Sustainability

Jianpeng Zhou1*, Kimberly DiGiovanni2, Matthew Ries3, Philip T. McCreanor4

ABSTRACT: This review on Sustainability covers  Sustainability and energy in wastewater industry,

selected journal articles and conferences papers published climate change, and water reuse

in 2012 and is divided into the following sections1:  Sustainability rating systems

 Sustainable water and wastewater utilities The Stormwater and Green Infrastructure (GI)

 Sustainable water resources management describe the current development in four areas: (1)

 Industrial and corporate approaches towards performance monitoring of GI/LID (low impact

sustainability development) systems; (2) modeling GI/LID systems; (3)

 Stormwater and green infrastructure assessment and planning tools for GI/LID systems; and

 Sustainability in wastewater treatment (4) social impacts of GI/LID systems.

 Life cycle assessment (LCA) applications

KEYWORDS: sustainability, water, wastewater,

stormwater, green infrastructure, low impact development,

1*
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
life cycle assessment (LCA), energy, climate change,

Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL water reuse.

62026; Tel. 618-650-3221; email: jzhou@siue.edu

2
Assistant Director, Sustainable Water Resource Engineering doi: 10.2175/106143013X13698672322309
Laboratory, Department of Civil, Architectural, and

Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA

Sustainable Water and Wastewater Utilities
3
Senior Research Fellow, Patel College of Global
Sustainable practice for the water and
Sustainability, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
4
wastewater industry has become more important because
Associate Professor, School of Engineering, Mercer

University, Macon, GA
of the ever-increasing pressure on utilities to reduce costs

Acknowledgment: Azadeh Akhavan Bloorchian of Southern and meet more stringent environmental standards. Jolly

Illinois University Edwardsville; Conor Bourque and Grace and Atoulikian (2012) reported an energy audits at DC
Guste of Drexel University; and Stephen White of Philadelphia Water’s Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment
Water Department assisted the review and are acknowledged.
Plant and its pumping stations. The project studied the
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configuration and operation of the treatment process; (SD) model to analyze water resources in Hubei (China).

analyzed the building envelopes, HVAC systems, lighting, This model, based on water resources-ecology-economy

equipment, and electrical distribution systems; reviewed compound system theory and system dynamics, was used

energy use and conservation opportunities; evaluated to analyze the economic development in Hubei (China) in

alternative energy supplies including on-site production relation to water consumption and water carrying

and procurement. This study found that, implementing an capability.

energy plan depends on both technical solutions and Tian et al. (2012) conducted the water footprint

effective management; in addition to energy, savings in modeling for Jinan (China), which quantified the virtual

other areas such as chemical use may also be realized by water embedded in agricultural and industrial products.

adopting best practices found from the energy audits. The study revealed that Jinan is a net exporter of virtual

water, which directly risks the water resource security of

Sustainable Water Resources Management Jinan. It was suggested that Jinan needs to adjust its

Laghari et al. (2012) reported a comprehensive virtual water trade structure, reduce virtual water

study on the Indus Basin, which is shared by Pakistan, embedded in the industrial products that this city exports,

India, Afghanistan, and China. Because of population and seek innovations for improved water resource

growth, rapid urbanization and industrialization, management. Watson et al. (2012) performed assimilative

environmental degradation, unregulated use of resources, capacity modeling to support a statewide comprehensive

and poverty, this region faces major challenges for water water management planning for Georgia (USA). The

supply. For sustainable water resources management assimilative assessment developed and calibrated a series

(WRM), this study considered both water supply and of integrated models that were used to evaluate a number

water demand management. Water supply management of water management scenarios. Findings are to assist the

considered reservoir management; water quality Regional Planning Council to develop a Water

conservation and wastewater infrastructure; alternative Development and Conservation Plan. Integrated water

water resources; land use planning and soil conservation resources planning is a systematic approach for

as well as flood management. Water demand management sustainable development and water resources

studied the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater; management. In a study on the Beda River basin in

rehabilitation and modernization of infrastructure; Madhya Pradesh - a sub-basin of the Narmada River,

increasing efficiency of water use for agriculture; crop Maliwal et al. (2012) evaluated various alternatives about

planning and diversification; economic instruments; and water resources development on the whole drainage basin

changing food demand patterns and limiting post-harvest as well as sub-basins, considered available water

losses. Dan and Wei-Shuai (2012) used a system dynamic

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resources, urbanization and associated increase in both Hahn (2012) considered the shortcomings of green

domestic and irrigation water demand. business on its use to develop corporate sustainability

strategies. The study showed how companies can go

Industrial and Corporate Approaches towards beyond the limits of their environmental strategies by

Sustainability applying the well-established method of opportunity costs

To assist corporations in contributing to and to the assessment of environmental resources. Such a

attaining sustainability, Lozano (2012) studied various strategy could maximize a company’s contribution to

voluntary tools, approaches, and initiatives; analyzed 16 sustainability, which goes beyond the economic

widely used approaches such as life cycle assessment, efficiency. Dragomir (2012) critically reviewed the

eco-design, cleaner production, corporate social sustainability reports of the top five European oil and gas

responsibility, and sustainability reporting. The study companies that were published in the last 10 years. It was

analyzed how each approach addresses the various found that the European research on corporate

dimensions of sustainability and the company’s system; environmental performance has not yet reached maturity.

found that relying on one particular approach often results Reasons include the lack of access to raw environmental

in limited contribution to sustainability; and proposed a performance data, the sophistication of emissions data

new framework of Corporate Integration of Voluntary collection and estimation tools, the use of unexplained

Initiatives for Sustainability. Corder et al. (2012) figures and inconsistent methods to develop the reports.

recognized that the principles of corporate sustainability

policies often can’t be easily integrated into the project Stormwater and Green Infrastructure

management systems, and proposed a SUSOP® A variety of publications from 2012 have

(SUStainable OPerations) approach, which is to integrate focused on sustainable stormwater management features

sustainable development principles into the design and specifically referred to in the literature under

operation of industrial processes. SUSOP® was tested classifications as best management practices (BMPs), low

through case studies in the minerals industry. The results impact development (LID) technologies, green

revealed significant insights about how to identify and infrastructure (GI), engineered green spaces and

evaluate options, so a company’s operation can be stormwater control measures (SCMs). A review of

enhanced to contribute to sustainability and its long-term literature follows relevant to performance monitoring,

business success. modeling, tools for planning and assessment, and social

Businesses are expected for ever-improved implications associated with these systems.

performance in reducing the burden to the environment

and contributing to sustainable development. Figge and

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 Performance Monitoring of GI/LID Systems. applying different cleaning practices including facility

Hydrologic and water quality monitoring studies have wide, e.g. street sweeping, and spot-cleaning, e.g. pressure

been reported from various installations including porous washing and vacuuming (Suozzo and Dewoolkar, 2012).

pavements, bioretention/bioswale systems, retention and In-series porous pavement and bioretention cells

detention ponds, constructed wetlands, green roofs and installed at a commercial retail parking lot in North

urban trees. Carolina (USA) were evaluated between over a 1.5 year

Hydrologic Performance Monitoring of GI/LID period for their runoff reduction capacity. During the

Systems. Cold climate porous pavement study results have study period, the in-series system, achieved 69% volume

been reported from a variety of studies. In one study, data reduction. The volume reduction reported for the in-series

was collected in coastal New Hampshire (USA) over a system was 10% higher than from a bioretention system

four year period. During this period, frost penetration was alone (Brown et al., 2012). The hydrologic performance

observed up to 71 cm in depth below the porous pavement of bioretention facilities in a cold climate in Canada have

and peak flow reductions were reported at 90%. The been evaluated in laboratory and field studies. Laboratory

hydrologic performance was attributed to a well-drained based column studies yielded results indicating that

porous pavement and reservoir base. Despite cold climate saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased for the first

conditions, there were reported to be no adverse impacts four operational equivalent years before reaching a

to porous pavement structure or functionality over the constant value. Field studies under prairie conditions

study period (Roseen et al., 2012). In another study, found that 60% runoff reduction was achieved by the

porous concrete installed on the campus of Villanova combination of percolation and evaporative processes

University (USA) was evaluated over an eight year (Khan et al., 2012).

period. Over the study period, the functionality of the Several green roof studies have been reported

porous concrete degenerated over time leading to its from various regions, augmenting existing literature on

ultimate failure to infiltrate water. Pore clogging due to green roof hydrologic performance. Studies were

raveling attributed to freeze-thaw cycles was a conducted at the University of New Hampshire (USA)

determinant of the failure, as well as poor initial over a roughly four month period from a modular Sedum

installation (Radlinska et al., 2012). Two porous concrete green roof system. From weighing lysimeter

pavement sites in Vermont were evaluated over a one year measurements, a runoff reduction of 32% was reported

period monitoring infiltration rate. Infiltration rates were over the study period and an average of 57% for

measured at various locations in the installations and individual storm events (Sherrard and Jacobs, 2012). An

observed to decline by 59% and 26% on average. Average extensive green roof study conducted in North Eastern

infiltration rates were recovered by 21% to 100% by Italy over a five month period reported results from two
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different green roof systems. Despite differences in media effectiveness of “Green City, Clean Waters.” These

depth (12 cm and 20 cm) as well as vegetation methods include monitoring and hydrologic/hydraulic

(herbaceous plants and shrubs) respectively, the systems modeling of green infrastructure, natural systems and built

performed similarly with 90% retention during infrastructure (Philadelphia Water Department, 2012).

precipitation events (Nardini et al., 2012). Extensive green Water Quality Performance Monitoring of

roof studies were also conducted in Hong Kong during GI/LID Systems. Of relevance to the discussion of water

summer months in two subsequent years. Notably, these quality performance of GI/LID systems is the water

studies have concluded that for thin extensive green roofs, quality of stormwater runoff. The water quality of

increased media moisture levels have limited impact on collected stormwater samples has been evaluated in a

the enhancement of evapotranspiration (Jim and Peng, variety of studies published in 2012. Stormwater quality

2012). Linked laboratory and field studies of green roof has been evaluated from samples collected between over a

substrates and stormwater retention capacity performed at roughly 1.5 year period from an urban catchment in Paris

the University of Auckland (New Zealand) have identified for 69 different contaminants. The study concluded that

that agronomic measurements of readily available contamination levels and contaminant speciation evolve in

moisture content and plant stress water can provide direct relation to the catchment scale (Bressy et al., 2012).

reasonable estimates of single event stormwater retention In a related study, the water quality of samples collected

capacity from green roofs (Fassman and Simcock, 2012). from combined sewer overflows in Paris were evaluated

Urban tree transpiration rate studies were in comparison to stormwater and wastewater samples for

conducted in Beijing (China) over a two year consecutive 88 monitored substances including 49 priority pollutants.

monitoring period. Analyses indicate that 80% of daily Findings from the study indicate that contaminants are

variation in tree transpiration rates can be explained by an found throughout the urban environment and that

evaporative demand index (EDI). The EDI accounts for infrastructure can directly affect water quality (Gasperi et

climatic factors including air temperature, soil al., 2012). Analysis of COD, TSS and phosphorus in

temperature, total radiation, and vapor pressure deficit as stormwater samples collected during four storm events

well as atmospheric ozone (Wang et al., 2012). over a one year period from urban catchments in Beijing

Further studies of green infrastructure (China) has been coupled with SWMM modeling efforts.

hydrology are as well anticipated from the city of These coupled analyses have led to the conclusion that

Philadelphia (USA). Philadelphia Water Department’s first flush encompassed the first 20% of stormwater runoff

Long Term Control Plan Update includes a from the studied catchment (Ouyang et al., 2012).

comprehensive monitoring plan that describes the Stormwater quality studies evaluating both

methodology that PWD plans to use in assessing the particulate and dissolved concentrations of contaminants
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have also been reported. Additional findings were 2012). Water quality sampling from a porous asphalt site

reported on the stormwater quality of samples collected in coastal New Hampshire showed exceptional removal of

from three separate stormwater systems in Paris. Twenty zinc, TSS and petroleum hydrocarbons. Moderate removal

collected stormwater samples were evaluated for 88 of phosphorus and negative removal of nitrate nitrogen

contaminants, of which 55 were found in the stormwater were observed (Roseen et al., 2012).

samples. Concentrations of particulate and dissolved Similar trends in nitrogen and hydrocarbon

species of metals, PAHs, PCBs, organotins, alkylphenols, removal have been reported from studies of bioretention

phthalates, pesticides and VOCs were provided (Zgheib et and rain garden sites. Increased nitrogen levels in

al., 2012). Particulate and dissolved concentrations of discharge were reported from a bioretention study in NC

pollutants have also been evaluated from stormwater (USA). Nitrogen levels 64% higher than runoff levels

runoff samples collected in other locations. Samples were were found in the discharge from a bioretention facility.

collected for seven storm events occurring during a two The increased levels were attributed to nitrogen

year period from urban areas in two cities in Minnesota contributions from base-flow to the site (Brown et al.,

(USA). Samples collected from these catchments were 2012). Laboratory scale studies were employed to initially

evaluated for perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). The main evaluate the fate of a representative hydrocarbon in

source of these contaminants in stormwater was found to bioretention cells. Three columns were used, two planted

be rainfall in residential areas, while non-atmospheric with vegetation and a third unplanted control cell.

sources were deduced to be the main contributor to Removal of the representative hydrocarbon, naphthalene,

PFAAs in stormwater in industrial and commercial areas was 95% attributed primarily to adsorption to media (56

(Xiao et al., 2012). to 73%) but as well to mineralization (12 to 18%) and

Removal of contaminants from water passing plant uptake (2 to 23%) (LeFevre, Novak, and Hozalski,

through porous pavement installations has been evaluated 2012). Further studies explored hydrocarbon removal

in a variety of studies. Water quality samples from side by from field sites including 58 rain gardens and 4 upland

side pervious concrete and porous asphalt have been control sites in Minnesota (USA). Analyses further

evaluated from an installation on the campus of Villanova supported the importance of microbial communities and

University (USA). Samples from nineteen storm events vegetation in hydrocarbon degradation in these systems.

over a one year period were tested for pH, conductivity, Rain gardens had increased levels compared to control

TSS, chlorides, nitrogen, phosphorus and a suite of sites of 16S rRNA genes for bacteria and two functional

dissolved metals. Comparative analyses between the two genes that encode for enzymes used for degradation of

surfaces showed no statistically significant differences petroleum hydrocarbons. Furthermore, rain garden sites

between results with the exception of pH (Welker et al., planted with deep rooted natives and cultivars had higher
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levels bacteria 16S rRNA and functional genes than rain varied, particularly with respect to Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni

gardens containing turf grass or mulch (LeFevre, during periods when de-icing salts were applied to

Hozalski, and Novak, 2012). roadways (Tromp et al., 2012).

The removal of orthophosphate, the bioavailable Using data sets available through the

form of phosphorus, was studied at a bioinfiltration rain International BMP Database, Fassman 2012 presents

garden on the campus of Villanova University (USA) over effluent flow-weighted composite event mean

a nine year period. Over the period, orthophosphate was concentrations (EMCs) for a variety of contaminants for

sampled in from ponded water in the bioinfiltration rain detention and retention basins, wetlands, media filters,

garden as well in the pore water of the media at 1.2 meters grass swales, bioretention sites and permeable pavements.

depth. The median concentrations of orthophosphate Comparisons to various standards were also offered for

reported were 0.21 to 0.25 mg/L and 0.03 mg/L evaluated parameters including TSS and total and

respectively. Furthermore, evaluation of sorbed dissolved copper and zinc. The conclusion of the analysis

orthophosphate in the media of the site found that the top was that no single treatment technology was superior to

10 cm of the media had reached their sorption capacity, the others for removal of the parameters evaluated

but that deeper depths would not be saturated for an (Fassman, 2012).

estimated 20 years or more (Komlos and Traver, 2012). Water quality samples from green roofs have

Influent and effluent water quality from been evaluated to determine the impact of green roof

retention ponds, detention ponds and wetlands has been anatomy on water quality. In one study, the objective was

evaluated from Denmark and Netherlands based sites. to determine whether a green roof acts as a source of sink

Free and bound forms of flouranthene were evaluated in for various metals, inorganic anions and cations.

samples from a retention pond in Denmark using a new Conclusions from these studies indicated that rainfall

passive dosing analytical technique. Using the new volume as well as roof substrate are important

technique, 19 samples were assessed from the inlet and determinants of the quality of water draining from green

outlet of the pond. Varying relationships for the roofs, particularly concerning concentrations of nitrates

partitioning of flouranthene in relation to suspended solids and phosphates (Vijayaraghavan et al., 2012). Similar

concentrations were found (Birch et al., 2012). In a conclusions were met in another study of green roof water

Netherlands based study, a detention basin and a wetland quality evaluating nutrient concentrations. Various forms

receiving street runoff were evaluated for removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff were evaluated with

efficiency of heavy metals and PAHs over an 18 month differing maintenance practices related to compost

period. Removal of PAHs was achieved consistently in amendment of the green roof substrate. Analyses found

the range of 90 to 95%. The removal efficiency of metals that compost applied at the industry standard of 15% by
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volume contributes to increased nutrient concentrations in with evapotranspiration estimates from a Penman-

green roof runoff some 17 to 23 months following Monteith based equation were found to perform with

application (Toland et al., 2012). reasonable accuracy in comparison to lysimeter

Modeling GI/LID Systems. Studies have been measurements from a modular green roof setup planted

reported in recent literature related to GI modeling for site with Sedum vegetation (Sherrard and Jacobs, 2012).

scale and watershed scale hydrology as well as water Djedjig et al. (2012) developed a “dynamic model of

quality. Using HYDRUS software and unsaturated flow transient heat and mass transfer” for a green roof. The

theory, permeable pavement shoulders for stormwater model incorporated new calculations for some processes

management on conventional highways were evaluated. and validation was provided from an experimental setup.

Sensitivity analysis from the model runs indicated that the The model demonstrated accurate results for predictions

saturated hydraulic conductivity was identified as the of soil temperature and water content variations (Djedjig

primary factor to consider during design (Chai et al., et al., 2012). As well, a mass balance model was

2012). Jenkins et al. (2012) created a continuous developed for determination of stormwater retention.

simulation hydrologic model of a constructed wetland and Stormwater retention was calculated for a coupled green

validated it with observed data. The model also provided roof and cistern system, using a Blaney-Criddle based

information for determining the feasibility of rain water equation for the computation of evapotranspiration

harvesting from the stormwater wetland allowing 36% of (Hardin et al., 2012). Liu et al. (2012) studied the

yearly average potable demand to be met (Jenkins et al., physiology, endurance, and environmental thermal

2012). regulatory effects of 31 different plant species to assess

Several green roof modeling studies were suitability for inclusion in thin layer green roofs (Liu et

reported in recent literature. In a University of Geneva al., 2012), while another study developed a model for

based study, conceptual and mechanistic (Hydrus 1-D) matching vegetation to growing conditions on green roofs

hydrologic models were evaluated in comparison to particularly related to hydrologic requirements (Metselaar

observed hydrologic performance. In comparison, the 2012).

mechanistic model performed superiorly (Palla et al., Recognizing that bioretention design practices

2012). In another study, a hydrologic model of a vegetated with respect to hydrologic performance are highly

green roof was found to have the ability to accurately empirical at current, Davis et al. (2012) have proposed a

quantify antecedent soil moisture conditions and bioretention abstraction volume (BAV) for design

subsequently retention capacity over a four month modeling purposes. The approach for BAV quantification

evaluation period. Under well watered conditions between based on available media storage and bowl volume

August and November, a crop coefficient of 0.53 coupled storage and ranges of BAV values were presented based
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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
on data collected over several years at three sites in North resembled the observed water level data from the events

Carolina, Maryland and Pennsylvania (Davis et al., 2012). (Amaguchi et al., 2012).

Furthermore, it was suggested that bioretention design Uncertainty associated with a conceptual

factors including bowl storage, media composition, media lumped dynamic stormwater runoff quality model was

depth, under-drain configuration and vegetation type evaluated using Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) and

should be adjusted in the design process to meet specific Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE).

hydrologic and water quality regulations (Hunt et al., The analysis focused on the significance of hydrologic

2012). parameters in the analysis of copper loads from urban

A study by James and Dymond (2012) watersheds (Vezzaro and Mikkelsen, 2012). Using GSA,

investigated the impact of bioretention at larger scales by uncertainty from a micro-pollutant removal model was

analyzing two model scenarios of different land uses. also analyzed. It was found that the most sensitive

While, neither scenario restored the pre-development parameters were from physical characteristics of flow and

volume conditions, the lag times were extended (James fate processes of total suspended solids. When the GLUE

and Dymond, 2012). Burns et al. (2012) support the method was applied, it was found that assumptions

development and implementation of flow regime regarding sorption evapotranspiration and were strong

management that focuses on the restoration of pre- factors in model uncertainty (Vezzaro et al., 2012).

development hydrological processes as well as Assessment and Planning Tools for GI/LID

revitalization and safeguarding of urban waterways. Systems. Various tools for the planning and assessment of

Approaches to stormwater management proposed focus on GI have been elaborated in recent literature. Techniques

flow regime management as opposed to simply pollutant for appropriately siting GI, evaluating ecosystem goods

and volume reduction (Burns et al., 2012). To evaluate and services (EGS) and completing life cycle costing and

configurations to reduce stream erosion, one study utilizes assessments were reported. Appropriately siting GI

PCSWMM to run nine different scenarios involving LID installations was aided by remote sensing and GIS.

practices and detention ponds for Chapel Hill, North Imaging of impervious and green spaces in urban areas is

Carolina (USA). Of the nine configurations evaluated, all becoming increasingly accessible with advances in high

failed to meet erosional standards, demonstrating the spatial resolution satellite images, space-borne hyper-

difficulties encountered in highly urbanized watersheds spectral images and LiDAR data sets (Weng, 2012). Use

(Tillinghast et al., 2012). In another study, an urban of remote sensing and GIS based data sets have been

watershed was delineated using GIS data sets, and a evaluated and shown applicable for the development of GI

vector-based distributed storm event model was run using maps identifying potential areas for green space in a

two historical storm events. The simulated events closely Louisiana (USA) based study (Magugu, 2012). GIS has
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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
also been used in a Shenzhen (China) ecological including low density polyethylene and polypropylene

connectivity assessment. Identification of crucial polymer materials produce emissions during

ecological areas for protection during development and manufacturing including NO2, SO2 and O3. One study

restoration with GI was demonstrated (Chang et al., 2012). reports that these emissions can be balanced by a green

As well, by incorporating cost-effectiveness metrics, the roof within 13 to 32 years (Bianchini and Hewage 2012).

EPA has developed and reported a publicly available Another study extends LCC and benefit cost analyses

decision-support tool, SUSTAIN, for evaluation of (BCA) to disposal of green roofs (Peri et al., 2012)

optimal location, type, and cost for GI installations Social Impacts of GI/LID Systems. A variety

targeted to meet specific water quality and quantity of studies have reported findings relating GI and social

objectives (Lee, J. G. et al., 2012). factors. Recognizing that sustainable stormwater

Accounting for economic value and EGS management requires input on various considerations,

provided by GI has as well been evaluated in other studies have proposed and evaluated methods for

studies. The benefits of investing in GI related to the gathering and incorporating knowledge specifically

reduction of stormwater runoff were explored in a related to social factors. One such study introduces a

collaborative report published by American Rivers, Water flowchart approach for gathering relevant information for

Environment Federation and others (American Rivers et appropriate decision making at different levels including

al., 2012). Another publication outlines a framework for political, regional and local scales (Barbosa et al., 2012).

the evaluation of EGS including carbon sequestration, Another study has evaluated GI planning in several

biodiversity and cultural services. The framework was regions of the Chesapeake Bay Area in Maryland (USA).

demonstrated for 20 stormwater ponds and 20 stormwater From these evaluations, recommendations were provided

constructed wetland sites in North Carolina (USA) for the inclusion of “knowledge communities” in GI

(Moore and Hunt, 2012). planning processes including the establishment of guiding

Life cycle analyses have been applied in several committees to incorporate local knowledge (Jordan,

studies for evaluation of GI technologies. A number of life 2012). The collaborative framework including the

cycle studies specific to green roofs have been reported. incorporation of various objectives in GI planning

One study evaluates carbon emissions of green roofs using including social equity was evaluated with regard to green

life cycle cost (LCC) analyses. The study concludes that alley programs in seven US cities, presenting an in depth

greater ability to quantify environmental values would overview of the Los Angeles alley greening program

improve life cycle analyses for green roofs (Kim et al., (Newell et al., 2012).

2012). Other studies have focused on specific aspects of a Studies have also used various methods to

green roof life cycle. Materials used in some green roofs assess attitudes and perceptions around GI including
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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
survey methods and appraisals of willingness to pay for nanomaterials allows differential reuse of wastewater and

GI. One such study evaluated 823 survey responses from a low-maintenance, decentralized options, but

Michigan (USA) town to assess local stakeholder’s nanomaterials’ high costs are currently a barrier to

preference for specific types of BMPs. Survey results implementation.

indicated clear preferences for certain types of BMPs Energy Recovery. Frijns et al. (2012) provided

(Kaplowitz and Lupi, 2012). Willingness to pay for examples of the types of energy that can be generated

various LID features was evaluated from the survey from the water sector and the Dutch perspective on

responses of 1804 residents of a town in Iowa (USA). chemical energy recovery options (organic carbon, source

This study concluded that familiarity with LID designs separation and anaerobic treatment, sludge digestion, co-

was an important factor influencing resident willingness digestion, biogas, and incineration) and thermal energy

to pay for LID features (Bowman et al., 2012). In another recovery (heat from wastewater, surface water, and

study, a survey based evaluation of two similar drinking water; and underground thermal). The overall,

neighborhoods in Belgium concluded, from 190 total theoretical energy potential of the Dutch water sector is

survey responses, that perception of neighborhood calculated which exceeds the energy consumed in water

greenness was the most important predictor of production and wastewater treatment.

neighborhood satisfaction (Van Herzele and de Vries, Nutrient Removal. Source separation is an

2012). Experiential contact with GI was evaluated with approach that can optimize nutrient recovery from

335 surveys and 33 semi-structured interviews in a wastewater. Udert and Wächter (2012) demonstrated an

Malaysian town finding that residents associated GI with approach to recover all nutrients from urine using source

physical, leisure and social activities (Mansor et al., separation via a membrane-aerated biofilm reactor

2012). The “status” of GI in communities was also followed by concentration via distillation. The use of

evaluated in a survey based study of 41 Japanese advanced process control to improve nutrient removal (a

municipalities, highlighting important features of GI 40% increase in nitrogen removal) while simultaneously

identified for environmental well-being (M’Ikiugu et al., reducing energy usage by 16 to 20% was demonstrated on

2012). full-scale plants by Reiger et al. (2012). Control strategies

and process streams were presented as an alternative to

Sustainability in Wastewater Treatment increasing reactor volume.

Nanotechnology. In an evaluation of next- An international survey of approaches to

generation technologies, Qu et al. (2012) evaluated the recover phosphorus from wastewater, sludge, and sludge

application of nanotechnologies to water supply and ash was compiled (Sartorius et al., 2012). Processes were

wastewater treatment systems. The multi-functionality of organized by source and methodologies were compared
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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
against each other. Expert survey results on phosphorus Yuan et al. (2012) combined algae and wastewater

needs and recovery potentials were presented. Petzet and treatment by growing two species of microalgae on sludge

Cornel (2012) took one of the approaches evaluated in the centrate and a centrate/effluent mixture and then co-

survey, FIX-Phos, and applied it in pilot-scale digesting the algae with waste activated sludge to increase

experiments to recover 21% to 31% of the phosphorus in volatile solids production and impact dewaterability with

digested sludge via the addition of calciumsilicatehydrate varying results.

(CSH) to an anaerobic digester to control struvite Saline Wastewater Treatment. Webb at al.

production. (2012) piloted constructed treatment wetlands planted

Nutrient Removal: Deammonification. The with halophytic plants to treat saline and nutrient-rich

interest in deammonification as a means to remove aquaculture effluent. 98% of total dissolved inorganic

nutrients with less energy continues to increase. Jardin nitrogen was removed while dissolved inorganic

and Hennerkes (2012) reported on experience in Germany phosphate and organic nitrogen achieved varying but less

on the challenge and ultimate success of suppressing effective removal percentages. In Hong Kong, the Sulfate

nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) during initial operation of reduction, Autotrophic denitrification and Nitrification

a DEMON® process to treat return flows. Operational Integrated (SANI®) process was used to treat saline

strategies to address process failures and system costs sewage water resulting from seawater toilet flushing. Lu

were outlined. Application of Anammox to mainstream et al. (2012) developed and calibrated a steady-state

flows has been challenging and an experiment model to correlate with the SANI® pilot plant.

demonstrated the process can be applied at ambient

temperatures and in an environment with low COD/N Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Applications

ratios (Winkler et al., 2012). To address the fact that the function of

Algae Systems. Beal et al. (2012) modeled a wastewater treatment is not addressed in a life cycle

combined algal biofuel production with the wastewater assessment (LCA), a comparison of a standard LCA and a

treatment process to produce a net positive, second-order net environmental benefit (NEB) evaluation for

energy return on investment (the ratio of the energy wastewater treatment systems was performed by Godin et

produced vs. consumed) of 1.44. Separately, each process al. (2012). The NEB approach provided different results

is an energy sink but combined, they are net energy as it accounted for the environmental benefit of

producers although capital, labor, and other expenses are wastewater treatment and its pollution control function.

not included in the calculation. Primary effluent and Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Mo

carbon dioxide from the treatment system were fed to and Zhang (2012) studied and compared three resource

algae ponds in the model. Taking a different approach, recovery methods from wastewater treatment: combined
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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
heat and power energy generation, nutrient recycling via and in combination to evaluate the sustainability of

land application of biosoilids, and residential irrigation for various water recycling scenarios (Chen, Ngo, and Guo,

water reuse. Recovery of all three resources (energy, 2012). Combining, or integrating, the tools were

nutrients, water) showed the potential to offset the direct generally the recommended approach compared to using

operational energy used for wastewater treatment, but not an individual model for assessment. An LCA was used to

all of the total embodied energy. Various estimates of compare desalination and wastewater reuse scenarios by

direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were reviewed Hancock et al. (2012). The nanofiltration-reverse osmosis

(Rogriguez-Garcia et al., 2012) and the Direct Emissions (RO) augmentation of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO)

Estimation Model (DEEM) was used to quantify had the lowest impact of the various seawater desalination

emissions, showing direct N2O emissions were much and wastewater reclamation processes evaluated.

more significant than those resulting from electricity use. Sludge Processing. The LCA of a sludge

Wang et al. (2012) evaluated six anaerobic/anoxic/oxic treatment process including anaerobic digestion,

wastewater treatment configurations to meet varying dewatering, drying, and disposal by incineration or in

treatment standards. More complicated treatment trains cement kilns was developed by Remy et al. (2012) and

resulted in higher resource consumption and higher demonstrated a net positive energy balance when

GHGs, some of which were offset with a biogas energy including electricity produced from biogas or incineration.

recovery system. Higgins and Kendall (2012) evaluated However, the energy and GHG profiles varied

the life cycle energy, GHGs, eutrophication, and costs of significantly depending on the ultimate disposal route.

an algal turf scrubber (ATS) process for treating dairy Two sludge-to-energy systems (one with fast pyrolysis for

wastewater. Including the ATS reduced eutrophication bioenergy conversion and the other with anaerobic

and can have energy and GHG benefits but results are digestion followed by fast pyrolysis) were evaluated by

dependent on the system’s design and operation. Delivery Cao and Pawlowski (2012). While both systems

of water from Lake Mead to the distribution laterals in the demonstrated a net energy gain, the system with anaerobic

Las Vegas Valley currently consumes 850,000 MWh/yr digestion performed better.

and generates 530,000 metric tons of CO2 emissions/yr Green Infrastructure. Using a 50-year analysis

(Shrestha et al., 2012). These values are expected to grow period, DeSousa et al. (2012) applied an LCA to three

to 1.34 million MWh/yr and 840,000 tons/yr by 2035. strategies to reduce combined sewer overflows (CSOs) in

Water Reuse. Various environmental New York City (USA). The decentralized green

assessment tools (LCA, Material Flow Analysis, and infrastructure approach performed better than the two

Environmental Risk Assessment) were used separately “grey” approaches that took an end-of-pipe approach to

detain and treat excess flows. Comello et al. (2012)

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
applied a multi-step valuation to two surface parking lot of removing pharmaceuticals from hospital wastewater

options, hot-mix asphalt and porous pavement. These compared to conventional centralized treatment plants.

steps included an LCA, a biophysics and biochemistry Conclusions were not definitive, but it appeared that

approach to ecosystem services, economic assessment, additional treatment was not warranted from a LCA

and a financial accounting approach to ecosystem approach at either the decentralized or centralized plants

services. because these post-treatment systems have a large

Pipe Materials. Six types of water and negative impact on the lifecycle results but do not have

wastewater pipes were evaluated by Du et al. (2012) using commensurate positive impacts. However, if decentralized

an LCA: PVC, ductile iron, cast iron, HDPE, concrete, treatment is to be used at a hospital, the analysis showed

and reinforced concrete who concluded that the concrete ozonation or activated carbon is preferred over a UV

pipe had the lowest global warming potential (GWP) system.

across all pipe sizes evaluated and that ductile iron had the

highest GWP for smaller pipe and PVC had the highest Sustainability and Energy in Wastewater Industry

GWP for larger pipe. The investigation of embodied energy and GHG

Disinfection. Lee, K.-M. et al. (2012) evaluated emissions associated with municipal water and wastewater

electron beam, ultraviolet (UV), and ozone disinfection service in Loudoun County, VA found embodied energy

systems for wastewater. The UV system had the lowest content and carbon footprint ranges of 4.4 to 7.2 Wh/gal

and ozone had the highest LCA impact while electricity and 0.01 to 17.93 tons CO2/year/customer, respectively

consumption had the highest influence on a system’s (Bakhshi and Demonsabert, 2012). The total manual,

impact. mechanical, chemical and electrical energy consumption

Membrane Bioreactors. Membrane bioreactors in a small-scaled institutional WWTP amounted to 1.046

(MBRs) were compared to a conventional activated kWh/m3 of wastewater treated where electrical energy

sludge system and determined to have a lower accounted for approximately half of the total energy

environmental footprint due to the reduction of microbial consumption (Singh et al., 2012).

pollutants and trace organics in addition to their better A microbial desalination cell (MDC) operated

reliability (Lazarova et al., 2012). A multi-analysis with a wastewater substrate demonstrated four times the

approach was used which included failure mode analysis, power output of a non-desalinating microbial fuel cell

LCA, water quality fingerprints, and environmental (MFC) indicating that MDCs are a viable technology for

impacts. wastewater treatment, desalination, and energy production

Decentralized Systems. Igos et al. (2012) (Luo et al., 2012). Treatment of a wastewater containing

evaluated the use of decentralized systems for the purpose 200 ppm of silver ion with a batch fed cathode and
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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
continuous-fed anode MFC yielded silver and electric

energy at a ratio of 69.9 kg silver/kWh energy output Sustainability and Water Reuse

(Choi and Cui, 2012). A study of the use of agar salt The recycling of treated waste water on the

bridges in a dual chamber MFC indicated that the Island of Crete has the potential to provide 4.3% of the

maximum power density and a COD reduction of 88.4% total agricultural irrigation requirements during the

occur with 5% salt and 10% agar (Sevda and summer months and reduce demands on fresh water

Sreekrishnan, 2012). Aspen Plus simulations suggest that supplies by 19.6 Mm3 (Agrafioti and Diamadopoulos,

hydrogen production from dark fermentation may 2012). A computer modeling effort supported by a case

generate annual profits of 81% and 30% when processing study in the Rouse Hill Development Area, Sydney,

beverage and agricultural wastes, respectively (Li et al., Australia indicates that highly treated recycled may be

2012). A 120-L microbial fuel cell operated at a loading used effectively in existing and new washing machines

rate of 140 g COD/m3/day produced 15 L H2/m3/day (Chen, Ngo, Guo, and Listowski et al., 2012).

recovering approximately 70% of the input electrical In Brazil, an on-site system for the treatment of

energy (Heidrich et al., 2012). car wash wastewater consisting of flocculation-column

flotation, sand filtration, and chlorination stabilized

Sustainability and Climate Change chloride and TDS concentrations below 350 and 900 mg/l

Current sewer water quality and WWTP models and could have a payback period as little as one year

are not capable of considering all possible impacts of depending on local water prices and wash demand (Zaneti

climate change and therefore underestimate the ultimate et al., 2012). Blending treated wastewater with seawater

impact of climate change on these systems (Langeveld et at a ratio of 3:1 for the feed stream to a desalination plant

al., 2012). A one year evaluation indicated that the providing boiler feed water to the Shin-Kokura Thermal

contribution of methane emissions to the greenhouse gas Power Plant in Kitakyushu, Japan reduced pressure

footprint at a full-scale municipal wastewater facility with requirements and generated a 30% savings in energy

sludge digestion was slightly higher than the contribution consumption (Takabatake et al., 2012). NestEra Energy’s

of CO2 emissions related to fossil fuel consumption for will address the energy-water nexus issue at its 3750 MW

energy requirements (Daelman et al., 2012). A study of West County Energy Center by meetings its 27 MGD

current political, socio-economic and water resources evaporative cooling water demand with reclaimed

conditions in China found that demand management and wastewater from the East Central Regional Water

pollution control will be critical to responding to climate Reclamation Facility (McGrew and Tobon, 2012).

change and improving water resources management Baawain et al. (2012) compared six reuse options for

(Cheng and Hu, 2012). treated wastewater in Muscat, Oman, including agriculture
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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
or industrial reuse, and groundwater recharge. After

considering the water quality and water reuse standards, References

the study suggested that the most suitable options for Agrafioti, E.; Diamadopoulos, E. (2012) A Strategic Plan for

Muscat are urban, industrial, and agricultural reuse. Reuse of Treated Municipal Wastewater for Crop Irrigation

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Amaguchi, H.; Kawamura, A.; Olsson, J.; Takasaki, T. (2012).

Sustainability Rating Systems
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on the U.S. Green Building Council’s (USGBC) Society of Landscape Architects (2012). Banking on Green:

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applicability to water projects and differentiation from
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projects certified by LEED was discussed. Gaughan
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(2012) presented findings from the American Society of
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Civil Engineers (ASCE) Task Committee for the Bakhshi, A. A.; Demonsabert, S. M. (2012) Estimating the

Sustainable Design of Pipelines’ review of the Envision™ Carbon Footprint of the Municipal Water Cycle. J. AWWA,

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this task committee provided specific comments on the Barbosa, A. E.; Fernandes, J. N.; David, L. M. (2012). Key Issues

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guidance and scoring manuals and recommendations for
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Beal, C. M.; Stillwell, A. S.; King, C. W.; Cohen, S. M.;
system was implemented in the City of Omaha’s Long
Berberoglu, H.; Bhattarai, R. P.; Connelly, R. L.; Webber,
Term Control Plan (Gardels et al., 2012) to four projects
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the design process including benchmarking other Bianchini, F.; Hewage, K. (2012). How "Green" Are the Green

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Partitioning of Fluoranthene between Free and Bound

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
 Forms in Stormwater Runoff and Other Urban Discharges Analysis Towards the New End Use of Recycled Water for

Using Passive Dosing. Water Res. 46 (18), 6002-6012. Household Laundry: A Case Study in Sydney. Sci. Total

Bowman, T.; Tyndall, J. C.; Thompson, J.; Kliebenstein, J.; Environ., 438, 59-65.

Colletti, J. P. (2012). Multiple Approaches to Valuation of Chen, Z.; Ngo, H. H.; Guo, W. (2012) A Critical Review on

Conservation Design and Low-Impact Development Sustainability Assessment of Recycled Water Schemes, Sci.

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Bressy, A.; Gromaire, M. C.; Lorgeoux, C.; Saad, M.; Leroy, F.; Management for Better Adaptation to Climate Change,

Chebbo, G. (2012). Towards the Determination of an Climatic Change, 112, 253-282.

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Micropollutants in a Small Residential Catchment. Water Coupled with Power Generation Using a Microbial Fuel

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Brown, R. A.; Line, D. E.; Hunt, W. F. (2012). LID Treatment Comello, S. D.; Lepech, M. D.; Schwegler, B. R. (2012) Project-

Train: Pervious Concrete with Subsurface Storage in Series Level Assessment of Environmental Impact: Ecosystem

with Bioretention and Care with Seasonal High Water Services Approach to Sustainable Management and

Tables. J. Environ. Eng. ASCE 138 (6), 689-697. Development. J. Manage. Eng. 28, 5-12.

Burns, M. J.; Fletcher, T. D.; Walsh, C. J.; Ladson, A. R.; Hatt, Corder, G. D.; McLellan, B. C.; Bangerter, P. J.; van Beers, D.;

B. E. (2012). Hydrologic Shortcomings of Conventional Green, S. R. (2012) Engineering-in Sustainability Tthrough

Urban Stormwater Management and Opportunities for the Application of SUSOP®, Chemical Eng. Res. Design,

Reform. Landsc. Urban Plann. 105 (3), 230-240. 90, 98-109.

Cao, Y.; Pawlowski, A. (2012) Life Cycle Assessment of Two Daelman, M. R. J.; van Voorthuizen, E. M.; van Dongen, U. G. J.

Emerging Sewage Sludge-to-Energy Systems: Evaluating M.; Volcke, E. I. P.; van Loosdrecht, M. C. M. (2012)

Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Implications. Methane Emission During Municipal Wastewater

Bioresour. Technol., 127, 81-91. Treatment. Water Res., 46, 3657–3670.

Chai, L.; Kayhanian, M.; Givens, B.; Harvey, J. T.; Jones, D. Dan, L.; Wei-Shuai, C. (2012) System Dynamics Simulation of

(2012). Hydraulic Performance of Fully Permeable Regional Water Resources Sustainable Utilization: a Case

Highway Shoulder for Storm Water Runoff Management. J. of Hubei Province, China, Lecture Notes in Electrical

Environ. Eng. ASCE 138 (7), 711-722. Engineering, LNEE, Intelligent Inf. Technol. Appl. Res., 2,

Chang, Q.; Li, X.; Huang, X.; Wu, J. (2012). A Gis-Based Green 311-319

Infrastructure Planning for Sustainable Urban Land Use and Davis, A. P.; Traver, R. G.; Hunt, W. F.; Lee, R.; Brown, R. A.;

Spatial Development. Procedia Environ. Sci. 12, Part A, Olszewski, J. M. (2012). Hydrologic Performance of

491-498. Bioretention Storm-Water Control Measures. J. Hydrol.

Chen, Z.; Ngo, H. H.; Guo, W. S.; Listowski, A.; O'Halloran, K. ; Eng. 17 (5), 604-614.

Thompson, M. ; Muthukaruppan, M. (2012) Multi-criteria

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DeSousa, M. R. C.; Montalo, F. A.; Spatari, S. (2012) Using Life Gasperi, J.; Zgheib, S.; Cladière, M.; Rocher, V.; Moilleron, R.;

Cycle Assessment to Evaluate Green and Grey Combined Chebbo, G. (2012). Priority Pollutants in Urban

Sewer Overflow Control Strategies. J. Ind. Ecol., 16, 901- Stormwater: Part 2 – Case of Combined Sewers. Water Res.

913. 46 (20), 6693-6703.

Djedjig, R.; Ouldboukhitine, S. E.; Belarbi, R.; Bozonnet, E. Gaughan, M. (2012) Assessing Sustainability of Pipeline Projects

(2012). Development and Validation of a Coupled Heat and Using Envision™ Rating System. Proceedings of the

Mass Transfer Model for Green Roofs. Int. Commun. Heat Pipelines 2012 Conference; Miami, Florida, Aug. 19-22;

Mass Transf. 39 (6), 752-761. American Society of Civil Engineers: Reston, Virginia.

Dragomir, V. D. (2012) The Disclosure of Industrial Greenhouse Godin, D.; Bouchard, C.; Vanrolleghem, P. A. (2012) Net

Gas Emissions: A Critical Assessment of Corporate Environmental Benefit: Introducing a New LCA Approach

Sustainability Reports, J. Cleaner Pro., 29-30, 222-237 on Wastewater Treatment Systems. Water Sci. Technol., 65,

Du, F.; Woods, G. J.; Kang, D.; Lansey, K. E.; Arnold, R. G. 1624-1631.

(2012) Life Cycle Analysis for Water and Wastewater Pipe Hancock, N. T.; Black, N. D.; Cath, T. Y. (2012) A Comparative

Materials. J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE, 139, 703-711. Life Cycle Assessment of Hybrid Osmotic Dilution

Fassman, E. (2012). Stormwater Bmp Treatment Performance Desalination and Established Seawater Desalination and

Variability for Sediment and Heavy Metals. Sep. Purif. Wastewater Reclamation Processes. Water Res. 46, 1145-

Technol. 84, 95-103. 1154.

Fassman, E.; Simcock, R. (2012). Moisture Measurements as Hardin, M.; Wanielista, M.; Chopra, M. (2012). A Mass Balance

Performance Criteria for Extensive Living Roof Substrates. Model for Designing Green Roof Systems That Incorporate

J. Environ. Eng. ASCE 138 (8), 841-851. a Cistern for Re-Use. Water 4 (4), 914-931.

Figge, F.; Hahn, T. (2012) Is Green and Profitable Sustainable? Heidrich, E. S.; Dolfing, J.; Scott, K.; Edwards, S. R.; Jones, C.;

Assessing the Trade-off Between Economic and Curtis, T. P. (2012) Production of Hydrogen from Domestic

Environmental Aspects, Int. J. Prod. Econo., 140, 92-102. Wastewater in a Pilot-scale Microbial Electrolysis Cell.

Frijns, J.; Hofman, J.; Nederlof, M. (2012) The Potential of Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 1-11.

(Waste) Water as Energy Carrier. Energy Conserv. Higgins, B. T.; Kendall, A. (2012) Life Cycle Environmental and

Manage., 65, 357-363. Cost Impacts of Using Algal Turf Scrubber to Treat Dairy

Gardels, D.; Aurit, S.; Grate, M.; McMeekin, M.; Heinemann, T. Wastewater. J. Ind. Ecol., 16, 436-447.

(2012) The Evolution of Sustainability Through the Hunt, W. F.; Davis, A. P.; Traver, R. G. (2012). Meeting

Development and Implementation of the Omaha CSO Hydrologic and Water Quality Goals through Targeted

Control Program. Proceedings of the 85th Annual Water Bioretention Design. J. Environ. Eng. ASCE 138 (6), 698-

Environment Federation Technical Exposition and 707.

Conference [CD-ROM]; New Orleans, Louisiana, Sept 29- Igos, E.; Benetto, E.; Venditti, S.; Kohler, C.; Cornelissen, A.;

Oct 3; Water Environment Federation: Alexandria, Moeller, R.; Biwer, A. (2012) Is it Better to Remove

Virginia. Pharaceuticals in Decentralized or Conventional

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
 Wastewater Treatment Plants? A Life Cycle Assessment Komlos, J.; Traver, R. G. (2012). Long-Term Orthophosphate

Comparison. Sci. Total Environ., 438, 533-540. Removal in a Field-Scale Storm-Water Bioinfiltration Rain

James, M. B.; Dymond, R. L. (2012). Bioretention Hydrologic Garden. J. Environ. Eng. ASCE 138 (10), 991-998.

Performance in an Urban Stormwater Network. J. Hydro. Laghari, A.N.; Vanham, D. ; Rauch, W. (2012) The Indus Basin

Eng. 17 (3), 431-436. in the Framework of Current and Future Water Resources

Jardin, N.; Hennerkes, J. (2012) Full-scale Experience with the Management , J. Hydro. Earth Sys. Sci., 16, 1063-1083.

Deammonification Process to Treat High Strength Sludge Langevelda, J. G.; Schilperoortb, R. P. S.; Weijersc, S. R. (2012)

Water – A Case Study. Water Sci. Technol., 65, 447-455. Climate Change and Urban Wastewater Infrastructure:

Jenkins, G. A.; Greenway, M.; Polson, C. (2012). The Impact of There is More to Explore. J. Hydrol., 476, 112–119.

Water Reuse on the Hydrology and Ecology of a Lazarova, V.; Ruel, S. M.; Barillon, B.; Dauthuille, P. (2012) The

Constructed Stormwater Wetland and Its Catchment. Ecol. Role of MBR Technology for the Improvement of

Eng. 47, 308-315. Environmental Footprint of Wastewater Treatment. Water

Jim, C. Y.; Peng, L. L. H. (2012). Substrate Moisture Effect on Sci. Technol., 66, 2056-2064.

Water Balance and Thermal Regime of a Tropical Lee, K.-M.; Yu, S.; Choi, Y.-H.; Lee, M. (2012) Environmental

Extensive Green Roof. Ecol. Eng. 47, 9-23. Assessment of Sewage Effluent Disinfection System:

Jolly, E; Atoulikian, R., (2012) Turning Vision into Reality, Stra. Electron Beam, Ultraviolet, and Ozone Using Lift Cycle

Plan. Energy Environ., 32, 61-78. Assessment. Int. J. Life Cycle Ass. 17, 565-579.

Jordan, L. M. (2012). Inclusion of Knowledge Communities in Lee, J. G.; Selvakumar, A.; Alvi, K.; Riverson, J.; Zhen, J. X.;

Planning Processes: An Analysis of Green Infrastructure Shoemaker, L.; Lai, F.-h. (2012). A Watershed-Scale

Planning in Maryland, USA. 3508285, 280. Design Optimization Model for Stormwater Best

Kaplowitz, M. D.; Lupi, F. (2012). Stakeholder Preferences for Management Practices. Environ. Modell. Softw. 37, 6-18.

Best Management Practices for Non-Point Source Pollution LeFevre, G. H.; Hozalski, R. M.; Novak, P. J. (2012). The Role

and Stormwater Control. Landsc. Urban Plann. 104 (3–4), of Biodegradation in Limiting the Accumulation of

364-372. Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Raingarden Soils. Water Res.

Khan, U. T.; Valeo, C.; Chu, A.; van Duin, B. (2012). 46 (20), 6753-6762.

Bioretention Cell Efficacy in Cold Climates: Part 1- LeFevre, G. H.; Novak, P. J.; Hozalski, R. M. (2012). Fate of

Hydrologic Performance. Can. J. Civ. Eng. 39 (11), 1210- Naphthalene in Laboratory-Scale Bioretention Cells:

1221. Implications for Sustainable Stormwater Management.

Kim, J.; Hong, T.; Koo, C. W. (2012). Economic and Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 (2), 995-1002.

Environmental Evaluation Model for Selecting the Liu, T. C.; Shyu, G. S.; Fang, W. T.; Liu, S. Y.; Cheng, B. Y.

Optimum Design of Green Roof Systems in Elementary (2012). Drought Tolerance and Thermal Effect

Schools. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 (15), 8475-8483. Measurements for Plants Suitable for Extensive Green Roof

Planting in Humid Subtropical Climates. Energy Build. 47,

180-188.

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Li, Y.; Liu, Y.; Chu, C.; Chang, P.; Hsu, C.; Lin, P.; Wu, S. Metselaar, K. (2012). Water Retention and Evapotranspiration of

(2102) Techno-economic Evaluation of Biohydrogen Green Roofs and Possible Natural Vegetation Types.

Production from Wastewater and Agricultural Waste. Int. J. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 64, 49-55.

Hydrogen Energy, 37, 15704–15710. Mo, W.; Zhang, Q. (2012) Can Municipal Wastewater Treatment

Lozano, R. (2012) Towards Better Embedding Sustainability into Systems be Carbon Neutral? J. Environ. Manage. 112, 360-

Companies' Systems: An Analysis of Voluntary Corporate 367.

Initiatives, J. Cleaner Pro., 25, 14-26. Moore, T. L. C.; Hunt, W. F. (2012). Ecosystem Service

Lu, H.; Ekama, G. A.; Wu, D.; Feng, J.; van Loosdrecht, M. C. Provision by Stormwater Wetlands and Ponds – a Means

M. (2012) SANI® Process Realizes Sustainable Saline for Evaluation? Water Res. 46 (20), 6811-6823.

Sewage Treatment: Steady State Model-Based Evaluation Nardini, A.; Andri, S.; Crasso, M. (2012). Influence of Substrate

of the Pilot-Scale Trial of the Process. Water Res., 46, 475- Depth and Vegetation Type on Temperature and Water

490. Runoff Mitigation by Extensive Green Roofs: Shrubs

Luo, H.; Xu, P.; Roane, T. M.; Jenkins, P. E.; Ren, Z. (2012) Versus Herbaceous Plants. Urban Ecosyst. 15 (3), 697-708.

Microbial Desalination Cells for Improved Performance in Newell, J. P.; Seymour, M.; Yee, T.; Renteria, J.; Longcore, T.;

Wastewater Treatment, Electricity Production, and Wolch, J. R.; Shishkovsky, A. (2012). Green Alley

desalination. Bioresour. Technol., 105, 60–66. Programs: Planning for a Sustainable Urban Infrastructure?

M’Ikiugu, M. M.; QianNa, W.; Kinoshita, I. (2012). Green Cities 31, 144-155.

Infrastructure Gauge: A Tool for Evaluating Green Ouyang, W.; Guo, B.; Hao, F.; Huang, H.; Li, J.; Gong, Y.

Infrastructure Inclusion in Existing and Future Urban Areas. (2012). Modeling Urban Storm Rainfall Runoff from

Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 68, 815-825. Diverse Underlying Surfaces and Application for Control

Maliwal, S.; Verma, M. K. ; Devatha, C. P. (2012) Integrated Design in Beijing. J. Environ. Manag. 113, 467-473.

Water Resource Projects Planning Using GIS, IEEE- Palla, A.; Gnecco, I.; Lanza, L. G. (2012). Compared

International Conference on Advances in Engineering, Performance of a Conceptual and a Mechanistic Hydrologic

Science and Management, ICAESM-2012, 416-421. Models of a Green Roof. Hydrol. Process. 26 (1), 73-84.

Magugu, J. W. (2012). Actualizing Urban Forestry and Pedersen, T. A. (2012) Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure

Agroforestry Green Infrastructure Integration at Scott's Envision™ Rating System: Applicability to Water

Bluff Rural Urban Interface. 1530881, 116. Infrastructure Projects. Proceedings of the 85th Annual

Mansor, M.; Said, I.; Mohamad, I. (2012). Experiential Contacts Water Environment Federation Technical Exposition and

with Green Infrastructure's Diversity and Well-Being of Conference [CD-ROM]; New Orleans, Louisiana, Sept 29-

Urban Community. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 49, 257-267. Oct 3; Water Environment Federation: Alexandria,

McGrew, S. M.; Tobon, M. (2012) Design and Construction Virginia.

Challenges for a 36-inch Diameter 18 mile Reclaimed Peri, G.; Traverso, M.; Finkbeiner, M.; Rizzo, G. (2012). The

Water Pipeline. Proceedings of the Pipelines 2012 Cost of Green Roofs Disposal in a Life Cycle Perspective:

Conference, Miami Beach, Florida, August 19-22, 634-643. Covering the Gap. Energy 48 (1), 406-414.

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Philadelphia Water Department (2012). Green City, Clean Sartorius, C.; von Horn, J.; Tettenborn, F. (2012) Phosphorus

Waters: Comprehensive Monitoring Plan, Consent Order & Recovery from Wastewater – Expert Survey on Present Use

Agreement, Deliverable III City of Philadelphia Combined and Future Potential. Water Environ. Res., 84, 313-322.

Sewer Overflow Long Term Control Plan Update. Sevdaa, S.; Sreekrishnana, T. R. (2012) Effect of Salt

Prezet, S.; Cornel, P. (2012) Prevention of Struvite Scaling in Concentration and Mediators in Salt Bridge Microbial Fuel

Digesters Combined with Phosphorus Removal and Cell for Electricity Generation from Synthetic Wastewater.

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of a Porous Asphalt Pavement as a Storm-Water Treatment Watershed. J. Hydrol. Eng. 17 (12), 1381-1388.

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Zgheib, S.; Moilleron, R.; Chebbo, G. (2012). Priority Pollutants

in Urban Stormwater: Part 1 – Case of Separate Storm

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