Chapter 1 Mathematical Induction’ 1A. Introduction Mathematilinducin i simple, powerful, and elerast techigee for proving statemasts abut thy eatral amber ti simple berae the Underyng ean az nut ad appaig, powerless ‘ide range of ui, and leant Denon i provides «rm frarowork fer staying the eataral ube Ia this copter, we cas Indoction tnd give many example fit ee mathemati and competer ane tn adden, we intedice ees protlematvngtchiger tht wil be ved throught the boot. We begin oe sty of indetion with a singe = Consider the flowing agate fr stig tral amber #125, A Simple Sorting Algorithaa ‘tp 1: Determing the salle be in thei by St comparing = 0 the aller of ther tne numbers ia empaed tos the rn it ‘ompared tox, and won. Ie this way, we Sod the ama umber ‘in the It. Add thin arb £owhat te the lara It and ens by removing this eumbe em he Stp 2 To fied the econd smallest umber inthe xg! at, apply the rca dered above to th it of = ent ft far he Sat ‘ep. Addthis puerto what tobe the td fit anders ane lint m= 2 lant by oovig tha amber frm the lt vesuing far he st te.ws soon gh pa emooud og aE oF 2 AMEE TONED 8 roam eso ea ag + 2 SEED OHHH ‘unquie w Berea oy pope ‘ono jo agua yy nd (uns ya ot Fay Pr) we ‘ns 14-4 noe oy pope mond Jp meua otter = (gmp orang IG mute Saran T= att e-by sang 4 Jo WH ee ohsn wn, ne identify hacking oer «ptr domina with roving the cvepuoing ee, then raoring a above we show two thing Fis thatthe nil aw trv. Sened, eat the Hh ea ont ‘he Es tne. Sine tae is etn pc about the abel of hein ais, we hve be allowing [THE PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTON (weak fam): Suppose tht Pn) name arte aot te natal umber n and lot hess fed mater name, Te ve hat Pa) ee al ie sin o aow he allowing (1) hat be inlet P(g) ite (2) eat tt nd he ese P(A tev, hen the set cae P(E) 1m our sting example, P(e) ihn teen hat 0) = nf 1/2 "he ite is aly called the basse, an tesco op cle Ue induction ep. The sumption te vcd ep tht the hes tes neal he induction hypothe Thi verso induction eed ‘wea frm’ bectse the eduction hypothe sme only ONE preceding aoe Went seg fro indution Inter. "Ris importat to underatand the raonng bing he pre, The as sep epi eviabshsthl P(@) i rm, Aa applleaton ofthe Induction tp wih k= yids the tu of P(g 1. Now thet we Mow ‘eth of (641), we an apy the induction tap agn to bln he teuh of P(¢ +2), ad oon. The induction sap fly saveting that ifthe prcne ha oka sme sag, the wil go one tage farther. OF ‘ours proc man be tartan hat i the rac pps oh ais ‘tap. The rear shold ao be med it kinking hat the ndeton nap ‘sumer the propio hai tobe proved. Aer al we ae attempting {0 etalsh the ath ofan INFINITE aumr of ae, nd he adution| ey allows sto sare, when Proving pace ate ONE peeing ‘oltre te eas, we continue the otng ample Proton Foal maar mmbernn 484 8¢=-p mn lO Prof (o mathematical indsctin). Pa) th statemet thal 424008 namin iy BASIS STEP: Since 1 = (14/2 hen P(t) is tue INDUCTION STEP: We mat show tht ithe Kh cae to, een he [eb teams te Induction hypotee L424 k= Mk 1/2 Tosbow: Lea pot ke (het) = (b+ N22 By the induction hypoth 162.0443) — Ake 1)/2¢ (412) Bot Ah 1/24 A) = Ce )H/2 +1) = + 10+ 29/2 and ence Letecthe (een) a(kenlbeaya. QED. a terme ofthe urination, we have shown that narnia "ftows that our simple scting seston requis (n 1/2 com paises tor umber Sine (0—1)n/2 roughly nr ag values nthe agri incall ann or quadratic sort AL hi point snubs ‘ot qutions woe Are there Iter slate? 0, how masy op ‘non do they eee? there set poste’ rrting algrsh? Po the snow oth and the rll questions we fr the tade to Kat {180 ana 173), ‘The dri aslony canbe interpret in another way. The donee mst have been atanged ao tht 0 condos ar aed the iia one maa od he it doin then the kG Tie lead the flloving {THE PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION (eine far): Suppose hat P{n) i some aeton abot the nar amber m and that ¢ some sad natral uber To pov that Pa) te fra ‘nb git ia saci show the flowing (0) thatthe fet ese Pi ro (2) that 3g and eh aes P(g), PEE) ae ie, the the nest ese Pie) te . ‘The ter bait, induction sop, and induction hypothe ar ae 1 he ovina Again ne abl nda the eng eel HeWS TONE bE Swan coe noes ose ope pe en any weno uno nt} ye + aD «444 o1zonaat 0a pm ud Faas VE (comnpe eee) Toso bt HEE 110 R 45 ep My m0gSToshow: phy t+ eehy + anton = HH. Induction hypothe: 42:4 ede =H ‘Tostow ry toot eg + day = ‘The wo alternatives ae eal lid and the chee may depend ‘wih one yials singler ager’. We complete the Indction wep wing (he cnt erative given sore By the induction hypoth, by --4 phye = Tas byt gee + y= 82 ey ‘Arotne elation canes that gL eat py and hence thtet ght y= OED. 1 is example we ntodee sage constructions ~ the cotreton of a cet in tage rons wig tht ien ate ld again or roan 4 Any postage greater than or age to Sit cents an be fhe p exacting nly hoe ad ve cet stamps. ial (by mathemati induction) [BASIS STEP: High at ey. mpuction ster. Induction hypothe: keane can be made ep ety, “Toshow: b+ 1 ants can be ade penal Catone: we ee et tap naling up & css, then plac one with po ee cnt tage, Casto: I we do oto ve cant stamp in making ep cnt, then ‘we nly He cet sams and ace Ke a ee eight, we wea est. the stamps Replace the of hese tage with pu fe cont taps azo, Note tat case wo of he indctin tp att normation shout the ple les of ir ten worth remembering these ales athe nde on step was, To arte the algorithm ven bythe po, conser te Seon 12 Same Bamps 8 rota of making up 13 cate. Using the bs step, we str with 345-= 8, ‘hex aplyng avon othe inaction step we bina 3 +373 © 9 app, Jing cet ft induction sep we obtain $+ 5~ 1, naling as ye obthin 942445 = 11, applying cae on we sina 343 49.03.0 1n sd aplying ace two we attain S484 9010. sample 1.23 Tei bid comin ig fling one sco ‘npednac btn ea nero es at howing Ot thin eeepc whee Sse enya we ndsn eee oot coe ‘rene tlt emi ng tet ‘Tt ofa ent Rel le wh Sosy eg scomcecin geht ee Pannen Tha ng ey een, al yma nde) BASIS STEP: Te on igh gr ad npvetion sre. Inicio pte Tha igh ey een Toston: Tea (41) ary meee ‘sey oth the hi ay nce cone by tn 9nd om ft eighty see oe Patel (e4}age tiny qe QED Net wei te efi nt wt Gn 1). Too swe poten nese neta can “etn athe to wigs Wayne, Tae oto thn lh any see heat soe ftnouyitae dpe qa si Formalin saat txspons to) th empty eed) en toni and (4) opedBeample 24 We can we reviur raul and summation argemrat to salve othe robles. Comider, fr example the problem of summing the frst odd etl aie Propo 14 Por m2 1, ODD (0)= 1484-420 rsa. We coud f cous, we matematil induction. Intend, notice wage Soetamenase ‘Sim, farms for thera ofthe st maaan abe, ad oon can tented fo tat moe compiled mmamatins This empl la she Ueednstage fhe rmmation ition, Beample 12.5 a thin example, we node a wellknown seats of numbety and ow te Hen band induction canbe ued to eve dens tn ‘lion we dee what happenin he ate aep when te Indtion ap icon, samy tha we dverb the et eng in wn prone a we eit ater tage in trms of previous stage, then we hae debe the proc tall tage, Hare me hae ed the sree by eli giving he tat we tem and then dewtng how Inter tara teeta fem ovoay deed terms. Sach defnitons are expla in reatrdtl in rample 133 and Cape 4 Propoon Po an 2 yy (+ V8) rst (by mathemati inductin) Latta oo tthe induction step Bt. Induction bypoteis g& [(+ VEYA" fr 1m Sh ‘Tosbow: ova s1(L+ v8), By dation, any. = 24+. ‘Tho bythe ndction hypothe or ay AND a. anes U4 Va + VO) = 4 BAP M$ VAY, Buta outing elation confine that (1-4 V8)/24¢1 = [+ VA Hance ays (0+ ¥8)/2} H+ V8} (14/20 awa tobe nthe prot, the induction step lay ses of he pois ese ece we iniade the Sat two eu nthe baile. these, PCD) i the sateen a [t+ VB ad on < [C+ V8)/ 2, and frm > 2, Plo) aoe tata ages SCL4 v8) ‘BASIS STEP” By srigtornard callin (0+ ¥8)/P. QED. 1 his example, we rae ue the ast cae fhe ndton by. ‘oth. Conta his ith Brample 11.2 wha noi general teen 0+ v8) ana Bxample 1.2.6 Roald wot be thought thet all argunant ashing induction dea ith citi prelems ronson Lt Let sah ne divide the pln into repo. ti psibe opin the eins with the colt ack nd whiten tht no t¥0| {Gjinng repo ae pnted the ame clr. (Ralos ee alin i ey shar line segment hey ent adjsining fh ineracin eosin of ‘sige poiat) ra by mathematic induction)12 Chap: Mathemai tbcie BASIS STEP: One tn divide he InDucTion step, Indocton hypoth: The yon ives by any kine can be pinta, ‘Tosh Th eins given by any +1 in an be 0 pute Gives 4+ ln, resin By te laduton hypoth, me 2 unt the eating reins otha adjoining pion ar fren calor Now put tack in. On one ie eve the ler the sue ado the tbe side Leth ack and white, Ie ia ery to re the ths werk, ae ak worn. Pant oe bck Beample 12.7 ‘he rn of induction inves wo tee andi ia important to dentnd tat each stp i muemry fora vad oot To enpseg is, we cases the flowing rosa ll tard bal bate the save olin hati, ‘pone that ay elation on ila tala smd op ef ens elred bal, ‘BASIS STEP: I'we hae ellen of lyon El th cel balla Inthe clttion have the sae elo Inpuction step. Ieductinnhypotbmis: Any collation of ill bls i made wp of dene teal aed bal ‘To show: Any cllction of 441 tilad bali made op of eataly colt ale Pitre ur 41 balla ia Pi By the induction hypoth, he et #f tem hae the sme cooing; cl his coloring Ci, Alo by th indctin hypotan the a hes have ‘he same slr; al his cling Ce. Th onan sows tht = Oy Hc the colton of +1 ball made po encyclo bal te be ahown ‘Where the mista athe above rot The basisep rio thee sat srnthing wrens withthe indicts Cleary, the popaiton i fae when m2 40 tar stb sre inte remain of the induction sap when gung or b= tok = 2, There, we cone ‘ealacton of fo ball ad pet the argent given above, By the {nduction hype, he Rat k= tof have the same clrng ell thi cloring Cj An bythe ndacton hypoth, the last k= 1 them ve these lrg al thi clrng Cy. Dt av Pigate 1-1(0) shawn, 09 Figure 4b 18 important oa tht th ndaton step argument WORKS IN [EVERY OTHER CASE. In pica, ce atatenet any clletion of te alla ade wp of etl clo bls, then ay clei of hee alee made up of ently colt bl true. This example shows hat «bast eres with ‘anon all of he edt step nt enough Moreover if we change the popestiont any clin of at leat two tiled Wall a ace up of steal cared bal hen the dcanion ‘hore els «peat with «wld indaction step bat «flee basi sap Beecloe 1 Baal the lowing inten wing iden ED Ee nla Qe be Rpt ml : eLEAET ot Onn 2) malta A Et (on en(an en 3hap 1 Mat EP nthe (a Get San) Eaeae exact ale tT) = ale tty ge Laas esicdde tale feta) = feet) ior Nat 9/4 het) 42a Ua = Catala DE 4 Dea b ap jcc nyt = ELBE, hee gina (-DG-B--(- sh) = ate ‘ae summation eget Ihe tat gv in Beam 1.23 to aah (0), 88 ‘oe (9) ad (to taba). Pld geal fala ht sade (0) ad (ail ce sah ha ora by indo alsh() by ileeising the epasion of he oma for thesum ofa gomes rgrnin (ne Exec of Seton 1}. 2 at tbe foi betes by indie, theta tt eatin = ar Soha att + afer = Shr et Att pcfnen = by ying ere pc cn, ge arma fbn nd poe by incon. Pid «eer form ht nldes Bape 1.25, (and (@) {esl caee Enel th ml by indo, 8, Batali he fatowing ingultea by nduton, 2a ata tet kt La ptt > 20V@FT =) 4, 2-34.09) > (a4 0) whee n> Land aad Bae dint amber with 0 +43 0. kz nttienesse. Seta 12 Some Bape 5 (Diane nguyen, then bien teotal sled leds: ‘he harmeic men athe reciprocal of the asthmatic the vege Show by Indio on tha Ha ¢ Go 2 4, Exaba the lowing by indi. ae a¥ a dive ty ==, wae vile by ea hpyiet Them ofthe cube of ny tre cnsecsie integer divisie bye, 4 Show th fling by nd. 1m ditinc line in plane, pang hugh oe poe, vie the Pls ita nro, mint plans, pang through one pin in aah «way that Igoe a hem tet a, ilo ape nt i) + 2 {6 Desert he algorithm ive by the proof in Example 1.26, Unt to nthe eins ven by eine, nyo woo whch ntact bt tre of whic Inter 5 1 Show by nduton that any poage greater thes o ag ot ante ‘canbe made p exactly wig only tweed hoe cet samp16 Chap: Mabon adie 8. (he Tower of Hans) Comider the oning pol, Thee rd are ‘acelin aboard and on oe fod i leo » diferent ied dake ‘sree tpt bottom om walle age oe Figate 13), igure You arto tne the ile rm fo A trod by moving oo nk at « ‘ine sock away tha large dk i neve paced ontop aie ik ‘Show by induction that tin ca be done a 1 moves 8 Show b induction tha thee ae nitty many pre momar (HOT: Sow tat for any m > there ae a et nies, Ta he ledston tap, you wan fo comtrct ant pime fom fe previuly ‘omracted pine iy. Casle any rine cr tp a 10. Stow by induction tha th number of igi binary exguecs(n2 1) ithas ven mbar eon isthe ae athe ube ef iit ary eget wih ano mumbo 1 Une the prcding eee and cambiar ening show eat the number ef abe of an memento (m3) that havea ren ‘umber elerets i he are th amber f ube with aod 2. Pnd theo inthe allowing poo rsnstn. For ny = #0, 2" isl (oy materi nds) BASIS STEP: Since xi ot 0, Seti 12: Sone Bangs 17 mpucrion ster, Idustion hypothe: For any 0m < k= 12. Pla the Baw isthe flowing pst Propaton All ater number are eg ist (by mathertin induction) {et maxi) be the retro or 4. Thus max(S.3) = 8 ant rmax(0,0)= 0, We sow by Insc onm that masing) =m, then P= BASIS STEP: 1 mani) =0, then we mun ave NpucTiON step. 1) = 0 by the induction hyphen 1 = fr Land hence peg QED. 1. Batabliny he ftowing by indction. Hay = ay andor m2 8, y= ae Fes then (4) ay15, We dae to beth epee peodch 12 2 osx 8m 2 Hand detan ta be 1 Gite detonate foro in Beale 3.25 3. Sw by induction ha ALB aE oon = ( Stow by indton hain > 1 the «AE 4. show 5 Indie tat ans PO 16, We ase for seated adion aed Tr rapt ultietion ‘Thanked 1 y examining aoc 10 ~1/(4 19), ee ner maa ve our gu caret by etic. Stow by incon at [pate = EEE, wha et 1. What ithe product ig= oni th flowing maven of ee 1,2.340~y-1,0 1,3, ‘Thee mamber pst, For everyman the (8 suber irr ho he hub. Why dove hs prove hall the ner ae pe? Applications We hav ody ane tat adueton i an portant tool ia mathe. nai. In his tio, we conde sone epecgeapliations to computer tance, We alt the sede oth fc tht evr exmpe are og and Adie. Norte, they represent an important introduction tothe fndoction computer amen Beample 1h. Numerical Anaya ater, Asinple od Bc method, do to ae Neweon (16-1727), 6 ‘hated in igre 3. Pier We begin with any gue grater than sro, Neat we calelte he seterdiate, Xj, ofthe pot flats the ie Lp an te ‘in wh Lhe tangent ie tothe curve y = +? atthe pet (%a1AE=1) Continuing 0 a thi aio, we sbain Xa by eating "he eoortinate of the pen of intention te ine Ly and the ran ac Las ithe tangent net th area the pit (as Ry) ln this nner, we obtain seen frre tht appa covers fo thn aqure fot of Elementary else (ee Thoma 197) toons hat y= (Rank + Wg Ror snap, Ww 2 and Ke = 2, thee Xi= 15, X, 5 14088-" and y= LAUR We wl show that Re sppoaches sro, om which wl fll tha Xy approaches the nate root ef W. We give the complet argent in angen of (0) Lanna Lo. Fora astral mabe n> 0, By = (B3)" aso (mash adn) Pe ny Ee Mow by dec ea colton tat orm 1, Ey = By Index,