In synesthesia, the stimulation of one sensory modality produces a sensation belonging to

another sensory modality (a color is perceived as a smell).

2. The capacity to generalize and to formulate concepts is called abstract thinking. The inability
to abstract is called concreteness and is seen in organic disorders and sometimes in
schizophrenia.
3. Huntington’s disease- progressive neurodegenerative, AD, 35- 40 yrs, manifested by
progressive dementia, choreoathetoid movements and psychiatric symptoms. CT/MRI
demonstrates gross atrophy of the putamen and the caudate.
4. Nonsuppression/ elevated cortisol in Dexamethasone Suppression test is seen in 40-50% of
depressive patients and in 90% of psychotic depression.
5. Looseness of associations refers to a string of thoughts that are disconnected in content and
are illogical in their sequence, sometimes called as ‘word salad’, seen in schizophrenia and
mania.
6. Magical thinking is the belief that specific thoughts, words, or gestures can directly lead to the
fulfillment of wishes. Such thinking is due to an unrealistic understanding of the relationship
between cause and effect.
7. Obsessions are recurrent thoughts, ideas, or impulses that cannot be eliminated from
consciousness by reasoning or desire to stop them. Obsessions are characteristic symptoms of
obsessive-compulsive disorder and are usually ego-dystonic. A compulsion is a repetitive
behavior or a ritual that is performed to avoid future unpleasant events. Compulsions have an
urgent quality and resisting them generates anxiety.
8. The appearance of regressive behaviors and fears during the oedipal period as an attempt to
withdraw from the conflicts caused by the intensity of the oedipal longing for the parent of the
opposite sex is called as Infantile Neurosis, in Freudian psychoanalytic theory.
9. An inherited set of personality traits such as adaptability, intensity of reaction, threshold of
responsiveness and others is known as temperament, difficult temperament of the child results
in impaired parent-child relationship.

Consensus Guidelines for Drug Treatment of Acute Mania and Bipolar Depression
Condition Preferred Agents
Euphoric mania Lithium
Mixed/dysphoric mania Valproic acid
Mania with psychosis---- Valproic acid with olanzapine, conventional antipsychotic, or
risperidone
Hypomania --- Lithium, lamotrigine, or Valproic acid alone
Severe depression with psychosis---Venlafaxine, bupropion, or paroxetine plus lithium
plus olanzapine, or risperidone; consider ECT
Severe depression without psychosis----Bupropion, paroxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, or
citalopram plus lithium
Mild to moderate depression---Lithium or lamotrigine alone; add bupropion if needed

2. 4-2-1-1 rule for diagnosis is used for Somatoform disorder. 4 pain, 2 GI, 1 sexual and 1
pseudoneurological symptom.
3. Dramatic, chronic, or severe factitious illness is termed as Munchausen’s Syndrome.
4. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) consists of 566 T/F questions
5. Konrad Lorenz- Described attachment behavior of geese after hatching, Ethology,
‘early experience helps to shape social behavior in adulthood.’
6. William Cullen- Neurosis.
7. Binet- IQ test.
8. Cade - Lithium.
9. Delay and Deniker- Chlorpromazine.
10. Manfred Sakel: Insulin Coma Therapy.
11. Cerletti and Bini: Electro Convulsive Therapy.
12. Wilhelm Wundt- Structuralism.
13. William James- Functionalism in psychology.
14. John Bowlby- Infant Attachment.
15. Erickson’s eight psychosocial developmental stages.
16. Margaret Mahler: ‘Ego Psychology’, Theory of Infant Development, known for’ Theory
of Separation Individualization’.
17. Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development.
18. Kohut- Importance of early interpersonal experiences in the development of a
cohesive and stable sense of self.
19. D.W.Winnicott- Concept of Transitional Object .e.g. - Blanket or toy which can
substitute mother for some time.
20. Karl Kahlbaum: ‘Catatonia’.
21. Unipolar depressive disorder is the psychiatric disorder with maximum YLD years of
life lived with disability.
22. “Performance improves as a function of anxiety up to a threshold beyond which there
is a fall off in performance”, this law is known as Yerkes-Dodson law.
23. Alzheimer’s disease: Involves cholinergic system arising in basal forebrain, nucleus
basalis of Meynert. Chromosome 21, chr.14 with severe form.

SCHIZOPHRENIA
24. The rate of schizophrenia in the general population is ~1%. When one member of a
monozygotic twin pair is diagnosed with schizophrenia, the other twin, who is genetically
identical, has nearly a 50% chance of also manifesting the disease, for dizygotic twin risk
is 17%. A first-degree relative of an affected has a 9% risk of schizophrenia. One parent
17%, two parents 46%.
Genes associated with Schizophrenia: disrupted in schizophrenia (DISC1), distrobrevin-
binding protein 1 (DTNBP1); and neuroregulin 1 (NRG1).
Potential risk factors: maternal malnutrition, IU infection, advanced paternal age,
migration and urban birth. Serial structural MRI in Schizophrenia shows accelerated loss of
gray matter. Echo de la pensee or gendankenlautwerden- ‘Thought echo’. Classification of
Schizophrenia by CROW types 1(+) and 2(-). Emil Kraepplin (Father of Modern Psychiatry)
– ‘Dementia Praecox’, Eugen Bleuler- Coined the term, Kurt Schneider- First Rank
Symptoms of Schizophrenia. About FRS- 58% of patients show atleast 1 FRS, 20% of
patients do not show FRS and 10% of normal persons can show FRS.

25. Bleuler’s 4As: 1. Ambivalence 2. Affect flattening 3. Association loosening 4. Autism.

26. Male=Female ratio is 1. Excess dopaminergic activity in mesolimbic and cortical
pathways
27. In Catatonia patient resists attempts to change position, in waxy flexibility patient
maintains the body position into which they are placed.

1. Circumstantiality: communication of unnecessary details before finally arriving at the central

idea.
2. Delusion of reference refers to events, objects, or persons in one’s environment that are
believed to have particular personal significance.
3. Retts Disorder (a Pervasive developmental Disorder): seen only in females, very rare, normal
prenatal and post natal development with subsequent regression of milestones and severe to
profound mental retardation, severe language defects with stereotyped hand movements(hand
wringing or hand washing) decelerated head growth during 5 to 30 months. HC is normal at
birth.
4. Functional imaging in depression showed abnormal excessive activity of Brodman area no:
25, subgenual prefrontal cortex. Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder tend to show
hyperactivity in the head of the caudate.
5. All antipsychotic drugs in current use block or diminish the action of dopamine at its D2
receptors. Drugs useful in depression act by increasing synaptic levels of serotonin,
norepinephrine, or less commonly dopamine.
6. Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy: mild to moderately severe depression, fear-based
anxiety disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
7. DSM IV 5 Axes I- Major mental disorder, II- Underlying personality disorder, III- general
medical condition, IV- psychosocial and environmental problems that preceded mental disorder
or symptoms and axis V- overall rating of general psychosocial functioning based on therapist’s
view.
8. Acute panic attacks appear to be associated with increased noradrenergic discharges in the
locus coeruleus. I.V. Sodium Lactate, Yohimbine (an alpha 2 blocker), CO2 inhalation and
cholecystokinin- 4 evokes panic attack. RX is with SSRIs, Fluoxetine, Paroxetine and Sertraline.
9. Narcissistic personality disorder is preoccupied with perfection, but usually they are
convinced of having already reached it. Individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality
disorder, instead, are rarely satisfied with themselves.
10. RX for GAD Generalized Anxiety Disorder: BZD not more than 6 weeks, Buspirone 5-HT1A
partial agonist (especially in patients with head injury or dementia), Escitalopram, Paroxetine
and Venlafaxine.
11. Phobic Disorders RX for performance anxiety- Propranolol 20-40mg, 2hrs prior to event. For
Social anxiety- MAOIs, others Venlafaxine, Sertraline and Paroxetine.
12. ‘Flashback episodes’ are seen in PTSD. There is excessive release of norepinephrine from
the locus coeruleus in response to stress and increased noradrenergic activity at projection sites
in the hippocampus and amygdala. Treatment of PTSD- Amitryptiline, Imipramine, Phenelzine
(MAOI), Prazosin, Trazadone and SSRI. 30% recover completely.
13. Major depression is defined as depressed mood on a daily basis for a minimum duration of
2 weeks. 6–8% of all outpatients in primary care settings satisfy diagnostic criteria for the
disorder. Approximately 4–5% of all depressed patients will commit suicide. 2:1 for female:
male.
14. TCA with maximum toxicity is Desipramine.
15. Inner sense of restlessness and anxiety in addition to increased motor activity is called as
AKATHISIA.
16. Hyper stimulation of brainstem 5HT1A receptors and characterized by myoclonus, agitation,
abdominal cramping, hyperpyrexia, hypertension, and potentially death is called as
‘SEROTONIN SYNDROME’.
17. SSRIs can produce angina due to vasospasm and prolongation of PT.
18. The most specific SSRI currently available is Escitalopram.
19. Mainstay of treatment of Bipolar disorder is Lithium Carbonate. Excreted 95% through
kidneys within 24hrs, therapeutic blood level is 0.8- 1.2mEq/L. Side effects: GI discomfort,
diarrhea, wt gain, polyuria, edema, alopecia and acne.