@\I]I@OH LNNE \DWIDS

ZDALOKCEI] ]DKOCO HIP]\IE

 KOAO AOFOPIPSO 2 Gdrkokmn Lrdcik ]oricok (4?9000?::4)

Yokmieo Zurlo (4?9<=0?::7)
]ri ukd Hualok Conh (4?90?
0?:?:) Yokti Moadhio (4?9<?
0?::7)
]itik Pogiro (4?90?0?::7)
MNPDK ZDKCOAZT 2 Orwomi Pikuroyo, P]., A.]
AO]O ETHHIOF 2 Zdalokceit ]dkoco Histrie

BT\TPOK ZDKMIMIEOK ]DEKIE DHDE]\N

GOETH]OP ]DEKIE

TKIWD\PI]OP KDCD\I ADMOK

<:<:
 Eoto Zdkcoktor

Zdrtoao-toao Zdkuhis adkcu`opeok pubi syueur edfomirot ]ufok Yokc Aofo

Dso yokc tdhof adaldrieok rofaot mok eorukioKyo sdrto edsdfotok edpomo pdkuhis
sdfikcco

aoapu adkydhdsoieok tocifok pdaldhoborok @riti`oh Lnne \dvidw yokc ldrbumuh

‘Cdkdrotnr
-. @riti`oh Lnne \dvidw iki misusuk mdkcok foropok mopot adkoalof wowosok
mok
 pdkcdtofuok eito sdrto aoapu adaldri tokccopok sdrto eritieok tdrfomop suotu pdalofosok
mdkcok sualdr yokc ldrldmo. Zdkuhis adkyomori lofwo @riti`oh Lnne \dvidw yokc misusuk
aosif bouf mori eoto edsdapurkook. Aosif omo tdrmopot edeurokcok mohoa adkyusuk
mok adkyoapoieok aotdri yokc sdsuoi mdkcok bumuh tnpie. Eordko itu Zdkuhis sokcot
adkoktieok sorok mok eritie mori pdalo`o yokc sigotkyo adalokcuk cuko sdapurko kyo
@riti`oh Lnne
\dvidw iki.

Oefir eoto, Zdkuhis ldrforop sdanco @riti`oh Lnne \dvidw iki mopot adaldrieok
wowosok mok pdkcdtofuok loci siopo sobo yokc adadrhueokkyo miaoso yokc oeok motokc.

Admok, Netnldr <:<:

Zdkuhis

i
 MOG]O\ IPI
Eoto Zdkcoktor...............................................................................................................i
Mogtor Isi.......................................................................................................................ii
LOL I ZDKMOFTHTOK..................................................................................... ?
?.? \osinkohisosi Zdktikcyo @riti`oh Lnne \dvidw ....................................................................... ?
?.< ]ubuok Zdkuhisok @riti`oh Lnne \dvidw ................................................................................... ?
?.0 Aokgoot ............................................................................................................................................ ?
?.= Imdktitos Lueu ................................................................................................................................ <
LOL II \IKCEOPOK IPI LTET .................................................................................................... 0
<.? Enkstruesi Cdkdrotnr.....................................................................................................0
<.< Zriksip Edrbo Cdkdrotnr ................................................................................................................ 6
<.0 Zdkcoturok ]dcokcok mok Grdeudksi Cdkdrotnr .................................................................... ?=
<.= Adaporohdheok Cdkdrotnr ......................................................................................................... ?7
<.4 Zdadhiforook Cdkdrotnr ............................................................................................................. ?9
<.7 Adkcimdktigieosi mok Adapdrloiei Cokccuok pomo Cdkdrotnr ......................................... <<
LOL III ZDALOFOPOK.................................................................................... <4
0.? Zdalofosok isi Lueu .................................................................................................................. <4
0.< Edhdlifok mok edhdaofok isi lueu .......................................................................................... <7
LOL IW ZDKT]TZ ........................................................................................................................... <9
=.? Edsiapuhok ................................................................................................................................... <9
=.< Porok................................................................................................................................ <9
MOG]O\ ZTP]OEO ........................................................................................................................ 0:
 LOL I
ZDKMOFTHTOK

O. \osinkohisosi Zdktikckyo @riti`oh Lnne \dvidw

@riti`oh Lnne \dvidw omohof adalokmikceok sotu lueu mdkcok lueu yokc hoik
mdkcok aotdri otou pdalofosok yokc soao. Foh iki ldrtubuok uktue adkihoi mok adkceritie
edhdlifok mok edhdaofok oktoro muo lueu mok adkorie edsiapuhok sdlocoi fosih
@riti`oh Lnne \dvidw. Edaumiok sdtdhof eito liso adkdaueok ldldropo edeurokcok
tdrsdlut aoeo mopot adapdrnhdf suotu ikgnraosi yokc enapdtdk pomo lueu
tdrsdlut mdkcok `oro adkccolukceok ldldropo ikgnraosi mori lueu pdalokmikckyo.
@riti`oh lnne \dvidw adhotif miri uktue ldrgieir eritis mohoa adk`ori ikgnraosi yokc
mildrieok nhdf sdtiop pdalofosok mori lueu pdrtoao mok edmuo mok aoapu adkcuhos
isi
 lueu pdrtoao mok edmuo.

L. ]ubuok Zdkuhisok @riti`oh Lnne \dvidw

?.  Adadkufi tocifok tucos mohoa aoto euhiof Zdalokceit ]dkoco Histrie
<.  Adkoalof wowosok sdrto ihau pdkcdtofuok
0.  Adkikceoteok edaoapuok aofosiswo mohoa adrdvidw sdluof lueu
=.  Adkcuoteok moyo pdaofoaok mok pdaieirok aofosiswo uktue robik adalo`o lueu

@. Aokgoot

Mohoa pdaluotok @riti`oh Lnne \dvidw, edciotok ldraokgoot uktua adkoalof

wowosok pomo aofosiswo yokc adkcdrboeok sdrto yokc adalo`o fosih @L\ tdrsdlut.
Mi
soapikc itu, @L\ buco aoapu adaldrieok pdkcoruf ocor aofosiswo sdhohu robik
uktue sdhohu upmotd adkcdkoi ikgnraosi yokc ldrlou ihau pdkcdtofuok efususkyo
mohoa adaofoai aotdri cdkdrotnr mok protieuakyo.

?
M.Imdktitos Lueu

?.  Bumuh 2 Cdkdrotnr

<.  Zdkcorokc 2 Mr. Loforummik, P]., A.Zm
0.  Zdkdrlit 2 Tkiadm Zrdss
=.  Ento ]drlit 2 Admok

4.  ]ofuk ]drlit 2 <:?4

7.  IPLK 2 936-7:<-:666-:6-6

<
 LOL II
ZDALOFOPOK
?.? Enkstruesi Cdkdrotnr
o. Enapnkdk Ttoao
Cdkdrotnr o.? Cdkdrotnr M@
]drmiri mori muo lociok, yoitustotnr,yoitu lociok adsik M@ yokc mioa, mok
lociok rntnr, yoitu lociok adsik M@ yokc ldrputor. Lociok stort tdrmiri mori rokceo
antnr, ldhitok stotnr sieot orokc, ldorikc mok tdraikoh lnx. Pdmokceok lociok rntnr tdrmiri
mori enautotnr,
 ldhitok rntnr, eipos rntnr mok pnrns rntnr.

 
 Lomok cdkdrotnr (rokceo), gukcsi utoaoky omohof sdlocoi lociok mori
tdapot adkcohirkyo ghues aockit yokc mifosiheok eutul-eutul aockdt, eordko
itu lomok cdkdrotnr miluot mori lofok gdrrnaockdti`
  Aockdt pdkcuot mok Euaporok Zdkcuot admok, miaoko aockdt pdkcuot tdrmiri mori


ikti eutul mok sdpotu eutul. Euaporok pdkcuot otou euaporok eutul tdrluot
mori eowot tdaloco (ldrldktue luhot otou pdrsdci) yokc mihihiteok sdmdaieiok rupo
mdkcok ueurok tdrtdktu.

  
Pieot, gukcsikyo omohof uktue bdalotok loci ohirok orus mori hihitok bokceor
mdkcok
 ldlok

   Enautotnr, ldrgukcsi sdlocoi pdkydorof adeokie

  
Bokceor, uaua micukoeok yokc ldrldktue sihikmdr yokc mildri ohur-ohur
pomo
 pdraueookkyo uktue tdapot adhihiteok euaporok-euaporok tdapot tdrldktuekyo cch
ikmuesi.

 
 Ldhitok bokceor, ldrgukcsi sdlocoi tdapot tdrldktuekyo cch
ikmuesi. o.< Cdkdrotnr O@
Cdkdrotnr orus lnhoe-lohie ldrgukcsi adkculof tdkoco adeokis adkbomi tdkoco histrie
orus lnhoe-lohie. Cdkdrotnr orus lnhoe-lohe sdrikc misdlut buco sdlocoi ohtdrkotnr, cdkdrotnr
O@, otou cdkdrotnr sikernk. Mieotoeok cdkdrotnr siernk eordko buahof putorok rntnrkyo soao
mdkcok buahof putorok admok aockdt pomo stotnr. Ldrmosoreok sistda
pdalokceitokkyo. Cdkdrotnr O@ mopot miloci adkbomi < yoitu 2

 
 Cdkdrotnr ? goso, miaoko mohoa sista adhihitkyo fokyo tdrmiri mori sotu

0
euapuhok euaporok yokc fokyo mihueiseok mdkcok sotu coris mok mohoa
foh iki timoe mipdrfotieok lokyoekyo hihitok.

0
  
 Cdkdrotnr 0 goso, miaoko mohoa sistda adhihitkyo tdrmiri mori tico euapuhok
euaporok yokc aoko euaporok tdrsdlut aosikc-aosikc mikoaoeok hihitok goso .
Adsikernk mopot minpdrosi sdlocoi cdkdrotnr aoupuk antnr. Adsik sikernk liho
migukcsieok sdlocoi antnr ldrputor mohoa ed`dpotok enkstok. Enktruesi mori adsik sikernk
 loie sdlocoi cdkdrotnr aoupuk sdlocoi antnr omohof soao, pdrldmookkyo fokyo pomo priksip

edrbokyo.
Zomo uauakyo cdkdrotnr sikernk ueurokkyo hdlif ldsor moripomo cdkdrotnr orus sdorof
mdaieiok puho eopositoskyo. Pdlocoi cdkdrotnr, ldldropo adsik sikernk sdrikc
minpdrosieo sd`oro porohdh,sdpdrti mi pusot-pusot pdalokceit. Omopuk tubuok
adaporohdheok cdkdrotnr omohof omokyo pdalociok ldlok oktoro cdkdrotnr yokc sotu
mdkcok yokc hoikkyo.
Enkstruesi mori sdluof cdkdrotnr sd`oro coris ldsor tdrmiri otos 2

  Zdkcuotok (dx`itdr), uktue adalokceiteok ghues aockdti` mipdrhueok pdkcuotok M@.



Mopot mipdrnhdf mori cdkdrotnr M@ pdkcuotok sdkmiri yokc sdpnrns mdkcok

rntnr cdkdrotnr.

  \ntnr, micukoeok tdrcoktukc pomo ed`dpotok cdkdrotnr. Cdkdrotnr mdkcok ed`dpotok



tikcci sdpdrti turln cdkdrotnr adapukyoi ldktue rntnr sihikmdr, sdmokceok cdkdrotnr
mdkcok ed`dpotok rdkmof sdpdrti Zralokceit Histrie ]dkoco Oir.

 
 Ptotnr, tdrlout mori ldsi aockdti` yokc ldrldktue hoaikosi uktue adkcurokci
ruci- ruci orus pusor. Mdkcok ikti aockdtie yokc loie ldrorti pdradolihitos mok
rdsistigitos mori lofok oeok sdaoeik tikcci.

 l. Bdkis Ldhitok Cdkdrotnr

 l.? Ldhitok Potu Hopis

Liho euaporok tico goso miauhoi pomo Po,Pl, mok P` mok ldroefir mi go, gl mok g` liso
misotueok mohoa muo `oro, yoitu fulukcok liktokc mok sdcitico. Oktor euaporok goso
mipisofeok sdldsor ?<: mdrobot histrie otou 7: mdrobot adeokie, sotu siehus cch pdkuf
adkcfosiheok rntnr mdkcok = eutul ldrputor ?6: mdrobot adeokis. Potu siehus cch
pdkuf adkukbueeok 07: mdrobot histrie, omopuk fulukcok oktoro sumut rntnr adeokis
mok sumut

  mok sumut histrie    omohof 2

histrie, omopuk fulukcok oktoro sumut rntnr adeokis (

  1     
<
=
 l.< Ldhitok Ldrhopis Cokmo
Euaporok stotnr fokyo adapukyoi sotu ldhitok pdreutul pdrgoso, oeilotkyo
aosikc- aosikc euaporok fokyo muo ldhitok sd`oro sdri. Liho ohur-ohur timoe tdrhohu
hdlor, aosikc- aosikc pdkcfoktor yokc ldromo mohoa ohur oeok adalokceiteok tdcokcok
yokc soao.

`. @CH Ikmuesi pomo Cdkdrotnr

`.? CCH Ikmuesi
Edtieo eutul utoro aockdt lotokc micdroeeok aosue ed mohoa euaporok,
buahof coris coyo-coyo aockdt yokc tdrmopot mi mohoa euaporok ldrtoalof lokyoe.
Ldrtoalofkyo
 buahof coris-coris coyo iki adkialuheok CCH ikmuesi pomo ubukc-ubukc euaporok.
CCH ikmuesi yokc mitialuheok adkydloleok orus histrie adkcohir adkccdroeeok
borua cohvoknadtdr,
Edtieo eutul utoro aockdt lotokc micdroeeok edhuor mori mohoa euaporok,
buahof coris-coris coyo aockdt yokc tdrmopot mi mohoa euaporok
ldreurokc.Ldreurokckyo buahof coris-coris coyo iki buco adkialuheok CCH ikmuesi
pomo ubukc-ubukc euaporok. CCH ikmuesi yokc mitialuheok adkydloleok orus
histrie adkcohir mok adkccdroeek borus cohvoknadtdr.
Edtieo eutul utoro aockdt lotokc mioa mi mohoa euaporok, buahof coris-coris coyo
aockdt mi mohoa euaporok timoe tdrbomi pdrulofok (tdtop). Eordko buahof coris-coris
coyo tdtop, aoeo pomo ubukc-ubukc euaporok timoe tdrbomi CCH ikmuesi. Oeilotkyo, timoe

4
tdrbomi orus histrie mok borua cohvoknadtdr timoe ldrcdroe. Bomi, CCH ikmuesi mopot
tdrbomi pomo edmuo ubukc euaporok bieo mimohoa euaporok tdrbomi pdrulofok buahof
coris-coris coyo

4
aockdt (ghues aockdti`). CCH yokc tialuh oeilot omokyo pdrulofok buahof coris-coris coyo
aockdt mohoa euaporok misdlut CCH ikmuesi. Orus histrie yokc mitialuheok CCH ikmuesi
misdlut orus ikmuesi.
`.< Goetnr yokc Adapdkcorufi Ldsor CCH Ikmuesi
Omo tico goetnr yokc adadkcorufi CCH ikmuesi, yoitu 2

?.  Ed`dpotok cdroeok aockdt otou ed`dpotok pdrulofok buahof coris-coris coyo
aockdt (ghues aockdti`)
<.  Buahof hihitok
0.  Admok Aockdt

o.  Goetnr mistrilusi (Em), tdrmiri mori sdbuahof ldhitok yokc mitdapoteok mohoa
ohur sd`oro tdrpisof sdfikcco cch pomo tdraikoh adkbomi hdlif ed`ih liho
milokmikceok mdkcok euaporok yokc tdhof mipusoteok. Goetnr iki sdhohu hdlif
ed`ih mori sotu. Miosuasieok omo kohur pdrgoso pdr eutul, boroe oktoro ohur
mohoa mdrobot histrie

omohof2
 1 6  Ó  

Pdauo cch iki mitukbueeok aosikc-aosikc nhdf pfosnr  1    

   

7
 ]ntoh cch stotnr D hdlif ed`ih milokmikceok buahof ohbolor mori cch ldhitok nhdf goetnr

ℋ   1 + Ó  + +   mdkcok  1 (⁍ ⁍

 l.  Goetnr Eisor (Ep), coalor milowof adapdrhifoteok ldktue eisor mori
sdluof euaporok, liho sisi ldhitok mihdtoeeok mohoa ohur ? mok 3 misdlut eisor
pdkuf, sdmokceok liho mihdtoeeok mohoa ohur ? mok 7 misdlut eisor pdkmde, eordko
iki soao mdkcok 4/7
eisor eutul 2 4/7 1 4/7 x ?6: mdrobot 1 ?4: mdrobot
?/7 1 ?.7 x ?6: mdrobot 1 0: mdrobot

3
 Eisor pdkmde sdrikc micukoeok, eordko adapukyoi ldldropo eduktukcok mioktorokyo2

 
 Adkcfdaot tdkoco yokc micukoeok

 
 Adapdrloiei ldktue cdhnalokc mori tdcokcok yokc milokceiteok

 
 Edruciok orus pusor mok Fystrisis mieurokci
Pdmokceok eisor pdkmde mdkcok sumut 0: mdrobot histrie, sdpdrti mipdrhifoteok pomo
coalor mi lowof, aoeo tdcokcok rdsuhtokkyo omohof 2  1 <  Ó`ns( 0:⁍ ) 
 1  1   Ó / 1 `ns?4   1`ns 1`ns  1sik < 
    
`.  Coyo Cdroe Histrie (CCH), forus mipdrfotieok goetnr mistrilusi mok goetnr eisor.
Opoliho R1 buahof pdkcfoktor otou sisi ldhitok mohoa sdri pdrgoso-<], sdmokceok ] 1
 buahof ldhitok pdrgoso.
∄ 1 ∄   1 7:
CCH ikmuesi roto-roto pdr pdkcfoktor 2
 
 1 ∄/ 17:∄  1 ∄/7: 
Pdmokceok 2
 Ó 
  1     1   
 
?.< Zriksip Edrbo Cdkdrotnr
o. Fueua yokc tdreoit mdkcok priksip Edrbo Cdkdrotnr
Mohoa mukio histrie miedkoh ldldropo fneua mosor histrie, yoitu 2

   Fueua Goromoy, ssdnrokc ihauwok bdkius mori ikccris mok adkyotoeok lofwo 2
?.  Bieo sdluof pdkcfoktor adantnkc coris-coris coyo mori suotu admok aockdtie (ghux)

yokc enkstok, aoeo pomo pdkcfoktor tdrsdlut oeok tialuh tdcokcok ikmuesi

6
<.  Zdrulofok ghux admok aockdtie mimohoa suotu rokceoiok lofok pdkcfoktor,
oeok adkialuheok tdcokcok ikmuesi pomo rokceoiok tdrsdlut

Ldsorkyo D ikmuesi yokc milokceitoek sdsuoi mdkcok fneua goromoy, yoitu 2

 1  ∄/  

Tktue adkdktueok orof orus mok tdcokcok yokc miikmuesieok pomo enkmuetnr pomo sdtiop
mdtie ldrhoeu fneua tokcok eokok Ghdaikc.

 
 Fueua Oapdrd-Lint-Povort, adkyotoeok lofwo ‘ Coyo oeok mifosiheok nhdf
orus histre yokc adkcohir pomo suotu pdkcfoktor yokc ldromo mioktoro admok
aockdtie-. Foh iki buco adrupoeok edlohieok mori fneua Goromoy, miaoko io
adaprdmiesieok
 lofwo tdcokcok ikmuesi oeok tialuh pomo pdkcfoktor yokc ldrcdroe mok adantnkc
admok aockdtie.

∇1 ∇  / 


  
Fueua Hdkz, adkyotoeok lofwo ‘ orus ikmuesi dhdetrnaockdtie mok coyo oeok
sdhohu

 ldrusofo uktue sohikc adkiomoeok (coyo oesi mok rdoesi). Fueua hdkz ikihof
yokc adkbdhoseok adkcdkoi priksip edrbo mori adsik histrie mikoais yoitu
cdkdrotnr mok

antnr.

9
 
 Enkvdrsi Dkdrci Dhdetrnaockdtie, adkyotoeok 2 ‘sdauo dkdrci histrie mok
dkdrcy adeokie adkcohir edmohoa adsik, mok fokyo sdlociok ed`ih sobo mori
dkdrcy histrie mok dkdrcy adeokie yokc adkcohir edhuor adsik otoupuk misiapok
mimohoa adsik itu

sdkmiri, sdmokceok dkdrci yokc tdrluokc tdrsdlut mohoa ldktue pokos-.

Pdmokceok fneua ededeohok dkdrcy adkyotoeok ‘ dkdrcy timoe mopot

mi`iptoeok, koauk mopot

 ldrulof ldktue mori sotu ldktue dkdrcy ed ldktue dkdrcy hoikkyo-

?:
 l. Zrnsds Zdalokceitok CCH Ikmuesi
 l.? Cdkdrotnr M@
Zriksip edrbo suotu cdkdrotnr orus sdorof ldrmsoreok fneua goromoy, 1  /
. Mdkcok hoik pdreotook, opoliho suotu enkmuetnr adantnkc coris-coris ghues aockdtie yokc
 ldulof-ulof, aoeo CCH oeok milokceiteok mohoa enkmuetnr itu. Tktue adkmopoteok orus

sdorof mori orus lnhoe-lohie mdkcok adkccukoeok 2

  Poehor, ldrgukcsi uktue adkcfulukc sikceoteok ubukc-ubukc euaporok, Zriksip
erbokyo omohof liho euaporok bokceor ldrputor, aoeo pomo edmuo ubukc
euaporok oeok tialuh tdcokcok yokc sikusnimo. Liho sdtdkcof pdrinmd tdcokcok
pnsitig soehor mi fulukceok, aoeo tdcokcok adkbomi knh.

   Enautotnr, ldrgukcsi sdlocoi soehor, yoitu uktue adkcfulukc sikceoteok euaporok

 bokceor. Enautotnr ldrupo `ik`ik ldhof yokc miposokc pomo ubukc euaporok bokceor.
Liho euaporok tdhof ldrputor sdtdkcof putorok, sieot oeok adkutup `dhof `ik`ik
sdfikcco tdcokcok adkbomi knh. Eordko `ik`ik ldrputor tdrus, aoeo `dhof oeok

tdrlueo hoci mok tialuh tdcokcok hoci. Liho pdrinmo tdcokcok soao mdkcok
pdrinmd
 pdrputorok `ik`ik, tdcokcok yokc tialuh omohof tdcokcok orus sdorof cdhnalokc
 pdkuf.

  Pistda minmo, minmd omohof enapndk posig yokc adaihiei sigot gnrworm lios mok


rdsdrvd lios. Ldrmosoreok ldktue cdhnalokc yokc mifosiheok, minmd miloci

adkbomi Fohg Sovd rd`tigidr mok Guhh Sovd rd`tigidr.
EO\OE]D\IP]IE CDKD\O]N\ M@
Admok aockdt pomo cdkdrotnr mopot milokceiteok mdkcok aockdt pdraokdk mok
aockdt rdaokdk. Cdkdrotnr histrie mdkcok aockdt pdraokdk sdrikc buco misdlut mdkcok

aockdtn mykoan, eordko lokyoe edeurokcokkyo, aoeo sdeorokc borokc micukoeok.

Pdmokceok cdkdrotnr mdkcok aockdt rdaokdk adkccukoeok admok aockdt histrie,
adapukyoi edhdlifok-edhdlifok yoitu admok aockdt yokc milokceiteok mopot miotur.
Zomo cdkdrotnr orus sdorof mopot ldrhoeu fulukcok-fulukcok sdlocoi ldrieut 2

 1 ɶ   / 7:   
Liho zZ/7:o 1 ` (enkstokto) aoeo 2

 1 ɶ  
?.  Cdkdrotnr ldrpdkcuotok ldlos, cdkdrotnr mdkcok hihitok admokkyo mopot
mifulukceok ed sualdr M@ yokc sd`oro histrie timoe tdrcoktukc mori adsik.

??
 1      
<.  Cdkdrotnr ldrpdkcuotok sdkmiri,
Cdkdrotnr sdorof sdri

 1  
 1  (    )    8  
Cdkdrotnr sfukt

?<
  1    
 1    8  
0.  Cdkdrotnr enapnk, adrupoeok colukcok mori cdkdrotnr sfukt mok cdkdrotnr sdri,
yokc mihdkceopi mdkcok euaporok sfukt mok sdri mdkcok sigot yokc miaihiei
adrupoeok colukcok mori edmuokyo.
Enapnk Zokbokc

 1  1    
 1    (  ) 8  
Enapnk pdkmde

 1    1    

?0
  1      8  
Pistda desitosi omohof sistda posneok histrie M@ sdlocoi pdkcuotok pomo cdkdrotnr
histrie
otou sdlocoi pdalokceit admok aockdt, sdfikcco suotu cdkdrotnr mopot adkcfosiheok
dkdrcy histrie mdkcok ldsor tdcokcok edhuoro cdkdrotnr ldrcoktukc pomo ldsorkyo orus
desitosikyo. Pistda desitosi pomo cdkdrotnr histrie mopot mildmoeok adkbomi muo ao`oa yoitu

sistda desitosi mdkcok adkccukoeok sieot (lrusf dx`itotink) mok sistda desitosi tokpo sieot
(lrusfhdss dx`itotink)

 l.< Cdkdrotnr O@
Cdkdrotnr O@ ldedrbo ldrmosoreok otos priksip mosor ikmuesi dhdetrnaockdtie.
]dcokcok lnhoe-lohie oeok milokceiteok ndhf putorok admok aockdtie mohoa euaporok
 bokceor yokc mioa. Mohoa foh iki euaporok admok tdrhdtoe pomo lociok yokc soao mdkcok

rntnr mori cdkdrotnr. Kihoi mori tdcokcok yokc milokceiteok ldrcoktukc pomo 2
  Buahof mori hihitok mohoa euaporok

 
 Euot admok aockdtie, aoeik euot admok aoeik ldsor tdcokcok yokc miikmuesieok

 
 Ed`dpotok putor mori cdkdrotnr itu sdkmiri
Zriksip cdkdrotnr iki sd`oro sdmdrfoko mopot mibdhoseok lofwo tdcokcok oeok
miikmuesieok pomo enkmuetnr opoliho enkmuetnr tdrsdlut ldrcdroe pomo admok aockdt
sdfikcco adantnkc coris-coris coyo. Fueua tokcok eokok ldrhoeu pomo cdkdrotnr
miaoko adkydluteok lofwo tdrmopot fulukcok oktoro pdkcfoktor ldrcdroe, orof admok
aockdt, mok orof rdsuhtok mori ohirok orus yokc tdrikmuesi.

Grdeudksi dhdetris yokc mifosiheok mori cdkdrotnr sikernk omohof sikernk

mdkcok ed`dpotok putor cdkdrotnr. Fulukcok oktoro ed`dpotok putor admok aockdt
pomo adsik
mdkcok grdeudksi dhdetre pomo stotnr omohof 2
  1Tktue
 hdlif
Ó adaofoai
 
rdoesi bokceor pomo cdkdrotnr O@, forus tdrhdlif mofuhu
7: <eoroetdristie cdkdrotnr tokpo ldlok mok yokc ldrldlok.
adaofoai

 
 Cdkdrotnr tokpo ldlok (ldlok knh), cdkdrotnr miputor pomo ed`dpotok
sikernk edaumiok rntnr mildri orus admok (ig). Aoeo pomo euaporok stotnr oeok
miikmuesieok
tdcokcok tokpo ldlok sdldsor  
2
?=
 1∄

?=
   Cdkdrotnr ldrldlok, euaporok bokceor stotnr oeok miohiri orus mok adkialuheok


ghuesi bokceor ( ∄. Ghues bokceor yokc mitialuheok tdrsdlut oeok ldriktdroesi
mdkcok
ghues yokc mifosiheok nhdf euaporok admok pomo rntnr ( ∄  , sdfikcco

oeok
adkcfosiheok ghues rdsuhtok sdldsor 2

∄ 1 ∄  ∄ 
Adkdktueok \doetoksi Pikernk (Vs)

 
 Zdr`nlook ldlok knh, mihoeueok pomo ed`dpotok sikernk mdkcok rokceoiok
bokceor tdrlueo (ldlok knh). Zdr`nlook mihoeueok mdkcok `oro adkcotur orus admok
mori knh soapoi rotikc tdcokcok nutput tdraikoh tdr`opoi.

  Zdr`nlook fulukc sikceot, tdraikoh cdkdrotnr mifulukc sikceoteok mdkcok



oapdrdadtdr yokc mihdtoeeok oktoro muo pdkcfoktor. Orus admok mikoieeok

sd`oro
 ldrtofop soapoi mipdrnhdf orus bokceor aoesiaua.

?.0 Zdkcoturok ]dcokcok mok Grdeudksi Cdkdrotnr

o. Zdkcoturok tdcokcok pomo Cdkdrotnr
]dcokcok mori siapuh mi CI mok tdcokcok mi Zusot Histrie ldrsoao-soao adaldktue
 prngih tdcokcok sistda. Ldrldmo mdkcok grdeudksi yokc soao mohoa sdauo lociok
sistda, tdcokcok timoe soao mohoa sdtiop lociok sistda sdfikcco pdkcoturok tdcokcok
hdlif suhit milokmikceok mdkcok pdkcoturok grdeudksi. Zdkcoturok tdcokcok omohof
pdrulofok tdcokcok tdraikoh pomo edomook ldlok knh (tokpo ldlok) mok tdcokcok
tdraikoh pomo edomook

 ldrldlok, yokc mikyotoeok mdkcok pdrsoaook 2 %   1 ∜  Ó?::% 


 l. Adtnmd yokc micukoeok mohoa pdkcoturok tdcokcok Cdkdrotnr

   Adtnmd Iapdmoksi Pikernk (Rs), hokceof-hokceofkyo 2

o)  ]dktueok kihoi iapdmoksi sikernk (Rs) mori eoroetdristie ldlok knh mok
eoroetdristie fulukc sikceot
 l)  ]dktueok kihoi \o ldrmosoreok fosih pdkcueurok mok pdrfitukcok
`)  Fitukc kihoi rdoetoksi sikernk (Rs)

m)  Fitukc forco tdcokcok ldlok kknh (   

d)  Fitukc pdrsdktosd pdkcoturok tdcokcok, mdkcok pdrsoaook 2

?4
1 −     

?4
 1 −     
 1 −      sik 
   Adtnmd oapdr hihit, mipdrnhdf mori pdr`nlook ldlok knh mok fulukc sikceot. Mdkcok
adtnmd iki rdoetoksi mioloeok mok rdoesi bokceor mipdrfitukceok. Omopuk
hokceof- hokceof adkdktueok kihoi orus admok yokc mipdrhueok, yoeki 2

o)  ]dktueok kihoi orus admok (vd`tnr NO) mori pdr`nlook ldlok knh yokc
mipdrhueok
 l)  ]dktueok kihoi orus admok (vd`tnr OL) mori pdr`nlook fulukc sikceot yokc
mipdrhueok uktue adkmopoteok orus soot cdkdrotnr ldrldlok.
`)  Coaloreok miocroa vdetnrkyo mdkcok adapdrfotieok goetnr moyokyo.

 
 Adtnmd Zntidr otou Goetnr Moyo Knh, ldrmosoreok pomo pdaisofok edruciok
oeilot rdoetoksi ln`nr mok pdkcoruf rdoetoksi bokceor. Moto yokc
mipdrhueok omohof eoroetdristie ldlok knh mok eoroetdristie ldrldlok.
Hokceof-hokceof uktue adkccoalor miocroa pntidr omohof sdlocoi ldrieut.

o)  Zomo ed`dpotok sikernk mdkcok ldlok rdoetnr, otur orus admok
soapoi tdcokcok knaikoh mok ldlok rdoetoksi adk`opoi orus knaikoh
 l)  Coaloreok coris sdbobor adhohui eurvo ldlok knh. Luot titie O
yokc adkukbueeok kihoi orus admok pomo pdr`nlook goetnr moyo knh
pomo soot tdcokcok knaikoh
`)  Luot titie L, ldrmosoreok pdr`nlook fulukc sikceot mdkcok orus bokceor
 pdkuf. NL adkukbueeok kihoi orus admok pomo soot pdr`nlook tdrsdlut

m)  ]orie coris OM yokc soao mok sdbobor coris NL

d)  Adhohui titie M torie coris sdbobor eurvo soapoi adantnkc eurvo ldlok
knh
mititie B. Pdcitico OMB misdlut sdcitico pntidr.
g)  Coalor coris BG tdcoe hurus OM,pokbokc BG adkukbueeok botuf tdcokcok
oeilot rdoetoksi ln`nr
c)  Adkukbueeok ldsorkyo orus admok yokc milutuf eok uktue adkcotosi
dgde aockdtisosi
f)  MG uktue pdkydialokc rdoetoksi ln`nr bokceor BG

?7
`. Zdkcoturok Grdeudksi pomo Cdkdrotnr
Ed`dpotok putorok rntnr oeok adapdkcorufi grdeudksi histrie yokc
mifosiheok cdkdrotnr. \ntnr tdrmiri otos rokceoiok dhd`trnaockdt mdkcok suphoi orus sdorof
(M@) uktue adaldktue admok aockdt pomo rntnr. Fulukcok oktoro ed`dpotok putorok
admok aockdt
 pomo rntnr mdkcok grdeudksi histrie pomo stotnr omohof 2

  1  Ó  Fdrtz
Mori ruaus miotos tdrhifot lofwo grdeudksi yokc mifosiheok cdkdrotnr sokcot

mipdkcorufi nhdf ed`dpotok putorok rntnr mok buahof eutul aockdt pomo cdkdrotnr.
?.= Adaporohdheok Cdkdrotnr
o. Pyorot uktue adaporohdheok Cdkdrotnr
Pyorot-syorot yokc forus mipdkufi uktue adaporohdheok muo cdkdrotnr otou hdlif
omohof sdlocoi ldrieut 2
   ]dcokcok edmuo cdkdrotnr forus soao ldsor

   Grdeudksi cdkdrotnr forus soao

   Goso edmuo cdkdrotnr forus soao

   Trutok goso, edmuo cdkdrotnr forus soao

Omo ldldropo adtnmd otou `oro uktue adaporohdheok cdkdrotnr yokc adkco`u
pomo syorot-syorot mi otos, yoitu 2

 
 Zdrsyorotok pdrtoao oeok tdrpdkufi liho cdhnalokc tdcokcok yokc mifosiheok edmuo
cdkdrotnr adapkyoi oaphitumd yokc soao

 
 Zdrsyortok edmuo grdeudksi mieotoeok soao liho cdhnalokc tdcokcok mori edmuo
cdkdrotnr mihoeueok pomo foktorok goso yokc sdkoao

  
Zdrsyorotok edtico oeok tdrpdkufi bieo pomo soot edmuo cdhnalokc tdcokcok
sohikc
 ldrfiapit

 
 Zdrsyorotok eddapot oeok tdrpkufi bieo goso edmuo cdkdrotnr mihoeueok pomo foktorok

?3
goso yokc sdkoao

?3
 l. Hokceof yokc micukoeok uktue adaporohdheok Cdkdrotnr
@oro Hoapu Ldrputor mok Wnhtadtdr
Luot rokceoiok sdpdrti pomo coalor milowof. Zihif hoapu mdkok tdcokcok edrbo muo
eohi tdcokcok goso kdtroh cdkdrotnr otou cukoeok muo hoapu yokc mifulukceok sd`oro
sdri.

Mohoa edomook soeohor P tdrlueo, hoeueok pdkcnpdrosiok cdkdrotnr, edaumio hifot

urutok kyoho hoapu. Trutok hoapu oeok ldrulof adkurut urutok H?-H<-H0-H?-H<-H0

@oro Wnhtadtdr, Grdeudksi Adtdr mok Pyk`frns`npd

Zomo pusot-pusot pdalokceit tdkoco histrie, uktue ikmi`otnr porohhdh cdkdrotnr lokyoe
yokc adkccukoeok Pyk`frns`npd .Zdkccukoook ohot iki mihdkceopi mdkcok vnhtadtdr uktue
adankitnr edsoaook tdcokcok mok grdeudksi adtdr uktue edsoaook grdeudksi.
Edtopotok
sumut oso mopot mihioft mori syk`frns`npd. Liho borua pdkukbue ldrputor ldrhowokok
orof
 borua boa iki ortikyo grdeudksi cdkdrotnr hdlif rdkmof mok liho sdorof borua boa
ldrorti grdeudksi cdkdrotnr hdlif tikcci.
Adtnmd sdmdrfoko yokc mipdrcukoeok uktue adksikernkeok muo cdkdrotnr otou hdlif
omohof mdkcok adapdrcukoeok sikernsenp hoapu. Yokc forus mipdrfotieok mohoa

?6
adtnmd sdmdrfoko iki omohof hoapu-hoapu ikmi`otnr forus sokccup adkofok muo eohi
tdcokcok oktor

goso.

?6
  
 Pikernknsenp hoapu cdhop, adkcfulukceok oktoro edtico goso, yoitu T mdkcok T, W
mdkcok W mok S mdkcok S.
Coalor ?0<

 
 Pikernknsenp hoapu tdrokc, adkcfulukceok oktoro edtico goso, yoitu T mdkcok
W mdkcok S mok S mdkcok T.

Coalor ?0=
 
 Pikernknsenp hoapu tdrokc cdhop, pdrpomuok oktoro sikernknsenp hoapu cdhop
mok hoapu tdrokc. Zriksipkyo adkcfulukceok sotu goso soao mok muo gso yokc
ldrhoikok, yoitu goso T mdkcok goso T, goso W mdkcok goso S mok goso S
mdkcok goso W.
Coalor ?07
`. Adtnmd yokc micukoeok uktue adaporohdheok Cdkdrotnr
Hnom Pforikc
Tktue adkcotosi pdraosohofok tdrbomikyo nvdrhnom pomo cdkdrotnr yokc eopositoskyo
hdlif rdkmof omohof tdrhdlif mofuhu eito adkcdtofui eoroetdristie mori sdtiop cdkdrotnr, yoitu

moyo tdrfomop putorok otou grdeudksi. Pdhoik itu eoroetdristie mori aosikc-aosikc
cdkdrotnr forus adapukyoi mrnnp yokc soao. Mdkcok eoroetdristie yokc mdaieiok
eito mopot
adhoeueok pdkcoturok moyo cdkdrotnr sdfikcco mopot adk`opoi prnsdktosd yokc soao pomo
aosikc-aosikc ukit cdkdrotnr yokc miporohdh.
Pupoyo tdrbomi mistrilusi ldlok sdpdrti pomo miocroa eoroetdristie, aoeo
oktor cdkdrotnr minpdrosieok pomo ed`dpotok ldrsoao yokc ldsorkyo omohof sdlocoi ldrieut2
Ed`dpotok ldrsoao 1 l/m*c otou 1 m/d *c (%). Tktue adkmopoteok putorok cdkdrotnr mdkcok
 pdalociok ldlok yokc mdaieiok mopot micukoeok ruaus 2

 1   ⟧     (   )⟣ 

Ophieosikyo sup oyo mopot tdrbomi mistrilusi ldlok oktor cdksdt yokc

mdaieiok aoeo
mipdrcukoeok ohot hnom sfordr uktue adaloci ldlok cdksdt sd`oro prnpnrsinkoh ldrmosoreok
eopositos cdkdrotnr.. Eordko pdrtoalofok ldlok sistda edhistrieok yokc forus
mitokccukc nhdf cdkdrotnr aoeo mipdrhueok pdrtoalofok moyo mori cdkdrotnr hoik uktue
adkc`nvdr
 ldlok sistda edhistrieok.
Tktue edtdktuok buahof cdkdrotnr mieopoh, sdeurokc-eurokckyo muo ocrdcot
yokc tdrpisof mori adsik pdkccdroe utoao forus misdmioeok uktue pdaldriok moyo ikstohosi
?9
histrie. Iki uktue adkboaik bieo cdkdrotnr tdrbomi edrusoeok mihout aoeo eopoh
aosif mopot
 ldrnpdrosi. Edtdktuok uktue eopositoskyo, moyo edhuor mori cdkdrotnr yokc
sdeurokc-

?9
eurokckyo mipdrhueok uktue pdhoyokok mihout forus ?4% hdlif tikcci moripomo edlutufok
moyo yokc mitdtopeok mohoa lohoks moyo.

?.4 Zdadhiforook Cdkdrotnr

o. @oro adadiforo mok Zdadriesook Cdkdrotnr
Zriksip mosor pdadhifoorook mimosoreok pomo 2

   Zdadhiforook ldrmosoreok woetu (tiad losdm aoiktdkok`d)

   Zdadhiforook ldrmosoreok enkmisi otou edomook (`nkmitink losd aoiktdkok`d)

Zdadhiforook rutik
Adrupoeok pdadhiforook yokc mihoeueok pomo woetu otou grdeudksi eurokc mori sotu

tofuk. Pdsuoi mdkcok rdktokc woetu mok hikceup pdedrbookkyo, pomo pdadhiforook rutik,
mopot miedhnapneeok adkbomi tico ao`oa, yoitu 2

 
 Zdadhiforook foriok, adhiputi adaoktou poroadtdr mok enkmisi sdhoao
npdrosi,pdaldrsifok

  
Zdadhiforook aikccuok, adhiputi adkcuhokc pdadhiforook foriok, mihokbuteok
pomo
 pdadriesook crdosd hulri`otink, pdaldrsifok gihtdr-gihtdr mok Udkmikcik (`nnhdr)

 
 Zdadhiforook triwuhok, adhiputi adkcuhokc pdedrbook luhokok yokc forus mihoeueok
sdsuoi mdkcok ikstruesi pomo aokuoh
Zdadhiforook Zdrinmie
Zdadhiforook tdrsdlut adapukyoi pdrinmd woetu tdrtdktu yoitu mori Z7 (7::: boa 1
]N), Z3 (?<::: boa 1 PN), mok Z6 (?6::: boa 1 AN).

 
 ]np Nvdrfouh (7::: boa), pdadriesook sdauo edpoho sihikmdr mok enapnkdk
yokc hoik,pdadriesook mok pdkcueurok sotu loktohok mok loktohok huk`urok,
pdaldrsifok cdkdrotnr, pdadriesook pdrohotok histrie, pdadriesook pdrowot
pdkmikcik, pdadriesook
`oirok pdrdmoa cdtoro, pdadriesook turln`forcdr, mok pdkcdtdsok edaoapuok adsik

   Pdai Nvdrfouh (?<::: boa), adhiputi sdai nvdrfouh uktue putorok 8 34:: rpa

  Aoynr Nvdrfouh (?6:::), adhiputi nvdrfouh edpoho sihikmdr, nvdrfouh pistnk, loktohok


turln`forcdr mok sihikmdr lhne, pdadriesook pdrhdkceopok, mok

<:
pdkcdtdsok edaoapuok adsik.

<:
Zdadhiforook pdrinmi` \utik

 
 Pdrvi`d, adhiputi pdedrbook adhuaosi, adaldrsifeok, adkccokti, mok adkoalof
aikyoe pdhuaos otou lofok loeor eiaio

 
 Ikspdesi, adhiputi pdedrbook pdkcoaotok aoupuk pdkcueurok, pdkydtdhok, pdrloieok
mok pdkccoktiok pomo ukit pdalokceit tokpo adalueo otou adhdpos lociok-
lociok

utoao.

Zdadhiforook Zrdmietig
Adrupoeok pdadhiforook autoefir yoitu pdadhiforook yokc mihoeueok ldrmosoreok
 pomo fosih pdkcoaotok moto mok ikgnraosi tdreoit ohot yokc oeok mipdhiforo. Ldsorok -ldsorok
yokc pdrhu mioaoti uktue adkdktueok eopok suotu ohot forus mipdhiforo tdrcoktukc
edpomo
 bdkis ohot. Pd`oro uaua, ldsorok-ldsorok yokc pdrhu mioaoti oktoro hoik omohof 2

   ]ofokok isnhosi
   Orus ldlok antnr


  Pufu oir pdkmikcik
   Cdtorok mori pnrns yokc ldrputor

   ]deokok aikyoe pdhuaos

   Eokmukcok oir

   Pikor ikgroadrof

   Zortieoh mis`forcd

   \deoaok orus mok tdcokcok Pwit`fikc

   \deoaok grdeudksi

 l. Hokceof-hokceof mohoa pdadriesook Cdkdrotnr

Adaldrsifeok cdkdrotnr
Hokceof-hokceofkyo,
 
 Piopeok sdauo pdrohotok yokc milutufeok, hohu ldrsifeok sdauo lociok cdkdrotnr
mori huor adkccukoeok enaprdsnr umoro

   Ldrsifeok sdauo lociok yokc ldr`oapur mdkcok aikyoe, hohu edrikceok

mok
 ldrsifeok sdauo lociok yokc tdredko entnrok mok ldksik. Pdhokbutkyo ldrsifeok
 lociok mohoa mori cdkdrotnr adkccukoeok enaprdsnr umoro
<?
 
 Zdrieso mok oaoti mdkcok tdhiti sdrto `otothof sdauo edtdrokcok adkcdkoi moto-
moto cdkdrotnr hohu lueohof pdkutup sohurok

<?
  
 Pdhokbutkyo tdhitihof `oro-`oro uktue pdkyoalukcok rokceoiok mdkcok
adapdrfotieok edtdrokcok yokc trmopot pomo pdkutup lociok ldhoeokc sdtdhof
itu
 pdriesohof ship rikckyo. ]utup edalohi sdauo lociok yokc tdhof milueo
Adaldrsifeok edomook adeokie cdkdrotnr
Hokceof-hokceofkyo,


  Piopeok sdauop drohotok yokc milutufeok, hohu euoteok mok edroseok lout-lout
 pdkcuot hokmosok.

  Euoteok otou edroseok lout-lout pdkcuot tutup cdkdrotnr. Pdhokbutkyo lueohof entoe


sohurok pdkutup eoldh hohu euoteok mok edroseok lout-lout pdkcuot sohurok
eoldh, sdtdhof sdhdsoi tutup edalohi entoe sohurok

  Zdcokchof pnrns cdkdrotnr, hohu cnyokceok opoeof edkmnr otou timoe, sdhokbutkyo


ueur mdkcok adkccukoeok mioh tdst ikmi`otnr. Hhou ueur edmumueok enpdhikc
otou
 puhhdy mdkcok adkccukoeok pdkyieu

  Zutor cdkdrotnr mdkcok adkccukoeok adsik pdkccdroe



Zdadriesook edomook edhistrieok

Hokceof-hokceofkyo,

   Piopeok sdauo pdrohotok yokc milutufeok, sdhokbutkyo luot mogtor fosih pdkcueurok.
  Teur tofokok ldhitok admok aockitko mdkcok auhtiadtdr. Pdhokbutkyo ueur tofokok


sdeot oktoro ldhitok goso mdkcok lomok (crnukm) adkccukoeok adcdr

 
 Teur tofokok ldhitok yokc sotu tdrfomo yokc hoik, sdhokbutkyo ueur tofokok
ldhitok goso mdkcok auhtiadtdr.

  Pdhokbutkyo ueur tofokok sdeot oktoro ldhitok goso mdkcok goso yokc hoik. Pdhokbutkyo


ueur tofokok sdeot ldhitok goso mdkcok ldhitok admok. ]droefira ueur tofokok sdeot
oktoro ldhitok-ldhitok mdkcok lomok (crnukm).
Zdadhiforook Enrdetig
Mihoeueok opoliho tdrbomi edcocohok ldruhokc pomo suotu adsik otou enapnkdk adsik
mohoa rokceo adk`dcof bokcok soapoi tdruhokc edalohi mi aoso mdpok mdkcok adhoeueok
stumi (rdsdrvd dkcikddrikc), adrok`okc uhokc, adkdtopeok edalohi spdsigieosi aotdrioh,
adaosokc mok adkcubi enapnkdk yokc cocoh tdrsdlut.
Hopnrok Zdadhiforook

   @otot tokccoh pdhoesokook, pdedrbook-pdedrbook yokc mihoesokoeok

   Zdkccukook tdkoco edrbo yokc adhoesokoeok pdedrbook pdadhiforook
<<
   \denadkmosi uktue npdrosi mok pdadhiforook yokc oeok motokc

<<
    Zdrfitukcok lioyo pdadhiforook mohoa rupiof pdr eSf.

?.7 Adkcimdktigieosi mok Adapdrloiei Cokccuok pomo Cdkdrotnr

o. Adkcimdktigieosi cokccuok pomo cdkdrotnr
Cokccuok eikdrbo cdkdrotnr sdrikc tdrbomi, foh iki misdloleok nhdf ldldropo foh
 ldrieut iki 2

   Ohot prntdesi timoe ldrgukcsi sdlocoiaoko adstikyo

   Zdadhiforook cdkdrotnr timoe mibohokeok sd`oro tdrotur

   Cokccuok adeokie yokc ldroeilot pomo cokccuok edhistrieokkyo

   Zdkcomook owoh cdkdrotnr timoe sdsuoi stokmor

   Zdkcnpdrosiok cdkdrotnr timoe sdsuoi prnsdmur

Okohiso cokccuok edhistrieok stotnr
   ]ofokok isnhosi ldhitok adkuruk

   Fulukc sikceot oktoro ldhitok mdkcok lomok (crnukm).

   ]ofokok ldhitok oktoro goso timoe soao

Okohiso cokccuok edhistrieok \ntnr
Cdkdrotnr mdkcok rntnr bdkis ldhitok admok (rntnr dx`itdr midhm) adaihiei enkstruesi
yokc sokcot sdmdrfoko, enenf mok sokcot borokc tdrbomi cokccuok. Tauakyo cokccuok yokc
tdrbomi omohof ieotok lout soalukcok ubukc-ubukc ldhitok sdrikc edkmur otou tdrhdpos.
Okohiso Cokccuok ]dcokcok
Bieo cdkdrotnr omo cdboho timoe edhuor tdcokcok, aoeo uktue adkcimdktigieosi
bdkis cokccuok yokc aukceik tdrbomi mopot mitikbou mdkcok adkccukoeok ruaus 1<.<<

Ó Ó
  Ó   Ó   Ó ∄ Ó  Ó?:∜6    1 =.== Ó  Ó  Ó   Ó
  Ó ∄Ó  Ó
 ?:∜6  
Cokccuok yokc tdrbomi pomo ldhitok eutul, oktoro hoik misdloleok nhdf 2

   Fulukc sikceot oktoro ldhitok eulut mdkcok lomok (crnukm)



<0
   Fulukc sikceot oktoro euaporok aockdt sotu mdkcok euaporok aockdt yokc hoik
   Euaporok aockdt putus

<0
    \okceoiok dhdetrnaockdtkyo eurokc loie.

 l. Poot Cdkdrotnr forus sdcdro miaotieok

Milowof iki omohof sdpuhuf eosus miaoko okmo forus sdcdro auhoi adwospomoi
cdkdrotnr ok adaotieok adsik loktu yokc mohoa aosohof 2

?)  Ldrlukyi/ldrsuoro timoe knraoh, adsik forus sdcdro mifdktieok mok pdad`ofok
aosohof forus mihoeueok
<)  Osop, timoe pdrhu ngghnom cdkdrotnr eohou situosikyo tdhof adhdwoti tikceot
lofoyo.
Cukoeok tnalnh ldrfdkti morurot /dadrcdk`y.
0)  Zoroadtdr tdeokok aikyoe pdhuaos, fdktieok cdkdrotnr sdcdro mok `ori
pdkydlol aosohofkyo, liso bomi aukceik iki oeilot `nnhdr aikyoe pdhuaos
entnr otou mihtdr yokc aoapot.
=)  Zdrldmook tdeokok tikcci (miggdrdktioh prdssurd), bieo tdeokok migdrdksioh omohof mohoa

eisorok yokc hdlif tikcci, fdktieok cdkdrotnr mok cukoeok stokmly gihtdr.
4)  Nvdrspddm, misdloleok eordko aosohof mohoa sistda lofok loeor, efususko
edrusoeok cnvdrknr.
7)  Pupphy oir pdkmikcik, bieo timoe omo posneok oir pdkmikcik eordko edcocohok pnapo,
cdkdrotnr forus sdcdro miaotieok uktue adkcfikmori edrusoeok oeilot nvdrfdotikc
3)  Edln`nrok mori pipo-pipo
6)  Cdtorok mok lociok-lociok adsikc hnkccor, bieo mitdaueok lout hnkccor
otou tdrmdtdesi cdtorok ldrot edtieo adsik sdmokc ldrbohok, fdktieok adsik cdksdt
sdcdro
9)  Ohora mok trips timoe ldrgukcsi, bieo mimopoti ohora cdkdrotnr tdrmdtdesi timoe ldedrbo,

aoeo cdkdrotnr forus mifdktieok sdcdro eordko omo edaukceikok buco lofwo ohora
 pdktikc hoikkyo mok trips systda buco timoe ldedrbo.
?:) Nhi ldr`oapur oir, adkcurokci eopositok ohirok nhi sdfikcco adkydloleok edrusoeok
 pomo loktohok. Cdkdrotnru forus mildrfdktieok bieo eomor oir sumof sokcot tikcci.

`. Adapdrloiei cokccuok pomo Cdkdrotnr

Ldrieut iki omo ldldropo cokccuok yokc lioso tdrbomi pomo cdkdrotnr 2
 
 Adsik timoe mopot mi stort, snhusikyo adkcokti lotdroi hdaof otou aoti, pdrloiei antnr
stotdr, enenfeok soalukcok, mok adkcisi umoro tdeok mi tokcei

<=
 
 Adsik mopot mi stor tdtopi tilo-tilo aoti, snhusikyo luokc oir mok umoro mori
mohoa tokcei, ldrsifeok hulokc vdktihosi tokcei lofok loeora cokti sorikcok
lofok loeor yokc tdrsualot, mok ldrsifeok eotup pnapo pdkcisi lofok loeor rntnr

  Moyo adsik fihokc, snhusikyo cokti phukydr pnapo yokc tdhof ous, cokti eotul


mok mumueokkyo, cokti pdcos eutul yokc potof, mok ldrsifeok eotul knzdh

  Cokccuok pdkccdroe owoh, snhusikyo omohof adhdkceopi pdkcoaok tdrfomop edrbo



 lohie otou ankitnrikc eordko cokccuok-cokccuok adeokie

  
Cokccuuok fihokc pdkcuotok, snhusikyo adhdkceopi pdkcoaok tdrfomop
fihokc
 pdkcuotok (hnss ng gidhm rdhoy)

   Cokccuok Orus hdlif, snhusikyo omohof adhdkceopi pdkcoaok tdrfomop orus

   Cokccuok putorok hdlif, snhusikyo omohof adhdkceopi mdkcok pdkcoaok tdrfomop

 putoro hdlif yokc aoapu adaldrieok sikyoh tripikc pomo pdautus tdkoco

 
 Cokccuok tdcokcok hdlif, snhusikyo omohof cnvdrknr pomo cdkdrotnr
adkcotur ed`dpotok putorok ocor putorokkyo tdtop knraoh.

   Cokccuok edtimoe sdialokcok ldlok, cdkdrotnr forus sdcdro mioaokeok

   Cokccuok isnhosi

<4
 LOL III
ZDALOFOPOK
0.? Isi Aotdri mori Lueu
Cdkdrotnr tdaosue adsik histrie yokc ldrpdrok uktue adkculof ldktue dkdrcy
adeokie adkbomi dkdrcy histrie. Enkstruesi cdkdrotnr tdrmiri otos stotnr mok rntnr.
Ptotnr tdrmiri otos rokceo antnr,sieot orokc, ldorikc mok tdraikoh lnx. Pdmokceok
lociok rntnr tdrmiri mori enautotnr, ldhitok rntnr, eipos rntnr mok pnrns rntnr. Gukcsi utoao
mori cdkdrotnr stotnr omohof sdlocoi lociok mori tdapot adkcohirkyo ghues aockit yokc
mifosiheok eutul- eutul kaockit. Ldrmosoreok sistda pdalokceitokkyo cdkdrotnr O@ mopot
miloci adkbomi muo yoitu cdkdrotnr sotu goso mok cdkdrotnr tico goso.
Mohoa mukio histrie miedkoh ldldropo fueua-fueua mosor histrie, yoitu fueua
goromoy, fueua oapdrd lint sovort, fueua hdkz mok priksip enkvdrsi dkdrcy
dhdetrnaockdtie. Zriksip edrbo suotu cdkdrotnr orus sdorof ldrmosoreok fueua Goromoy,
mdkcok hoik pdreotook, opoliho suotu enkmuetnr adantnkc coris-coris ghuesi aockdtie yokc
ldrulof-louf, aoeo cch oeok milokceiteok mohoa enkmuetnr itu. Tktue adkmopoteok orus
sdorof mori orus lnhoe-lohie mdkcok adkccukoeok soehor, enautotnr mok sistda minmd.
Ldrmosoreok `oro adaldrieok ghues pomo euaporok admokkyo, cdkdrotnr orus sdorof
mopot miedhnapneeok adkbomi muo yoitu cdkdrotnr ldrpdkcuotok ldlos mok cdkdrotnr
ldrpdkcuotok sdkmiri.
Zdkcoturok tdcokcok omohof pdrulofok tdcokcok tdraikoh pomo edoomok ldlok knh
mok tdcokcok tdraikoh pomo edomook ldrldlok. Tktue adkdktueok pdkcoturok tdcokcok
pomo cdkdrotnr mopot mihoeueok mdkcok adaokgooteok eoroetdristie ldlok knh mok fulukc
sikceot. Grdeudksi cdkdrotnr sokcot mipdkcorufi nhdf buahof eutul mok ed`dpotok putorok
rntnr.
]ubuok adaporohdheok cdkdrotnr omohof uktue adkoalof eopositos mori
cdkdrotnr mohoa adaieuh ldlok mok adkbomo enktikuitos pdhoyokok edpomo
enksuadk. Zorohdh cdkdrotnr mopot miortieok adkccolukceok muo luof cdkdrotnr otou
hdlif mok edaumiok minpdrosieok sd`oro ldrsoao-soao. Liho suotu cdkdrotnr mildloki
adhdlifi mori eoposistos knaikohkyo, aoeo foh tdrsdlut oeok adkcoeiloteok cdkdrotnr
timoe ldedrbo otou oeok adkcohoai edrusoeok. ]ubuok hoik mori adaporohdheok
cdkdrotnr omohof uktue adkboco enktikuitos pdhoyokok pomo enksuadk (pdaoeoi moyo
histrie).
Zriksip pdadhiforok cdkdrotnr mimosoreok pomo 2
<7
   Zdadhiforook ldrmosoreok woetu (tiad losdm aoiktdkok`d)

   Zdadhiforook ldrmosoreok enkmisi otou edomook (`nkmitink losd aoiktdkok`d)

<7
 Zdadhiforok omohof suotu tikmoeok tdekis, omaikistrosi mok gikoksioh yokc mitubueok
uktue adapdrtofokeok otou adkcdalohieok ocor cdkdrotnr edalohi pomo ukbue edrbo
sdpdrti sdauho.
Foh-foh yokc yokc adkbomi pdkydlol auk`uhkyo edrusoeok pomo cdkdrotnr omohof
ohot
 prntdesi timoe ldrgukcsi, pdadhiforook cdkdrotnr timoe tdrotur, cokccuok adeokie, cdkdrotnr

timoe sdsuoi stokmor, pdkcnpdrosiok cdkdrotnr timoe sdsuoi prnsdmur. Zomo uauakyo
cokccuok pomo cdkdrotnr omohof
?)  Adsik timoe mopot stort
<)  Adsik mopot mi stort, topi tilo-tilo aoti
0)  Moyo adsik fihokc
=)  Cokccuok Zdkccdroe owoh
4)  Cokccuok Fihokc pdkcuotok
7)  Cokccuok orus hdlif
3)  Cokccuok putorok hdlif

6)  Cokccuok ]dcokcok Hdlif

9)  Cokccuok edtimoesdialokcok ldlok
?:) Cokccuok isnhosi

0.< Edhdlifok mok Edhdaofok Lueu

EDHDLIFOK
Zomo lueu ldrbumuh Cdkdrotnr yokc misusuk nhdf Lofor, adaihiei 7 aotdri
mohoa adkcupos hdlif mohoa tdktokc cdkdrotnr mioktorokkyo omohof enkstruesikyo,
priksip edrbo,
 pdkcoturok tdcokcok mok grdeudksi, cdkdrotnr porohhdh, pdadhiforook, mok cokccuok pomo

cdkdrotnr. Mori sdci `nvdr, lueu tdrsdlut adaihiei worko liru mok adrof yokc
adaihiei
 pomuok yokc sdsuoi sdfikcco pdalo`o sokcot tdrtorie adhifot soapuh tdrsdlut.
Omokyo lincrogi tdrtuhis pomo lociok ldhoeokc lueu buco adaldrieok pdalo`o
 pdkcdtofuok hdlif hotor ldhoeockyo pdkuhis ikcik adkuyusuk lueu tdktokc cdkdrotnr. Omokyo
edbdhosok adkcdkoi prnsds lueu tdrsdlut sdpdrti mdsoik, pdkdrlit, mok IPLK buco adyoeikeok
 lofwo lueu tdrsdlut mopot mibomieok o`uok otou pdmnaok mohoa adapdhobori cdkdrotnr.
]iop lol tdrmiri mori rokceuaok miaoko ldrgukcsi sdlocoi adkcuhokc edalohi
 pdalo`o sdtdhof adalo`o aotdri sdldhuakyo. Omokyo tucos otou hotifok-hotifok buco mopot
adaldri pnsitig edpomo pdalo`o, yoitu adkikceoteok ikcotok mok adhotif edaoapuok
<3
 pdalo`o sdbouf aoko io adkcdtofui aotdri tdrsdlut.

<3
 Omokyo mogtor pustoeo buco mopot mibomieok rdgdrdksi mori aoko sobo aotdri mok
ensoeoto tdrsdlut mioalih.Omokyo pdkutup pomo lociok oefir sdldhua mogtor pustoeo
buco mopot adkcikcot edalohi si pdalo`o mohoa adalo`o lueu tdrsdlut sd`oro
edsdhurufok. Aotdri yokc mibdhoseok pomo lueu buco sdsuoi mdkcok tdaok pdr lol mok sul
bumuhkyo.

EDHDAOFOK
Edhdaofok mori lueu iki fokyo muo, yoitu mori sdci lofoso mok toto pdkuhisok
yokc micukoeok.Zomo sdci lofoso tdrmopot ldldropo eohiaot yokc tdrhohu lokyoe adaluokc
sueu eoto sdfikcco lofoso tdrsdlut adkbomi eurokc adkcdrti. Pdmokceok toto pdkuhisokkyo
oktoro hoik omohof, tdrhohu edtdkcof mohoa adauhoi pdkuhisok sdfikcco tdredsok hdlif lnrns
mohoa
 pdkccukook edrtos. Pdhoik itu, omo coalor yokc foapir ldrtolroeok pomo tuhisokkyo sdpdrti
 pomo fohoaok 04. Pdhoik itu, tuhisok ruaus miluot ueurok hdlif ldsor mori yokc hoik sdhoik itu
mildri edtdlohok pomo furug itu. Pdforuskyo `ueup mildri edtdlohok sobo sumof mopot adaluot
 pdalo`o aoapu adkcdtofui ruaus itu. ]imoe usof mipdrldsoreok.

Mori sdci pdkuhisok yokc micukoeok, foapir sdlociok adaihiei eohiaot yokc
timoe dgdetig, oktoro hoik 2

   Zomo fohoaok 3, eohiaot yokc dgdetig omohof ‘mori eowot tdaloco (ldrl dktue luhot
otou pdrsdci)- 

   Zomo fohoaok 6, eohiaot yokc dgdetig omohof ‘gukcsi mori sieot omohof sdlocoi
 bdalotok loci ohirok orus…- 

  
Zomo fohoaok ?0, eohioat yokc dgdetig omohof ‘ldhoeokckyo mifulukceok ed
sdluof
sdcadk enautotnr adkmofuhui euaporok sdldhuakyo-

 
 Zomo fohoaok ?=, pdkcdrtiok cdkdrotnr O@ mituhis ldruhokc. Pdforuskyo `ueup sdeohi

sobo
  
Zomo fohoaok <=, eohiaot yokc ldkor omohof ‘sotu siehus cch oeok pdkuf
mifosiheok
 liho rntnr mdkcok…- 

  Zomo fohoaok 0<, eohiaot tdrsdlut bokcok mildri titie mi tdkcof-tdkcof eohiaot.


Pdforuskyo yokc ldkor omohof ‘mohoa ohur sd`oro tdrpisof sdfikcco cch pomo tdraikoh

adkbomi hdlif ed`ih…- 

   Zomo fohoaok 46, eohiaot yokc ldkor sdforuskyo ‘ pomo edmuo ubukc euaporok oeok

<6
 tialuh tdcokcok yokc misdlut mdkcok sikusnimo.-

 
 Zomo fohoaok 3:,94 mok ?0? , tdrbomi edsohofok pomo pdknanrok. Pdforuskyo miauhoi
mori o,l,` lueok mori `,m,d.

<6
    
Zomo fohoaok ?:3, eohiaot yokc ldkor omohof ‘  1 tdcokcok cdkdrotnr pomo edomook
 ldlok knh (tokpo ldlok) mok W 1 tdcokcok tdraikoh cdkdrotnr soot ldrldlok-
 
 Zomo fohok ?03-?09 gnkt pomo tuhisok tdrsdlut hdlif ldsor mori yokc hoik.
 
 Zomo fohoaok ?46, pomo owohkyo miedhnapneeok adkbomi dapot, koauk fokyo
tico yokc milofos sdfikcco tdredsok eurokc yoeik mdkcok aotdri tdrsdlut

Zomo mogtor pustoeo , omo ldldropo aotdri mioalih mori iktdrkdt. Koauk, pdkuhisok uktue
mogtor pustoeo timoe sdsuoi, timoe miedtofui koao pdkuhis aoupuk eopok mioesds ed wdlsitd
tdrsdlut. Mok pomo mogtor pustoeo timo mipdrlnhdfeok adaluot pdknanrok. Tktue
adaldmoeokkyo `ueup adaldri boroe oktoro sualdr aotdri sotu mdkcok sualdr
aotdri hoikkyo.

<9
 LOL IW

ZDKT]TZ

=.? Edsiapuhok

Lueu cdkdrotnr yokc mituhis nhdf Loforummik mopot mibomieok pdmnaok

mohoa adapdhobori cdkdrotnr efususkyo mi limokc aoto euhiof tdrtdktu. Omokyo ruaus
misdrtoi
aotdri yokc adkbdhoseokkyo mopot adaluot pdalo`o sdaoeik pofoa mdkcok isi lueu
tdrsdlut. Adsei lokyoe edsohofok mohoa toto tuhisok, aoupuk coyo lofoso sdtimoekyo
edsohofok tdrsdlut aosif mopot tdrotosi.

Pdhoik itu, lueu cdkdrotnr tdrsdlut fokyo adkbdhoseok sdlociok ldsor mori
aotdri tdrsdlut. Tktue adk`ori hdlif hokbut otou ikcik adkcdtofui hdlif mohoa hoci,
eito mopot adhifot mogtor pustoeo pomo oefir fohoaok lueu tdrsdlut.

=.< Porok

Mohoa adrdvidw sdluof lueu, yokc forus pdrtoao eohi mihoeueok omohof adkdktueok
tdao. Pdtdhof itu adhifot imdktitos mori lueu yokc oeok mirdvidw opoeof hdkceop otou timoe.

0:
 MOG]O\ ZTP]OEO

Loforummik.<:?4. Cdkdrotnr. Tkiadm Zrdss 2 Admok

0?