of the sand banks or deposits it contains, which ate continually being added to by the heavy rains and floods; so that even past said sand-bar any vessel ean anchor in said river. However, with the ex- ception of frigates, viceroy-type craft and other small vessels, ocean-going vessels cannot ; generally enter the river; and the galleys, galliots and Chinese junks which can anchor in shallow water, cannot come in unless they are first unloaded, in spring-tides or by towing. ‘These larger vessels have to anchor in the bay beyond the sand-bar; and inasmuch as there is not much secu- rity from unfavorable weather there, they usually pro- ceed to the port of Cavite. __ Twenty leagues from the Capul Channel in the same island of Luzon, there is another port protected from the winds having a good entrance-channel and anchor- age, ealled Tbalon,' where vessels find a haven when- to, gelined n_poplation ‘Wares “Formerly this forthe gr Wavas "Formerly this town ‘ich for the, numero itsad'tnd the abandint harvests they gathered i som8 ‘which at present are overflown with sea water.” Now the Port of Sorsogon, — 266 — ever they are lashed by storms and where they are re- pained until fair weather enables them to enter Manila waters, which are eighty leagues away: the coasts of Pangasinan, Ilocos and Caga- yan thete ‘are some ports and sand-bars where vessels ‘Jay come and anchor, such as Marihuma,* the port of ay ort Bolinao, the Pangasinan sand-bar, Vigan. Camalayuga bar at the mouth of the Tagus River, two s upstream of which is the principal settlement from other rivers, sand-bars, coves of , aside Ghd ether lesser havens available for smaller vessels, along the coasts of Luzon Island. Near the large Island of Luzon, there are several other large and small islands similar to the former, inhabited by natives who are like those of Luzon. They work in placer mines‘ and farms and are engaged in other industries as well. Said islands are Marinduque, ‘Tables, Masbate, Burias, Banton, Bantonillo and other lesser ones of which latter the one nearest Manila is Mindoro, which is over eighty leagues Jong and almost two hundred leagues in circumference. It has many set- tlements of similar nativest on the side where it bounds with the province of Balayan (Batangas) and Calilaya, and is so near the Island of Luzon that it is only sepa- rated from it by a narrow strait which is featured by strong currents, and troubled waters about half a leaque wide, through which vessels ply to and from Manila under strong currents and winds, most of the time. Here lies the principal settlement in the island of Min- doro which has a port call The Veradero or shipyard for large vessels, aside from the other places of an- chorage and sand-bars in the same island for smaller The present port of Marcle? 2 Sabi 1 gn hat 8 can be dedaced from the frequent mention of placers itag netioniy'to washing the sand cag on to mashing “org tale te th Sat Peano dion” (Gasper “THow'Windero is a9 depopulated that the Minister of Overseas Colo Veta ase, hae earrea ae Seth niet hate baie te ee egy 2 poder to remedy hid atest. of Sptniah cloniation, wants to can te Sy ee eer ‘Sars Zovessels, also many settlements of natives all along the cor ha fine at of ‘which localities abound in ipplies, placer-mines i game and forest products. rT The Cape of Espiritu Santo which is sighted upon entering Philippine waters from vessels pie from New Spain, on an island called Tendaya' is situated thirteen degrees latitude, and twenty leagues further along the coast from said Cape of Espiritu Santo. To the South is the island of Piri and other ones, which: become visible when a channel can be entered leading to Cebu Island called San Juanillo, made by these islands, which is neither satisfactoty nor clear for ocean- going vessels. However, on the Northern side after Teaving said channel, the Island of Capul is reached, causing a strait and channel with strong currents and waves, half way of which stands an island called San Bernardino where the vessels pass. Said strait is formed by the coast of the Island of Luzon and that of Capul. ‘The channel must be a league long, and less than one league wide. Having entered this channel, and as one leaves the same, there are three small islets in triable called Naran- jos (orange) Islands, which are high with steep rocks, against which vessels may be dashed owing to the strong currents there; and great inhabited, but the others,* are Jarge ones, having several large native settlements which are provided with all kinds of food supplies. To the southern part of these, lie the Visayan Islands called the lands of the tattooed people, which are many and well-populated and are named Leyte, Ibabao,' Sa- mar, Bohol, Island of Negros, Cebu, Panay, Cuyo and the Calamianes, All the natives who inhabit them, both ea and women, are good-looking and of good dis- postion, living better conditions and having nobler Fyanners than those in the island of Luzon and sur- rounding ones. They differ in the way they wear their hair, as the men wear a queue as was the old custom in Spain, Hamas. This ta a proot against Colin who places Tendays tn Lalte : Sopa Vist And. hers TEST cea ad’ Bamae — 268 — ix bodies are tattooed with, many designs, with and their bodice ihe face They wear large earrings of fold and ivory, also bracelets of the same material on gold ans, a kerchief around their head making a hol- fheir Mie manner of a turban, interwoven with golden strips with graceful knots, vaguero shirts, with, tight srees5 without collar, falling down to the middle of the thighs, closed in front and made of colored hemp the ik fabric. ‘They don’t use under-shirts or drawers fit long gee-strings with many folds, with which they Cuver the middle parts when they remove their gar- coonts, The women are good-looking, neat and they wall gracefully. They have long black hair wound around the head, wear multi-colored blankets or sheets around the waist falling down their legs, and dresses of the same material, without any collar. The men and women go out without any outer garments and barefooted, but well-adorned with gold-chains and engraved ear- rings and bracelets. ag pelntings are vary slgant and very proportional. if they voit BHgPMSRRE, loan’ ot Woull erg math money by eahbng TOMER ee EMD Male tayas howente, ak ey in ee tia cle ES cen how ene EL ene See ty Gone tater the artetne bad made Se Bone etal TNs MUONS citon of ie parts of the Body and Se'crpoing coating. he Deeartion fone i hae ce Wik Be Srila ind et ied" Say an gd cee one Ti Bc tay opie ond mead eo pi ot Wack aor tae wold lac > ade, gett an of ne yak cnet pat OY ere esa ee eats Lorpsine nt ate they have See ree thy idee eels erate Set aa wee pated aie Gnd"paA eh igo. Wot pinad thet ode, ant ae ae Heat doe nate divin ie Paine Negiton, grata ed Ce nae i testetane Kare forge ihe indrandan ries are OM ucinae part this tating her mes Meebuier: {2 "what Stptnaee preci” sedey Rerreha i ee ae peta tla Settee Pade cate ban Nc whl te He retin, Oe albee Peril ltnds, women iatoe themselves almowt Jerse ith. On ane Petite pnd, women rare fete, On eer aunties deat Tean npenin rene and Filipine women of eld. Consult the interesting work of Dr. Wilhelm Jocat RONG ater aacen Naasnahnee Sal KeerperGomahion Bese, TET, (amine a disaaee te sobeteoereey : epchctabls Se a tat a, bam sid nd what Ina etiicy Se dey ae abet nuit onan ik ce tect te sane eaeeeah he, Svat Gel ics ith asd beahtainne* hay. VHB Hate Cha Saat aber wants ete ee le that they wore no Thine rae titan antes they ‘wet Sut hs cana oe ares and" wotey, oho afays ato hdl Wonk for ete —269 —‘Their weapons consist of long knives curv ones vith ingle-eded ones, apears ag noon ‘They use vessels and sea-craft similar to those used Gr the natives of Luzon, and are engaged in the same occupations and raise the same fruits and have the same industries as in all the other islands. ‘These Viex, yans are less inclined to tilling of the soil, and are proficient seamen and fond of the spoils and prizes of rr and aggressive epee: whieh they call Mangu- bat? or ke rises, which are equi going out to pillage. Saareene In the Island of Cebu, and near the princi = ment, there is a fine port for all kinds of reas tg a good entrance-channel protected from all ‘adverse weather conditions, with good anchorage and landing fects sie from fhe other ports and sand-bars tor lesser and smaller in importance and reputati Seating in’all the othet islands, ate ‘This island of Cebu is one over one hundred leagues in creumference and has abundant provisions, having imines and gold placers, and is inhabited by natives, Opposite the same, there are very good, well-popu- ated islands, especially the Island of Panay which is large and has a circumference over one hundred leagues, having many native settlements,’ and is abundant in rice and wine-producing palm-trees and all kinds of food supplies. Its settlements along the Panay river are and rich, the most important one being Oton, wing a port and sand-bar for galleys and vessels, shipyards for building ocean-going vessels and a good supply of timber for construction purposes. _ There are many natives who are proficient in build- ing ocean-going vessels, and close to this island there is an islet eight leagues in circumference, which is well “aital in Tagalog ls foret oF fil8; mongubet means Yo go hunting ta the fore ta Er “When the Gpeniais Serived at thi Sland (Pan hers ere on ft more than 500 families, ut they di ne at they are about 14,000 taxpayers, of Seoenaeroe™ ‘who are all carpenters and good arti- Teed by Set ongaged in any tale other than said Scoupation, Although there is not a single tree of an consequence in their island, they profess this trade wi great dedication, and they furnish the rest of the islands ‘with artisans in this line, that is, carpentry. They call it the island of the Cagayans.* a Next to the Island of Gebu to the South, is Minda- nao Island, which, has a circumference of over three hundred leagues, then follows Jolo or Sulu which is small. To the South of this is Borneo, which is a very large island having a circumference of over five hun- dred leagues, all of which islands are very well-popu- lated, aithongh this island of Borneo has not yet been pacified and neither is Mindanao entirely so, except only the settlements along the Butuan River, Dapitan and the province and coast of. Caraga. . To the South of this Island, and before getting to Borneo are the Galamines Islands numbering several large and small, being well-populated ones with some food provisions, its people being engaged in several lines of industry, but mostly in navigation, trading and communication between the islands also and particularly in fishing. Those who live nearer Borneo, engage in corsair pursuits and in pillaging the natives ‘of other islands, ‘The ebb and flow, low and high tide of the seas in these islands are irregular, in view of the strong: currents running between the islands and of the secret workings of the influence of the moon for which no satisfactory explanation can be found, because even ac- cording to the effect of the lunar influence of the- mionth of March, the tides flow higher than other times of the year, yet there is a great variety of daily tides causing surprise and confusion. Some days there are two tides, in the day and night-time, while on other days there is only one tide, while still at other times, the increase of the tide is slight in the daytime while that of the night is considerable whereas ordinarily there is no fixed time for the changing tides. One day. orale Mensltith te amet: comin hg UE eM SS ie Se SOS See SPREE Ra ESB SOS —21—it is high ut noon-time, while on the next day i ne ther eavloy or ater ‘hy several hours, or oko lay the increase is small and the next day when it is not so expected, it becomes considerable _ The la spoken in Luzon and ing island is very different trom that apoten. in the Gisgnet In Luzon island there is no uniform language; the Cagayans have their own dialect, the Tlocanos ‘have their own, the Zambalefios too have theirs, and the Pampangos have a dialect all their own, different from - the others, The people of Manila province called Taga- logs have’ a rich and abundant fanguage ‘whereby al that one desires to say can be expressed in varied ways and with elegance, and it is not difficult to learn and to speak the same. Throughout the Islands, writing is well developed through certain characters or signs resembling the Greek or Arabic, numbering fifteen signs in all, three of which are vowels which serve in lieu of our five vowels. The consonants are twelve. With these and certain points ot signs and commas, everything one desires to say can be expressed and spoken fully and easily, just like with our own Spanish alphabet.” ied ess Sr ty tvs ae tren ek ‘and Portuguese or Italian, . Fe Se i ee, pees) neo fee oar GSEs Biber, exept foments ignorance, placing education in the hands of the friars who aro ay pean tan satay fem hyo Pura feed oe em go rte aaa rey ae ese ea eee a ees cae eee eee ree ca a geen ns et character We are far from believing that alphabet offers th ata Gio eee oot cae re eet BIE ciate Eee a. ta sti Me nt de sea citar ian ee goa ara ke sal i Sh SE faa i ae ieee ey fhe td aces Sot fof those » H Pardo de ‘Tavera, whose interesting parspblet Contribucion para of estudio Eile utipuen alfabeter fipinos {Lau a, add) aloo rorund swiss sty into —272— ing was done on bamboo pieces or on paper, the Hae eginning from the right to the left as in the Arabis writing? Almost all the natives, both men and women, know how to write in this dialect, and there are few who do not write it well and properly. This language of the province of Manila is under- stood as far-down as the entire province of Camarines and other islands adjoining Luzon, where they do not differ very much from each other, except that in some provinees the language is spoken with -greater purity than in others, ‘The buildings and houses of the natives in all these Philippine Islands as well as their settlements are of the same design, because they build them on the shores of the sea besides the rivers and streams or canals, the natives generally living near each other by formin, barrios or villages and towns where they plant rice an raise their palm-trees, nipa plantations, orchards of bananas and other fruit-bearing trees, and where they establish their implements and devise for trapping fishes, also their navigating craft. The minority of the natives live inland, such as the Tinguians who also seek home- sites near tivers and streams, where they settle in simi- lar fashion. All the houses of the natives are generally built on poles or posts high from the ground, with narrow rooms and low ceiling made of interwoven strins of wood and/or bamboo and covered with palm-leaf (nipa) roof- ing, each house standing by itself and not joined to any other. On the ground below, they are fenced by ‘With respect, to the direction of the wilting of the Filipinos there fare some vary contradictory opinione. If mie by noted that fhe wre ith hive Yaien "up the subject tn theae rocent. men cxcepling Maren lleva, inthe ppesits dhection, from’ the bottom Eth ‘ie havhomal election way moped afer te" cothae ne The Stns gz Cala atens, ‘the direction that Pardo: de Tavern upposes ait which Ha aitey Tabs the only one by Ge lee of manure he rprodomy NOSE Et wail eet AGS SAUTE Wt ‘What can, bo deduced fe tems in that they wrote in two ways, vertienl gad horliontats” Verteal In’ the fieat epoch” when, Chey “orgs on ‘conan fede eaves ecaute In at Way Newel was mac, ena ad oxioatal when the use of Faper became "genoral” ‘Aa tothe nea, ‘orm of the characters landa lust to’ thege different dlsetions 273 —rods and pieces of bambooo where they raise their chickens and animals and where they pound and clean their rice. One goes up the house through stairs made of two bamboo trunks which can be pulled up. On the upper part of the house they have their open batalan or back piazza where the washing and bathing are performed. The parents and the children room toge- ther, and their house called bahandin? has scant deco- rations and items of comfort. Aside from the above-described houses which be- long to the ordinary people of less importance, there are those of the prominent people which are built on tree-trunks and thick posts containing many rooms both sleeping and living ones, using well-elaborated, strong and large boards and trunks and containing many pieces of furniture and items of luxury and com- fort and having much hetter appearance than those of the average people. However, they are covered by roofs of the same palm-leaves called nipa, which give much protection from the rains and the heat of the sun, and are much better than the ones with tiles and shingles even if they involve greater danger of fire. The lower part of the houses of the natives is not used for lodging, because they use it for raising their fowl and animals, in view of the wetness and/or heat of the ground, and likewise owing to the numerous large and small rats which are destructive to the houses and country-fields. Besides, the houses are ordinarily built close to the shore of the sea and the rivers and canals, so that the grounds of the houses are penetrated by the waters and are thus left open to the same. Throughout these islands, there were neither kings nor lords to rule them in the same manner as in king- pamanahay, what ta i1ide had banat hee bess ail Gheve nian there were no Kinge ar Tords. who ruled them Hike tn obher Etmgdoma and provincen--.-" (1) (0-283) —274— doms and provincest elsewhere. Instead, in every island and province many principals were known among the natives, some being more important and outstanding than others, each having his own followers and hench- men, forming barrios and families who obeyed and respected them. Those principal men used to have friend- ship and relationship with each other, and sometimes even wars and differences’ with each other. ‘These principalias or high social static ‘were in- herited by succession Tom father to sons and heirs, and in their default, to brethren and olateral kinsmen. Their duty was to govern and rule their subjects and henchmen, and to attend to their problems and needs; and in exchange for this, they received the peoples’ respect and esteem, together with their support and help in their wars, expeditions, general work in farm- ing, fishing, building houses and structures whenever they should be called upon to perform the same by their principals, upon which they would respond with punetuality. They also paid their tribute with the fruits of their toil which they called buis, some paying more than others. Furthermore, the descendants of these prin- cipales or nobles and their kinsmen were esteémed and respected, even if they had not inherited their distnic- tion, and the former were considered and treated as noblemen, and as exempt from rendering service which mone Dp a gt art be oat oe materi den ana cele a Rta ie Bae ee ere era years pase and when the decree comer Hf tama out that olblng mene Temaina of the bridge, not even the buttresses. And what is tree of the bridge is troe of ather things. Moreover, considering the cireumstances {ot cam be deduced from thie that friendly relations were more 275 —was demanded from the Timaguas' or plebians. The privileges of a principalship were also enjoyed by the women of noble birth on a par with the ment When any of these principal men became more outstanding than the others in war and in other matters, he thereby acquired (illegaba*) more privileges and a greater fol- lowing of henchmen, and he governed other people even principals' themselves, while retaining for himself his own authority over his particular Barangaé* or clan with datus and other particular leaders who attended directly to the needs of the Barangai. ‘The authority which these principal men or leaders that they considered its components as their subjects, to treat well or mistreat, disposing of their persons, children and possessions at their will and pleasure with- out any opposition from the latter, nor duty on thelr part to account for the principals’ action. Upon their committing any slight offense or fault, these henchmen were either punished, made slavest or killed. It has happened that for having walked in front of lady prin- cipals while these were having their ablutions in the iver’; for having looked at them with scant respect} i imaws, 20fn thls regard the Filipinos acted very much in_ conform asaral laws, Qelng abetd of the Burgposis, Whose womes Tse elt Zoblity whos they! mary” plebelane. and’ among whom Geacent te slog female line which effete the least guarantee! 7 Tle the Ney Copudrain tat Sh wees fee ty “iether the wo pleeaba in the Spsishorisnal shouldbe Unabe or alla “They formed kind of confederation, Ika the state of the Middle ‘Ager, with intr barons. coutts, der ‘who ested the braved to ead SER of thay scenpted the euthority of the most important of them. “From the Tagalog Salangay, namme of a vessel on which it ie 20p- posed the Indice wie now inhabit the Philppines came ‘heen alaver were tot always in such dismal condition, Argensla says that they ‘Sto With Sher tar ar the same tale and, A SRUy marsied soembers: of the dally, But, tyrants and brutal men who ‘Shused ‘thelr suthacty ‘were, not Tackling, tough. they could. pot’ have iTase'e etemanderss by tele tensa wile es not nord = hae ot Teballon or” atastaination of & chief or aatasioalion of ative lender for Teatond of Yovenge. "'Retwoon this’ and thet Roman ‘noblewoman, who did not brush un. reusing In the bath in he presence of n sine, there fe fy truth vant istinck, "The ‘Réenen ‘holeworam heed tue Because of Ber great on empt ot her modesty and hgh regard of her pert- —276— or for other similar reasons, these henchmen have been made permanent slaves." ‘Whenever any native had any controversies or dif- ferences with others on pecuniary matters, on property or regarding inulls and physical injuries to their per- Sons there were appointed elders among the same clan or group, who heard them in the presence of the parties, and their witnesses whenever evidence was necessary, and then decided the matter on their findings, thus following the same procedure used by their forefathers in similar cases. ‘Thus, their decision was respected and executed without any further process or delay." Title the conquest the ell beeume wort, ‘The Spanincds made there Atte MriSout these protests and’ even ifthe Indios were’ not San re arena Bein tay slate taking them from Car under tha" lends ‘Heraande e'lor Rios, speaking of Mayet comeructins re ae te Suan’ Sivas wrote ihe ase a's Be ee oh arlene ear the priser et ia Tagan da hap plan cording i, Oe sas" nae lene them fekewes Sore Tas tae es ioe 't nih Se hay wee py tions och EG ei fan) "whoa tnd cout enn hy Ta man acts Sar hey Tired got ray ot Ue he died ieee Iouniaina.s Neiher do 1 all Your, Majesty about the Tadiss who hang ‘themselves, who left their wives and children, and harassed, fled to the iSGhae ee ares pny tofu fo Ita were eee went Feil ae trepertie Stet Stina by he shipblling and what ahora ‘ratment. the ‘wretched Salat wclaey Stl oly pact neces) ‘ree de fp bat Bee esate Meteo thy atlas tone hy ft Chen" wae mao eriinaing the Sabop aid thet the Indios hed diated one third, that they were compelled to pay three Umea more tnd that they. were treated wares hen slaves, nad‘Their laws throughout the Islands we i lar lines following the tradition and: Custos ong Sime ancients in accordance with the unwritten statutes? In some provinees, there were different customs in cevtan things, although generally speaking, they had uniform usages and procedure ‘throughout the Islands." ‘There were three social stations among the natives of these Islands constituting the commonwealt it: Principal people, according to. what has ae Ieee stated; timawas ‘which is equivalent to plebeians; and: alaves both of the principals and of the Timaguas.* ‘These slaves were of various kinds. Some all purposes and servitude just as we have them sol these. were called. Saguiguilires® who’ served inside the ‘Which in no way affected the poses of the rople becsuse many ties 1 custom has more force than a written or printed nw, especialy wher the written laws are dead letter to those who know how to. crase {kam or who abusg of thelr high positon. The force ef Taw ta not that juin written on a piece of, paper Dut if i engraved In the memory ef those for whom “it's minds, If. they know i atnce thels tender apy, St ie Se a eee Tee ne SERS NTS earch, Sica et Por a ce art retreated at pas oe’ cari ta ew a Say ant eal ana i wr eects ath a lio apd rl enor org Tate Gr en le es ae ee eyo els tag aca Selene Roo Tentacle ctaw ona tee es ets Sata pacha ti cet Se Serf ce See Eaton of We Sesto ae aa ‘This te the eternal divison that ig found and wil be found every: rise in al Stor and sepuiies the-raling clas, producer cnc wet fie ct fad the eagloey of hit word which, fe ts Teeaog Ce cat find the ‘epeidory of hig word orm Soest ty febaping tle Te soot pit enh Taeniog "eae, ect ain ia Whe Tate aed ii aot and fo; te To, ie aie fa the Totlre . {he much ‘on, it dennten the’ plnea"wher® the action of the verb te often ‘Senn ht Yropren "inenie ac, me, ere Phe Sccined'relopfction ‘cuneate ie ae, ae eeatd be agit teat ay “an the border", the —278— apartments whose children also served in the same man- ner. Others had their own houses for their famtily apart from the house of their master and who. would come to the ‘house from time to time to help in the tilling of the land and in harvesting, also to serve as crewmem- bers whén their masters made sea-voyages; those who helped in building the master’s house and to serve. fre- quently as helpers in the same when there are guests, and to serve there whenever the master requires them to do so, also without any compensation, and the latter ate known as Namamahayes* slaves whose children and descendants are also slaves to serve in the same capa- city. These saguiguilires and namamahay slaves are full- time, half-time and part-time or one fourth-part slaves. ‘And it happens that if one.of the parents of a child was free and the child was the only one, then he was a half-time slave, being only ‘one-half free. If they had more than one child, they were distributed as follows: the first child followed the station of the father being either bond or.free, the second child followed the sta- tus of the mother, and if thete is an uneven-numbered child, the latter was half-slave‘and half-free. The child- ren of these mixed parents, ie., bond and free, became only one-fourth part slaves, for. being such children of fa free father or mother and of a half-slave. These half orfourth-part slaves, whether saguiguilid or namamahay ones, serve their masters alternately, that is, for one moon, and are.free the next moon, and so on, according to the rules of slavery. The same thing happens with regard to partitions among the heirs: a slave may serve many masters, exch ‘Namamahay trom bahay (hows), one who lives in his on house. ‘Thi Kind ‘of maves, {f they cai be called alives, ati exist and. are called kassind” (for being, now the partbers or Taborers of, a expltallst or farmer). Bataan means servant, kampon, tae, ete. AThie proves the Nigh spirit of strlet Jartion that prevailed i Fillpino-Malsyan’ commuritier; The pridelple of -the law wax mathetsa- Leally observéd and it was applied rigorously and impartially, —279—one on his own time. When a slave is not entirely so Dut only half or one-fourth part slave, he is entitled in view of his part-free status, to compel his master to compensate him at a just rate,* for his used part-time freedom from service, which price is based on the per- sons according to the standing of the aaguiguilid or na ‘mamahay slave whether half or fourth-part slave. How- ever, in the case of a regular full-time slave, the master cannot be compelled to exampt him or compensate him at any price. Among the natives the ordinary price for igui- lid slave is not over ten taels of good gold worth eighty pesos each, and only half of this amount If he is a namamahay slave and the rest at a proportionate price according to the person, and his age. There is no definite origin or source of this system of slave among the natives, because they all belong to these Islands and are not foreigners. It is believed that this matter started with the controversies and wars between themselves, and it seems certain that those who could do so, took this opportunity for whatever slight differences or reasons there might be, and reduced the vanquished to salvery. Likewise, slavery also result- ed from debt and usurious loan-contracts between the natives, the amount of which increased with time owing to failure to settle them and to misfortune, the debtors then becoming slaves. Thus, all this system of slavery can be traced to unsavory and unjust causes, among them the suits between the natives, which have engaged the attention of the Courts of Justice and confessors, and the human conseience.* roves also ‘he eustorn gradation Ten ht SMa ihn te be fee pee lce oak MPG atae SSS cee apt the eras ay we ree, erat ame cei fe sean Ea es Wena oa cated ame nce any gary hc oe Fie ec, i Teh et shee Pe hk et dn eed ay Sane era ee ee g Spaniards. —280— ‘These slaves constitute the greatest possessions and wealth of the natives of these Islands, for the reason that they are very useful and necessary to them in their work and activities. They are sold, traded and made the object of contracts, like any other commodity, among themselves, in the common markets of the towns, pro- vinees and of the Islands. Thus, in order to avoid in- numerbale lawsuits that would ensue if these cases of slavery would be brought to Court, and their origin and beginning inquired into, the system and the slaves are now preserved in the same condition in which they existed heretofore# ‘Thanks to their social con aniah Tule encountered litle resistance and the Filipino ‘cir independence aod liberty. ‘The people, necustomed to. bondage, 14 aot defeed them agaiost the invader ner would they fight for Tivos, vas Jane a change of masters, The nobles, arated (0 {yratniae by foree had to accept forcign tyranny when they found it to vtroncer’than thers, and not finding ether love or lofty sentiments ‘Among. the. enaleved maises, found themselves without arma and without Strength, Between a people with a tyranmlcal aristocracy and another with lea che “pcople are balanced cally. ‘Both aay 2 firme foreign invader, the first’ for weakest i i i F a ft § Fi in ERP se utons doubt lite the Wyrttated people Hew Pe Stcoumbing. before. the first foreigner, The Philippines, despite seer, ekbunction, duals the, forts 2's ordered him not to touch i the confessional ata a fe at othe conf “nich pointes” (Gaspar de aes Sia: "Ring slone ‘and Edsention that Seng wiht tre ran cnt len uy redning ty pala of im Fl pines, fon we sce eset, ibe, cooreere. Tae, riesta of peace do Eat fe cobra snout Zi, edTHRa iene of ert ft SSL FOASGeyestribtendety te he eran, owe —281—Marriages among the natives are ge1 the principals and their fellow ylyals Seacies Likewise timawas marry among those of their own sta- tion, and the regular slaves also marry their fellow- slaves, but sometimes they intermarry among different castes.’ The natives have one wife each with whom a man may wed and she is called the Inasawa,! but behind her are other women as friends. The children of the first wife were held to be the legitimate ones and full heirs of their parents, but the children of the other women were not so considered, but some provision’ was usually made for them, but they never inherited. The groom was the one who contributed a dowry, given by his parents, while the bride did not bring any- thing* to the marriage community until she inherited in her own right from her parents." The solemmnization Tis gre tat the lating of sh des anon thems are UP a tte : Sarita Pee Geetha te i Sires Wet etc eane ey Sim te nes reise ont dan bot eehamdea trad et fei, cae cam Ur caterer eae et ie RU am eee he ar lH ok SRagret Wotan ie aa Tiles nae try nee (om) tower pos f Ue bent Sn frat of he ena «de bmg sine He cle and the ena tre epee quant, THST sehen Ua Fated eps SPR Sie ESE aha ils Seer ae SLPS Te ae pect le la or par oe Suet nics ee ae ltl at fat wih diet ces racer ys Uh eis aed er BoE Re east Gn ade ee he gan me ed see sete Pine gars oe le Weets iia ets seg THEN doe tgp te Pa Tec a atten Wy tae ‘on and not affection, becausa this is a senti- ti Satin att ae Sa are ieee, Soe eas lta of marriage consisted in the mutual agreement between the parents and kinsmen of the contracting parties, the paying of the concerted dowry to the father of the bride,’ and in the gathering of all the relatives in the house of the bride’s parents for the purpose of celebrat- ing with eating and drinking the whole day until sunset. At night, the groom carried the bride to his home where she remained in his care and protection. The spouses could separate and dissolve their marriage ties owing to trivial causes and upon proper hearing had before the relatives of both parties and some elders who parti- cipate therein,? and who rendered judgment, upon which the dowry received was returned to the husband, and ‘S"This dowry, if it ean be called thos, represented a compensation ‘for the parents of the Bride for the eare and education of their daughter. ‘The Filipino woman, never being a burden on any one, neither of her perenti har on her tusband but all on the contrary, represents & value {for whose loas the poesesxor must be compensated. And this in 20 true that even in our timer parents coment with great difficulty to part from belt daughters. Te fe almost never seen in the Philippines the ead spectacle that many European familes present who seem to be in erry to get rid of thelr marrlageable daughters, not infrequently the ‘others playing ridiculous role. Ax it ill be seen, neither ia there fale or purchase in this ‘custom. The Tagalog wife is_free_and especie, ake manages und contac, slnah stays mith the huabents Spporalwho”connilta Ret about ait hls eta She in the keeper. of the money, ahe educates Che children, "Ralf @f-Whom belong to her. She ie not a Chinees woman or & Muslim slave who is bought, sometimes from the parents, sometimes at the bazaar, In order to Took her op for the pleamure of the husband or master. She is not the Earopean ‘woman who marries, purchases the husband's liberty with her dowry, {ind loses her name, rights, Iberty, Initiative, her tue dominion bela limited to relg over. the salon, to entertain quests, and to elt at the right of her husbasd. Tin which matter they were more advanced than ths modern French and English with thele divorce laws. The relatives of Both partian andit was called vigadicaya* as a voluntary offeri fo apt Jn gases where the separation was salsed by sid us! ’s fai when it tainer of the wife to koot’ was ret d for the parents ‘Their property which had been acquired in common by both spouses, was divided between them. i shares, and each disposed of his part as best he oot People could adopt any person in the presence of the relatives; and the adopted child or parson would deliver whatever he or she possessed, as a present to the adopting party, upon which the adopted person remained in his house ‘and under his protection, thereby. acquiring the right to inherit together with the children of the foster parents.* ‘Adultery was not punished physically but instead, the guilty spouse would pay to" the aggrieved sponse such indemnity as the elders adjudged fo be right, and which said parties agreed. among themselves.” The grievance was thus forgiven and the husband acknow!- edged to be satisfied, and he retained his honor and resumed his married life with his wife, and no mention would hereafter be made of the matter In the matter of inheritance, all legitimate children inherited equally all the property which the parents agen of oil, "ls Safire, Mayer” Sarg Seta tng Bee ete ae le Wale a Seay ein Aigo UTE rosaries, belt, etc. in which one dota not give what one can but what Seal wink tna wae hae tn We Sd siencig B ung Tale Bring airing te Cau won ern ie pte Ie oe ee ea ne ee a 12 age gas atdel cane SY Gea “Sasa ldots eters oh orignal “cat tse“ tit caow gto po Barred» Coat beck Tr chapttaprane © the: Tanke of the neviy "hig Sera carom ai xe, Thana to Providence, thou te wy UETie cea POE ing Pipinon have toat as a rr of gntac with thar Poole Be Seng eoptad att Uy atti fied more ust ha callings" the Eder and ott. sega the fea ate tae st iS Steet Soe a debe ela ‘tea "Sones, Gut eonlbrains —284— ir wr, if there was any personal or fo seguir. it by the parents, in the absence of legi- timate childrre and by the asawa, they vote inherited by the nearest relatives from the collateral branches of the main family-tree. This was effected either by will or testament of, in its absence, by custom, No solemnity was required in the making of a will aside from simply Jeaving it in written form, or by stating the wish ver- ally in the presence of well-known persons.’ any principal or nobleman was a chief of a ba- slat or clan, he was succeeded in the office or dig- nity, by his eldest son had by his asawa or married wife, and in his default, by the second son had by her. In the absence of male children, by his daughters in the same order, In the absencé of legitimate children, the succession reverted to the nearest of kin belonging to the same lineage and family of the principal who last possessed it* In thie event that any native having female slaves, should have had intercourse with any of them and come to have children as a result thereof, her child as well as herself became free thereby," but if she failed to have any, she remained a slave. The children of slave-mothers and those had by another man’s wife, were considered children of ill- repute, and they did not succeed like the legitimate heirs to the estate, neither were their parents bound to bequeath any property to them; and even if they were children of dignity or nobility or to the privileges ‘them ing fe thair Inter behavior, prevented "aay Valeton of she Sle Sen ghedience on the part of the heirs. Only ‘ines the misslovartesconvined fhe tao, SA OE estore remained toured and Warmed iy Purgaiory in tawnalts and = Torever and rar net PPT 2°The' same Iw of succession ix now followed by the royal tamiliex of Spals, England, Austria, ate, eta” a "A custom more merciful than the conduct of Abraham toward Fiagge and Thema in epte of the fact that he was the just tan shone 7 intriguns forever "and. ever. — 285 —of their fathers, and only remained in their static id were considered ordinary ti fans* like th wage prune ary timawa-plebeians‘ like the ‘The contracts and ‘negotiations with th: i genetally considered iNlegal, so that cach of then had fo take care of himself or see fo take eare of ow he could best attend Loans made for profit were very conimon, and bore excessive interest, thus doubling or tas more their settlement was being delayed, until the cre- - ditors would take everything their debtors had, togeth with their persons and these children, if they had any, in the capacity of slaves! " The common way of doing business was the tradin of certain things for others, such as supplies, blankels, cattle, fowl, lands, houses, fields, slaves, fisheties, palm- trees, nipa swamps and forests; and sometimes when there was a price fixed, it was paid in gold as might be agreed upon, also in metal bells. coming from China, which articles are considered precious jewels. The latter look like large pots giving-very good sound,* and are much used in their festivals, and are usually taken in their vessels in going to war and expeditions, and used in the place of drums arid other metal instruments. There were often delays and extensions given for the payments of debts, needing bondsmen who participated elements of profit and very usurious interest. Tht tiene distinctions between Tesitimate children who inherited the children of Sree consitines who. Gk Not Inherit bul recived some ‘ceived nothing, but who frond and sewed tot signs, Whe GS tet even "nent the aiaton of thir fathers but rather degenerated, prove the high degree. of culture and mePESD are the conracia ofall nations and of all people and sp also "war the spit ntracts of the ficst Spaniards ‘with the Ete ee ‘and, God grant tiny might have aiwarenahered to te ‘3 “contract Takia ie ricrolyfroe and’ ao true that tt survives to this doy. pce send for werd te fo bw rogrelied "teat ony, Taio; Mesatias the Spaniards, and even fore Polcione And has vecched: mucha point that the Government felt et onl sar ihe property’ sod even the Dere® Rouee sce are Some cyte he Sipe fe Se ett pana, Lo 8 ‘Manaeal. (Barelons Tithe temetom and the pum-piang (gona) that are still uatd —286— The offenses were punished upon complaint of the aggrieved parties. Thefts were particularly punished with severity by making slaves out of the thieves, and sometimes sentencing them to death, likewise, oral de- STs horror of thelt was so sueral before the coming of the Goannte nt the mn npn ete lpr ate cof thisenrydepite thet most, ting felts and ag tnjocis! snd "sRbatng, tote etole ce artes TOUS Oia ie eigade SE sit cousin "Today tiv horror te thea, dndeed tata guly maison ant Nahe, are 5 tala tney tel chicken frit aalmale te grt wer? BimeYone hone auty tert seh Sve the ecurty ‘of Om eltanan, fie"ale mentors af the Civil Contd forced owners fo sll them. thett roped cheaply Go he ersdaal“destaetion af that sacred eustorn PORTS AREY perk tae Tukewartne tnd we would even 7 hteeinnpuvtcipt lon ot the Sears Tet, Ha aan faltered’ tom thy dob of Pr, Alot de Cast teeta For Wis llc to estivg for tele sualtnanes and Senches end tonne lon oots byway fn ‘thefts, “ate. rr of these notes, an a child, in 1878, went 10 pee ee ety ee aes Booey SRE a es St Te te Se Side chanel a erat eet Seta th eee aan Se ste Ea arena ee 237famations and insults particularly those uttered against the principals There wos 2 ligt of any things end Sees considered extremely insulting and discrediting when uitered against men or women, which were excused with more difficulty than offenses committed against per- sons, or injuries against their bodies. Not much importance was given to immoral attach- ments, seductions and incests, unless they were commit- ed on the persons of principal ladies; and it was an ordinary occurence for a man to marry a woman after - living immorally with sister for some time, also for one to have had for a long time, sexual intercourse with his mother-in-law, before commencing to live maritally with his wife, all of this in the presence and knowledge of all the relatives.* Single young men were called Bagontaos,* meaning recently-made men, and the marriageable young women, dalagaz.. Mien and women alike scareely practiced con- tinenee, as from their early youth, they. intermingled with each other very frequently and with scant self- “What a high opinion the ancient Filipioos must have of moral a¢2- dered offenses to it mare serious than the offensee that tine and even that of ot reason, always bolding as ies eats ae rie eee the Indios should prefer even now-ahiy Se ce eee See noe See eee ae thine heating of «word than the foree eye no impoasible tat ther things, had, happened, for similar ‘ad ‘even wove are cwcorded in auened and Brafane baile ad"temilice of Christian and devout Raga of aes secret Dee as yea hae Se Ne tat a at finest Thay tuys for eamplo, that because the Jantiy alepe 4a, one Binet GAP thee I sont te ‘mista the “Gaughter, “the” mother, Seton es duende to aayert Such ty supine pceuay Hp Meg ine! atte cfcunstanees, Neither is there such mSine & — 288 — i no regrets for whatever happened restraint. They teMrer did thei: parents, brethren and to, then’ Sspecially if any pecuniary considerations were relatives, esPeCvory litle of this element Was necessary for certain things to happen. . . During all this time that the natives had lived as ehoine oe non-Christians, they did not learn practicing gentiles oF nova sinful offense against nabure or s- the dentfter the arrival of the Spaniards in the land, sor Yheir consequent association with them, the natives nd eularly after the arrival of the Sangleye (Chinese) particul@rom China, who are much given to this de- oovitg, both men and women, have somewhat been con- Piminated with it, and instances have not been lacking in this respect.* ‘The natives of the Islands of the tattooed people or Visayas, especially the women-folk, are much given to vicious practices and sensuality, and their ‘instincts have led them to invent sordid ways for men aud women to t together intimately. They have acquired a bad ha- fie from youth, the boys making an incision or hole Because they saw nothing, sinful im the set of the_zependuction (of the species TRE arefent ps iie-mmaby other peoples, did not ace Ste more ee be a pe nee a cata Eeiiyne piter ater pan uae dat ont Seg ee 2 Na, title aot wath ange ae ee ee eek ee Bee creieg ah or Siege 2 GUN Se ah Fermits, etc, ete. in the first centuries, disgusted perhaps by the moral Recta Se St otatin, donated ashe 7 es Koel tad Sebi" aclnceraill aay tad tne tt aS Sa ces are ae 2a ata refutes maguificently in the chapter “Woman” (p. .27) sgeatnaings ate Guyer “werat” fe 2) dis rues Healt asi Weed ay toate ean Ea . ‘this confirms that, the incontinence of the pagan, Fl nt loouneas but nv exces af naturainm ahd’ abaanea of sei Sronigiton 1 has bess obser “all ino the abominable crime fodomy- hen they become dusted with proeittion ay can be teh To tmany southern verions af Burope tei Chinas ot when exceatve privaion rnp ane tvadatocate Reel by wandsting Uhroneh mints, Pt $4,{¢ xperienced in certain unlseZuat convents and schools: Study the Nid of People gxd of a siiiatins ih eit wh Toys and doaplte the tact that almost three sgptition Rave slsadyclepeed slaw then the Pigines continue abborrne this rime and they have been ‘so litde contaminated that in order to ETE Ge htt aa’ fe torlgnen have te mae, ome of St felis sguntznen of he toto women whe are tha ve, oF of 29 —289—in their private organ, close to its head, an i i tia cort of enakerhead of metal or iven; whee secured to the hole made in the organ, by means of a device of the same substance to keep it in place. With this contrivance on, the youth has intercourse with the woman, and he is only able to take it out much later after the act, both thereby indulging in a protracted frenzied delight, notwithstanding the spilling of consi- derable blood and suffering other injuries. This con- trivance is called sagra, but only a few of them exist now, because after the natives became Christians, much care has been taken to stop these practices and vices;~ with a certain degree of suce Among the natives, there have generally existed cer- tain herbalists and sorcerers’ who have not been perse- cuted and restrained until they caused any particular injury or damage to people, and it was very seldom that the latter could be ascertained or even discussed. ‘There were also men whose occupation was to brake in or devirginize the maidens, and they were held in regard and paid for their services, on the theory that when men married virgins, they would not have to bo- ther themselves with overcoming their bride's maiden hood In matters of religion, they proceeded in primitive fashion and with more blindness than in other matters, for the reason that, aside from being Gentiles, without She witches. In the time of Morga there was still « strong belief in the power of witches and the Lngefsition persecuted ther. ven the or munkotamers, who alll abound im the Philippines, were : ig amor of nhng shout he maine. es SN tp ny ae me ‘pay dancing: masters for theit daughters nd.men FORTRON ehh eS WE ing ey a re Sh crs a wal a te Sea Stroh he See Be Fee ste fe apt dice, SPS emia of aia ian angio oe ip lan Wel now at Lnguom of arama Pax aver toe, fd fa Roehlnule od ib Betee at‘ tt helo ent Sone br Mine aS Rat rath ame a a uid a led ar 99 oer any knowledge of the true God,’ they did not take pains to Yesson oa how to find Him, neither did they envision a particular one at all. The devil ordinarily deceived them with a thousand and one errors and blind practices. He appeared to them in various forms as horrible and fearful as ferocious animals which held them in dreat making them tremble, and very often they worshippe him through images na peoeating him,’ kept in caves and in private houses, where they offered to him sweet- smelling perfumes, food and fruits,‘ calling them Ani- tos." Others worshipped the sun and the moon, indi in feasting and orgies during their conjuction.‘ re were those who worshipped a certain bird with yellow Si i et. ene ac ps sai i Ride eS eee Si og Reigate Se rt ci rete Shen snd the fact that Philip TT has just terminated his relen. aPigateia dncribes nthe, follwing manner, the idol he saw tn fhe religious before and after Movge, ‘until slmowt our days Show stories of devils, nizacles, apparitions, ete, these forming the ‘bulk of the" yotuminous ‘hatorter Amiio's talslary spirit, Tie teema, that called family or whether alien to it. Now, with the new reli imbued wt cal rata man in recone in thecal of the nun reoetings he woul ace Shite, emtinay Syraie ofthe eauttaly of thu ctr "of highs ot ites ot Divnty all” Wet we at nn ts See ee ity healt eng, there in nature, within the reach of the wineaof tan, Sore se, are untae benstfah sad ore aparndy tare aa the runt Inthe, toon they ta te ite of The San tae esis, Ws ren thy lee ori tent weld Si tems Bing hat eon eipe Scr iet of Gd ta the'tan ted to Moey {sls Bindnca ta to worabip aman however greet and eatery he might be. —291—color which lives in the mountains, called Batala,’ and they also worshipped and revered the erocodiles when they saw them, kneeling down with their arms in view of the harm often done to them by these animals, on the belief that by doing this, the monsters would be appeased and leave the people alone. ‘Their oaths, imprecations and promises as has al- ready been stated, are to this effect: “May the eroco- diles devour you if you do not tell the truth and fulfill your promise! and words to said effect. . There were no temples or houses of common worshiy of idols anywhere in the Islands, and each one performed in his own house, whatever worship of his anitos he lus bird, aay the Jeasite Chino and Calin who fuer ex as minsonaries ‘uh te be better informed, “Ot tho ie at wh ceae GS, they ealied hey aasgoed to, Ns the nema Batts, soe ‘Wal now; we dont if any Blue rd elther of wis ae‘ot Sf ‘hig ame. There, o'a yellow” (Chough nat complstsiy 2) Wd'anah Kullaoran or eoen ovo. Probably tia bird never euted and It Weak Sp'one timesGt omar have’ been ce the agle'of duper the fhe agoy ala,hak. mayngi sy i Spat iar Wer een Shine pk gt made ne oh hn acre Ray aot oe Ber a ty fs ey ih RN ASR, Pah eal tty ‘it serve. ng’ more than being dedicated uy myut ove A and Sn ented that seryed ako verniny place 2 Ea hada ais (a attatt lt tee ely inant, Mberane ely Penk y" uly dalcnnd Cpl ony TS coats ae etn? areata’ {0a "eoson Sat Ghee Sept Ga cama 1! ce eee le ey re a Serle yeaa ent wa in” AE epee rte haces thay foal Ea Pa eae a ae ae Soci en a we ah had sh aloe og ppeleude th ere, ly andr ba lle ae aed AER eld trae an ei The res wee cit ange dled & i — 292 — pleased, without any particular ceremony or solemnity, heither was there any priest or man of religion who should attend to religious matters except some old men or. women Catalonas (pythonesies), great soreerers and wizards who deceived the people and communicated to them whatever they wished, and according to their needs, and answered to them questions with a thousand and one lies and absurdities. They made prayers and offered ceremonies to the idols in behalf of their sick people; they believed in omens and superstitions which the devil inspired them to do, so that they could tell whether their sick persons would live or die.‘ They made treatments and cures and other sortileges to ascertain the future ar any event through various ways. And God permitted apparently that the people of these Islands Berprepared ‘with the least possible assistance, to. e- ceive the preaching of the Gospel so that they might know the truth with more ease, and so that there would be less effort exerted to take them away from darkness and error in which the devil held them in bondage for many years. They never practiced human sacrifice like people in other kingdoms. They believed that there was a further life beyond where those who had been brave and had performed daring deeds were rewarded and where those who had done evil would be punished accordingly, but they were, however, at a loss to deter- mine where these things would happen or the why and wherefore of them: 3 Colin saya that these priests, called by others Catslona and Babaylen, “ordinarily axe rich paople und well dreased and adorned ‘with jewels, bat hey were’ not Honored. er eateemed. Oscause {hey conetlered there Loafire sah lvad by the sweat of their fellowmen” ‘Te proves thal everywhere tod in crery recon the profetalon of prert has Alvaye been Sheaking of the sick and “Anitos to prove thelr falsehood, Fr Chiring ls the case of Branciaco Armandao who, while sick, offered half of his'body (0 the Amite to ace it he would be’ cureds then’ bal of Bis body ‘is paralysed and he could not’ move, and the Malisonary concluded that thia'war public testimony of his heathentam.” But, if the half that was ‘not patalyzed had boon offered to the Amico? Whit would be aaid now Of tious who aie, despite all the Masses offered to the different Virgins, eaplte the figurte of wax, silver, and other more attractive and temipion, offerings? i which they did eight by eonfeming. sincerely their Ignorance the tnlier” Other Hatori, Newevery eng What aie) “Agunis), Heaven Katuaibetion (x noun That survives wil Biya ids in th Wales mouslalse whe ae Bice Bayan soula went — ih — 298 —‘They buried their dead in their own houses, keepii their bodies and bones for a long time in boxes, and venerating their skulls as if they were living in’ their presence.‘ In their funeral rites, neither pomp nor pro- cessions played any part, except only those performed by members of the household’ of the deceased; and after AA pa men aie Caer nic wees rath oral an pe nae te BOS Set Bias te voortate the aeamry, trae hae eos as om tf ven mat eae aia ae Lopes a Sect ac. ioe oe prs oo ure ra sage eb gry Sr he ay vet ee gy Ewite ae aries at ered who probably will never remember us. ine ad, Fee aE eee tn roe moran aie cent Len eee ee IME Te mea spin te eed aka io a to ae ih Poca ood a espe noe ocak emmaeey uo, ace ee, moe Homa nc ih ores rae Kagorass ene hey enced and, cobras eo ie of he Bee see seen ry Sg fe ae. iy in gee ih ot hy nil ey seed ahora ghee pte “toe rete Spin ino et oe ey re ee Eeraot "Benet Teh hele chasm gn hse“ motte ey ae a tee arn ee, laced in’a box or eotfine of Indestructible “Cecorated ‘with ‘rich feat irae Fae he he Pee lal tale Sl TRY at etl Sapna ra A i tH lec ae er apy rae pea bay and i heat Se mid ine hie Pearse os, Cae ad eae ect Ft emote Ge es ay itd Be erg or ng ot eae agrees fee wear tet coreg hich Pee eel Seay nies tte Sain br tan Oa Eta a deol nee thy Bact aural ds Soo ae ‘other tools they had used. (Colin, p. 87). Fr he seta Cy BO as aoa guia tet cime tn Sand ooh ae Se 24 ene foe en Sage fh at cr, Ua tenet Se rae deo age Sa ett eae Rly capa Cyan Se ene ere of cach a faneeal arma (Alfred Marche, Eason ot Plana, Sasi feet} contre the of hess descriptions. Neverteles BoE tiwapa ete Cy buted inthe houpes or near them. Sometiney, the BEG Teatycoe Ret as ihe cttis alan mes whole vessels acrved. aa coffins, especially for those Who in Ute Ana hatn grat silts or were fond of sling, Wien hey died 2 nattral Gerth, or they approntitngs ey orepared themajwes forthe, citeal moment with atch SrEeeeuilyana”cotemment ee ould ony suerte, aeany SSSR Ri Se ee eee iccen taad cena —294— ieving for the deceased, they indulged in eating and Grinking to the degree of intoxication among Seemitives, the relatives and friends Some natives of the Island of Borneo began to come to the Island of Luzon, particularly the settlements of ~Tahever can get amay with iG atebuted divinity to, his father Soe sc Ry el ng ene conte heya Heat ec of enetng the memdry of he progentiore te Be Te Putas the moonaie fancies of faking’ atin of thee Aes epson e™Ehemcloes othe’ mot” ridicuouy’ (ventions eed cones Tues steven atthe beards, Iie that af Bishop “Advarts, reSPIN 24° f0°aH ace Uhemuslven ed wth thea pride tnd fad, seat At ful a of tha imese and death @neriourene and mahine sP7eei att deme alone Between iia tranquility, eet lace Sine et eRe Selaton at tne last mgrents off end the Bet Tce The CZaafviee al henrleessoenan Ghat monnatle fanatic SEGUE ST ter the ayne, the mind fre from every preseropatin inter “te The alty fofpunie of God tot unknown to as) if the eka ae gen‘ foe aur rons why ember he, ge our PH thy tckare and Gecourage & bfoter, Precoey. at the et ecelble moment of hie lite and on the threshold of eternity? Te will be SEGIME BU'ES St man and elon ea no the mean tor the ame nar ia there tine eft. itive religion of the ancient Fil ‘with the doctrine of Christ and of the iglon of the friarat” Christ came to dhe misery tat ay He"ap the Sownenst and tay serve as «aim ‘not surprising that the funerals should end in banquets and hey ‘elled Theo, according to Fr. San Antonio (Deseripaion Seas Talat Fibptnas), conaidering the belief that the one. who’ dled was oing,t be happy and in this Fegard the Filpinos were logical. The ‘panquets’ that are sil held today and which wate adversely interpreted by the 8 Trave ‘no. more significance that the custom of the ‘Phuplien to Compliment all toe who are ake Domes at al Hime, _ Wall now. na'many_ come. to help and ‘console the family of the ceased, ‘nob only by word of mouth but. by deed = giving money find other” gifts,” it ie natural” that fe" the eyes of ‘the’ nuperficlal Secor iam wren fea, The, erence” Cat ie fn nati that Sone in ‘whe ready tn the house, and’ the guests 4 wait io be bogged the cantor af pastes Se rg Pagan th yo Kalapuann is nothing more than nine-day prayer for the tthe soul of the deceased and the friends who come to pray for him ‘thd'fo"conle und accompany. the family ‘are complimented for the fame reagon a Rated above with tea and twerts, which ta not « fear a Filipina. docs net incite, anyone Sunt. to" offer” Nim tea, “The tapuaon “(the final, the Inet day of prayer) has the appearance of '& feast becavte ita oore than ata Endin fect fia" supper) bet thing due to the general custooe of wanting. always to end UHOge: with something grander and better and_the Filipina docs Feretling’ grander end beige and te Filipina dos not Mr. Cafiamacqa so satisfied ‘with the word "Paco”™ that he made It synonymous” of S'He'refera to certain frlare during the Spanish regime. — 295 —