JYS 14.4.1998 16.10.2000 11kV “723° "AVR" M 0-200 mA [ser current ce Act. Diesel P S$ > \\ \|__ | > | abt. 8,5 MW =\\ $=10 MVA cos phi =0,8 AAD AA LAL ALA LZ Parallel running units (“puriest” when parallel with the grid) 3” AVR Breaker open Speed Voltage Breaker closed) Active power Reactive power (Mvar) P=Active power (MW) cos p=P/S Q=Reactive powerJYS 14.4,1998 a2 16.10.2000 Governing principles 1. Speed droop based load sharing - needs external compensation control (ext. speed ref.) - the only possibility when mechanical governor - sensitive to actuator settings - not suitable on base load plants if grid frequency is unstable - takes care of load sharing during transients 2. Isochronous load sharing - only possible with electronic governor - uses generator kW output as a feedback - governors are “communicating” with each other - used for an island mode - “fixed” speed 3. KW control - only possible with electronic governor and parallel with the grid - uses generator kW output as a feedback - controls only the kW output, not the speed - suitable on base load plants if grid frequency is unstable Reference Feedback Note Speed droop | Zero load Engine speed| | Zero load speed= speed speed reference Isochronous | Load sharing | Generator kW| | Load sharing lines lines output ="communication” kW kW order Generator kW] | Only when grid output breaker closedJYS 14.4.1998 ae 16.10.2000 Actuators 1, Pure Actuator - typically PG-EG 58 or 200 (L- or V-engine) - “dummy” unit, follows only the “723” mA order - direct acting (more mA’s=more fuel) - factory setting: 20 mA=pos. 0,5 ; 160 mA=pos. 9,5 - WNS-FI policy: Power plants and multi engine installations 2. Actuator with mechanical back-up governor Note ! - typically PGA-EG 58 or 200 (L- or V-engine) - electrical side as PG-EG - mechanical side always “active” - electrical/mechanical mode select block (manual, electrical or pneumatic control), if requested - direct or reverse acting (less mA’s=more fuel) - WNS-FI policy: Single engine/shaft installations Reverse acting system means that when electronic control fails and mA’s are going to zero, the mechanical back-up takes control without engine stop. Unfortunately the back-up setting must be high enough in normal operating conditions to avoid interference between electrical/mechanical governor which means full output on failed engine.JYS 144.1998 tae 16.10.2000 About speed droop: Speed (rpm) “Window” 7 + SETTER PEE Eee eg (ve) 0 60 As long as the speed error is inside the “window’” (=dead band), the external control system (PLC or PMS) will not change the speed reference. Typically there is also a time delay even when “jumping” out from the “window” before reference will be changed. It can be seen from the above diagram that if the grid frequency will fluctuate rapidly, the output of the unit will also vary correspondingly. If the grid frequency will varies slowly, the external system will continuously change the reference. Mechanic governor has a speed setting motor for this purpose and it will not last long.JYS 14.4.1998 16.10.2000 About isochronous system: Engine 1 Engine 2 Engine 3 Engine n “723° "723" "723" "723" | 4a] | Load ‘sharing line kW output KW output KW output KW output engine 1 engine 2 engine 3 engine n In the load sharing line there is a voltage signal (0...3 V) representing the average output of the connected units. Each unit compares it's own output against the average and balances it’s own output. About kW control: “723” IT | kW kW Grid order output breaker Grid frequency takes care of the speed when in kW-control (condition: Grid breaker closed) and the governor only balances the kW output with the KW order. Rated output is allowed within + 1 Hz and outside it will be limited to zero inside 1 Hz.