Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

Post task - Final activity

Individual work format

Student name
John Edinson solorzano
Group: 59
Identification number
1075.255.275

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
2020 16-04
 Exercises development

Activity
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the
group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 275 𝑀𝐻𝑧 is transmitted from the bottom of a
ship to a receiver located at 𝑝 = 1 𝐾𝑚 depth. The wave is emitted with an
advance angle of 𝑎 = (5 + 59)°. Determine the time it takes for the wave to
reach the receiver.

Figure 1: wave propagation in open media.

Image recovered from https://www.ee.co.za/article/new-economics-marine-
environmental-monitoring.html
For development, follow the following steps:
𝑓 = 275𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 275 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧
𝑝 = 1𝑘𝑚
𝑎 = (5 + 59) = 64°
𝑡 =?
σ=4
𝐶𝑜 = 3 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠
𝜇𝑟 = 1
𝜀𝑟 = 80
εo = 8.8542x10−12 C2 /Nm2

a. Calculate the tangent of losses 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 𝜎/𝜔𝜀.

 𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋. 𝑓. 𝜀𝑟. 𝜀𝑜
4
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
2𝜋 ∗ 275. 106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 80 ∗ 8.8542. 10−12 𝐶 2 /𝑁𝑚2

𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝜹) = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟏𝟗
𝜹 = 𝑻𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟑. 𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟏𝟗) = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟗°

b. Classify the behavior of the medium

 c. Calculate the propagation parameters of the wave 𝛾, 𝛼 and 𝛽.
Propagation constant  (gamma)

𝜸 = √𝒋𝝎𝝁(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) = √𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒇𝝁𝒓 𝝁𝒐 (𝝈 + 𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒇𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝒐 )

m
√𝑗 ∗ 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ (275𝑥106 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠) ∗ 1 ∗ 1.2566x10−6 T ∗ (4𝑠/𝑚 + 𝑗 ∗ 2 ∗ 𝜋 (275𝑥106 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠) ∗ 80 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
A

𝒚 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟗 + 𝟕𝟔. 𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝒋

Attenuation constant  (Alpha)

𝑹𝒆()
𝜶 = 𝑹𝒆(𝜸) = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟗 𝑵𝒑/𝒎
Phase constant  (Beta)

𝑰𝒎()
𝜷 = 𝑰𝒎() = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟔𝟏𝟓𝒋 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒎

d. Calculate the propagation speed of the 𝑉𝑝 wave. 𝑉𝑝 = 𝜔/𝛽

Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑

𝜔
𝑉𝑝 =
𝛽
2∗𝜋∗𝑓
𝑉𝑝 =
𝛽
2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ (275𝑥106 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠)
𝑉𝑝 =
76.615 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚
𝑽𝒑 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝟏 𝒎/𝒔 ≅ 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝒎/𝒔

Wavelength 𝝀
2 ∗ 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜆=
𝛽
2 ∗ 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜆=
76.615 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚
𝝀 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒎
e. Calculate the distance 𝑑 between the ship and the receiver. 𝑑 = 𝑃/𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎).
𝑝
𝑑=
cos (𝑎)
1000 𝑚
𝑑=
cos (64°)
𝒅 = 𝟐𝟐𝟖𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝟐 𝒎 ≅ 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎

f. Based on 𝑉𝑝 and 𝑑 determine the time 𝑡 of the route. 𝑑 = 𝑡 ∗ 𝑉𝑝

𝑑
𝑡=
𝑉𝑝

2.281𝑥103 𝑚
𝑡=
2.2552711𝑥107 𝑚/𝑠
𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒔
Interpretation: according to the concepts explored, explain the meaning of the
value obtained for 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) and 𝑡.
RTS: The loss tangent is a measure of the insulation state, it is also called
the dissipation factor and it is a measure of the dielectric losses of a solid or
liquid insulation. It affects the insulation level of the conductive medium, if
in point one of the exercise it gives us some parameters with distance and
Speed of propagation in the sea, it is known how long it will take for the wave
to reach the bottom with this, what is intended is to know how deep the
ground is so as not to collide with the ground under the boat called also
encayar The result gives a tangent loss of 3.268 due to the propagation
medium in this case sea water, taking into account these parameters we can
calculate a propagation Speed with a distance already obtained and thus be
able to know the time it takes for the wave to travel a length. In this case
the distance is 1km, the wave propagation Speed is (2.255𝑥107 𝑚/𝑠) and with
these data we can clearly obtain the time it takes for this wave to travel this
distance; this time is 0.0001011 second.
2. From an airplane, which is ℎ1 = 1250 𝑚 high, a communication signal 𝑓 =
275 𝑀𝐻𝑧 is emitted to a submarine that is ℎ2 = 800 𝑚 deep, the angle of
incidence of the signal on the sea surface is 𝑎 = 64°). Determine the time it
takes for the signal to reach the submarine. Note that 𝐶𝑜 = 3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠.
 Figure 2: wave propagation in bounded open media.
Image recovered from https://byjus.com/physics/characteristics-of-sound-
wavesamplitude/
For development, follow the following steps:
ℎ1 = 1250 𝑚
𝑓 = 275𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 275 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧
ℎ2 = 800 𝑚
𝜃𝑎 = 64°
𝜃𝑎′ = 26°
𝐶𝑜 = 3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
𝑛1 = 1,00029 (air)
𝑉𝑝2 = 2.255 ∗ 107 𝑚/𝑠

if 𝑎 = 64° ➔ 𝑎′ = 90° − 64° = 26°

a. Calculate the distance between the plane and the point of incidence at sea
𝑑1 = ℎ1 /𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑎).
ℎ1
𝑑1 =
𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑎°)
1250 𝑚
𝑑1 =
𝑠𝑒𝑛(64°)
𝒅𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒎

b. Calculate the velocity of propagation of the wave 𝑉𝑝1 in the air (𝑉𝑝1 = 𝐶𝑜/𝑛),
where 𝑛 is the refractive index of air.
𝐶𝑜
𝑣𝑝1 =
𝑛1
 3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
𝑣𝑝1 =
1.00029
𝒗𝒑𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔

c. Using Snell's Law, calculate the angle of refraction of the wave in the sea.
𝐶𝑜
𝑛2 =
𝑣𝑝2
3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
𝑛2 =
2255217𝑥107 𝑚/𝑠
𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟎𝟐 𝒎/𝒔

Ley snell
𝑛1𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃1) = 𝑛2𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃𝑏)

1.0002926 ∗ sin(26°) = 13.302 ∗ sin (𝜃𝑏)

0.438499 = 13.3022170 ∗ sin (𝜃𝑏)

𝑛1
𝜃𝑏 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝜃1))
𝑛2
1.00029
𝜃𝑏 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 ( . 𝑠𝑒𝑛(26°))
13.302

𝜽𝒃 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟗° ≅ 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗°
d. Calculate the distance between the point of incidence in the sea and the
submarine.

ℎ2
𝑑2 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑏°)
800 𝑚
𝑑2 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠(1.89°)
𝒅𝟐 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟓 𝒎 ≅ 𝟖𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒 𝒎

e. Calculate the propagation speed of the wave 𝑉𝑝2 at sea (take 𝑉𝑝 from
exercise 1).
𝐶𝑜
𝑣𝑝2 =
𝑛2
3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
𝑣𝑝2 =
13.302 𝑚/𝑠

𝒗𝒑𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝒎/𝒔 ≅ 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝒎/𝒔

f. Based on 𝑉𝑝1 and 𝑑1 determine the time 𝑡1 of the first path (𝑡1 = 𝑑1 /𝑉𝑝1).
𝑑1
𝑡1 =
𝑣𝑝1
1390.75𝑚
𝑡1 =
2.999122𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
𝒕𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒔

g. Based on 𝑉𝑝2 and 𝑑2 determine the time 𝑡2 of the second path (𝑡2 = 𝑑2 /𝑉𝑝2)
𝑑2
𝑡2 =
𝑣𝑝2

800.435 𝑚
𝑡2 =
2.255217𝑥107 𝑚/𝑠

𝒕𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟒𝟗𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒔
h. Calculate the total time of the route 𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2

𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2

𝑡 = 4.6371𝑥10−6 𝑠 + 3.5491𝑥10−5 𝑠
𝒕 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒔
 Interpretation: according to the concepts explored, explain the meaning of
the value obtained for 𝑉𝑝1 , 𝑉𝑝2 and 𝑡.

RTS: For the second exercise it is necessary to take into account an emitter
in this case the plane emits an electromagnetic signal which must propagate
by two different means: air and sea water, mathematically the time it takes
for the signal to reach the submarine is calculated. is the receiver, with these
data we can know at what distance it is from the plane, take into account the
refraction coefficient both in the air and in the sea when the wave changes
medium, that is, it passes from the air to the sea because the wave changes
its speed and its direction precisely by changing the medium of propagation.
Vp1: Here we measure the speed of propagation of the wave in the air from
when it leaves the plane, until it hits the sea, Vp2: here we measure the
speed of propagation of the wave in the air from when it enters the sea, until
it reaches the submarine, t: The time it takes for the wave to reach its
destination is the sum of the time that the plane leaves passing through the
air and then adds the time that it passes through the sea water until it reaches
the submarine.

3. A lossless transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 𝑍0 = 75Ω, a

length of 𝐿 = 5𝑚 and is excited by a signal of 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝐻𝑧. The line is
connected to an antenna with load impedance 𝑍𝐿 = (45 + 𝑗45)Ω. Taking into
account that 𝑉𝑝 = 3𝑥107 𝑚/𝑠, calculate:
a. Wavelength 𝜆.
 𝐿 5𝑚
𝜆= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟎 𝒎
ℓ 83.333 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑑𝑎

b. Electrical length ℓ.

𝐿 5𝑚
ℓ= = = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒅𝒂
𝜆 0.060𝑚

c. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .

𝑧𝐿 + 𝐽𝑍𝑜 𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋𝑙)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍𝑜
𝑧𝑜 + 𝐽𝑍𝑙 𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋𝑙)

(45 + 𝑗45Ω) + 𝐽(75Ω)𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋 ∗ 83.333)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 75Ω
75Ω + 𝑗(45 + 𝑗45Ω)𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋 ∗ 83.333)

𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟑𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟖𝟑 − 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟔 𝒋 𝒐𝒉𝒎

d. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0
Γ=
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0

(45 + 𝑗45) − 75
Γ=
(45 + 𝑗45) + 75

𝚪 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟗 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟔 𝐉 𝒐𝒉𝒎(𝛀)

Γ1 = |Γ|
Γ1 = | − 0.0958|
𝚪𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟏𝟗 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟐
Angle
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑜 = arg( Γ)
 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑜 = arg( 0.06911)
𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑. 𝟏𝟑𝟒°

e. VSWR-ROE
1 + |Γ|
VSWR =
1 − |Γ|

1 + |0.422|
VSWR =
1 − |0.422|

𝐕𝐒𝐖𝐑 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝟎𝟏𝟗 ≅ 𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝟎𝟐

f. Check the results c, d and e with the Smith 4.1 software.
 Figure 3: Transmission line.

Interpretation: according to the concepts explored, explain the meaning

of the value obtained for 𝑍𝑖𝑛 , Γ and 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.
RTS: The wave ratio describes the power reflected by the antenna with the
given values and tells us that the energy efficiency is not very good.
Transmission lines are limited by some regions of space according to their
input values and by physical means where the input importance given by
the resistance in ohms according to the source related to the voltage values
is of great importance where it allows exercise. validation. In some poles
with real and imaginary value, the propagation coefficient allows to validate
the relationships between the current density flux of the transmitted wave
and that of the incident, where for this case it is -0.09589 -0.4109i
Transmission coefficient 0.63845 with Angle of - 103.134 ° which is negative
given the characteristics, the voltage ratio for the wave for this case is
2.46019. The switch is a geometric relationship between the maximum
amplitude and this low start. the value of the input impedance that is going
to be given is that resistance parameter that the system presents before
transmission, the reflection coefficient gives us values that are reflected in
the wave that have been analyzed in activities prior to the VSWR. knowing
how to roe gives us the loose parameters according to the matter.
 References

• Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). From Maxwell's

Equations to Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction for
First-year Undergraduates. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (pp.
46-60). Recovered
from https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebsco
host.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=
eds-live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

• Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic

Press. (pp. 513-519). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.e
bscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&s
ite=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513

• Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed

Broadband Wireless. (pp. 25-70). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.e
bscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&s
ite=ehost-live
• Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic
Press, (pp. 519-524). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.c
om/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519

• Wiley J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed

Broadband Wireless. (pp. 31-51). Recovered
from https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/l
ogin.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=eds-
live&scope=site

• Chen, W. (2005). El manual de ingeniería eléctrica. Boston: Academic

Press, (págs. 525-551). Recuperado
de http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebsco
host.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=eh
ost-live&ebv=EB&ppid= pp_525

• Joines, W., Bernhard, J. y Palmer, W. (2012). Circuitos de líneas de

transmisión de microondas. Boston: Artech House, (págs. 23-
68). Recuperado
de http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nl
ebk&AN=753581&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_23
• Hierauf, S. (2011). Comprensión de la integridad de la señal. Boston:
Artech House, Inc. Capítulo 6, 7, 11. Recuperado
de http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nl
ebk&AN=345692&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid= pp_49

• Redes de adaptación de impedancia. (2001). Circuitos de comunicación de

radiofrecuencia y microondas, (págs. 146-188). Recuperado
de http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ac
i&AN=14528229&lang=es&site=eds-live

El siguiente video explica el manejo de la carta de Smith.

• Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Los conceptos básicos de Smith Chart

[Video]. Recuperado de http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13141