8.

4\ LS of the malUrc seed of the dicoty-

8.41 • ledon Capsel/a bllrsa-pastoris (shepherd's
purse). The embryo completely fills the

, I5 embr)"o sac and all the endosperm h:J.s been

absorbed (d., 1.33). A w,de cylindrical
2 radicle (1, with its apex at the micropyle) is
continuous with the hypocoryl (2). This is
1 rermin:ued by " small plumular apex (3) on
either side of which arise a pair of swollen
cotyledons (4) lying parallel to the radicle-
4 J3 hypocoryl axis. The curved nature of its
emhryo sac (d., 838) resultS in the bent
shape ofrhc embryo. Testa (5).{LM x 100.)

4 •
.
,.-if
..
' 2
3
I Radicle
Hypocotyl
Plumular apex
4 Cotyledons
5 Tesla

S.42 Semi-mature seed of the dicotyledon

8.42 Phaseoills l/ulgaris The emhr)'o is
cut obliquely and shows the paired
coryledons (I) whilst the primordia of the
fitst pair of foliage leaves (2) have already
been formed by the shool apex (d. 4.1).
Embryo sac (3). (C-Os, LM x 30.)

I Cotyledons
2 Foliage leaves
3 [mhryo sac

8.43 LS of the mature plumule in the seed

8.43 of the di.:.:otylcdoll Ricinus communis
(castor oil). Note the paired cotyledons (1)
on either side of the shoot apex (2) and the
first foliage \caf primordia (3). The seed
contains copious supplies of endosperm (4)
to nourish the germinaling embryo.
Procamhium (5), pilh (6}. (LM x 70.)

\ Cotyledon
2 Shool :lpex
3 Foliage leaf primordia
4 Endosperm
5 Procambium
6 Pith

164
8.44 LS of thc maturc radicle in the seeJ of the 8.44
dicotyledon Ricinus conmUlIlIS (caSlor oil). the root
cap (I), apical meriSlem (2), procambium (3) and
endosperm (4). (LM :< 80.)

I Rool cap
2 Apical meristcm
3 Procarnbium
4 Endospenn

8.45 8.46

8.46 Fruiting crown of Ihe monocoty-

8.45 Germinating grain of the monocotyledon aa mays (maize). KOlc
the long radicle with in dense covering of root hairs (1) and Ihc rcmains of
the coleorhiza (2) at its base. The laner cO"ered the root prior to
germination, while the coleopdle (3) InvestS and proteers the plumule.
Seminal root (4). (Copyright ofT. Norman Tair.)
ledon Cocos nucifeTG (coconut palm). These
large monocotyledons frequently grow
along tropical beaches in Asia and
Polyne:o;ia; they bear clusters of large one-
.seeded fruits Ihat fall to thc ground whcn
ripe and arc often dispersed great dist3nces
by thc sea currents (d., 8.47).

I Roo! hairs 3 Co/eopeptile

2 Colcorhi7..a 4 Seminal root

j 65

8.48 LS of the fruit of the dicotyledon Perstt(l
(avocado pear). This forms from a superior unilocular
ovar)' bearing a single pendulous ovule that develops into
the large ceorral seed (I). The edible parenchymatous fruit
wall (2) contains up to 30% of oils that initially accu-
mulate in oil sacs. In the m,uurc fruit {he tissue degenerates
and the flesh is bunery.
I Seed 2 Parenchymatous fruit wall
166
8.47 Fruit of Cocos (coco-
nut palm). This was washed up onto
an island many kilometrts from
nearesr coconut palms. The origmal
smooth exocarp (d.• 8.46) of the fruit
has rolted to the thick fibrous
mesocarp endosing the hard endocatp
(oxonut shell). The single seed within
the fruit is enclosed by a thin brown
testa (not distinguishable in this
illustration) which is lined by a layer of
cellular cndosperm. This now grey
decayed tissue normally forms the
edible white flesh. The smaU embrro is
embedded in this flesh but is noc
evident in the illustration.
---, 8.49
8.49 TS through the hilum of the sem;-m:lrure seed of lhc
dicotyledon Phaseo/llS vu/g.:zris (bean). The funiculus (1) is
confluent with the testa (2); at their junction tWO layers of
columnar epidermal cells are apparent (3) that
subse<luenrly form macrosclerides (d., 8.50). A compact
group of tracheids !ater develops in {he centre of the hilum
from a Iens'shaped group of ccUs (4). (G-Os. L\i' x 80.)
1 FunieuJu.'> 3 Epidermal cells
2 Testa 4 Potential rr:lchcids
 8.51
8.50 8,51 Harvested cob of the
mono'otrledon Zea mays
(maize). This matures .several
months after fenilisation from
an inflore.s<;:ence axis bearing
numerous female flowers. The
cob is invested by bractS (peeled
hack) Ihal cover the dosely-
crowded, swollen graIns
(fruits). Note the withered
lassel representing the collective
remains of the pendulous,
thread-like style. borne by cach
flowcr; the styles may be up to
25 em long and remain recep-
tive to pollination for up to two
weeks.

I Inner macrosdereids
2 Outer macrosclereids
3 Spongy tissue

8.50 LS through the hilum of the mature seed of the dicotyledon Phaseolus vulgaris
(bean). Notc the two layers of macrosdereids (d., 8.49); the inner (1) is derived from
the epidcrmis of the integument whilst the outer byer (2) forms from the funicular
epidermis; the spongy tissue (3) is hypodermal in origin. (LM x 110.)

8.52 , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , 8.53

s.sZ Young pod of the dicOlyledon /'jSIIIIl sa/illl/III (pea).

In the fruil del'elops from a superior apocarpous
ovary. Norc Ihe pedIcel (1), green sepals (2), swollen fruit
with a row of marginal seeds faiotly visible (3) and
withered remains of the style (4).

1 Pedicel 3 Marginal seeds

2 Green sepals 4 Wirhered sryle

8,53 The multiple fruit of the monocorylcdon Anonas

c;olll05IlS (pineapple). In internal view the fleshy inflores-
cence axis (I) is shown cut lengthwise and numerous
swollen, ;:oaleseed fruitlt::Ts aris;: laterally from it. Each
develops without fertilisation from an inferiot ovary. [n
I Inflorescence axis external view the numerous, spirally arranged fruirlets (2)
Z Fruitlets arc visible. Afrer flower production the inflorescence apex
3 Leafy,rown reverts to vege(';Jtivc growth and the leafy crown (3) is USl"d
w propagate rhis crop I'egetatively.

167
 8.54 i----:;;fi;;;;;;;;;:::---l
8.54 TS of the fruit of the dicotyledon Cucurblta
(cucumber). This develops from an inferior syncarpous
o"ary of three: fused carpels with parietal placentae (I). The
numerous seeds (2) are enclosed in a pulpy parenchy-
matOus endocarp; this is surrounded by the firmer flesh of
the mesocarp (3) in which a ring of bicollatcral vascular
bundles (d., 6.11) occurs. The epicarp forms the green skin
of lhe fruir.
I I'arieral placentae 3 Mesocarp
2 Seeds
8.56
8.56 III florescence of the diCOTyledon Banksia Ix:arillg
c1osely·crowded flowers. The flowers of this indigenous
Ausrralasiall gellus are bird-pollinated and subsequently
the ovaries become embedded in the woody inflorescence
axis to form a cone-like structufC (d., 8.57).
168
8.
8_55 The aggregate fmil of the dicorykdon Fragaria
lleSCD (strawberry). This de'velops from the lIumerous free
carpels of a single flower, with each superior carr."
containmg a single o"'\Ile. The resulrant indehisccot froil ets
(pips, I) are cmbedded in the hypenrophied floral
=plade (2) to form a succulent aggregate fruit. Notc Ihe
whilc longitudinal vascular strands (3) which bran,h to
supply the individual fruirlets. Cal}'x (4).
I Fruitlers (pips) 3 Vascular strands
2 Floral re,eprade 4 Calyx
8.57
8.57 Cone-like fruitification of the dicotyledon Banksia.
This wood)" genus forms dosely-crowdcd sclerified fruits
embedded in rhe swollen inflorescence axis that undergoes
some se'ondary rhickening. The fnlits dehisce. llsllally
following a bush fjre, along a horizontal suture to release
fhe seeds.
8.58 Fleshy fruit of dicol}'ledon Malu$ 8.58
5ylllt:stris (apple). The cort of the apple
(with irs lOugh sclereids) forms from an
inferior syncarpous ovar}" with axile
placcnradon. The parenchymatous flesh
the greatly enlarged floral tube
which surrounded the: ovary. In cross-
section of the fruit, four of the fi\'c ovary
com pan menu contain seeds (I). In the
inner flesh Ihere is a ring of vascular
bundles (2) Ih;lt supplied the fi\'c sepals ;lnd
five petals. In longitudinal view the pedicel
(3) and rhe withered remains (4) of calyx,
stamens and styles are visible.

I S«<!,
2 Vascular bundles
3 Pooicel
4 Remains of COIlyx, stamens, sryles

8.59 l$ of the fruit of the dlCall,ledoo 8.59

PrumH (peach). This develops from ..
unilOl:ular superior ovary. The SlOny inner
cndocarp (1) encloses a single seed. The
extensive mesocarp (2) is fleshy and
succlilem and is enclosed by the thin skin
(epicarp, 3}. Pedicel (4).

[ Stony cndocatp
2 Fleshy mcsocarp
3 Epic.1rp (skin)
4 Pedicel·

169
8.61 8.61 TS of the fruit of the dicotyledon
Citrl/s Si,lCl/S;S (or:mge). This develops from
<l superior ovary of ten united carpels
:n:ilc plO1centation. The peel of the fruil
consists of the orange leathery e:wcarp (I,
containing numerous oil gbnds) and white
aerenchymarous mcsocarp (2). The endo-
carp forms a Ihin layer internal 10 the
mesocarp and also the radial partinons (3)
between the loculI'S. Ingrowths flOm the
cndocarp develop into the juice sacs (4)
which paek the inleriors of Ihe loculI'S.
Seeds (5).

1 Exocarp wilh oil glands

2 Mesocarp
3 Radial partitions (endocarp)
4 Juice sacs
5 Seeds

8.62 8.62 Pendulous fruits of the dicotyledon

Eucalyptus calophyl/a. This indigenous
Auslralasi:m genus has woody capsulr:s that
dehisce at their tips to release the seeds. The
woody fruit den' lops from an inferior,
S)'ncarpous ovary 10 which the surrounding
floral rettpmde is united.

8.63 8.63 Ripening fruits of the dicotyledon

Pupul.Ier (poppy). The woody capsule forms
from a superior syncarpous ovary. In the
mature fruit the stigmatic lobes bend
upwards from their previous position (d.,
8.11) and uncoI'er a ring of pores (not
visible) in {he capsule wall. As the capsule is
blowl1 by the wind, the small seeds
gradllally sift through the pores.

170
8.64 hnmarure fruir of rhe dleot)·lc:don 8_64
AUT psc:udoplalallu5 (sycamore). This
forms from a superior bicarpellary ovary
whose walls de\'e1op two promincm wings,
each enclosing a single seed. Ar maTUrity the
fruit abscises and its wings cauS(' the fruit ro
spin downwards ro the ground where it
separates into twO non-dchisctnt segments,
each containing a single seed. Pedicel {1),
withered remnantS of style (21, position of
setds within pericarp (3).

I Pedicd
2 Style remnanTS
3 Position of sec:ds

8.65
8.65 Dehisced ffUit of the monocotyledon
Iris. This forms from an inferior trilocular
ovary that at maturity is dry and dehisces
into rhrtt valves to liberau its red seeds.
(Copyright ofT. Nomum Tail.)

8.66 Dehiscing fruit of the dicotyledon 8.66

E.pifobiltm hirsulllnl (willow herb). The
inferior ovar)' has four locules with axile
placentae bearing numerous ovules; the
marure fruir dehisces from rbe tOP down-
wards into four valves. The plumed seeds
are dispersed in the wind. (Copyright of T.
Norman Tait.)

171