INDIAN STITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. MADRAS 600 036 DEC. 27 7 Voltage Stability Improvement Using Modal Analysis Based Compensation Sunil S. Manjani Abstract—In this paper the technique of modal analysis is used to verify both proximity and mechanism of voltage Instability for IEEE standard test system. Here reduced power flow Jacobian is used instead of full Jacobian to account for dependence of voltage stability on reactive power flow. The weak load buses are identified using bus participation factors Index terms— Voltage stability, modal analysis I ItRODUCTION The voltage stability study attained a great importance as a resull of serious incidents which occurred in. many national power systems such as France (1978), Belgium (1982), Sweden (1983), USA (1985), Japan (1987) ete. All these failures have been attributed 10 voltage collapse phenomenon. Thus it is important to have an analytical method to predict voltage collapse in the complex power system, Voltage has always been considered as integral part of power system response and is an important aspect of system stability and security. Thus voltage stability is a subset of overall power system stability. The voltage stability is concemed with the ability of power system to maintain acceptable voltages at all nodes in the system, Under normal and contingency condition, a power system is said to have entered a state of voltage instability when a disturbance causes progressive and uncontrollable decline in voltage. Loss of synchronism may also be accompanied by voltage instability. Voltage instability may lead to voltage collapse. ‘As per CIGRE. + A power system at a given operating state and subject to. given disturbance is voltage stable ifthe voltages near the loads approach post disturbance equilibrium, + Voltage instability is the absence of voltage stability Voltage collapse problem has been one of the major problems facing the electric power utilities in many countries. The problem is also a major concer in power system operation and planning. It can be characterized by a continuous decrease of the system voltage. In the initial stage the decrease of the system voltage starts gradually and then deereases rapidly. The following can be considered the main contributing factors to the problem: 1, Suressed power system; ie. high active power loading in the system, SS Mi Navona insite of Tecnology oui 2002;yaho0 cin SR Tankuy i conelly with Deparment of lecica Enginccring, Visvewareys National Insitute of Terhology, Negpar A001 Inia, (smi setambsy hoo com). Tha rseily complet his MTech fom Vinay Nagpur 440-011 (e-mal SR. Tambay 2, Inadequate reactive power resources. 3. Load characteristics at low voltage magnitudes and their deviations from traditionally used characteristics in stability studies. 4, Transformers tap changer responding to decreasing voltage magnitudes at the load buses. 5. Unexpected and or unwanted relay operation may occur during conditions with decreased voltage ‘magnitudes. ‘This problem is a dynamic phenomenon and transient stability simulation may be used. However, such simulations do not readily provide sensitivity information of the degree of stability. They are also time consuming in terms of computers and engineering effort required for analysis of results. The problem regularly requires inspection of a wide range of system conditions and a large number of contingencies. For such application, the steady state analysis approach is much more suitable and can provide much insight into the voltage and reactive power loads problem. So, there is a requirement to have an analytical method, which can predict the voltage collapse problem in a power system. As a result, considerable attention has been given to this problem by many power system researchers. Large number of techniques and indices has been proposed for the analysis of this problem 11,251 One of the techniques to predict the voltage collapse of a power system is modal analysis technique (4). This ‘method basically computes the smallest Eigen value and associated Eigen vectors of the reduced Jacobian matrix of the power system based on the steady state system model ‘The Eigen values are associated with a mode of voltage and reactive power variation, The system stability can be evaluated by checking the status of those Eigen values. If all the Eigen values are positive, then the system is considered to be voltage stable. On the other hand, the system is considered to be voltage unstable if any one of the Eigen values is negative. A zero Eigen value of the reduced Jacobian matrix means that the system is on the border of voltage instability. The potential voltage collapse situation of a stable system can be predicted through the evaluation of the minimum positive Eigen values. The ‘magnitude of minimum Eigen value provides a measure how close the system is to voltage collapse. By using the participation factor, the weakest bus or node ean be determined which is the largest contributing factor for a system to reach voltage collapse situation. This, ccan provide insight into possible remedial action as well as, contingencies, which may result in losing the system. Q-V.9 [NATIONAL POWER SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, NPSC 2004 curve is a general method used by many utilities to assess the voltage stability, It ean be used to determine proximity to voltage collapse since it directly assesses shortage of reactive power The curves mainly show the sensitivity and variation of bus voltage with respect to reactive power injection. Using, the Q-V curves, the stability margin or distance to voltage collapse ata specific bus can be evaluated IL PROCEDURE FOR MODAL ANALYSIS ‘The modal analysis mainly depends on the power- flow Jacobian matrix. The stepwise procedure for the ‘modal analysis method used in this study is given below. Step 1): Obtain the Load flow for the base case of the system and get the Jacobian matrix (J). Step 2): Compute the reduced Jacobian matrix Jx) Step 3): Compute the Eigen values of Je (2) Step 4): Investigate Eigen values for voltage stability a) if 0 athe system will collapse ) if 4, >O.the system is voltage stable, proceed to step 5 ©) if 4, <0, the systems voltage unstable Step 5): Find minimum Eigen value of Jy (ya) Step 6): Calculate the right and left Eigen vectors of I, (@ andr) Step 7): Compute the Participation factors (Py for (iy Pulie Step 8): The highest Py will indicate the most participated k" busto_ i mode in the system Step 9) Generate the Q V curve to the participated k" bus The Newton Raphson Power Flow equations can be ‘written in the form: Ey . f Hae lg Bs a by) w By letting AP = 0 in (1): @ ° a) Jae De Sidr] Ja is the reduced Jacobian matrix of the system. Equation (4) can be written as “14Q (3) The matrix Jy represents the inearized relationship between the incremental changes in bus voltage (AV) and bus reactive power injection (AQ) for constant active power. ‘The Eigen values and Eigen vectors ofthe reduced order Jacobian matrix Jy are used for the voltage stability characteristics analysis. Voltage instability ean be detected by identifying modes of the Eigen values of matrix Jp. The ‘magnitude of the Eigen values provides a relative measure of proximity to instability. The Eigenvectors on the other hhand present information related to the mechanism of loss of voltage stability Proceeding as per [4] the i* modal voltage variation is: AVay = FE hQa © ‘The implications of (6) can be stated as follows: 1. If Ai = 0, the i® modal voltage will collapse because any change in that modal reactive power ‘will cause infinite modal voltage variation 2. If Ai > 0, the i®* modal voltage and i reactive power variation are along the same direction, indicating thatthe system is voltage stable. 3. If 21 <0, the i modal voltage and the i reactive power variation are along the opposite directions, indicating thatthe system is voltage unstable. The system is considered voltage unstable if at least one of the Eigen values is negative. A zero Eigen value of Jp ‘means that the system is on the verge of voltage instability. Furthermore, small Eigen values of Jy determine the proximity ofthe system to being voltage unstable There is no need to evaluate all the Eigen values of Jy of a large power system because it is known that once the ‘minimum Bigen value become zero the system Jacobian matrix becomes singular and voltage instability occurs. So the Eigen values of importance are the critical Eigen values, of the reduced Jacobian matrix Jj, Thus, the smaller Eigen values of Jy are taken to be the least stable modes of the system. The rest ofthe Eigen values are neglected because they are considered to be strong enough modes. Once the ‘minimum Eigen values and the corresponding left and right Eigenvectors have been calculated, the participation factor can be used to identify the weakest node or bus in the system. The bus participation factor determines the area close to voltage instability provided by the smallest Eigen value of Jp. The bus with highest participation factor is the most contributing bus to a particular mode. For all the small Eigen values, bus participation factors determine the area closest to voltae instability V-Q or voltage- reactive power curves are generated by series of power flow simulations. The voltage ata test bus or critical bus, as determined from participation factors, is plotted against reactive power at the same bus. The bus is considered to be a PV bus.