Accepted Manuscript

Title: The Cooling Potential Of Cool Roofs In Cold Climates:

Use Of Cool Fluorocarbon Coatings To Enhance The Optical
Properties And The Energy Performance Of Industrial
Buildings

Author: Elena Mastrapostoli Theoni Karlessi Alexandros

Pantazaras Dionysia Kolokotsa Kostas Gobakis Mattheos
Santamouris

PII: S0378-7788(13)00670-1
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.10.024
Reference: ENB 4589

To appear in: ENB

Received date: 11-10-2013

Accepted date: 19-10-2013

Please cite this article as: E. Mastrapostoli, T. Karlessi, A. Pantazaras, D. Kolokotsa, K.

Gobakis, M. Santamouris, The Cooling Potential Of Cool Roofs In Cold Climates:
Use Of Cool Fluorocarbon Coatings To Enhance The Optical Properties And
The Energy Performance Of Industrial Buildings, Energy and Buildings (2013),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.10.024

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication.
As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript.
The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof
before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process
errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that
apply to the journal pertain.
the cooling potential of cool roofs in cold
climates: Use of cool fluorocarbon
coatings to enhance the optical properties
and the energy performance of industrial

t
ip
buildings.

cr
Elena Mastrapostoli1, Theoni Karlessi1, Alexandros Pantazaras1, Dionysia Kolokotsa2, Kostas
Gobakis2, Mattheos Santamouris1

us
1. University of Athens, Physics Department, Group Building Environmental Studies,
Athens, Greece

an
2. Technical University of Crete, Environmental Engineering School GR 73100, Crete,
Greece
M
Abstract
d

Rejection of solar gains is the aim of passive cooling strategies in any type of building and any
te

climatic region. The extent of cool materials’ applicability depends on the external climatic
conditions and internal heat gains. The aim of the present paper is to analyse the contribution
p

of an innovative cool fluorocarbon coating in the reduction of energy demand for cooling when
applied in an industrial building with increased heat gains under temperate climatic conditions.
ce

The material is tested using accelerated weathering procedures and its optical properties, i.e.
solar reflectance and infrared emmitance are measured. There is an increase of 120% of the
Ac

roof’s albedo by the application of cool material. Regarding the heating and cooling loads
there was a decrease of 73% for cooling while there was a minor heating penalty of 5%.

Keywords: cool materials, fluorocarbon coating, industrial building, temperate climatic

conditions, energy efficiency, reduction of cooling load

Page 1 of 34
1 Introduction and state of the art

Extensive urbanization has created economic, social, energy & environmental challenges for
the built environment [1]. The deterioration of the urban environment and the urban heat island
has become a common problem in many major cities worldwide while the temperature
increase intensifies the energy demand for cooling [2], [3], [4], [5]. Implementation of urban

t
microclimate improvement and energy efficiency strategies such as the application of cool

ip
materials has become an important priority in order to reduce the energy demand for air
conditioning in buildings and contribute to cities’ sustainability [6],[7].

cr
Rejection of solar gains is the aim of passive cooling strategies in any type of building under

us
warm climatic conditions. The extent of cool materials applicability is dependent on the severity
of external conditions and internal heat gains [8]. Cool roofs work by reflecting solar radiation
and therefore rejecting solar heat gains at the opaque external surfaces of the building [9],[10].

an
Heat transfer to the internal space is therefore reduced while the magnitude of the reduction is
determined mainly by the solar radiation intensity, the temperature difference between inside
M
and outside as well as the roof’s constructional characteristics.

Under hot climatic conditions, rejection of buildings’ heat gains is essential to maintain
comfortable conditions without increasing considerably the use of air conditioning. The effect
d

of cool materials in hot climatic conditions are studied by various researchers [11],[12], [13],
te

[14] [15][16]. In most cases a reduction of the cooling load varying from 20-40% is revealed by
the application of cool roofs while a considerable indoor comfort improvement is noticed [17].
p

Although cool materials are considered a reliable solution for hot climatic conditions, they can
ce

be a feasible solution in temperate climatic conditions also, i.e. for low solar radiation,
moderate air temperatures in the summer and cold temperatures during the winter. In buildings
Ac

of such climates, rejection of heat gains should be considered carefully because they can be
useful to reduce heating requirements. In recent studies in Canada the increase of roof albedo
from 0.2 to 0.8 showed a maximum air temperature decrease of about 1 ºC by implementing
cool roofs [18].On the other hand depending on the use of the building internal heat gains
might be so high that air conditioning may be required throughout the year. Various studies
concerning cool materials in temperate climatic conditions can be found in the literature[19],
[20], [21], [22]. The application of cool roofs in a building situated in London [23] showed that
although thermal comfort can be improved by an average of 2.5 °C operative temperature
during summer, in the case of temperate climates the type, operation and thermal

Page 2 of 34
characteristics of the building should be considered carefully to determine potential benefits of
the application of cool roof technology.

Innovative materials for buildings and outdoor spaces have been developed and tested
[24],[25] [26] [27][28]. Their durability, ageing features, UV degradation, and contribution to
energy efficiency impact are still under investigation. Such materials include innovative cool

t
coatings, phase change materials, chromotropic and photocatalytic coatings with self-cleaning

ip
functionalities, nano-composites etc [28] [29] [30] [31]. Innovative materials will have a
significant impact on the built environment in the near future and their effects should be

cr
sufficiently well understood in the context of energy conservation and environmental impact.

us
To this end the aim of the present study is to reveal the contribution of an innovative cool
fluorocarbon coating in the reduction of energy demand for cooling when is applied in an
industrial building with increased heat gains under temperate climatic conditions. In order to

an
serve the aforementioned objective a series of laboratory and field experiments are performed.
The laboratory experiments involve the measurements of the optical properties before and
after accelerating weathering for the specific coating in comparison with other coatings. The
M
laboratory testing is followed by field application of the specific coating in an industrial building
in Netherlands in order to assess contribution to the reduction of energy demand the actual
d

albedo versus the laboratory testing as well as its contribution to the reduction of energy
te

demand. The paper is structured in five more sections. Section 2 includes the laboratory
testing activities while section 3 describes the field testing performed in the real building. The
p

energy performance of the cool material is assessed in Section 5 while Section 6 summarises
the main conclusions and highlights further developments needed.
ce

2 Materials and Methods

Ac

The studied coating is a tetrafluoroethylene monomer fluorocarbon coating (FC coating) in a

water-borne formula which is applied on a cement tile (7cmx7cm) and on an aluminum
substrate (10cmx10cm). Together with the specific coating a series of other coatings are
measured for comparison purposes. The coatings are:

• S1: methyl methacrylate coating

• S2:water based elastomeric coating

• S3: polyurethane coating

Page 3 of 34
 • S4: fluorocarbon coating in a water-borne formula (FC Coating)

The characteristics of coatings are tabulated in Table 1. Each substrate is coated at a

thickness of approximately 110μm.

This study includes for each sample:

• Spectral reflectance measurements over the spectrum 300-2500nm (UV-VIS-NIR)

t
ip
• Calculation of the Solar Reflectance (%)

cr
• Calculation of the Solar Reflectance Index (SRI)

• Measurement of the infrared emittance

us
• Calculation of maximum surface temperature

• Accelerated ageing of the samples in an Accelerated Ageing Xenon Test Chamber.

3 Laboratory testing of the samples

an
M
3.1 Accelerated weathering

Accelerated ageing of all samples is performed in an Accelerated Ageing Xenon Test

d

Chamber (Q-SUN, Xe-3HS) for a 60 days period in a 24 hours basis according to the
te

specifications and requirements of ISO 11341 [32].

Xenon arc lamp test chamber tests materials for photostability by exposing them to ultraviolet,
p

visible and infrared radiation. It produces the most realistic simulation of full spectrum sunlight
ce

using filtered xenon arc light.

With a nominal cut-on of 295nm, the daylight filter used, provides the most accurate spectral
Ac

match with direct sunlight. The filter is recommended for the best correlation between the
accelerated ageing test chamber and natural outdoor exposures and conforms to the spectral
requirements of ISO 4892, ISO 11341, ASTM G155, SAE J1960 and SAE J2527.

The test chamber is equipped with a precision light control system which allows the choice of
the desired level of irradiance. Irradiance is monitored and controlled at 340nm.

Temperature monitoring and control is performed by a black panel temperature sensor which
controls the specimen’s surface temperature and simultaneously by the chamber air
temperature control to give the ultimate determination of the specimen temperature. The

Page 4 of 34
effects of outdoor moisture are simulated by direct, pure water spray and by relative humidity
control. The samples before and after weathering are depicted in Figure 1.

3.2 Solar reflectance

The spectral reflectance of the samples is measured in the range of 300-2500nm. The
measurements for the solar spectral reflectance are conducted according to the ASTM

t
ip
Standard E903-96 by using a UV/VIS/NIR spectrophotometer (Varian, Carry 5000) fitted with
a 150mm diameter, integrating sphere (Labsphere, DRA 2500) that collects both specular and

cr
diffuse radiation. The reference standard reflectance material used for the measurement was a
PTFE plate (Labsphere). [33], [34]. Additionally the solar reflectance in the ultraviolet (UV: 300-

us
400nm), the visible (VIS: 400-700nm) and the near infrared (NIR: 700-2500nm) part of the
electromagnetic spectrum is calculated. The calculated values of solar reflectance are shown
in Table 2.

an
The solar reflectance for all the tested samples was high before the accelerated aging. All
samples were characterized by high reflectance values in the visible (0.94 – 0.97) and the near
M
infrared part of the spectrum (0.87-0.88). Moreover all samples have strong absorption (0.08-
0.09) in the UV range (300-400nm).
d

After the accelerated aging the solar reflectance values for all the samples have been reduced
by 0.02, with the exception of Sample S1 for which the smallest reduction has been measured.
te

Reflectance values in the near infrared part of the spectrum were stable for samples S2 and
S4 and were reduced for the rest of the samples.
p
ce

3.3 Measurement of the infrared emittance

The infrared emittance (e) specifies how well a surface radiates energy away from itself as
compared with a black body operating at the same temperature. The measurements for the
Ac

infrared emittance were conducted according to the ASTM Standard E408-71 (2002) by using
the Emissometer Model AE (Devices & Services). The results of the infrared emittance
measurements are presented in Table 3. The samples infrared emmitance values was slightly
decreased. The largest reduction was measured for sample S3 (0.05). The smallest reduction
was measured for samples S1 (methyl methacrylate) and S4.

Page 5 of 34
3.4 Calculation of the Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) and maximum surface
temperature

Based on the results of the solar reflectance and infrared emittance measurements the Solar
Reflectance Index of the samples was calculated. The Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) is a
measure of the surfaces’ ability to reject solar heat, as shown by a small temperature rise. It is

t
defined so that a standard black (reflectance 0.05, emittance 0.90) is 0 and a standard white

ip
(reflectance 0.80, emittance 0.90) is 100. The calculation was performed according to the
ASTM standard E1980-01: Standard Practice for calculating solar reflectance index of

cr
horizontal and low sloped opaque surfaces. The SRI was calculated for medium wind
conditions (convective coefficient hc=12W/m2 K). [35].

us
The calculation of the steady state maximum surface temperature was performed also
according to the ASTM standard E1980-01: Standard Practice for calculating solar reflectance

an
index of horizontal and low sloped opaque surfaces [36]. The results of the calculations are
shown in Table 4.
M
Materials with the highest SRI values are the coolest choices. All the samples are
characterised by very high solar reflectance index values (over 100) even after the reduction of
its values after the artificial aging. SRI values exceeding 100 can be explained by the way SRI
d

is defined: the value 100 corresponds to a standard surface with a solar reflectance of 0.8 and
te

an infrared emittance of 0.9.

p

4 Field Testing description

ce

Following the laboratory testing, the FC coating was applied on the roof of an industrial
building located in Oss, Netherlands in order to perform field testing.
Ac

The field testing measurements were performed in two phases, i.e. before (1st Phase) and
after (2nd Phase) the FC coating application on the roof. The measurements performed are:

• Measurement of the roof’s albedo.

• Thermal imaging of the roof on hourly basis.

• Thermal imaging of the interior spaces at 8:00, 12:00 and 16:00

• Measurement of indoor temperature and humidity.

Page 6 of 34
The climatic conditions of the region (Figure 2) are temperate, marine with cool summer and
mild winter. The average air temperature is 11ºC while the relative humidity is quite high
throughout the year.

The measuring procedure of all parameters lasted for July and August 2012 in order to include
the period before and after the cool material application.

t
ip
4.1 Description of the Building

The building located in Oss, Netherlands has a surface area of 1685 m2 and 7.58m height.

cr
The specific dwelling houses the production unit and storage of a chemical company and was
constructed in October 1997. The building is depicted in Figure 3 and its characteristics are

us
tabulated in Table 5. The roof of the building before and after the application of the cool
coating can be seen in Figure 4. The points in Figure 4 are measurement points for surface

an
temperature using thermal imaging techniques.

4.2 Measurement of the roof’s albedo

M
The building has a metal roof with 50 mm insulation. The roof’s characteristics are tabulated in
Table 5. The roof’s albedo is measured using two two Kipp & Zonen pyranometers that are
positioned at 1.5m above the roof surface as depicted in Figure 5. Their spectral range is from
d

300 to 2800nm, their response time is less than 18s, non-linearity for 0-1000W/m2 less than
te

1%, temperature dependence of sensitivity from -10oC to 40oC less than 5%. The first
pyranometer measures the incident solar radiation and the second one the reflected
p

radiation from the roof. The albedo is measured before and after the FC coating application.
ce

The ratio between the reflected radiation from the roof and the incident solar radiation is the
albedo. The average albedo is 0.3 and 0.67 for the 1st and 2nd phase of measurements
respectively. It should be noticed here that the solar reflectance of the FC coating measured in
Ac

the lab is quite higher than the one measured during the field testing. This is explained by the
different coatings’ substrates and width between the field and lab testing.

4.3 Thermal imaging

A Fluke thermal camera is used to detect heat patterns and temperature changes on the roof
and at indoor spaces. The measurement range of the camera is -20 °C to +600 °C while its
accuracy is 2 °C or 2 % (at 25 °C nominal).

Page 7 of 34
One image for each side is taken on an hourly basis for the roof while the thermal images for
the interior spaces are taken three times per day. Indicatively two days of the measurements
during the 1st phase show that the observed surface temperatures during 24/7/2012 varied
from 58.9°C (at 13:00) to 25.2°C (at 18:00). The observed temperatures on 25/7/2012 ranged
from 23.7°C (at 9:00) to 52.9°C (13:00) while the mean air temperature was 22.6 °C. The

t
temperature variation was similar to the first day for all a and b points (see Figure 4). Points

ip
from the southern side of the roof (a points) show higher temperatures during to their exposure
in the solar radiation.

cr
As it derives from the measurements, after the FC coating application (during 2nd phase)
point 2b presents the highest surface temperatures, i.e. 30°C at 16:00 on 29/8/2012 and

us
25.5°C at 13:00 on 30/8/2012. The decrease of the surface temperature after the FC
application is almost 96%. The lowest temperature appears at point 5b at 19:00 on 29/8/2012

an
and is equal to 16.8°C. At 9:00 on 30/8/2012 the lowest temperature (i.e. 7.7°C) is measured
at point 2a. The visual and thermal images of the roof during the 1st and 2nd phase are
depicted in Figures 6 and 7 respectively.
M
4.4 Measurement of the indoor temperature and humidity

Five TinyTag Data Loggers TGP-4500 were used for the measurement of indoor temperature
d

and humidity. The reading range is from -25oC to 85oC and the accuracy is ±0.1-0.3oC for
te

temperatures from 0-40 oC. Figure 8 presents the positions of the sensors, same before and
after the cool roof application.
p

Table 6 presents the maximum and minimum indoor temperatures of the building for each one
ce

of the sensors. The measurements also include the 1st and 2nd phase for indicative days with
similar outdoor conditions.
Ac

The maximum indoor temperatures for all sensors were recorded before the installation. The
highest maximum indoor temperature during both phases wasrecorded by sensor 5 and is
equal to 39.4°C and 30.6°C for the first and second phase respectively. This is explained by
the fact that this position is very close to the production area where heat is extracted by the
machinery. The indoor temperatures measurements are used for the model validation in order
to assess the energy performance of the cool material in the industrial building under
temperate climatic conditions.

Page 8 of 34
5 The energy performance of the cool roof application

The aim of the present analysis is to provide quantitative results on the energy efficiency that
can be achieved by the application of the cool material in the specific building. The building’s
cooling and heating loads were calculated for the 1st and 2nd phase using EnergyPlus thermal
load simulation program Version 7.1. The calculations were performed with a 15 min time

t
step to allow the simulation algorithm to converge. The values of the albedo measurements

ip
are inserted in the model together with the thermal properties of the materials. The solar
absorptance of the actual roof material was set equal to 0.7 and 0.33 before and after the FC

cr
coating installation respectively according to the albedo measurements. Regarding internal
gains, the electric lighting is equal to 5.4kW while all the other electric equipment is measured

us
equal to 43kW.

The first step towards the evaluation of the energy performance is to develop validated models

an
of that are representative of the 1st and 2nd phase. The model of building that is representative
for the 1st phase (before cool roof application) and its validation against the real measurements
M
is depicted in Figure 9. The specific figure illustrates the temperature variation before the
application as it is derived from the measurements (red line) and from the simulation (blue
line). Figure 10 depicts the temperature variation after the application. The green line shows
d

the measured temperature and the blue line shows the simulated temperature.
te

The results indicate that before the application the indoor temperatures as calculated from
the simulation vary from 22.3°C to 31.7°C while indoor temperature as recorded from sensor
p

3 vary from 22.4 °C to 30.7°C. After FC coating application the indoor temperature as
ce

calculated from the simulation varies from 19.4°C to 22.1°C. Maximum indoor temperature as
recorded from Sensor 1 is 21.6°C and minimum indoor temperature is 20.6°C. The results
show that there is a very good match between the calculated and the measured temperature
Ac

values.

Furthermore, for estimating the energy demand for heating and cooling before and after the
FC coating application the simulations are repeated using test reference year data on yearly
basis. The thermostat set point temperatures are set equal to 26οC and 21οC for the
summer and winter period respectively. As expected, increasing roof reflectance results to
reduced summer cooling loads.

The results indicated that before the application the annual cooling load was 9.7 kWh/m2. After
the application the cooling loads are equal to 2.6 kWh/m2. The decrease in the cooling loads

Page 9 of 34
for an increase in roof solar reflectance of 0.4 was 73%. In order to estimate the heating
penalty from increasing solar reflectance, heating loads are also calculated. Before the
installation the annual heating loads are 139 kWh/m2 and after the installation the annual
heating loads are calculated to be 146 kWh/m2.

By transforming the energy demand into final delivered energy using Energy Efficiency Ratio

t
of 2.6 (average system efficiency) and for heating efficiency 0.75 then the energy conservation

ip
for cooling is 18.5kWh/m2 while the heating penalty is 5.3kWh/m2.

cr
6 Conclusions

us
In the present study the thermal and optical characteristics of a fluorocarbon cool material are
measured. The cool material is applied in an industrial building with increased internal heat
gains targeting to minimise the energy demand for cooling. The specific building is in Northern

an
climatic conditions where the heating penalty of cool materials is of a great significance. The
value of the roof albedo has changed from 0.3 to 0.67 after the application of the cool
M
coating. There is an increase of 120% of the roof’s albedo. Regarding the heating and cooling
loads there was a decrease of 73% for cooling while there was a minor heating penalty of 5%.

The overall study showed that cool materials and coatings can reduce substantially the cooling
d

load in buildings with increased internal gains such as industrial dwellings where usually there
te

is a significant burden in the cooling load due to machineries and production lines.
p

7 Acknowledgments
ce

Herewith we are acknowledging TecneXum GmbH, Essen, Germany, and Daikin Chemical
Europe, Düsseldorf, Germany, for their support and to enable us to perform these studies and
Ac

to publish the results.

8 References

[1] U. Nations HABITAT, “CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE: POLICY DIRECTIONS.”

2011.

[2] M. Santamouris, “Cooling the cities - A review of reflective and green roof mitigation
technologies to fight heat island and improve comfort in urban environments,” Solar
Energy. 2012.

Page 10 of 34
[3] D. Kolokotsa, A. Psomas, and E. Karapidakis, “Urban heat island in southern Europe:
The case study of Hania, Crete,” Solar Energy, vol. 83, no. 10, pp. 1871–1883, 2009.

[4] R. Lowe, “Addressing the challenges of climate change for the built environment,”
Building Research & Information, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 343 – 350., 2007.

[5] B. Stone, J. Vargo, and D. Habeeb, “Managing climate change in cities: Will climate
action plans work?,” Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 263–271,

t
2012.

ip
[6] N. Fintikakis, N. Gaitani, M. Santamouris, M. Assimakopoulos, D. N. Assimakopoulos,
M. Fintikaki, G. Albanis, K. Papadimitriou, E. Chryssochoides, K. Katopodi, and P.

cr
Doumas, “Bioclimatic design of open public spaces in the historic centre of Tirana,
Albania,” Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 54–62, 2011.

us
[7] M. Santamouris, F. Xirafi, N. Gaitani, A. Spanou, M. Saliari, and K. Vassilakopoulou,
“Improving the microclimate in a dense urban area using experimental and theoretical
techniques - The case of Marousi, Athens,” International Journal of Ventilation, vol. 11,

an
no. 1, pp. 1–16, 2012.

[8] M. Kolokotroni and D. Kolokotsa, “Energy and Environmental Aspects of Cool

Materials,” in in Advances in the Development of Cool Materials for the Built
M
Environment, D. Kolokotsa, M. Santamouris, and H. Akbari, Eds. Bentham Publisher,
2013, pp. 272–231.

[9] A. Synnefa, M. Santamouris, and K. Apostolakis, “On the development, optical

d

properties and thermal performance of cool colored coatings for the urban
environment,” Solar Energy, vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 488–497, 2007.
te

[10] A. Synnefa, M. Santamouris, and I. Livada, “A study of the thermal performance of

reflective coatings for the urban environment,” Solar Energy, vol. 80, no. 8, pp. 968–
p

981, 2006.
ce

[11] A. Synnefa, M. Saliari, and M. Santamouris, “Experimental and numerical assessment

of the impact of increased roof reflectance on a school building in Athens,” Energy and
Buildings, vol. 35, pp. 7–15, 2012.
Ac

[12] D. Kolokotsa, C. Diakaki, S. Papantoniou, and A. Vlissidis, “Numerical and

experimental analysis of cool roofs application on a laboratory building in Iraklion,
Crete, Greece,” Energy and Buildings, vol. 55, pp. 85–93, 2011.

[13] C. Romeo and M. Zinzi, “Impact of a cool roof application on the energy and comfort
performance in an existing non-residential building. A Sicilian case study,” Energy and
Buildings. 2011.

[14] L. S. Rose, H. Akbari, and H. Taha, “Characterizing the Fabric of the Urban
Environment : A Case Study of Greater Houston , Texas,” no. January. Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 2003.

Page 11 of 34
[15] H. Akbari and H. D. Matthews, “Global cooling updates: Reflective roofs and
pavements,” Energy and Buildings, vol. 55, pp. 2–6, 2012.

[16] S. Boixo, M. Diaz-Vicente, A. Colmenar, and M. A. Castro, “Potential energy savings

from cool roofs in Spain and Andalusia,” Energy, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 425–438, 2012.

[17] M. Santamouris, K. Pavlou, A. Synnefa, K. Niachou, and D. Kolokotsa, “Recent

progress on passive cooling techniques. Advanced technological developments to

t
improve survivability levels in low-income households,” Energy and Buildings, vol. 39,

ip
no. 7. pp. 859–866, 2007.

[18] H. Akbari and A. G. Touchaei, “THE CLIMATE EFFECTS OF INCREASING THE

cr
ALBEDO OF ROOFS IN A COLD REGION,” in oint Conference 34th AIVC- 3rd
TightVent- 2nd Cool Roofs’ - 1st venticool, 2013.

us
[19] H. Akbari and L. S. Rose, “Characterizing the Fabric of the Urban Environment : A
Case Study of Metropolitan Chicago , Illinois,” no. October, 2001.

an
[20] T. Xu, J. Sathaye, H. Akbari, V. Garg, and S. Tetali, “Quantifying the direct benefits of
cool roofs in an urban setting: Reduced cooling energy use and lowered greenhouse
gas emissions,” Building and Environment, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2012.
M
[21] S. Ray and L. Glicksman, “Potential Energy Savings of Various Roof Technologies,”
ASHRAE Transactions, 2010.

[22] M. Bianchi, W. A. Miller, A. Desjarlais, and T. Petrie, “Cool Roofs and Thermal
d

Insulation: Energy Savings and Peak Demand Reduction,” in Proc of the ASHRAE
Conference in Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings X, 2007.
te

[23] M. Kolokotroni, B. L. Gowreesunker, and R. Giridharan, “Cool roof technology in

London: An experimental and modelling study,” Energy and Buildings. 2011.
p

[24] A. Gustavsen, S. Grynninga, D. Arasteh, B. P. Jelle, and H. Goudey, “Key elements of

ce

and material performance targets for highly insulatingwindow frames,” Energy and
Buildings, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 2583–2594, 2011.

[25] M. Santamouris, A. Synnefa, D. Kolokotsa, V. Dimitriou, and K. Apostolakis, “Passive

Ac

cooling of the built environment - Use of innovative reflective materials to fight heat
islands and decrease cooling needs,” International Journal of Low Carbon
Technologies, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 71–82, 2008.

[26] D. Kolokotsa, P. Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, S. Papantoniou, E. Vangeloglou, M. Saliari, T.

Karlessi, and M. Santamouris, “Development and analysis of mineral based coatings
for buildings and urban structures,” Solar Energy, vol. 86, no. 5, pp. 1648–1659, 2012.

[27] T. Karlessi, M. Santamouris, K. Apostolakis, A. Synnefa, and I. Livada, “Development

and testing of thermochromic coatings for buildings and urban structures,” Solar
Energy, vol. 83, no. 4, pp. 538–551, 2009.

Page 12 of 34
[28] S. M. Fufa, P. J. Hovde, G. Talev, and B. P. Jelle, “Nano-based coatings and the
influence on the hygroscopic properties of wood,” in International Conference on
Nanotechnology for the Forest Products Industry 2010, 2010, pp. 147–168.

[29] T. Karlessi, M. Santamouris, A. Synnefa, D. Assimakopoulos, P. Didaskalopoulos, and

K. Apostolakis, “Development and testing of PCM doped cool colored coatings to
mitigate urban heat island and cool buildings,” Building and Environment, vol. 46, no. 3,
pp. 570–576, 2011.

t
ip
[30] Y. Ma, B. Zhu, and K. Wu, “Preparation and solar reflectance spectra of chameleon-
type building coatings*1,” Solar Energy, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 417–422, 2001.

cr
[31] B. P. Jelle, “Accelerated climate ageing of building materials, components and
structures in the laboratory,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 47, no. 18, pp. 6475–
6496, 2012.

us
[32] ISO, “Paints and varnishes -- Artificial weathering and exposure to artificial radiation --
Exposure to filtered xenon-arc radiation.” International Organisation for

an
Standardization, 2004.

[33] ASTM, “Standard Test Method for Solar Absorptance, Reflectance, and Transmission
of Materials Using Integrating Spheres.” American Society for Testing and Material,
M
West Conshohocken, PA., 1996.

[34] ASTM, “Standard Tables for Reference Solar Spectral Irradiances: Direct Normal and
Hemispherical on 37° Tilted Surface.” American Society for Testing and Material, 2012.
d

[35] G. Zerlaut, Solar Radiation Instrumentation, in Solar Resources. MIT Press,

te

Cambridge, MA, 1989, pp. 173–308.

[36] ASTM, “E1980-01: Standard Practice for calculating solar reflectance index of
p

horizontal and low sloped opaque surfaces.” American Society for Testing and Material,
2001.
ce
Ac

Page 13 of 34
 i
cr
us
List of tables

an
Table 1: The coatings measured in the laboratory test

Sample Description Before aging After aging Comments

M
S1 methyl For the measurements, the coatings were applied on an
methacrylate aluminum substrate of the following dimensions: 7cm x 7cm

ed
aluminium and of 1mm thickness. The surface was coated at a

substrate thickness of approximately 315 μm.

pt
S2 waterbased For the measurements, the coatings were applied on an
ce

elastomeric aluminum substrate of the following dimensions: 7cm x 7cm

aluminium and of 1mm thickness. The surface was coated at a

substrate thickness of approximately 300μm

Ac

S3 Polyurethane For the measurements, the coatings were applied on an

aluminium aluminum substrate of the following dimensions: 7cm x 7cm

substrate and of 1mm thickness. The surface was coated at a

thickness of approximately 300 μm

Page 14 of 34
 i
cr
us
S4 FC For the solar reflectance measurement the coating was

an
Cement Tile applied on a cement tile (7cm x 7cm and for the infrared
emittance measurement the coating was applied on an
aluminum substrate (10cm x 10cm ). Each surface is coated

M
at a thickness of approximately 110μm.

S4 FC

Aluminum
ed
pt
x
ce
Ac

Page 15 of 34
 i
cr
us
an
Table 2 Calculated values of solar, UV, VIS and NIR reflectance for all the samples.

M
Sample Description SolarReflectance SRUV SRVIS SRNIR
(SR) (300-400nm) (400-700nm) (700-2500nm)

ed
S1 before methylmethacrylate 0.89 0.09 0.94 0.88

S1 after methylmethacrylate 0.88 0.07 0.94 0.87

pt
S2 before waterbasedelastomeric 0.89 0.08 0.95 0.88

S2 after waterbasedelastomeric 0.87 0.07 0.92 0.88

ce

S3 before polyurethane 0.89 0.09 0.97 0.87

S3 after polyurethane 0.87 0.08 0.95 0.86

Ac

S4 before FC 0.89 0.09 0.96 0.88

S4 after FC 0.87 0.07 0.92 0.88

Page 16 of 34
 i
cr
us
an
Table 3 Infrared emmitance for all the samples

M
Sample description Emmisivity

S1 before methylmethacrylate 0.89

S1 after

S2 before ed
methylmethacrylate

Water based elastomeric

0.88

0.89
pt
S2 after Water based elastomeric 0.87
ce

S3 before polyurethane 0.89

S3 after polyurethane 0.85

Ac

S4 before FC 0.88

S4 after FC 0.87

Page 17 of 34
 i
cr
us
an
Table 4 Calculated values of Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) and maximum surface temperatures for all the samples.

M
Sample description SRI TsurfaceoC

S1 before methylmethacrylate 113 39.8

ed
S1 after methylmethacrylate 111 40.4

S2 before Water based elastomeric 113 39.8

S2 after Water based elastomeric 110 41.0

pt
S3 before polyurethane 113 39.8
ce

S3 after polyurethane 109 41.1

S4 before FC 113 39.8

Ac

S4 after FC 110 41.0

Page 18 of 34
 i
cr
us
an
Table 5 The building’s constructional and operational characteristics
Characteristics Value - Description

M
1. No of stories 1

2. Thermal zones 1

ed
3. Total Surface 1685 m2

4. Building height 7.58m

pt
5. Wall construction 100 mm brick-50mm insulation-19mm gypsum
board
ce

6. Roof Construction 8mm metal surface-50mm insulation-8mm

metal surface. Sloped roof
Ac

7. Window type Double U=2.720 W/m2K

8. Overall heat transfer 0.482 W/m2K

coefficient of walls (Uwall)

9. Overall heat transfer 0.591 W/m2K

coefficient of roof (Uroof)

Page 19 of 34
 i
cr
us
10. Orientation of openings North-South.

an
11. Internal gains Electric lighting: 5.4kW

Electric equipment: 43kW.

M
12. Infiltration rate 3000m3/hour

13. Set point winter 20 ˚C

14. Set point summer

ed
26˚C
pt
ce
Ac

Page 20 of 34
 i
cr
us
an
Table 6 Maximum and minimum indoor temperatures for all sensors during 1st and 2nd phase of the field testing

M
Sensor no T(ºC) 1st Phase 2nd Phase

ed
24/7/2012 25/7/2012 29/8/2012 30/8/2012

1 Tmax 35.8 36.8 29.6 27.0

pt
Tmin 21.6 23.2 22.9 21.2

2 Tmax 33.8 31.0 28.5 25.5

ce

Tmin 21.5 22.4 22.0 21.0

3 Tmax 35.5 36.6 28.8 26.8

Ac

Tmin 21.7 22.4 22.2 21.0

4 Tmax 33.3 34.3 29.0 25.4

Tmin 21.9 22.4 22.1 21.1

5 Tmax 38.4 39.4 30.6 28.9

Page 21 of 34
 i
cr
us
Tmin 21.7 22.3 22.3 21.0

an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

Page 22 of 34
Figure Captions

Figure 1The samples (a) before and (b) after accelerated weathering

Figure 2 The climatic conditions of Oss Netherlands

t
ip
Figure 3 The building under study (a) exterior (b) interior.

cr
Figure 4. The roof before and after cool material application

us
Figure 5 The configuration for the abledo measurement

an
Figure 6 Visual and thermal images of the roof before the cool material application (1st phase)

Figure 7 Visual and thermal images of the roof after the cool material application (2nd phase)
M
Figure. 8 The temperature and humidity sensors’ position
d
te

Figure 9. The measured and modelled indoor temperature fluctuation for the 24/7/2012 (1st phase)
p

Figure 10. The measured and modelled indoor temperature fluctuation for the 29/8/2012 (2nd phase)
ce
Ac

Page 23 of 34
Highlights 

Cool fluorocarbon coatings are applied in an industrial building. 

The building is situated in Netherlands. 

 The coating’s solar reflectance and infrared emmitance are measured. 

t
The energy demand and consumption of the industrial building before and after coating’s 

ip
application is analysed.  

A 73% decrease for cooling is estimated with a minor heating penalty of 5%.  

cr
us
an
M
d
p te
ce
Ac

Page 24 of 34
Figure1

i
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

Page 25 of 34
Figure2

i
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

Page 26 of 34
Figure3

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
d
te
p
ce
Ac

Page 27 of 34
Figure4

i
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

Page 28 of 34
Figure5

i
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

Page 29 of 34
Figure6

i
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

Page 30 of 34
Figure7

i
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

Page 31 of 34
Figure8

i
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

Page 32 of 34
Figure9

i
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

Page 33 of 34
Figure10

i
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

Page 34 of 34