лингво

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.
21 22:17]
21:54 ull : 4 Chapter 10 Canada 330 n3 463 [æl'bsta] Labrador Algonquins Jal'qookwin]
Manitoba [blækfet) [kri:) ["haida] Hudson Bay ('hadsn'bei] Mi'kmaqs ['hju:rən] ['læbradɔ:]
mæni'tacba] Ottea 'mæntaimz] imak luan) [mer'tis] ['mikmaks] montri'a:1] Alberta Ontario
[on'teariau] ['otawa] [kwa'bek] ['serlif] Saskatchewan (sa'skætfawan] ['szltsu] [si'ætl] [su:] Istada
kouna) [ju:kon] Blackfoet Cree Maritimes Quebec Salish McLuhan Haida Métis Saulteaux
Huron Montreal Seattle [ira'kwɔran] New Brunswick 'nju: branzwik] Sioux Stadacona Iroquoian
['ınu:] ['injunt] [l'kælunt) ['irakwai) [3u'æl] ['nu:tka] ['nanatsiavut] Yukon ['nanavik] ['nanavut]
[o'dzibwa] Innu Nootka Inuit Nunatsiavut Nunavik Igaluit Iroquois Joual Nunavut Ojibwa
Canada, historically the Dominion of Canada, is the northernmost country in North America. It is
a decentralized federation of 10 provinces and 3 territories, governed as a constitutional
monarchy, and formed in 1867 through an act of Con- federation. 10.1 Flag and National
Symbols The official ceremony inaugurating the new Canadian flag was held in Ottawa on
February 15, 1965, with the Governor Gen- eral, the Prime Minister, Cabinet members and
thousands of Canadians in attendance. Canadian flag left The Canadian Red Ensign, bearing the
Union Jack and the shield of the royal arms of Canada, used since 1867, was lowered for the last
time on that date and the maple leaf flag was raised. Although the simple, precise image of a
maple leaf was used for the flag, the Beaver was adopted as the national symbol on March 24,
1975. 331 The "quest for religious and political freedom" is often given in American text- books
as the reason Europeans colonized North America, but it is far more likely that the commercial
value of natural resources was the prime reason. In Canada, these resources included whales,
vast schools of cod, and especially tall pines used for ship's masts. After the early European
explorers had realized that Canada was part of North America and not the Orient, rich in spices,
the main attraction for merchants and traders was the uniquely large beaver population, then
numbering in the millions. In the late 1600s and early 1700s, the fashion of the day across Eu-
rope was for Top Hats, which were covered by beaver pelts. As these hats became more popular,
the demand for the pelts grew. The beaver was soon the principal reason for the growth and
development of Canada and was regarded from the outset as symbolic of Canada, The first North
American coat of arms to depict a beaver was created by Sir William Alexander, who was
granted title in 1621 to the area now known as Nova Scotia. King Henry IV of France saw the
fur trade as an opportunity to acquire much-needed revenue and to establish a North American
empire. Both English and French fur traders were soon selling beaver pelts in Europe at 20
times their original purchase price. The beaver was close to extinction by the mid-19th century.
There were anes reurS CENT 13
Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:17]
nu was i American coat of arms to depict a beaver was created by Sir William Alexander, 21:54
was granted title in 1621 to the area now known as Nova Scotia. King Henry IV of France saw
the fur trade as an opportunity to acquire much-needed revenue and to establish a North
American empire. Both English and French fur traders were soon selling beaver pelts in Europe
at 20 times their original purchase price. The beaver was close to extinction by the mid-19th
century. There were an estimated six million beavers in Canada before the start of the fur trade.
During its peak, 100,000 pelts were being shipped to Europe each year, the Canadian beaver was
in danger of being wiped out. Luckily, about that time, Europeans took a liking to silk-covered
top hats and the demand for beaver pelts all but disappeared. AICENT CANADA 1990 A 1990
Canadian 5-cent coin above The British Empire continually reinforced its presence by use of the
Union Flag and images of Royalty, initially those of Queen Victoria, who ruled 1839-1902.
However, when Canada issued its first postage stamp in 1851, depicted below the Queen's VR"
(Victoria Regina) insignia was a beaver. The "3d beaver" (left) authorised by the then Governor,
Sir Sandford Fleming in 1851 AD On March 24, 1975, the beaver received the highest honour
ever bestowed on a rodent. On that day it became an official emblem of Canada when an "act to
provide for the recognition of the beaver (castor canadensis) as a symbol of the sovereignty of
Canada" received Royal assent. 332 10.2.1 Physical Geography Canada occupies more or less
the northern half of the North American conti- nent. It is bordered by the United States to the
south and to the northwest (where it borders Alaska). The country stretches from the Atlantic
Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west. Canada also reaches the Arctic Ocean in the
north where Canada's territorial claim extends to the North Pole. Its area is 9,984,670 km2.
Canada has a reputation for cold temperatures. Indeed, the winters can be harsh in many regions
of the country, with frequent blizzards and ice storms, and temperatures reaching lows of -30 to-
40°. (Southwestern BC is a well-known exception.) However, summers range from mild to
quite hot, attaining highs of over 30 in Montreal and 15° even in Igaluit, Numarut Territery.
RUSSIA ICELAND N Canada GREENLAND Reyav Arctic Ooran UNITED STATES Nuuk
(Godthab) YOKON PERAITOR NORTHWEST TERRITORIES Pacilic CANADA NTOA
SAATOHEN Ocean ALBERTA Duabe City Modreal PNCE 0000 UNITED STATES Washing
DC 500 Canada shares an 8,895-km border with the USA, the world's longest undefended
border. The most fertile and heaviest-populated part of the country, the Great Lakes- Saint
Lawrence River Valley in the east, was the first to be settled by Europeans. rk roured
CANADA NTOBA SAATOHEAN Ocean ALBERTA 21:54 QULNEC City ull : 4 ONTARO
800TIA Mal 0000 Ottw O ANEWIO UNITED STATES 333 n3 463 Wwhinglon D.C. Atantic
Ocean 100 Canada shares an 8,895-km border with the USA, the world's longest undefended
border. The most fertile and heaviest-populated part of the country, the Great Lakes- Saint
Lawrence River Valley in the east, was the first to be settled by Europeans. To the north of this
region is the broad Canadian Shield, an area of rock scoured clean by the last ice age, thinly
soiled, rich in minerals, and gouged with lakes and rivers- over 60 % of the world's lakes are
located in Canada. The Canadian Shield encircles the massive Hudson Bay. 333 The Canadian
Shield extends to the Atlantic Coast in Labrador, the mainland part of the Province of
Newfoundland and Labrador. The island part of New- foundland, Canada's easternmost region, is
at the mouth of the Gulf of Saint Law- rence, the world's largest estuary. The Canadian
Maritimes protrude eastward from the southern coast of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, sandwiched
between the Gulf to the north and the Atlantic to the south. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are
divided by the Bay of Fundy, an arm of the Atlantic that experiences the world's highest tides. To
the west of Ontario, the broad, flat Canadian Prairies (or steppe) spread towards the Rocky
Mountains, which divide the provinces of Alberta and British Columbia. Southern British
Columbia enjoys a very temperate climate with much milder winters than the rest of the country.
Northern Canadian vegetation tapers from coniferous forests to tundra and finally to Arctic
barrens in the far north. The northern Canadian mainland is ringed with a vast archipelago
containing some of the largest islands on Earth. 10.2.2 Human Geography and Demographics
Canada is the world's second-largest country in total area after Russia. How- ever, it has an
extremely low population density of 3 people per square kilometre as there are just over 32
million Canadians, of whom 80 % live within 200 kilometres of the American border. While
Canada covers a slightly larger geographic area than the neighbouring United States it has only
one-ninth of the population. Most of Canada's farmland and densely populated areas are located
along a narrow strip that rims the U.S. border. In the highly urbanized areas of southern Ontario
and Quebec, the population density compares to the more densely populated areas of the United
States and Europe. More than three-quarters of Canada's population lives in urban centres. The
name Canada originated from a Huron-Iroquoian word, Kanata meaning "village" or
"settlement" referring to Stadacona, a settlement on the site of present- day Quebec City. Maps
made by early European explorers show that the name River Canada was given to what is now
the Ottawa River, and the Saint Lawrence River below Montreal. A plausible hypothesis is that
the river was named after the village on its banks, and the surrounding country for the river used
to explore it. The capital of Canada is Ottawa, home of the nation's parliament as well as the
residences of the Governor General and the Prime Minister. A former French and British colony,
Canada is a member of both La Francophonie and the Common- wealth of Nations. Canada is a
modern and technologically advanced country and is largely energy self-sufficient due to its
stores of fossil fuels, nuclear energy generation, and hydroelectric power capabilities. Its
economy has traditionally relied heavily on a vast abundance of natural resources. Although the
modern Canadian economy has become widely diversified, exploitation of natural resources
remains an important driver of many regional economies. 334 With a population one ninth that
of its southern neighbour, the United States, Canada might be expected to have an economy one-
ninth as large. In practice,
vast abundance of natural resources. Although the modern Canadian economy has ome widely
diversified, exploitation of natural resources remains rer of many regional economies. 21:54 334
334 n3 463 With a population one ninth that of its southern neighbour, the United States, Canada
might be expected to have an economy one-ninth as large. In practice, Canada's economic
leverage usually far exceeds this ratio. Conversely, its military spending falls far short of
matching the per capita spending of the United States. 10.2.3 Ottowa and Toronto Ottawa is the
capital of Canada and the fourth largest city. It is located in the eastern part of the province of
Ontario in the Ottawa Valley. The population of the city itself is 808,391 people, and the
population of the larger Ottawa region is 1,146,790 people (2004). The mother tongue of the
residents is 63.6 % English, 15.0 % French, 0.9 % both languages, 20.3% other. Some of the
notable buildings in Ottawa include the Parliament Buildings, where Canada's government
resides; 24 Sussex Drive, the home of the Prime Minister of Canada; and Rideau Hall, the home
of the Governor-General of Canada. Ot- tawa also has several museums, including the National
Gallery of Canada, Canadian War Mu- seum, Canada Science and Technology Museum, Canada
Aviation Museum and Canadian Mu- seum of Nature. Ottawa is also the home of the University
of Ottawa, Carleton University, and Algonquin College. Left is the Eternal Flame with
Parliament in the background On September 5, 1945, only weeks after the end of World War II,
Ottawa was the site of the event that many people consider to be the official start of the Cold
War. A Soviet cipher clerk, Igor Gouzenko, defected from the Soviet embassy with over 100
secret documents. At first, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) refused to take the
documents, since the Soviets were still allies of Canada and Britain, and the newspapers were not
interested in the story. After hiding out for a night in a neighbour's apartment listening to his own
being searched, Gouzenko finally persuaded the RCMP to look at his evidence, which provided
proof of a massive Soviet spy networking operating in western countries, and, indirectly, led to
the discovery that the Soviets were working on an atomic bomb to match that of the Americans.
Toronto is Canada's largest city and the provincial capital of Ontario. Toronto's population is
2,518,772 (2004 Statistics Canada estimate); that of the Greater Toron- 335 to Area is 5,715,386
(2004). Residents of Toronto are termed Torontonians. Toronto is part of the Golden Horseshoe
region of Ontario, a densely populated region of around 7 million people. Approximately one-
third of the Canadian population lives within 160km of Toronto, and about one-sixth of all
Canadian jobs lie within the city limits. The largest ancestral groups in the Greater Toronto Area
are British, Irish, Italian and Chinese. Smaller groups include Portuguese, Greek, Indian and
those from the Caribbean. Toronto has been declared by the UN as the world's most multicultural
city, with more than half its population (52 %) having immigrated from other countries, and 55
% of its population comprised of visible minorities. Toronto is often described as the world's
most cosmopolitan city. Every summer the city even plays host to the "Largest Street Festival" in
North America, Caribana: the largest Carib- bean festival in North America. While English is the
predominant language, there are significant populations of others, such as Cese nan ewer u o
Torontonians claim French
to Area is 5,715,386 (2004). Residents of Toronto are termed Torontonians. Toronto s part of the
Golden Horseshoe region of Ontario, a densely populated region of 21:54nd 7 million people.
Approximately one-third of the Canadia lives within 160km of Toronto, and about one-sixth of
all Canadian jobs lie within the city limits. The largest ancestral groups in the Greater Toronto
Area are British, Irish, Italian and Chinese. Smaller groups include Portuguese, Greek, Indian
and ribbean. 335 n3 463 een declared by the UN as the world's most multicultural city. salf its
population (52 %) having immigrated from other countries, ana so of its population comprised
of visible minorities. Toronto is often described as the world's most cosmopolitan city. Every
summer the city even plays host to the "Largest Street Festival" in North America, Caribana: the
largest Carib- bean festival in North America. While English is the predominant language, there
are significant populations of others, such as Chinese and Italian. Fewer than 2 % of
Torontonians claim French (Canada's other official language) as their mother tongue. Toronto is
Canada's financial, media and health sciences centre. It has one of the most diversified
economies in North America with the largest concentration of head offices in a variety of fields,
the highest concentration of cultural workers and institutions, and the largest arts community in
Canada. It is one of the safest cities to live in North America; its crime rate is one of the lowest
in Canada and North America. Right is the Toronto skyline on a summer day, including the CN
Tower. Possat The CN Tower- a steel/concrete transmission tower - that at 553 metres is the
tallest free-standing land structure in the world and the most famous land- mark of the city. The
City of Toronto covers an area of 641 km and is bounded by Lake Ontario to the south,
Etobicoke Creek to the west and the Rouge River to the east. Accord- ing to provincial law, the
southern boundary of the city actually extends to the US boundary in the centre of Lake Ontario.
Toronto is home to the largest university in Canada, the University of Toronto, which has a
student population of more than 60,000. The city is also has the in- ternationally-recognized
Royal Conservatory of Music and Ontario College of Art and Design, both of which are
specialized schools in music and the visual arts, respectively 336 Toronto is the third largest
centre for English language theatre in the world, behind New York City and London. Venues for
theatre include the Canon Theatre, the Elgin Winter Garden and Theatre, the Princess of Wales
Theatre, the Royal AI- exandra Theatre, the Poor Alex Theatre, and the Harbourfront Centre. In
2003 Toronto was hit by the SARS epidemic. Although the disease was primarily confined to
hospitals and health-care workers, tourism in Toronto signifi- cantly suffered because of media
reports. To help recover the losses the city suffered in industries and tourism, the city held a
"SARS Benefit Concert," colloqui- ally called "SARSStock, featuring many famous bands such
as AC/DC, Rush, The Guess Who, Justin Timberlake, and headlined by The Rolling Stones. The
concert attracted some 450,000 people, making it one of the largest concerts in history, second
only to Woodstock in the USA in 1969 (which had 500,000 people). 10.3 History 10.3.1 First
Nations Canada has been inhabited by aboriginal peoples, known in Canada as the First Nations
for about 10,000 years. This is the current title used by Canada to describe the various societies
of the indigenous peoples, called Native Americans in the U.S. They have also been known as
Native Canadians, Aboriginal Americans, or Aboriginals, and in fact are officially called Indians
in the Indian Act, which defines the status of First Nations, and in the Indian Register, the
official record of members of First Nations. Today "Indian" is generally offensive and came
about from the very first explorers con- fusing North America with Asia. The First Nations
peopre oI Callada ale e up
ally cálled SA Guess Who, Justin Timberlake, and headlined by The Rolling Stones. The concert
21:55e 450,000 people, making it one of the largest concerts in bitl 4 ond only to Woodstock in
the USA in 1969 (which had 500,000 people). reaturing many 10.3 History 336 n3 463 10.3.1
First INauons Canada has been inhabited by aboriginal peoples, known in Canada as the First
Nations for about 10,000 years. This is the current title used by Canada to describe the various
societies of the indigenous peoples, called Native Americans in the U.S. They have also been
known as Native Canadians, Aboriginal Americans, or Aboriginals, and in fact are officially
called Indians in the Indian Act, which defines the status of First Nations, and in the Indian
Register, the official record of members of First Nations. Today "Indian" is generally offensive
and came about from the very first explorers con- fusing North America with Asia. The First
Nations people of Canada are made up of four main groups, excluding the Inuit in the North and
Métis. The collective term for all three aboriginal groups is First Peoples. Each of these main
groups contained many tribes, each of which had adapted to their environments which were all
slightly different. The four main groups were subdivided by the following geographic areas:
The Pacific coast and mountains. Among the largest tribes were the Haida, Nootka, and Salish.
They made glorious totem poles, a trait often attributed to other tribes as well. The Plains. The
plains nations included primarily the Sioux, Blackfoot, the Plains-Cree, and the Plains- Ojibwa.
These people used tipis as their homes, covered with skins. Their main sustenance was the
buffalo, 337 which they used as food, and for all their garments. Tribal leaders often wore large
headdresses made of feathers, something which is wrongfully attributed to all first nations
peoples. The St. Lawrence valley. The largest group near the St. Lawrence waterway was the
Iroquois. They included the Huron peoples of central Ontario and the Leag- ue of Five Nations
who lived in the USA, south of Lake Ontario. Hurons above from contemporary drawings by
early European settlers. The North-East Woodlands These included the Algonquins, Mi'kmaqs in
the Maritimes, the Innu in Quebec, and the Cree and Ojibwa in northern Ontario and Manitoba.
The term is also used to designate bands of aboriginal people for whom re- serves have been
provided under the Canadian Indian Act. A representative body in existence today for Canadian
First Nations is the Assembly of First Nations. Inuit is a general term for a group of culturally
similar indigenous peoples of the Arctic. Canadian Inuit live primarily in Nunavut, Nunaik (a
region in northern Quebec defined by the James Bay Agreement) and in Nunatsiavut (a region in
Lab- rador whose borders are yet to be fixed.) The Inuit left are traditionally hunters who fish
and hunt whale, walrus, and seal by kayak or by boat or by waiting at airholes in the ice. They
use igloos as hunting or emergency sh- elters. They make use of animal skins in their clothing,
and Dog sleds that are used for travel pulled by Inuit Sled Dogs, though snowmobil- es have
largely replaced this mode of travel. The European arrival caused a great deal of damage to the
Inuit way of life, causing mass death and other suffering. Around 1970, Inuit leaders came
forward One of the resulting land- Jargest land. and pushed for res ted the Canadian temitem of
Nunuut t
of Five Naions win Hurons above from contemporary drawings by early European settlers.
21:55The North-East Woodlands These included the Algonquins, Mi Maritimes, the Innu in
Quebec, and the Cree and Ojibwa in northeUt Manitoba. The term is also used to designate
bands of aboriginal people for whom re- serves have been provided under the Canadian Indian
Act. A representative body for Canadian First Nations is the Assembly of First Nations. 337 n3
463 eral term for a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples of ian Inuit live primarily in
Nunavut, Nunavik (a region in northern Quebec defined by the James Bay Agreement) and in
Nunatsiavut (a region in Lab- rador whose borders are yet to be fixed.) The Inuit left are
traditionally hunters who fish and hunt whale, walrus, and seal by kayak or by boat or by waiting
at airholes in the ice. They use igloos as hunting or emergency sh- elters. They make use of
animal skins in their clothing, and Dog sleds that are used for travel pulled by Inuit Sled Dogs,
though snowmobil- es have largely replaced this mode of travel. The European arrival caused a
great deal of damage to the Inuit way of life, causing mass death and other suffering. Around
1970, Inuit leaders came forward and pushed for respect for the Inuit and their territories. One of
the resulting land- claims agreements created the Canadian territory of Nunavut, the largest land-
claims agreement in Canadian history. In recent years, circumpolar cultural and political groups
have come together to promote the Inuit people and to fight against ecological problems, such as
the greenhouse effect and resulting global warming, which heavily affects the Inuit population
due to the melting and thinning of the arctic ice and possible extinction of arctic mammals.
Nunavut premier Paul Okalik took the lead in this regard in a First Ministers meeting discussing
the Kyoto Accord. 338 The Métis are an ethnic group of the Canadian prairies and Ontario. This
community of descent consists of individuals descended from marriages of Cree, Ojib- way and
Saulteaux women to French Canadian and British employees of the Hud- son's Bay Company.
Their history dates to the mid-seventeenth century, and they have been recognized as a people
since the early eighteenth. There is no generally accepted standard for determining who is Métis
and who not, so estimates of the number of Métis vary from 300,000 to 700,000 or more. The
most famous Métis was Louis Riel who led what are usually depicted as two fa- iled rebellions,
the Red River "Rebellion" in 1869 in the area now known as Manitoba, and the North-West
"Rebellion" in 1885 in the area now known as Saskatchewan. Reasonable doubts may be raised
about whether either of these events was a rebellion. For example, the actions considered
rebellious in 1869 were un- dertaken by Riel as the leader of a government recognized by
Canada as in legitimate control of territory that did not belong to Canada. Right a photograph of
Louis Reil taken in 1878 Canada negotiated the Manitoba Act with this government. After these
"rebellions", land speculators and other non-Métis effectively stripped the Métis of land by
exploiting a government programme for its "purchase' at unreal, low prices. The Métis are not
recognized as a First Nation by the Canadian government and do not receive the benefits granted
to First Nations under the Indian Act. How-
of not 21:55 ll otograph of Louis Reil taken in 1878 339 n3 463 Canada negotiated the Manitoba
Act with this government. After these "rebellions", land speculators and other non-Métis
effectively stripped the Métis of land by exploiting a government programme for its "purchase' at
unreal, low prices. The Métis are not recognized as a First Nation by the Canadian government
and do not receive the benefits granted to First Nations under the Indian Act. How- ever, the new
Canadian constitution of 1982 recognizes the Métis as an aboriginal group and has enabled
individual Métis to sue successfully for recognition of their traditional rights, such as rights to
hunt and trap. In 2003, a court ruling in Ontario found that the Métis deserve the same rights as
other aboriginal communities in Canada. 10.3.2 European Colonisation Canada was probably
first visited by Europeans around 1000, when the Vi- kings settled in Newfoundland. 339 Helge
Ingstad, a Norwegian, had explored and surveyed the Northeast coast of the US. and the
Maritimes in Canada and had determined from his findings and extensive analysis of the old
Sagas that Vinland the Good must be somewhere along the north-eastern coast of
Newfoundland. In 1960 he determined a likely location where a Vik- ing settlement may have
been located. In 1961 excavation began to successfully uncover a complex settlement. More
permanent European visits came in the 16th and 17th century, as the French settled there. In
1763, at the end of the Seven Years' War, France chose to keep its Caribbean Islands and to
leave its North American colony, New France, to Britain, and in addition, after the American
Revolution, many British Loyalists settled in Canada. On July 1, 1867, with the passing of the
British North America Act, the Brit- ish government granted local self-government to a
federation of four provinces formed from three of its North American colonies, Canada, New
Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. The former Province of Canada formed two provinces of the new
Dominion of Canada, being partitioned into Quebec and Ontario. The Act created "one
Dominion under the name of Canada." The term "Dominion" was chosen (rather than
"Kingdom") to avoid possible antagonizing of anti-monarchist senti- ment in the United States
and to reflect Canada's status as a self-governing colony of the British Empire. Other British
colonies and territories soon joined the Confederation; by 1880 Canada included all of its present
area except for Newfoundland and Labrador (which joined in 1949). Full control over the
Dominion's affairs officially came in 1931 with the Statute of Westminster, and in 1982 with the
adoption of Canada's constitution. In the second half of the 20th century, some citizens of the
mainly French-speaking province of Quebec sought independence in two referendums held in
1980 and 1995. In both referendums, the separatist cause, lead by the Parti Quebecois, was
defeated with 60 % and 50.6 % opposed to independence, respectively. 10.3.3 The Klondike
Gold Rush The Klondike is a region of the Yukon Territory in northwest Canada, just east of the
Alaska border. It lies around the Klondike River, a small stream that enters the Yukon River
from the east where the town of Dawson is situated. The Klondike is famous for the Klondike
Gold Rush, which started in 1897. Gold is still mined in the area. 340
of the Alaska border. It lies around the Klondike River, a small stream that enters 21:55 ukon
River from the east where the town of Dawson is situated The Klondike is famous for the
Klondike Gold Rush, which Alll A 17 Gold is still mined in the area. 340 340 n3 463 The
Klondike Gold Rush was a frenzy of immigration to the Klondike and gold prospecting after
gold was discovered there in the late 19th century. On Au- gust 16, 1896, rich gold deposits were
discovered by George Carmack in Bonanza (Rabbit) Creek, a tributary of the Klondike River
near Dawson. News reached the United States on July 17, 1897 when the first successful
prospectors arrived in Seat- tle, and within a month the Klondike stampede had begun. The
population in the Klondike in 1898 may have reached 40,000, threatening to cause a fam- ine.
Most prospectors landed at Skagway at the head of Lynn Canal and crossed by Chilkoot Pass or
White Pass to Bennett Lake. Here, prospectors built boats that would take them the final 500
miles down the Yukon River to the gold fields. The Chilkoot Pass was steep and hazardo- us,
rising a thousand feet in the last half mile. It was too steep for pack animals and prospectors had
to pack their equipment and supplies to the top. Some 1,500 steps were carved into the ice to aid
travel up the pass. Conditions on White Pass were even worse. It was known as the Dead Ho- rse
Trail with about 3,000 animals dying along the route. Left - stampeders on the Chilkoot Pass
1897 Throughout this period, the North West Mounted Police, under the command of Sam Steele
maintained a firm grip on the activities of the prospectors to ensure the safety of the population
as well as en- forcing the laws and sovereignty of Canada. As a result, this gold rush has been
described as the most peaceful and orderly of its type in history. The effectiveness of the
Mounties in this period made the police force famous around the world. The gold rush remains
an important event in the history of the city of Edmon- ton, which to this day celebrates
Klondike Day, an annual summer fair with a Klondike gold rush theme. 10.4 Language Canada
has two official languages, English and French. In the 2001 census: 6,864,615 people listed
French as a first language, of whom 85 % lived in Que- bec, and 17,694,835 people listed
English as a first language. On July 7, 1969, French was made equal to English throughout the
Canadian federal government. This started a process that led to Canada redefining itself as a
bilingual and multicultural nation at a national level. 341 The Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms states that: French and English are equal as official languages; debate in Parliament
may take place in either official language; laws shall be printed in both official languages, with
equal authority: anyone may deal with any court established by Parliament, in either official
language; everyone has the right to receive services from the federal govermment in his or her
choice of official language; members of a minority language group of one of the official
languages (i.e. French speakers in a majority English-speaking province, or vice versa) have the
right to have their children receive a public education in their language, where numbers warrant.
At the provincial level, New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province, a status
specifically gunmey vith its citizens having the
21:55 ll ? 341 n3 463 Charter of Rights and Freedoms states that: Tmand English are equal as
official languages; debate in Parliament may take place in either official language; laws shall be
printed in both official languages, with equal authority: anyone may deal with any court
established by Parliament, in either official language; everyone has the right to receive services
from the federal government in his or her choice of official language; members of a minority
language group of one of the official languages (ie. French speakers in a majority English-
speaking province, or vice versa) have the right to have their children receive a public education
in their language, where numbers warrant. At the provincial level, New Brunswick is the only
officially bilingual province, a status specifically guaranteed by the Charter of Rights, with its
citizens having the same language rights at the provincial level as all citizens of Canada have at
the federal level. While no other province is officially bilingual, most provincial governments
do offer some type of service to their English or French minority populations. The official
language of Quebecis French, as defined by the province's Charter of the French Language, this
law lays out various protections for the use of French as a vehicular language, but also provides
certain rights for English speakers and speakers of aboriginal languages. French is mostly spoken
in Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and southern Manitoba. Languages other than the official
languages are also important in Canada, with 5,470,820 people listing a non-official language as
a first language. This is almost as many as those giving French as their first language. Among the
most important non-official first language groups are Chinese (853,745 first-language speakers),
especially Cantonese (322,315); Italian (469,485); and German (438,080). Speakers of a great
many native Canadian languages live in Canada; however, all but a few of the native languages
are in decline. The only aboriginal languages that are believed to be sustainable at present are
Cree (72,885 first-language speakers), Inuktitut (29,010 speakers), and Ojibwa. Canadian
English is the form of English used in Canada. In many respects, the spelling of Canadian
English is intermediate between Brit- ish English and American English. However, the spoken
language is much closer to American English than British English, It is also influenced by
Canadian French. There is no universally accepted standard of Canadian spelling. In general, Ca-
nadians agree with British usage as to -our (honour, colour, endeavour) as well as the usage of
-re (centre, metre, theatre) along with many other classes of British/American spelling
distinctions. In most cases, -ize (plagiarize, dramatize, realize) is preferred to -ise in words where
either ending is possible. American spellings prevalent in Canada include aluminum, artifact,
jail, curb, program, specialty, tire, and carburetor. In 1998, the Oxford University Press produced
a Canadian English dictionary, after five years of lexicographical research, called The Canadian
Oxford Dictionary. 342 It listed uniquely Canadian words, words borrowed from other languages
and was able to survey whether colour or color was the most popular choice in common use. The
island of Newfoundland has its own dialect distinct from Canadian Eng- lish, called
Newfoundland English. This separate dialect developed because of New- foundland's history as
well as its geography and some of its phrases and words are used throughout Canada.
Newfoundland English differs from standard Canadian English in vowel pro- nunciation (for
example: in Newfoundland the words "fear" and "fair" are hom- ophones); in morphology and
syntax (for example: in Newfoundland the word "be's" is used in place of the normally
conjugated forms of "to be" to describe continual actions or states of being: "that rock usually
be's under twater" instead of "that rock usually is under water"); in preservation of archaic
adverbal-intensifiers (for example: in Newfoundland "that play was right boring" and "that play
was some boring" both mean "that play was very boring")- The most predominantly used
Newfoundland English expression across Cana- da would arguably be Whadd'ya At? (What are
you at?), loosely translated to How are you? Coming in a close second with the same meaning
would be How's she cuttin'? to which you would often respond Like a knife. (Very zwell, thank
you). A third very popular expression involves the word b'y, pronounced bye' and meaning 'boy'.
This has arrived from Manx dialect, where the meaning is similar. Although it is most commonly
heard in the expression Yis b'y (Yes boy), mean-
121:55quely Canadian words, words borrowed from other languanllo able to survey whether
colour or color was the most popular choice in common use. The island of Newfoundland has its
own dialect distinct from Canadian Eng- lish, called Newfoundland English. This separate
dialect developed because of New- vell as its geography and some of its phrases and words are
342 n3 463 la. glish differs from standard Canadian English in vowel pro- wwww. nunciation
(for example: in Newfoundland the words "fear" and "fair" are hom- ophones); in morphology
and syntax (for example: in Newfoundland the word "be's" is used in place of the normally
conjugated forms of "to be" to describe continual actions or states of being: "that rock usually
be's under water" instead of "that rock usually is under water"); in preservation of archaic
adverbal-intensifiers (for example: in Newfoundland "that play was right boring" and "that play
was some boring" both mean "that play twas very boring"). The most predominantly used
Newfoundland English expression across Cana- da would arguably be Whadd'ya At? (What are
you at?), loosely translated to How are you? Coming in a close second with the same meaning
would be How's she cuttin'? to which you would often respond Like a knife. (Very well, thank
you). A third very popular expression involves the word b'y, pronounced 'bye' and meaning 'boy'.
This has arrived from Manx dialect, where the meaning is similar. Although it is most commonly
heard in the expression Yis b'y (Yes boy), meaning good job, it is also used in standard
sentences: What're the b'y's at? (How are things?) Other colourful local expressions include:
Dictionary of Newfoundland English Where you to?: Where are you? • Stay where you're to:
Don't leave. Stay where you're to "til I comes where you're at.: Wait there for me. Flat on the
back with that!: An expression of approval, male speaker Flat on the back for that!: An
expression of approval, female speaker . Left the cover of the online Newfoundland English
Dictionary Joual is the name given to working-class dialect of the French language. The term is
said to have been coined by journalist André Laurendeau. A joual is a cheval (a horse). It is a
variation of standard Quebec French, which includes many gal- licized English words. 343
10.5.1 System of Government 10.5.1.1 Federal Government Canada is a federation under a
system of parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. Its Head of State and
Sovereign is Her Majesty Queen Eliza- beth II with the title of Queen of Canada. The Queen's
representative in Canada is the Governor General, a prominent Canadian appointed by the Queen
on the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada. The Governor General is a non-partisan figure
who fills the role of providing Royal Assent to bills passed by the House of Commons and the
Senate, reading the Speech from the Throne, sign- ing state documents, formally opening and
ending sessions of Parliament, and dissolving Parlia- ment for an election. Both the Queen and
the Governor General are primarily figureheads, with little real power as they almost always act
on the advice of Canada's Head of Government, the Prime Minister, who is also the government
party leader who controls such tools of governance as party discipline and patronage
appointments. right is Adrienne Clarkson, Governor Gen- eral of Canada Federal legisl Canals ni
iament of Canada, which of Commons Th
bills passed by the Senate, reading the Speech from the Throne, sign- 21:55 tate documents,
formally opening and end- Ing sessions of Parliament, and dissolving Parlia- ment for an
election. Both the Queen and the Governor General are primarilv figureheads, with little real
power as ll : 4 s act on the advice of Canada's 344 n3 463 nent, the Prime Minister, who ment
party leader who controls such tools of governance as party discipline and patronage
appointments. right is Adrienne Clarkson, Governor Gen- eral of Canada Federal legislative
authority is vested in the Parliament of Canada, which consists of the sovereign of Canada, the
Senate, and the House of Commons. The Senate has 104 members, who are appointed on a
provincial basis and may hold office until they are 75 years of age. The 301 members of the
House of Commons are elected by the people of Canada for a maximum terms of five years.
Each electoral district elects one member of Parliament to the House of Commons on a universal
suffrage basis. The leader of the party winning the most seats in a general election is called upon
by the governor-general to form a government. He becomes the Prime Min- ister and generally
chooses party colleagues from among the elected members to form the Cabinet. Almost all
Cabinet ministers are also heads of executive depart- ments of the government, for the work of
which they are responsible to the House of Commons. The Cabinet is responsible for
determining all important policies of government and securing the passage of such legislation,
financial measures, and administrative provisions as their supporters may approve. 10.5.1.2
Provincial Government Similar political institutions and constitutional usages operate in the
government of the 10 provinces as in that of the nation as a whole. In each province the
sovereign is represented by a lieutenant governor appointed by the governor-gen- 344 eral in
council, usually for a term of five years. The powers of the lieutenant gover- nor in the provincial
sphere are essentially the same as those of the governor-general in the federal sphere. The ten
provinces have unicameral, elected legislatures with the provincial governments headed by a
Premier who is chosen in the same fashion as the federal prime minister. Canada is divided into
10 provinces and 3 territories. The provinces have a reasonably large amount of autonomy from
the federal government, while the territories have somewhat less. The provinces are responsible
for most of Canada's social programs (such as healthcare, education, and welfare) and together
collect more revenue than the federal government, a fairly unique structure among federations
in the world. The federal government can initiate national policies that the provinces can opt out
of, but at a risk of losing federal money. Transfer payments are made to ensure that reasonably
uniform standards of services are kept between the richer and poorer provinces. Criminal law is
one of the few areas that is strictly the responsibility of the federal government, and crime and
punishment is uniform throughout most of Canada. 10.5.1.3 Local Government Because
government at the municipal level falls under the jurisdiction of the provinces, there are 10
distinct systems of municipal government in Canada, as well as many variations within each
system. The county system as understood in Britain or the United States exists only in southern
Ontario and southern Quebec. The legislature of each province has divided its territory into
geographic areas known generally as municipalities and, more particularly, as counties,
cities,towns, villages, townships, rural municipalities, or municipal districts. County councils are
composed of representatives from rural townships, towns, and villages and provide a second
level of services for the whole county. The more than 4,600 incorporated municipalities and
local government districts in Canada have various powers and responsibilities suited to their
classification.
In addition to local municipal government, there are numerous local boards and commissions,
some elected and others appointed, to administer education, utilities, libraries, and other local
services. The sparsely populated areas of the provinces are usually administered as territories by
the provincial governments. 10.5.2 System ofe E
Lanada is divided into 10 proOvind es. The pro reasonably large amount of autonomy from the
federal government, while the ter- ull : 4 The provinces are responsible for most of Canada's
social programs (such as healthcare, education, and welfare) and together collect more revenue
than the federal government, a fairly unique structure among federations in the world. The
initiate national policies that the provinces can opt out of, 21:55 e somewhat less. 344 n3 463
deral money. are made to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services are kept between
the richer and poorer provinces. Criminal law is one of the few areas that is strictly the
responsibility of the federal government, and crime and punishment is uniform throughout most
of Canada. 10.5.1.3 Local Government Because government at the municipal level falls under
the jurisdiction of the provinces, there are 10 distinct systems of municipal government in
Canada, as well as many variations within each system. The county system as understood in
Britain or the United States exists only in southern Ontario and southern Quebec. The legislature
of each province has divided its territory into geographic areas known generally as municipalities
and, more particularly, as counties, cities, towns, villages, townships, rural municipalities, or
municipal districts. County councils are composed of representatives from rural townships,
towns, and villages and provide a second level of services for the whole county. The more than
4,600 incorporated municipalities and local govermment districts in Canada have various powers
and responsibilities suited to their classification. In addition to local municipal government, there
are numerous local boards and commissions, some elected and others appointed, to administer
education, utilities, libraries, and other local services. The sparsely populated areas of the
provinces are usually administered as territories by the provincial governments. 10.5.2 System of
Education Under the Constitution Act the organization and administration of public education
are provincial responsibilities. The federal government is directly con- cerned only with the
provision of education in the Yukon, the Northwest Terri- tories, and Nunavut, in Indian schools
throughout Canada and a couple of other exceptions. The federal government also finances
vocational training of adults 345 and provides financial support to the provinces for the operating
costs of post- secondary education. Because each of the 10 provinces has the authority and
responsibility for organ- izing its education system as it sees fit, policies and practices vary from
province to province, but each has a Department of Education headed by a Minister who is a
member of the provincial Cabinet. In addition, Ontario has a Department of Col- leges and
Universities with a minister of its own. Most Canadian children have one year of pre-school
education before they enter an elementary school at age 6 or 7. At about 14 years of age, more
than 90 percent of those who entered year one enter a four-year secondary school. Canada has
more than 65 degree-granting bodies. They range from organizations with a single faculty and a
student base of a few hundred, to institutions with many faculties and research institutes and
more than 40,000 students, such as the Université du Québec (a multi-campus university), the
University of Toronto, and the University of British Columbia. The oldest university in Canada,
Laval, in Quebec, was founded during the French regime, while universities in English-
speaking Canada were established after the American Revolution. English is the language of
instruction at most places, French g in several, and a few are bilingual. Laval main building right
Ukrainian-Canadians, of whom there are over a million, are usually stunned to find out that there
is only one course on contemporary Ukraine offered in Canada at any establishmer
ing the French regime, while univer- 21:55 in English-speaking Canada established after the
American lk: 4 Revolution. English is the language of instruction at most places, French in
several, and a few are bilingual. 346 n3 463 Laval main building right Ukrainian-Canadians, of
whom there are over a million, are usually stunned to find out that there is only one course on
contemporary Ukraine offered in Canada at any establishment of higher education. 10.5.3 Law
Law is determined at a federal level by the Canadian Parliament in Ottawa. (left) Canada's
judical branch of government is composed of a variety of federal and provincial level courts
that deal with all cases. Both federal and provincial cases can ulti- mately be appealed to the
Supreme Court of Canada. 346 Canadian courts of law are independent bodies. Each province
has its police, division, county, and superior courts, with right of appeal being available through-
out provincial courts and to the federal Supreme Court of Canada. At the federal level the
Federal Court has civil and criminal jurisdictions with appeal and trial divisions. All judges,
except police magistrates and judges of the courts of pro- bate in Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick, are appointed by the governor-general in council, and their salaries, allowances, and
pensions are fixed and paid by the Par- liament of Canada. They cease to hold office at age 75.
Criminal law legislation and procedure in criminal matters is strictly under the jurisdiction of the
Parliament of Canada. The provinces administer justice within their boundaries, including the
organization of civil and criminal codes and the establishment of civil procedure. Canadian law
and culture is a topic of great confusion to Americans, the debate intensifying in 2003, when
Canada refused to join the US-led 2003 Iraq War, moved toward legalizing same-sex marriage,
and took steps towards decriminal- izing the possession of small amounts of marijuana. Many
international observers saw these developments as distinguishing Canada as more socially liberal
than its southern neighbour. Such liberal social policies can probably best be tied to the political
dominance of the Liberal Party of Canada over national debate within the last decade. 10.5.4
Religion The very rough rule-of-thumb is that English-speakers are more likely to be Protestant
and French-speakers more likely to be Roman Catholic, with ethnic groups following their
particular traditional religion. For example, the one million Ukrainians in Canada are most likely
to be Orthodox or Catholic. It is difficult to give a more definitive picture as statistics from
different sources vary enormously across sources of information and it was decided that no
single table was more likely to be accurate than another. 10.6 Mass media In every Canadian city
there is a daily newspaper, in the largest cities there is usually more than one. Smaller towns are
served by weekly newspapers. The trend in daily newspaper publication is toward chain
ownership, but editorial policy is developed at the local level. The Toronto Globe and Mail,
which calls itself Cana- da's national newspaper, is distributed six days a week across the entire
country. Supporting the newspapers are two news-gathering agencies, the Canadian Press and
United Press International of Canada. Several hundred magazines are published in Canada, but
most of the popular magazines that circulate in Canada are from the United States. Maclean's is a
weekly Canadian news magazine. 347
last decade. 21:55 rA Religion ull : 4 The very rough rule-of-thumb is that English-speakers are
more likely to be Protestant and French-speakers more likely to be Roman Catholic, with ethnic
347 n3 463 particular traditional religion. For example, the one million are most likely to be
Orthodox or Catholic. It Is aimcuit to give a more definitive picture as statistics from different
sources vary enormously across sources of information and it was decided that no single table
was more likely to be accurate than another. 10.6 Mass media In every Canadian city there is a
daily newspaper; in the largest cities there is usually more than one. Smaller towns are served by
weekly newspapers. The trend in daily newspaper publication is toward chain ownership, but
editorial policy is developed at the local level. The Toronto Globe and Mail, which calls itself
Cana- da's national newspaper, is distributed six days a week across the entire country
Supporting the newspapers are two news-gathering agencies, the Canadian Press and United
Press International of Canada. Several hundred magazines are published in Canada, but most of
the popular magazines that circulate in Canada are from the United States. Maclean's is a weekly
Canadian news magazine. 347 Canada has a well-developed television sector, but cultural output
- particularly in English Canada - is often overshadowed by imports from the United States.
Media are primarily for-profit corporations based on advertising, subscription, and other sales-
related revenues, although a public network, the Canadian Broadcast- ing Corporation operates
radio and TV networks in both English and French, and some provincial govenments offer their
own public broadcast services as well. The Canadian television broadcasting industry is split
between public and pri- vate ownership. Canada currently has 128 originating television stations,
which broadcast on 1,456 transmitters across the country, on both the VHF and UHF bands.
Cable is a very common method of television programming delivery in Canada. Canada is served
by almost 2000 radio stations, on both the AM and FM bands. 10.7 Sport Canada has fans of
many sports popular in both Britain and the USA, of which almost all are represented in Canada,
with the exception of cricket, although the climate may have had some effect on that result. Ice
Hockey is very much the fa- vourite Ice hockey, right, known simply as "hockey" in areas where
it is more common than field hockey, is a team sport played on ice. It is known as the fastest
team sport in the world with players on skates capable of going high speeds along with shots of
the play object going sometimes over 160 kph. CI220 MP Ice Hockey is the national sport of
Canada The game originated in Canada around 1855, when the game on ice was first played with
a puck rather than a ball, distinguishing it from field hockey, as played by British soldiers in
Canada. A sport similar to ice hockey, bandy, uses a ball. In eastern Canada there is a different
belief, which is that ice hockey originated around 1800 in Windsor, Nova Scotia, where students
at King's College School, adapted the exciting Irish field game of Hurley to the ice of their
favorite skating ponds and created a new winter game, Ice Hurley. Over a period of decades, Ice
Hurley gradually developed into Ice Hockey. It is believed that following this development that
British soldiers picked up the game. 348
capable of going high speeds along with 21:55 of the play object going sometimes 160 kph. Ice
Hockey is the national sport of Canada 348 n3 463 inated in Canada around 1855, when the
game on ice was first krather than a ball, distinguishing it from field hockey, as played by British
soldiers in Canada. A sport similar to ice hockey, bandy, uses a ball. In eastern Canada there is a
different belief, which is that ice hockey originated around 1800 in Windsor, Nova Scotia, where
students at King's College School, adapted the exciting Irish field game of Hurley to the ice of
their favorite skating ponds and created a new winter game, Ice Hurley. Over a period of
decades, Ice Hurley gradually developed into Ice Hockey. It is believed that following this de-
velopment that British soldiers picked up the game. 348 Nevertheless, ice hockey quickly gained
popularity in Canada, and in the North Central and North Eastern United States. Early
professional hockey leagues included the Western Canada Hockey League, Prairie Hockey
League, and Pacific Coast Hockey Association. In 1893, the Stanley Cup was established as the
trophy emblematic of the Canadian senior championship; it became the award of the win- ner of
the playoffs of the National Hockey League (NHL) in 1926. The sport also became known in
Europe, and in 1908, the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) was founded. At the 1920
Summer Olympics, ice hockey was introduced to the Olympics, and it has been part of the
Winter Olympics ever since. Canada dominated Olym- pic play in the early years, being un-
defeated until 1936. After the Second World War, teams from Eastern Europe became stronger,
notably the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia, although this was also due to the fact that only
amateur players were allowed to play in the Olympics. left Canada beating Russia 7-0 in the final
of the 2002 Winter Olympic SETETTE 15 games Featuring the very best players from six
competing countries (Canada, Czecho- slovakia, Finland, the USSR, Sweden and the USA) the
Canada Cup was played for in 1976, 1981, 1984, 1987 and 1991. The 1987 event is referred to as
one of the most spectacular in hockey history. In 1996, the Canada Cup was replaced by the
World Cup of Hockey, which featured all six nations above and Germany (with Czech Re-
public, Slovakia and Russia replacing Czechoslovakia and USSR). Except for 1981, when the
USSR won, all Canada Cups were won by Canada. In 2004 the event was won by Canada with
an impressive 6-0-0 winning streak. In many countries where field hockey, played on grass,
and team games played on grass such as cricket are more common, the image of ice hockey
fluctuates between that of violence and strange creatures on ice. 10.8 Arts and Culture While
Canadian culture is heavily influenced by British and American culture and traditions, it retains
many unique characteristics. In the past few decades, a more robust and distinct Canadian culture
has developed, partially because of the 349 nationalism that pervaded Canada in the years
leading up to and following the Canadian Centennia hut rather dull.
ey fluctuates between that of violence and strange creatures on ice. 21:55 ull : 4 10.8 Arts and
Culture 349 n3 463 ilture is heavily influenced by British and American culture ns many unique
characteristics. In the past few decades, a more ropust ana uistunct Canadian culture has
developed, partially because of the 349 nationalism that pervaded Canada in the years leading up
to and following the Canadian Centennial in 1967. Canadians are stereotyped by other
nationalities as being nice, but rather dull- decaffeinated Americans' being one description, while
the definition of a Canadian as 'an American with healthcare and no gun' is another. A Canadian
politician re- marked that Canada was supposed to have British government, French culture and
American know-how, but instead ended up with French government, American culture and
British know-how. The Canada-U.S. border is the world's longest undefended border, and the
United States and Canadian governments share a variety of close working partner- ships in
matters of trade, economics, and legal concerns. As Canada and the United States have grown
closer, many Canadians have developed complex feelings and concerns regarding what makes
Canada a "distinct" nation within North America. The large American cultural presence in
Canada has prompted some fears of a "cultural takeover," and has initiated the establishment of
many laws and government institutions to protect Canadian culture. Much of Canadian culture
remains defined in contrast to American culture. For example, Canadians see their country as a
mosaie of unique immigrant cultures, a large picture made up of many distinct pieces, rather than
a melting-pot, in the way that American like to describe their society and culture. Media outlets
that receive government funding such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation attempt to
promote such a view of Canada. Many of the critical differences between Canadians and
Americans have emerged over the past 200 years in literature, the lyrics of folk and pop songs
and all forms of art. The major differerentiators are: • Humour: Canadians do not shy away from
serious subject matter, but they have often approached it using humour. Humour is the Canadian
way of approach- ing difficult or sensitive subjects. • Satire and irony: If Canadian literature had
to be distilled into a single word, for the sake of comparison with all other literature, that word
would be "satire". Satire has jokingly been called Canada's national sport. Canadians have used
satire not only to entertain, but also to promote societal reform. The use of irony is very similar
to that of the British, to the confusion of Americans. • The underdog hero: if a Canadian novel
has a hero at all, it is likely to be of the "underdog" type. An ordinary, everyday person
overcomes a battle against the odds. • Urban vs. rural: The underdog hero ties in with an urban
vs. rural theme which has frequently appeared in Canadian fiction and poetry, and usually
portrays the rural as morally superior to the city, which is portrayed as shallow and seedy. •
Nature (and a "human vs. nature" tension): Reference to nature is prolific in Canada's literature.
Nature, while often interpreted as the enemy in some Cana- dian works, can also be interpreted
as divine and ideal in others. • Mild anti-Americanism: While not evident in every piece of work
by a Ca- nadian, there has unmistakably been an ongoing anti-American theme from time to time
in Canada's literary history, often taking the form of gentle satire. It cannot 350 be described as
malicious (although at Canadian literature's beginning, re-invasion by the U.S. was a legitimate
fear), but is better seen as mild sibling rivalry, and may tie in with Canada's loyalty to the
underdog as opposed to the haughty hero, two roles played by Canada and the U.S. in Canadian
mythology. • Self-deprecation: Canadian literature, while often implying an underlying love and
concern for the nation, is not patriotic propaganda in the US style.
There is, on the contrary, often self-deprecation within its pages. Canadians have been known to
be good at laughing at themselves, which ties in nicely with their ability for satire and humour.
dian worH can also be interpreted as divine and ideal in others. • Mild anti-Americanism: While
not evident in every piece of work by a Ca- 21:55an, there has unmistakably been an ongoing
anti-American theallt to time in Canada's literary history, often taking the form of gentle satire. It
cannot 350 350 n3 463 be described as malicious (although at Canadian literature's beginning,
re-invasion by the U.S. was a legitimate fear), but is better seen as mild sibling rivalry, and may
tie in with Canada's loyalty to the underdog as opposed to the haughty hero, two roles played by
Canada and the U.S. in Canadian mythology. • Self-deprecation: Canadian literature, while often
implying an underlying love and concern for the nation, is not patriotic propaganda in the US
style. There is, on the contrary, often self-deprecation within its pages. Canadians have been
known to be good at laughing at themselves, which ties in nicely with their ability for satire and
humour. 10.9 Traditions, Customs and Public Holidays 10.9.1 Traditions As described in 10.8
above, the Canadians have what they describe as much of a mosaic culture and as a result many
traditions rely heavily on the original ethnic group for many Canadians, who frequently
maintain the traditions of their or their forefathers' homeland. This may in part explain the
"Frenchness' of so many Canadians with no direct blood link to France since the French
abandoned Canada in favour of the Caribbean. To examine just one single ethnic group from the
22 listed in the 2001 Canadian Census (where categorisation was at the discretion of the respon-
dent and "First Nations" was just one of the choic- es), this book shall take that 3.61 % or one
million Canadian citizens who described themselves as Ukrainians. KYK BEAHOCT Kight is
the emblem of the Ukrainian Canadian Congress. HALLIA According to historical records, the
first Ukrainians who immigrated to Can- ada were two farmers from Halichina, then part of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire. Vasyl Eleniak and Ivan Pylypiw disembarked in Montreal on
September and travelled to western Canada. They returned to Ukraine with encouraging reports
on farming opportunities in Canada. They then returned to Canada with their friends and families
and settled in Alberta. In 1895, Dr. Joseph Oleskow from Halichina toured Canada and wrote
glowing reports and descriptions of farming on the Prairies. He published a booklet, "About the
Free Lands", which encouraged Ukrainian immigration to Canada. 1891 351 200 MinDOHiB
aKpie pla ynpasy AAR OCEMEHUA The Canadian Federal Go- vernment, with Sir Wilfrid La-
urier as Prime Minister, offered incentives for immigration because they wanted to settle the
KOXAOTO Prairies with capable farmers. left a Canadian Governme- 160 axpie-130 Mopris
aBCTp. 3EMAI B 3axlanIR KAHAAÏ nt poster from 1896 Within a few years, the first few
hundred immigrants grew to a massive wave of emigration from Ukraine and thousands of
Ukrainian immigrants landed in Canada. By 1914, it is estimated that at least 100,000 Ukrainians
had settled on the "aspen belt, the wide area of land from Winnipeg to Edmonton.
Approximately ninety percent arriv lNesnd Bukevins fnow western Ukraine) and roent from
Ruussia Most of those who arrived quickly claimed their home-
on the Prairies. He published a booklet, "About the Free Lands", which encouraged 21:55
immigration to Canada. 351 351 n3 463 200 MINDOHIB aKPia pla ynpasy AAA KOXAOTO
OCEJEHUA The Canadian Federal Go- vermment, with Sir Wilfrid La- urier as Prime Minister,
offered incentives for immigration because they wanted to settle the Prairies with capable
farmers. left a Canadian Governme- 160 axpie-130 Mopris asCTp. B 3axlAnlR KAHAAÏ nt
poster from 1896 Within a few years, the first few hundred immigrants grew to a massive wave
of emigration from Ukraine and thousands of Ukrainian immigrants landed in Canada. By 1914,
it is estimated that at least 100,000 Ukrainians had settled on the "aspen belt', the wide area of
land from Winnipeg to Edmonton. Approximately ninety percent arrived from Halichina and
Bukovina (now western Ukraine) and ten percent from Russia. Most of those who arrived
quickly claimed their home- steads and set about the difficult task of clearing the land. They
settled in close- knit communities for mutual aid and support. The earliest settlements were on
the agricultural frontier and their homes and farms were built in the same style and tradition as
those they had left behind in Ukraine. As the number of Ukrainians in Canada incre- ased,
institutions and organizations were founded based on similar organizations in western Ukraine.
The earliest community life centred on the churc- hes. The first Ukrainian Catholic Mass was
celebrated on April 12, 1897 and the first Ukrainian Ca- tholic Church was erected in 1898 in
Star, Alberta, shown right. Their distinctive architecture can still be seen in many urban and rural
centres on the Prairies. Ukrainian-language newspapers began publishing in Winnipeg providing
con- tacts with other Ukrainian communities across Canada. In 1905, the Province of Manitoba
and the newly established Province of Saskatchewan founded bilingual (Ukrainian-English)
schools. The outbreak of the First World War in August, 1914 marked the end of the first and
largest wave of Ukrainian immigration to Canada. As a colony of Great Britain and a member of
the British Empire, Canada was allied with France, Russia and later Italy. War was declared
against the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Imperial 352 Germany and the Ottoman Empire. Most of
the Ukrainian immigrants had arrived from Halichina, then under the administration of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire and as such, those who were not naturalized were classified as 'enemy
aliens'. This led to the internment of some 5,000 Ukrainian Canadians in internment camps all
across the country. This internment was viewed by the Ukrainian Canadian community as
unjust and unnecessary, causing resentment against the federal government in the Ukrainian
community which continues to this day. At the same time, the Ukrainian press was heavily
restricted and the bilingual schools were closed. By 1922, Ukraine had been devastated by
uprisings, war and revolution. This produced a massive wave of refugees from Ukraine who fled
to central and West- ern Europe and many eventually found their way to Canada. The organized
community structure of the earlier Ukrainian-Canadian immigrants welcomed these new
arrivals which included war veterans, intellectuals and professionally-trained workers. Between
1918 and 1939, approximately 70,000 Ukrainian immigrants arrived in Canada. After the
Second World War ended, the Ukrainian Canadian Committee, in cooperation with the
Ukrainian Canadian Relief Fund, helped refugees in Dis- placed Persons camps in western
Europe to come to Canada rather than return to
Germapyand the Ottoman Empire. Most of the Ukrainian immigrants had arrived 21:55 f p4 and
as such, those who were not naturalized were classified as 'enemy aliens'. This led to the
internment of some 5,000 Ukrainian Canadians in internment camps all across the country. This
internment was viewed by the Ukrainian Canadian com- hina, then under the administration of
the Austro-HungaalHE necessary, causing resentment against the federal govern- 352 n3 463
ommunity which continues to this day. At the same time, sheavily restricted and the bilingual
schools were closed. By 1922, Ukraine had been devastated by uprisings, war and revolution.
This produced a massive wave of refugees from Ukraine who fled to central and West- ern
Europe and many eventually found their way to Canada. The organized community structure of
the earlier Ukrainian-Canadian immigrants welcomed these new arrivals which included war
veterans, intellectuals and professionally-trained workers. Between 1918 and 1939,
approximately 70,000 Ukrainian immigrants arrived in Canada. After the Second World War
ended, the Ukrainian Canadian Committee, in cooperation with the Ukrainian Canadian Relief
Fund, helped refugees in Dis- placed Persons camps in Western Europe to come to Canada rather
than return to Ukraine to execution or exile. As a result, these refugees became the third wave of
immigration to Canada and by 1952, a total of 32,000 Ukrainians had landed in Canada. Most
came to Canada under various bulk labour schemes. They agreed to work in designated
industries or farms for a specified period of time before they could move to other parts of
Canada. Immigrants worked on sugar beet farms in Alberta, lumber camps and mines in northern
Ontario and Quebec, on railroads and heavy construction projects. Once they completed their
terms of employment many left for the large industrial centres in southern Ontario. Compared to
the previous two waves of immigration, a significant proportion of the third wave were
professionals, politically active and strongly anti-commu- nist. Some of these immigrants
assisted in the establishment of Ukrainian language and literature programs at universities in
Saskatchewan and Manitoba and in Montreal, Toronto, Ot- tawa and at a few other institutions
of higher learning. left Ukrainian Canadian gymnasts, 2004 Olympics Today in Canada over one
million people consider themselves Ukrainian Canadians. The majority are the second, 353
third and fourth generation. Ukrainian Canadians believe in the importance of cel- ebrating their
Ukrainian heritage and ensuring that the next generation is aware of and carries on cultural
traditions. In towns and cities across Canada there are Ukrainian museums, libraries and
archives. The National Archives of Canada also holds information on the lives and con-
tributions made by many Ukrainian Canadians as well as the historical development of their
communities Across Canada many Ukrainian organizations, community, political and cultural,
work hard to continue traditions. They include the Ukrainian Canadian Congress, the Ukrainian
Canadian Business and Professional Association, whose emblem is shown left, and the
Shevchenko Society. As a result of the work of the Ukrainian community together with these
organizations, Canada was one of the first countries in the world to recognize Ukraine as an
independent nation in 1991. 10.9.2 Public Holidays Date Name January 1 (varies) (varies) New
Year's Day Statutory Good Friday Easter Monday Statutory Monday prec Victoria Day eding
May 25 Celebration of the Queen's birthday. Statutory. In Quebec, Victoria Day and "fete des
patriotes (Commemoration of the Patriotes Rebellion) are celebrated on the same day. Statutory.
Commemoration of Canada's 1867 Confederat- July 1 Canada Day
ment r ther Across Canada many Ukrainian organizations, community, political and cultural,
work hard to contintti4 They include the Ukrainian Canadian Congress, the Ukrainian Canadian
Business and Professional Association, whose emblem is shown left, and the Shevchenko
Society. As a result of the work of the Ukrainian community together with these organizations,
Canada was one of the first 353 n3 463 rld to recognize Ukraine as an independent nation in
1991. 21:55 10.9.2 Public Holidays Date January 1 (varies) (varies) Name New Year's Day
Statutory Good Friday Easter Monday Statutory Statutory Celebration of the Queen's birthday.
Statutory. In Quebec, Victoria Day and "fete des patriotes (Commemoration of the Patriotes
Rebellion) are celebrated on the same day. Statutory. Commemoration of Canada's 1867
Confederat- ion, previously Dominion' Day. Monday prec Victoria Day eding May 25 July 1
Canada Day First Monday in September Labour Day Statutory. Second Mo- nday in Oct
Thanksgiving day as it is in the US Statutory. Thanksgiving is not celebrated on the same ober
November 11 Remembrance Commemoration of Canada's war dead. Day December 25
Christmas Statutory Statutory. Day when shops sell off excess Christmas inventory. December
26 Boxing Day Each province also has its own provincial holiday or holidays. The include St.
Jean Baptiste Day, the patron saint of French Canadians in Quebec, Natal Day in Prince Edward
Island and Nova Scotia. Ontario and British Columbia have civic holidays on the first Monday in
August. In British Columbia it is called B.C. Day, while in Ontario, it is named differently in
each city. In Toronto it is Simcoe Day 354 in honour of the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper
Canada, while in Ottawa it is Colonel By Day, in honour of its founder and canal builder, for
instance. Alberta celebrates Family Day on the third Monday of February. John Graves Simcoe,
St Jean Baptiste, Quebec Colonel By. Ottawa Toronto 10.10.1 National Icons 10.10.1.1 The
Mounties
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), known popularly as the Mounties, are the
national police force of Canada. In addition to providing national level policing, they also
provide provincial, and municipal police services to parts of Canada under contract to the three
territories, and eight of the provinces (not including Ontario and Quebec)
In French the Mounties are known as the Gendarmerie royale du Canada (GRC).
The RCMP are famous for its distinctive scarlet ceremonial uniform, and the Musical Ride
which is a ceremony in which 32 RCMP officers (Mounties) show off their horse riding skills
and uniform in the execution of a variety of intricate manouevres and cavalry drills with music.
Two Mounties in a Montreal park (right) 355

The Mounties were immortalized as symbols of Canadian culture in numerous Hollywood
movies and television programmes, often featuring the image of the Mountie as square-jawed,
stoic, and polite and with the motto that the Mountie "always gets his man".
The RCMP were created in 1873 by Sir John Macdonald, the first prime minister of Canada,
under the name the North West Mounted Police with the intent of bringing law and order (and
asserting Canadian sovereignty) over the North-West Territories (which then included modern
day Alberta and Saskatchewan). This need was particularly urgent with reports of American
whiskey traders causing trouble in the region. Acting on a suggestion in his cabinet, Macdonald
had the force wear red uniforms both to emphasize the British nature of the force and to
differentiate it from the blue American military uniforms. The force was organized like a British
cavalry regiment and carries on some of the traditions of those units, like the Musical Ride, to
this day.
In 1895 jurisdiction was extended to the Yukon during the Klondike Gold Rush where the force
served with distinction under the command of Sam Steele making the gold rush the one of the
most peaceful and orderly affairs in history. Ironically, the force's dissolution was being
discussed around this time in Parliament, but the Mounties' conduct so impressed the prospectors
during the gold rush that the force became famous around the world and their survival was
ensured.
Today's Mounties cover the massive territory of Canada not just on their horses
The RCMP helicopter (left) can be seen as often as the trooper on horseback. 10.10.1.2 Canadian
Bearskin Hats ("Busbies") Buckingham Palace, British Queen's London residence, is patrolled
and guard- ed by "Foot Guards". Bearskin hats are a key part of the uniform of the five Guards
regiments - Coldstream, Grenadier, Irish, Scots and Welsh- and are quintessential to traditional
ceremonies like Trooping the Colour, with millions of photographs taken each year by tourists
visiting London. The towering black hats, known as busbies, are shown right. The bearskins
come from Canada, as they have done so since the Battle of Water- loo in 1815, but animal
welfare groups say 356
they have done so since the Battle of Water- loo in 1815, but animal welfare groups say 21:55 ull
: 4 336 356 n3 463 40,000 black bears are killed every year for this purpose and this is
unacceptable in today's society. The famous Canadian actress, Pame- la Anderson, left, visited
London in Oc- tober 2004 to present a petition to Buck- ingham Palace on behalf of the environ-
mental organisation PETA' ('People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals'), call- ing for a switch
from the use of Cana- dian bear pelts to synthetic materials in the headwear. 10.10.1.3 Poutine
Poutine is a popular snack. It is a mixture of Chips or "French fries" with fresh cheddar cheese
curds, covered with gravy. The freshness of the curds (typically made the day before) is most
important as it makes them soft in the warm chips, without completely melting. A poutine with
melting cheese is not regarded as a 'genuine poutine. The exact origin of the name is un- known,
but some believe it is derived from the English word "pudding", used in the slang sense of "a
mess". Poutine is a fast-food staple, especially in Quebec and New Brunswick, and is sold by
nearly all fast-food chains in the provinces, as well as by smaller diners. International chains like
McDonalds, A&W and Burger King sell poutine, but their products are scorned by many as
being an inferior reproduction. 10.10.1.4 Canadian Stereotypes In 4.7 above some aspects of
Canadian culture were highlighted to show certain differences between Canadians and
Americans. This section further examines the differences between the citizens of the two
countries, not because Canada has an identity crisis, but because the shadow of the USA is often
deep. The Canadian Professional Marketing Research Society (PMRS) surveys more than seven
million individuals in Canada each year. This has shown that Canadi- 357 ans have some very
different consumer preferences and values than their American "cousins'. Some of the more
interesting points posted on the PMRS website are: • Canadians buy smaller, less expensive
vehicles than Americans. They place less social importance on the prestige of owning luxury
cars. Understand- ing this fact, helped Honda come up with a solution for its Acura model which,
in the early 1990s, was selling well in the U.S. but was a poor seller in Canada. The answer was
the Acura EL-a smaller, less expensive ver- sion strictly for the Canadian market - and it was an
immediate success. • Canadians are more like the Scandinavians in the way they have embraced
the Internet. Canadians far outpace Americans, and rival the Swedes, Fins and Norwegians, in
overall usage of the Internet, downloading music, and having high speed access. They also prefer
Canadian products and services when they shop online. But a paucity of Canadian sites means
much of the $2 billion to $4 billion spent over t synun than Cana-
21:56ve some very different consumer preferences and values than their American ull : 4 Some
of the more interesting points posted on the PMRS website are • Canadians buy smaller, less
expensive vehicles than Americans. They place less social importance on the prestige of owning
luxury cars. Understand- ousins ct, helped Honda come up with a solution for its Acura model
357 n3 463 he early 1990s, was selling well in the US. but was a poor seller The answer was the
Acura EL-a smaller, less expensive ver- sion strictly for the Canadian market - and it was an
immediate success. • Canadians are more like the Scandinavians in the way they have embraced
the Internet. Canadians far outpace Americans, and rival the Swedes, Fins and Norwegians, in
overall usage of the Internet, downloading music, and having high speed acess They also prefer
Canadian products and services when they shop online. But a paucity of Canadian sites means
much of the $2 billion to $4 billion spent over the Internet goes to foreign retailers. • Surprise of
surprises. Americans consume more maple syrup than Cana- dians, shattering the stereotype
image of Canadian lumberjacks. On a per capita basis, Canadians drink more wine, consume
more Worcester sauce, and read more newspapers than Americans Canadians drink their tea hot.
Americans prefer iced tea. That may explain why electric kettles are plentiful in Canada, but a
rarity south of the border. • Canadians also lead the world in moving to become a cashless
society which is good news for bankers and the financial sector and mission critical for the
retail sector. Canadian use of debit cards far exceeds any other country-54 per cent compared to
44 per cent in the Netherlands, 41 per cent in France, and 27 per cent in the US. Canadians are
safety and security conscious. Oddly, they purchase and use more burglar alarms than Americans
10.10.2 National Personalities 10.10.2.1 Marshall McLuhan Herbert Marshall McLuhan (1911 -
1980) was a Canadian educator, academic, philosopher, and one of the founders of modern
media studies. He was born to Elsie and Herbert McLuhan in Edmonton, Alberta and raised in a
Baptist Scottish-Irish family Mcluhan became a pop culture figure in the 1960s with the
publication of Un- derstanding Media: The Extensions of Man (McGraw-Hill, 1964) and The
Medi- um is the Message: An Inventory of Effects (with designer Quentin Fiore, Random House,
1967). 358 In those books he coined the terms "Software, The medium is the message and
'Global Village' within innovative visions of a rapidly changing world that has become reality
Marshall McLuhan has influenced or arguably even founded other branches of thought and lear-
ning such as cultural studies and communication studies and media studies. His work heavily
influenced intellectual discourse on popular culture and scholarly popular culture studies.
Marshall McLuhan's work is also sometimes connected to other philosophical movements of the
Twentieth Century such as postmodernism and linguistics and semiotics through the work of
Saussure and with the study of mass media. Canada Mcluhan pictured left on a 2000 postage
stamp. There is a huge library of "Marshall McLuhanisms", some of which are: If it works, it's
obsolete. Money is the poor man's credit card. Invention is the mother of necessities. The car has
become the carapace, the protective and aggressive shell, of urban and suburban man. The
trouble with a cheap, specialized education is that you never stop paying for it.
46 Canada 21:56 Mcluhan pictured left on a 2000 postal 4 There is a huge library of "Marshall
McLuhanisms", some of which are: If it works, it's obsolete. man's credit card. 359 n3 463 ther
of necessities. the carapace, the protective and aggressive shell, of urban and suburban man. The
trouble with a cheap, specialized education is that you never stop paying for it. When you are on
the phone or on the air, you have no body. Tomorrow is our permanent address. All advertising
advertises advertising. The answers are always inside the problem, not outside. The specialist is
one who never makes small mistakes while moving toward the grand fallacy. "I may be wrong,
but I'm never in doubt." 10.10.2.2 Pierre Trudeau Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau
(1919 - 2000) was the fifteenth Prime Minister of Canada from 1968 to 1979, and from 1980 to
1984. Pierre Trudeau was a charismatic figure who dominated the Canadian political scene,
arousing passionate reactions. "He haunts us still", are the first words in one biography.
Admirers praise the force of Trudeau's intellect. They salute his political acumen in preserving
national unity and bringing into force the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Detractors criticize
Trudeau for arrogance. They deplore economic 359 policies that left the country with a huge
national debt and blame him for increas- ing a sense of political alienation in Western provinces.
But few would dispute the assertion that Trudeau was a towering figure who helped re-define
Canada. A clever (or perhaps also a "cunning") politician, he led Canada through some of its
most tu- multuous times. He was often controversial. He wore sandals in the House of
Commons, dated celebrities such as Barbra Streisand, Kim Cattra- IL, Liona Boyd, and Margot
Kidder, occasionally used obscenities to insult his opponents, and fa- mously once did a
pirouette behind the back of Queen Elizabeth II. As prime minister, he patriated the Canadian
Constitution from the British Parliament to Can- ada and incorporated in it the Canadian Charter
of Rights and Freedoms. Trudeau is seen by many as embodying the spirit of his age: youth,
ambition, and anti-conformism. His energy, charisma, and confidence as prime minister are often
cited as reasons for his popularity even though a large number of Canadians disapproved of his
policies. 10.10.2.3 The Greatest Canadian Taking place throughout 2004, The Greatest Canadian
was a project by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, to find who is the greatest ever
Canadian. Tommy Douglas won the title as Greatest Cana- dian. He had been in first place for
almost the entire contest. Douglas is famous as being the father of Me- dicare. Douglas started
his working life as a Baptist minister in small prairie towns. During this time, at the height of the
Great Depression, local farmers would come to him for help since many of them were losing
their farms to holding corporations as they were unable to pay their bills on time.
10.10.2.3 The Greatest Canadian 21:56 Taking place throughout 2004, The Greatest Canadian
was ll Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, to find who is the greatest ever Canadian. Tommy
Douglas won the title as Greatest Cana- dian. He had been in first place for almost the entire
contest. Douglas is famous as being the father of Me- dicare. Douglas started his working life as
a Baptist minister in small prairie towns. During this time, at the height of the Great Depression,
local farmers would come to him for help since many of them were losing their farms to
holding corporations as they were unable to pay their bills on time. 360 n3 463 Tommy Douglas
left 360 Douglas helped start up the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, CCF, as a lobby
group of farmers, and it became a political party. Soon, people of the working class wanted to be
part of the group, although they traditionally never got along with fellow farmers. While Douglas
was Premier of Saskatchewan, he was able to help farmers keep their property, introduced many
social reforms including automobile insurance and Medicare. As federal prime minister he
introduced such policies as the Canada Health Act. Actor Donald Sutherland is his son and
Kiefer Sutherland, is Douglas' grandson,( and a noted outspoken supporter of Medicare to this
day). The complete top 10 of the survey was: 1. Tommy Douglas 2. Terry Fox 3. Pierre Trudeau
4. Sir Frederick Banting 5. David Suzuki (politician, "father of medicare") (athlete, activist)
(prime minister) (medical scientist, co-discoverer of insulin) (geneticist, environmentalist,
broadcaster, activist) (prime minister) (ice hockey coach, commentator) (prime minister)
(scientist, inventor, founder of the Bell phone company) (professional ice hockey player) 6.
Lester Pearson 7. Don Cherry 8. Sir John Macdonald 9. Alexander Graham Bell 10. Wayne
Gretzky 361
21:56 ull : 4 361 361 n3 463 Terms
The Assembly of First Nations is the representative body of the native Canadians.
Bandy is a game unique to Canada. It is similar to ice hockey but uses a ball rather than a puck.
Beavers are very symbolic of Canada, not only because they are a local animal, but also because
the fur and trapping trade was very important to the development of Canada.
Busbies are ceremonial bearskin hats worn by the English Queen's Household Cavalry.
The Commonwealth of Nations is the association of countries that comprises the UK and
several former colonies.
The Dominion of Canada was the name given to the emerging nation in 1867, so chosen to
avoid "Kingdom" in its name in order not to antagonise anti-Monarchists
The First Nations is the collective term for the societies of Native Canadians, who have
populated the land for about 10,000 years.
The Governor General is the representative of the Canadian Head of State, Queen Elizabeth II
Igloos are the traditional ice huts made for temporary use by native Canadians.
The Inuit are the largest group of Native Canadians.
Joual is the name given to the working-class French dialect used by some in Canada.
The Klondike Gold Rush was the stampede to mark-off territory and search for gold, after
discovery of the metal in 1897.
La Francophonie is an association of France and several former French colonies
Lieutenant Governor is the title of the regional representative appointed by the Govenor
General.
The maple leaf is the primary symbol of Canada and is the object used on the national flag.
The Métis are the descendants of marriage between native Canadians and European settlers,
both French and British.
Mosaic culture is the formation and development of a nation and its culture from distinct groups
that remain. It is thought of as the opposite of what Americans believe to be their 'melting-pot'
culture.
Mounties is the popular name for the RCMP, Royal Canadian Mounted Police who have
become renowned for "always getting their man". Many have wondered what happens if the
perpetrator is a woman.
New France is the name once given to a French colony in what is today Canada.
Newfoundland English is an unusual dialect of English that has become a major area of study
for both philologists and linguists.
Poutine is a very tasty but unpleasant-looking dish of melting cheese curds and gravy on chips.
Tipis, sometimes also known as tee-pees, are conical dwellings of animal skins stretched over
wooden poles.
Vinland the Good is a land mentioned in Scandinavian sagas that was found by Viking
explorers in ancient times and is now almost certainly located in today's Newfoundland, now that
archaeological proof of settlements has been found.

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Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:17]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:17]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:18]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:18]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:19]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:19]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:20]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:20]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:20]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:20]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:21]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:21]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:21]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:22]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:22]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:23]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:23]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:23]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:23]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:24]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:24]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:25]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:25]

Two Mounties in a Montreal park (right) 355

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:26]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:26]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:27]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:27]

Анастасія Пишна, [14.05.21 22:28]

21:56 ull : 4 361 361 n3 463 Terms

The Inuit are the largest group of Native Canadians.

La Francophonie is an association of France and several former French colonies

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