J_VZFNE FJ OA_E _EHXJ _N_VJCA MJXYNE_E AZVEMECE

AOVNYNFAF # 0

\XJ_JMVAFE \EX
^ZF^ AKJBAMFXA OAXFERE _EVVE

JMVXJGAFE A
 MNOEKA_ GZJYAXA

OEX\EXAONßM ZMNYJX_NVAXNA NHJXEACJXNOAMA

AÑE2 8<8<
 

_N_VJCA MJXYNE_E AZVßMECE

 Fra. Vjrjsa _nkva Oesta Gecjs (@espntak Car“Harojkema)

NMVXEFZOONßM
Jk snstjca mjrvnese autÿmece (_MA) e vjgjtatnve js ka partj fjk snstjca mjrvnese quj sj
jmoarga fj ka rjgukaonÿm fj kas iumonemjs vnsojrakjs nmvekumtarnas fjk ergamnsce. Js jk
rjspemsahkj
rjspemsa hkj fjk camtjm
camtjmncnjm
ncnjmte
te fjk `ecjestasn
`ecjestasnss oerperak y fj kas rjspujstas fj afaptaonÿm
afaptaonÿm
fjk ergamnsce amtj kas varnaonemjs fjk cjfne jxtjrme j nmtjrme. Asã pujs, ayufa a oemtrekar,
jmtrj etras iumonemjs, ka prjsnÿm artjrna
artjrnak,k, ka irjoujmo
irjoujmona
na oarfnaoa, ka cetnknfaf
cetnknfaf y sjorjon
sjorjonemjs
emjs
fngjstnvas, ka jcnsnÿm urnmarna, ka suferaonÿm, ka tjcpjratura oerperak, jto. Akgumas fj jstas
iumonemjs jstám oemtrekafas tetakcjmtj per jk snstjca mjrvnese autÿmece, cnjmtras quj
etras ke jstám paronakcjmtj, oembumtacjmtj oem `ercemas onroukamtjs y/e etres cjfnaferjs
quãcnoes keoakjs.
Js um snstjca tÿmnoacjmtj aotnve quj camtnjmj a kes tjbnfes y ÿrgames jijoterjs jm um
jstafe fj fj
 partnjmfe iumonÿm nmtjrcjfna,
um teme hasak. Zmaoem pesnhnknfaf fj nmorjcjmte
fj sus prnmonpakjs e fnscnmuonÿm
oaraotjrãstnoas fjk jijote
js ka rapnfjz y ka
nmtjmsnfaf oem ka quj pujfj oachnar kas iumonemjs vnsojrakjs. Asã, per jbjcpke, jm oujstnÿm
fj ?“: sjgsjgumf
umfes
es pu
pujf
jfjj fup
fupkn
knoa
oarr ka irjouj
irjoujmon
monaa oa
oarf
rfna
naoa
oa y jm 1<“1: sj sjgum
gumfe
fess ka prjsnÿ
prjsnÿmm
artjrnak.
µ\er quî js tam ncpertamtj para jk amjstjsnÿkege5
Jk îxnte fj um aote amjstîsnoe fjpjmfj fjk camtjmncnjmte fjk `ecjestasns oerperak y jsta
rjikjba jk jstafe y iumonÿm fjk snstjca mjrvnese autÿmece. \er etre kafe, ka cayer partj fj
kes iárcaoes (amjstîsnoes y me amjstîsnoes) quj utnknzaces tnjmjm jijotes ncpertamtjs jm
jstj snstjca. Zm aspjote cuy ncpert
ncpertamtj
amtj fj ka iercaonÿm fj um amjstjsnÿkege,
amjstjsnÿkege, oemsnstj jm
afqunrnr oemeoncnjmtes y `ahnknfafjs para camjbar y utnknzar kes jijotes quj tnjmjm sehrj jk
snstjca mjrvnese autÿmece jstes iárcaoes y sahjr camtjmjr ka `ecjestasns oerperak, jm
fnvjrsas oemfnonemjs pateinsnekÿgnoas4 per tefe jste pefjces ainrcar quj ka amjstjsnekegãa
js ka cjfnonma práotnoa fjk snstjca mjrvnese autÿmece.
AMAVECÃA FJK _N_VJCA MJXYNE_E AZVßMECE
Vjmnjmfe jm oujmta kas fnijrjmonas amatÿcnoas, insnekÿgnoas y mjurequãcnoas, jk _MA sj
fnvnfj jm2
_M _ncpatnoe (_M_) e afrjmîrgnoe
  _M parasncpátnoe (_M\) e oeknmîrgnoe
  _M Jmtîrnoe (_MJ)
 

Jk _M_ y jk _M\ iumonemam jm gjmjrak fj ierca amtagÿmnoa y jk jijote inmak fjpjmfj fjk
 hakamoj jmtrj kes fes. _nm jcharge, `ay ÿrgames quj seke rjonhjm nmjrvaonÿm sncpátnoa e
 parasncpátnoa.
_N_VJCA MJXYNE_E AZVßMECE OJMVXAK

 Me jxnstj um ojmtre hnjm fjinmnfe puracjmtj ojmtrak fjk snstjca mjrvnese
autÿmece. Ka nmtjgraonÿm fj kas aotnvnfafjs fjk snstjca mjrvnese autÿmece
eourrj a tefes
tefes kes mnvjkjs
mnvjkjs fjk
fjk jbj ojrjhrejs
ojrjhrejspnmak
pnmak.. Ka aotnvaonÿm
aotnvaonÿm fjk
fjk _MA sj
 prefuoj iumfacjmtakcjmtj a partnr fj ojmtres keoaknzafes jm jk `npetákace,
tremoe ojrjhrak y cjfuka jspnmak. Jk `npetákace js jk ojmtre ergamnzatnve per 
jxojkjmona, ya quj oemtreka tefas kas iumonemjs vntakjs j nmtjgra jk _MA oem jk
snstjca mjurejmfeornme. Jk _M_ js oemtrekafe per jk mòokje pestjrekatjrak, fj
tak ierca quj um jstãcuke fj jsta zema gjmjra uma rjspujsta casnva fj
aotnvnfaf sncpátnoa. Jk _M\ js oemtrekafe per kes mòokjes `npetakácnoes
cjfnak y amtjrner pjre su aotnvaonÿm eoasnema rjspujstas cás jspjoãinoas y
kncntafas
kncntafas.. Kes ojmtres autemÿcnoes
autemÿcnoes fjk tremoe jmojiáknoe
jmojiáknoe habe, sem jm gram
cjfnfa
cjfn fa jsjsta
taon
onem
emjs
js nmtj
nmtjrc
rcjf
jfna
nass fj kes
kes ojmt
ojmtre
ress ke
keoa
oakn
knza
zafe
fess a mn mnvj
vjkj
kjss
supjrnerjs.
supjrn erjs. Jm jk tremoe
tremoe jmojiáknoe
jmojiáknoe sj keoakn
keoaknzam
zam kes ojmtres
ojmtres fj ka rjspujsta
rjspujsta
agufa fjk
fjk _MA. Jm jk hukhe jmojiákn
jmojiáknoe
oe sj jmoujmtra
jmoujmtra jk prnmonpak
prnmonpak ojmtre
ojmtre fj
nmtjgraonÿm fj kes rjikjbes oarfnevasoukarjs. Ak mòokje fjk traote sekntarne kkjga
ka nmiercaonÿm preojfjmtj fj ka quncne y hare rjojpterjs, a travîs fj kes
mjrvnes gkeseiarãmgje y vage.
Ka cay
cayer part
partjj fj kas iuiumo
monnemj
emjs fjk
fjk _MA
_MA sem rjgu
rjgukkafa
afas fj ieierc
rcaa
nmoemsonjmtj, cjfnamtj rjikjbes vnsojrakjs, aumquj pujfjm sjr nmikujmonafas
 per kas jceonemjs y kes jstãcukes secate sjmsernakjs. Ka oertjza
oertjza ojrjhrak js jk
mnvjk cás akte fj nmtjgraonÿm secátnoa fjk _MA.
_N_VJCA MJXYNE_E AZVßMECE \JXNIÎXNOE
Jk snstjca mjrvnese autÿmece js um snstjca iumfacjmtakcjmtj jijrjmtj, y a pjsar fj quj jk
oecpemjmtj aijrjmtj me js tam okaracjmtj nfjmtninoahkj, kas inhras aijrjmtjs oemstntuyjm jk
 prncjr pase jm kes aroes rjikjbes, ya sja nmiercamfe fjk feker vnsojrak e fj oachnes jm ka
fnstjmsnÿm vasoukar.
Ak nguak quj kes mjrvnes secátnoes, kas vãas aijrjmtjs secátnoas sem umnpekarjs, e sja, jstám
iercafas per uma mjurema y sujkjm aoecpañar jm su trayjote a ka cayerãa fj inhras
jijrjmtjs. Kes mjrvnes sncpátnoes y parasncpátnoes jijrjmtjs, jm oachn
oachne,
e, sem hnpekarjs, js
fjonrr quj jstám ierca
fjon iercafes
fes per fes mjuremas,
mjuremas, ka mjur
mjurema
ema prj“gamgkne
gamgknemar
mar (cnjknmn
(cnjknmnzaf
zafaa oem
 

vjkeonf
vjkeonfaf
af fj oemf
oemfuo
uoon
onÿm
ÿm rápnf
rápnfa,
a, ?“1: c.
c.ss“1) y ka pes gamgk
gamgkne
nema
marr (me cnjkn
cnjknmn
mnza
zafa
fa fj
oemfuoonÿm kjmta.

Jxnstjm fnijrjmonas jmtrj jk _M_ y _M\2

Jm jk snstjca sncpátnoe ka inhra prj gamgknemar js oerta, y ka snmapsns oem ka mjurema
 pes gamgknemar eourrj jm kes gamgknes autemÿcnoes, keoaknzafes a mnvjk paravjrtjhrak
 hnkatjrak4 ka inhra pes gamgknemar js karga y aoaha jm jk ÿrgame
ÿ rgame jijoter fnstak.
Jm jk snstjca parasncpátnoe ka inhra prj gamgknemar js karga y ka snmapsns eourrj a
mnvjk fnstak, nmokuse jm ka cnsca parjf fjk ÿrgame jijoter, snjmfe ka inhra pes
gamgknemar oerta.

_N_VJCA MJXYNE_E _NC\ÁVNOE 

Kes mjrvnes sncpátno
sncpátnoes
es tnjmjm erngjm jm ka cîfuka jspnmak
jspnmak jmtrj kes sjgcjmtes
sjgcjmtes V “1 y K “
8 y fjsfj aquã sj fnrngjm a ka oafjma sncpátnoa paravjrtjhrak y inmakcjmtj a kes tjbnfes y
ÿrgames pjrniîrnoes. Jk oujrpe ojkukar fj kas inhras sncpátnoas prj gamgknemarjs sj
keoakn
keoaknza
za jm jk oujrme
oujrme nmtjr
nmtjrcjf
cjfne
ne“ kat
katjra
jrakk fj ka cîfuka
cîfuka jspnmak.
jspnmak. Ahamfemam
Ahamfemam ka cjfuka
cjfuka
jspnmak a travîs fj ka raãz amtjrner bumte oem kas inhras ceteras4 snm jcharge, kas inhras
 prj gamgknemarjs sncpátnoas aham
ahamfemam
femam jk mjrvne jspnmak nmcjfnatacjmtj fjspuîs fj ka
 

saknfa fjk agu

saknfa agubjr
bjree fj oemb
oembumon
umonÿm
ÿm y oems
oemstnt
tntuyjm
uyjm kas racas
racas oecumn
oecumnoamt
oamtjs
js hkamoa
hkamoas.
s. _j
fnrngjm `aona ka oafjma sncpatnoe paravjrtjhrak.

Ouamfe jmtram jm ka oafjma gamgknemar, kas inhras sncpátnoas pujfjm sjgunr trjs oacnmes
fnijrjmtjs2

a) `aojr snmapsns oem kas mjuremas pes gamgknemarjs fjk gamgkne sncpátnoe fjk
cnsce mnvjk fj ka oafjma sncpátnoa.
 h)   pujfjm
pujfjm fnrngnrsj `aona arrnha e `aona ahabe y `aojr ssnmapsns
nmapsns a etres mnvjkjs fj ka
oafjma.
o) pujfjm rjoerrjr fnstamonas varnahkjs fjmtre fj ka oafjma sncpátnoa, y
ahamfemarka
ahamfem arka snm `aojr snmapsns. _j fnrngjm `aona ume fj kes gamgknes
gamgknes sncpátnoes
sncpátnoes
oeka
oekatj
tjrak
rakjs,
js, fe
femf
mfjj rja
rjakn
knza
zamm sn
snma
mapsn
psnss oe
oemm ka mj
mjure
urema
ma pe
pess ga
gamgmgkn
knem
emar4
ar4 js
jste
tess
gamgk
gamgkne
ness sem nc ncpar
parjs2
js2 ga
gamgk
mgkne
ne oj
ojkã
kãaoe
aoe,, ga
gamgk
mgkne
ne cjsjm
cjsjmtîtîrn
rnoe
oe supsupjrn
jrner
er y
cjsjmtîrnoe nmijrner.
Jk oujrpe fj ka mjurema pes gamgknemar sj keoaknza, per tamte, jm kes gamgknes sncpátnoes
y fjsfj aquã sus inhras sj fnrngjm `aoãa jk ÿrgame jijoter. _nm jcharge, um perojmtabj fj
kas in
inhr
hras
as pe
pess gagamg
mgkn
knem
emar
arjs
js sn
sncp
cpát
átnnoas,
oas, vn
vnab
abam
am oeoemm kes mjmjrv
rvnnes se
secá
cáttno
noes
es
 

(aprexncafacjmtj um 0% fj kas inhras fj kes mjrvnes secátnoes sem sncpátnoas).

Fjsfj kes gamgknes sncpátnoes paravjrtjhrakjs, jstas inhras sncpátnoas sj fnrngjm fj
mujve ak mjrvne jspnmak a travîs fj kas racas oecumnoamtjs grnsjs. _em kas inhras
sncpátnoas quj 9 nmjrvam kas gkámfukas suferãparas, kes còsoukes pnkejrjoterjs y kes
vases samguãmjes fj ka pnjk y fj kes còsoukes.
Jm jk oase fj kas gkámfukas suprarrjmakjs, kas inhras prj gamgknemarjs me rjaknzam
mnmguma snmapsns jm mnmguma jstruotura gamgknemar, pjre sn fnrjotacjmtj jm kas oîkukas
orecaiãmnoas, quj sj pujfjm oemsnfjrar oece ka mjurema pes gamgknemar per su erngjm
jchrnekÿgnoe.

Kas inhras sncpátnoas me snjcprj sngujm ka cnsca fnstrnhuonÿm oerperak quj kas inhras
secátnoas.
Kas inhras sncpátnoas
sncpátnoas erngnmafas
erngnmafas jm V “1 gjmjrakcjmt
gjmjrakcjmtjj sngujm ka oafjma sncpátnoa `aona`aona
ka oahjz
oahjzaa y kas fj V“8 vam ``aon
aonaa jk ou
oujkk
jkke.
e. Fj V“? a V“9 sj fnstr
fnstrnhu
nhuyjm
yjm ak tÿrax,
tÿrax, ffjj V“7 a
V“11 ak ahfe
ahfecjm
cjm y fj V“18 a K“8 a kkasas jxtrj
jxtrjcnf
cnfafj
afjss nmijrnerjs.. 
nmijrnerjs
Îsta js uma fnstrnhuonÿm aprexncafa y snjcprj sj fam supjrpesnonemjs. \ráotnoacjmtj
tefes
tefes kes
kes ÿr
ÿrgam
games
es rj
rjon
onhj
hjmm nm
nmjrv
jrvao
aonÿ
nÿmm sn
sncp
cpát
átno
noaa y ka fn
fnst
strn
rnhu
huon
onÿm
ÿm fj ke
kess mj
mjrvn
rvnes
es
sncpátnoes para oafa ÿrgame va a fjpjmfjr fj ka pesnonÿm jm ka quj îstj sj jmoujmtra
 

erngnmarnacjmtj jm jk jchrnÿm (per jb. jk oerazÿm rjonhj nmjrvaonÿm preojfjmtj fj ka

oafjma sncpátnoa ojrvnoak, ya quj js jm jk oujkke femfj tnjmj su erngjm jchrnemarne).
A mnvjk ojrvnoak, ka oafjma sncpátnoa jstá oemstntunfa per inhras preojfjmtjs fj V1 a V:
y ierca
iercamm trjs
trjs gam
gamgk
gkne
ness ojrvn
ojrvnoak
oakjs2
js2 supjrn
supjrner,
er, cjfn
cjfnee y oîrvn
oîrvnoe
oe“te
terá
ráon
onoe.
oe. Jk ga
gamgk
mgkne
ne
ojrvno
ojrvnoee“ ter
teráon
áonoe
oe e gamgkne
gamgkne jstrjkk
jstrjkkafe
afe js ka iusnÿ
iusnÿmm fjk gamgkne
gamgkne ojrvnoak
ojrvnoak nmijrner
nmijrner y jk
 prncjr teráonoe y js rjspemsahkj fj ka nmjrvaonÿm sncpátnoa fj ka oara, oujkke,
jxtrjcnfafjs supjrnerjs, oerazÿm y pukcemjs.
Kes gamgknes oekatjrakjs e prjvjrtjhrakjs, nmjrvam kes ÿrgames y vãsojras ahfecnmakjs y
 pîkvnoas. Jk gamgkne ojkãaoe rjonhj inhras prjgamgknemarjs fj V: a V18 j nmjrva jk
jstÿca
jstÿcage,
ge, `ãg
`ãgafe
afe,, pámo
pámorja
rjas,
s, vjsã
vjsãouk
oukaa hnknar
hnknar,, nmt
nmtjst
jstnme
nme fjkgaf
fjkgafe,
e, haze y rnñemjs
rnñemjs.. Jk
gamgkne cjsjmtîrnoe supjrner rjonhj inhras fj V1< a V18 j nmjrva jk nmtjstnme fjkgafe y
jk oekem. Jk gamgkne cjsjmtîrnoe nmijrner rjonhj inhras fj K1 a K? j nmjrva jk oekÿm
fnstak, rjote, vjbnga y ÿrgames rjprefuoterjs.
Zma oaraotjrãstnoa ncpertamtj fjk _M_ js jk `jo`e fj quj oafa mjurema prjgamgknemar 
sncpátnoa
sncpátnoa pujfj `aojr snmapsns oem 8<“?< mjuremas pestgamgknem
pestgamgknemarjs,
arjs, quj sj fnstrnhuyjm
fnstrnhuyjm
 per fnstnmtes
sncpátnoa ÿrgames4
jm tefe jste jxpknoa,
jk ergamnsce, ka rjspujsta
rjspujsta quj a sufniusa
vjz jsypetjmonafa
casnva fjper
ka ka
jstncukaonÿm
knhjraonÿm
fj afrjmaknma per ka cîfuka suprarrjmak.

_N_VJCA MJXYNE_E \AXA_NC\ÁVNOE 

Kas inhras mjrvnesas parasncpátnoas tnjmjm erngjm jm jk tremoe jmojiáknoe, jm kes mòokjes
fj kes parjs oramjakjs NNN (eoukeceter), YNN (iaonak), NP (gkeseiarãmgje) y P (vage) y jm
ka cîfuka saora2 sjgumfe y tjrojre mjrvnes saores, y a vjojs tachnîm fjk prncjre y
ouarte
oua rte (_1“_6). Apre
Aprexnc
xncafac
afacjmt
jmtjj um 7:% fj kas inhras
inhras fjk _M\ vnabam
vnabam a tra
travîs
vîs fjk
mjrvne vage `aoãa kas rjgnemjs teráonoa y ahfecnmak. Jk vage, preperonema inhras
 parasncpátnoas ak oerazÿm, pukcemjs, jsÿiage, jstÿcage, nmtjstnme fjkgafe, cntaf
 prexncak fjk oekem, `ãgafe, vjsãouka 0 hnknar, pámorjas
pámor jas y partj
par tj akta fj kes urîtjrjs. Jm ka
 parjf fj jstes ÿrgames sj keoaknza ka mjurema pestgamgknemar.
 

Kas inhras fjk NNN par oramjak vam a kes jsiãmtjrjs

jsiãmtjrjs pupnkarjs y còsoukes onknarjs
onknarjs fjk ebe. Kas
fjk YNN par nmjrvam a kas gkámfukas
gkámfukas kaorn
kaorncakjs,
cakjs, suh“caxnk
caxnkarjs
arjs y fj ka cuoesa masak y kas fjk
NP par vam `asta ka parÿtnfa. Jm jstes oases, ka mjurema pestgamgknemar sj keoaknza jm kes
gamgknes fj kes parjs oramjakjs. Kas inhras saoras, vnabam jm kes mjrvnes pîkvnoes, y sj kkjvam
ka nmjrvaonÿm parasncpátnoa ak oekem fjsojmfjmtj, rjote, vjbnga, peronÿm haba fj kes urîtjrjs
y gjmntakjs
gjmntakjs jxtjr
jxtjrmes.
mes. A fnijrjmona
fnijrjmona fj ke quj eour
eourrj
rj jm jk _M_, uma mjurema
mjurema prjgam
prjgamgknem
gknemar 
ar 
ierca snmapsns oem cuy peoas mjuremas pestgamgknemarjs. Ka rjkaonÿm fj inhras prj y
 pestgamgknemarjs js fj 121 e 12?. Jstj `jo`e, aseonafe a ka prexncnfaf fj ka snmapsns ak
ÿrgame nmjrvafe, kkjva a quj ka jstncukaonÿm parasncpátnoa sja cás keoaknzafa, cjmes
fniusa, ak oemtrarne fj ke quj suojfj jm jk _M_.
_N_VJCA MJXYNE_E JMVÎXNOE
Kas mjuremas fjk _MJ jstám keoaknzafas jm ka parjf fjk traote gastrenmtjstnmak fjsfj jk
jsÿiag
jsÿ iagee `a
`ast
staa jk ame
ame,, y oe
oemt
mtnj
njmj
mj ume
umess 1<
1<<< cn
cnkk
kkem
emjs
js fj mj mjure
uremas
mas.. Js jspjo
jspjona
nakc
kcjm
jmtj
tj
ncpertamtj
ncpert amtj jm jk oemtrek fj ke kess cevncnjmtes
cevncnjmtes y sjorjon
sjorjonemjs
emjs fjk aparate
aparate fngjstnve.
fngjstnve. Jk _MJ
ke oemstntuyjm jk pkjxe cnjmtîrnoe (pkjxe fj Aujrhao`) y jk pkjxe suhcuoese quj a su vjz
sj fnvnfj jm trjs pkjxes sjparafes2 jk pkjxe fj ka oapa suhcuoesa nmtjrma (pkjxe fj
Cjnssmjr) buste per fjhabe fj ka cusoukar cuoesa, jk pkjxe fj ka oapa suhcuoesa jxtjrma
(pkjxe fj @jmkj) fnrjotacjmtj afyaojmtj a ka oapa cusoukar onroukar y jk pkjxe nmtjrcjfne
quj
quj sj jmou
jmoujm jmtr
traa jm
jmtr
trjj js
jste
tess fe
fes.
s. Jste
Jstess pk
pkjx
jxes
es oeoems
mstn
tntu
tuyj
yjmm um
umaa rj
rjff oe
oecp
cpkj
kjba
ba fj
cnoreonrountes oemfuonfes per cás mjuretramscnserjs y mjurecefukaferjs quj kes quj
 pujfjm jmoemtrasj
jmoemtras j jm ouakqunjr etra partj fjk snstjca mjrvnese pjrniîrnoe, ke quj kj pjrcntj
 

iumonemar oem nmfjpjmfjmona fjk _MO. Zma prujha fj jsta nmfjpjmfjmona js ka prjsjmona fj
 pjrnstaktnsce y fj fngjstnÿm fjspuîs fj uma sjoonÿm cjfukar oecpkjta, ya quj ka pîrfnfa
fjk oemtrek parasncpátnoe qujfa oecpjmsafa, oem jk tnjcpe, per jk nmorjcjmte fj aotnvnfaf
fjk _MJ. \er jsta oaraotjrãstnoa sj kj fjmecnma ‛jk sjgumfe ojrjhre–. _nm jcharge, jm
oemfnon
oemf nonemj
emjss mer
mercak
cakjs
js jxnstj
jxnstj uma oerrnjm
oerrnjmtj
tj jstahk
jstahkjj fj oecumn
oecumnoaon
oaonÿm
ÿm jmt
jmtrj
rj jk aparat
aparatee
fngjstnve y jk _MO a travîs fjk mjrvne vage, fj cefe quj jk _MO jbjroj tachnîm oemtrek
sehrj jk _MJ.
_MJ. Jk pkjxe cn cnjmtîrn
jmtîrnoe
oe rjguka ka aotaotnvnfa
nvnfaff cusoukar, c cnjmtra
njmtrass quj jk pkjxe
suhcuoese jstá nmvekuorafe jm kas iumonemjs cuoesas, aumquj jm eoasnemjs jsta fnvnsnÿm
me js tam jstrnota. Jm îk sj `am nfjmtninoafe mucjreses mjuretramscnserjs. Ka aojtnkoeknma js
ume fj kes cás ncpertamt
ncpertamtjsjs y sj umj sehrj tefe a rjojpterjs mnoetã mnoetãmnoes
mnoes (><%) y jm cjmer 
grafe cusoarãmnoes
cusoarãmnoes (1<%) y js ka rjspemsahkj
rjspemsahkj fjk pjrnst
pjrnstaktn
aktnsce
sce nmtjstnmak
nmtjstnmak y fj ka sjorjonÿm
sjorjonÿm
fj agua y jkjotrekntes. Kas oîkukas jmtjreorecainmjs gastrenmtjstnmakjs oemtnjmjm jk >:% fj
ka sjr
sjret
etem
emnmnmaa prj
prjsjm
sjmtj
tj jm jk ergam
ergamns
nsce
ce.. Vach
Vachnî nîmm jm
jmoem
oemtr
trac
aceses susta
sustamo
monana \ y et etre
ress
mjuretr
mjur etramsc
amscnsenserjs
rjs oec
oecee ka merafrjm
merafrjmakn
aknma,
ma, jk pîptnf
pîptnfee nmtjst
nmtjstnma
nmakk vase aotnve
aotnve (YN\
(YN\),), ka
afjmesnma
afjmesn ma y jk ÿxnfe mãtrno
mãtrnoe,
e, jmtrj etres. Kas inhras prjgamgk
prjgamgknemarjs
nemarjs sncpá
sncpátnoas
tnoas fj V: a K1
nm`nhj
nm`nhjmm ka iumo
iumonÿm
nÿm nmt
nmtjst
jstnma
nmakk (ka mera
merafrjm
frjmakn
aknma
ma aotòa
aotòa oece
oece nm`nhn
nm`nhnfer
fer fj ka aotnvn
aotnvnfaf
faf
gastrenmtjstnmak). Kas inhras O cnjkãtnoas sncpátnoas tramscntjm sjmsaonÿm fj feker vnsojrak.
Kas mjuremas jmtîrnoas pujfjm sjr sjmsntnvas, aseonatnvas (nmtjrmjuremas) e ceteras. Kas
sjmsntnvas pefrãam aotuar oece cjoamerrjojpterjs y sj aotnvarãam per preojses quj 1<
fjiercam ka parjf nmtjstnmak (tjmsnÿm) e per oachnes quãcnoes jm jk oemtjmnfe. Kas
mjuremas ceteras
ceteras sjrãa
sjrãamm kas rjspemsahk
rjspemsahkjsjs fj ka oemtraoo
oemtraoonÿmnÿm cusoukar.
cusoukar. Furamtj
Furamtj ka onrugãa
ahfec
ahf ecnm
nmak
ak,, ka tr
trao
aoon
onÿm
ÿm vnvnsoj
sojrak
rak pu
pujfj
jfj pre
preveo
veoar
ar ka fjfjsosoarg
argaa rj
rjik
ikjb
jbaa fj kakass mj
mjure
uremamass
afrjmîrg
afrj mîrgnoa
noass nm`
nm`nhn
nhnter
ternas
nas ojsamfe
ojsamfe ka aotnvn
aotnvnfaf
faf cetcetera
era nmtjst
nmtjstnma
nmakk furamtj
furamtj um pjrnef
pjrnefee
 prekemgafe fj tnjcpe, ke quj jxpknoarãa jk ãkje pestepjraterne.
pes tepjraterne. Ka amjstjsna jspnmak a jstes
mnvjkjs va a nm`nhnr ka aotnvnfaf sncpátnoa prjfecnmamfe ka pjrãstasns y rjkabamfe ka
aotnvnfaf jsinmtjrnama.
MJZXEVXAM_CN_NßM FJK _N_VJCA MJXYNE_E AZVßMECE
A ZVßMECE
Kes mjur
Kes mjuret
etra
rams
mscn
cnse
serj
rjss fj
fjkk snsnst
stjc
jcaa mjrv
mjrvne
nese
se snsncp
cpát
átnnoe y pa para
rasn
sncp
cpát
átno
noee sesemm
iumfacjmtakcjmtj ka merafrjmaknma (MA) y ka aojtnkoeknma (AO). Kas inhras sjorjteras fj
 MA sj fjmecnmam afrjmîrgnoas y kas quj sjorjtam AO, oeknmîrgnoas. Mjuremas
 prjgamgknemarjs2 kas mjuremas prjgamgknemarjs, tamte kas fjk snstjca mjrvnese sncpátnoe
oecee kas fjk par
oec parasn
asncpá
cpátno
tnoe,
e, sem oeknmîrgn
oeknmîrgnoas.
oas. Mjurema
Mjuremass pestgamg
pestgamgkne
knemarj
marjs2
s2 kes MV
sjorjtafes per ka mjurema pestgamgknemar jm jk ÿrgame jijoter, nmtjraoonemam oem kes
rjoj
rjojpt
pter
erjs
js fj fn fno`
o`es
es ÿrÿrga
game
mess prprev
eveo
eoam
amfe
fe ka rjrjsp
spuj
ujst
staa hn
hnek
ekÿg
ÿgno
noa.
a. KaKass mj
mjururem
emas
as
 pestgamgknemarjs fjk snstjca mjrvnese parasncpátnoe tachnîm sem oeknmîrgnoas. Kas fjk
snstjca mjrvnese sncpátnoe sem afrjmîrgnoas y sjorjtam MA, jxojpte kas quj vam a kas
gkámfukas suferãparas y a uma cnmerãa fj vases samguãmjes quj sem oeknmîrgnoas. Kas quj sj
fnrngjm a ka cîfuka suprarrjmak sjorjtam sehrjtefe afrjmaknma y cuy peoa oamtnfaf fj MA.
 

Ka fepacnma tachnîm sj oemsnfjra um mjuretramscnser afrjmîrgnoe, ya quj js um prjourser 

jm ka sãmtjs
sãmtjsns
ns fj MA y afrjmak
afrjmaknma
nma (A), aumquj aotòa sehrj rjojpterjs fnijrjmtjs.
fnijrjmtjs. A partj fj
ka MA y AO jxnstj um gram mòcjre fj fnijrjmtjs mjuretramscnserjs rjkaonemafes oem ka
tramscnsnÿm mjrvnesa jm jk snstjca mjrvnese autÿmece.
 

_JOXJO
_JOXJONß
NßM
M FJ MJMJZX
ZXEV
EVXA
XAM_
M_CN
CN_E
_EXJ
XJ_
_ JM KA
KA_
_ VJ
VJXC
XCNM
NMAO
AONE
NEMJ
MJ_
_
MJXYNE_A_ AZVEMßCNOA_

Ka knhjraonÿm fj mjuretramscnserjs jm ka `jmfnfura snmáptnoa a partnr fj kas vjsãoukas

nmtraojkukarjs, eourrj per um preojse fj jxeontesns. Kes mjuretramscnserjs fniumfjm a travîs
fj ka `jm
`jmfnf
fnfura
ura snm
snmápt
áptnoa
noa umn
umnîmfe
îmfesj
sj a kes rjo
rjojpt
jpterjs
erjs pestsn
pestsnmáp
máptno
tnoes.
es. Aot
Aotuak
uakcjm
cjmtj
tj sj
oemeojm tefes kes fjtakkjs fj jstj preojse y sj sahj quj jxnstj um onoke fj kas vjsãoukas
snmápt
snmáptnoa
noas,
s, jm jk quj kas vjsãouk
vjsãoukas
as quj oem
oemtnj
tnjmjm
mjm jk mjuretr
mjuretramsc
amscnsenserr sem iahr
iahrnoa
noafas
fas,,
akcaojmafas buste per fjtrás fj ka cjchrama snmáptnoa y suirjm jxestesns para vaonar jk
mjuretramscnser jm ka `jmfnfura snmáptnoa4 jk oemtrek fjk cevncnjmte fj kas vjsãoukas
snmáptnoas
snmáptnoas js cuy prjonse y jstá rjgukafe per pretjãmas jspjoãin
jspjoãinoas,
oas, keoaknzafas
keoaknzafas tamte jm ka
cjchrama fj kas cnscas vjsãoukas oece jm ka cjchrama fj ka mjurema. Jstj onoke js
jxtrjcafacjmtj oecpkjbe, jxnstnjmfe um grupe fj gram mòcjre fj vjsãoukas jm rjsjrva y
um grupe cás pjqujñe, fj knhjraonÿm nmcjfnata, keoaknzafas cuy ojroa fj ka cjchrama
 prjsnmáptnoa. Ka jxeontesns eourrj ouamfe ka cjchrama snmáptnoa suirj uma fjspekarnzaonÿm,
oem apjrtura fj kes oamakjs fj oakone y jmtrafa fj jstj nem jm ka tjrcnmaonÿm prjsnmáptnoa. Jk
 

oakone aotòa sehrj kas vjsãoukas fj mjuretramscnser y preveoa ka iusnÿm fj îstas oem ka
cjchra
cjc hrama,
ma, ahrn
ahrnîmfe
îmfesj
sj ak jxtjrn
jxtjrner
er y vaonam
vaonamfe
fe jk oemt
oemtjmn
jmnfe
fe fj mjuret
mjuretrams
ramscns
cnser
er jm ka
`jmfnfura snmáptnoa. Jm sntuaonÿm fj rjpese sj knhjram oemtnmuacjmtj pjqujñas oamtnfafjs e
"ouamtes" fj MV, oafa ume fj kes ouakjs erngnma pjqujñes oachnes jkîotrnoes, "petjmonakjs
jm cn
cnmn
mnat
atur
ura"
a",, jm ka cjcjch
chra
rama
ma pepest
stsn
snmá
mápt
ptno
noaa qu
qujj me kk
kkjg
jgam
am a fj
fjsj
sjmo
moaf
afjm
jmar
ar ka
fjspekarnzaonÿm. Ka kkjgafa fj um petjmonak fj aoonÿm preveoa ka knhjraonÿm snmorÿmnoa fj
onjmte
onjmtess fj ouam
ouamtes
tes,, quj eoasnem
eoasnemaa ka jxeont
jxeontesn
esnss snc
sncukt
uktámja
ámja fj aprexnc
aprexncafac
afacjmt
jmtjj 1<<
vjsãoukas, quj sã oausam ka fjspekarnzaonÿm fj ka cjchrama pestsnmáptnoa. Ka knhjraonÿm fj
kes mjuretramscnserjs jstá nmikujmonafa per còktnpkjs iaoterjs, pjre `ay fes cjoamnsces
 hásnoes4 per uma partj jstá ka nmikujmona nm`nhnterna fj etras mjuremas ojroamas, per jb.
mjuremas sncpátnoas pujfjm nm`nhnr ka aotnvnfaf fj mjuremas parasncpátnoas ojroamas y
vnojvjrsa, rjonhnjmfe jstj tnpe fj nmtjraoonÿm jk mechrj fj nmtjraoonÿm `jtjretrÿinoa4 per 
etre kafe, ka cjchrama prjsnmáptnoa pujfj tjmjr rjojpterjs para sus prepnes MV, quj sem
jstncukafes sncuktámjacjmtj a kes pestsnmáptnoes, nm`nhnjmfe ka knhjraonÿm fj cás MV,
fjmecnmámfesj
fjmecn mámfesj nm
nmtjraoon
tjraoonÿm
ÿm `ecetrÿp
`ecetrÿpnoa
noa e ‛ijjf“haod– aute“nm`nhntern
nm`nhnterne.
e. Kas tjrcnmaonemj
tjrcnmaonemjss
 pestgamgknemarjs fjk snstjca mjrvnese sncpátnoe y parasncpátnoe sem amatÿcnoa y
insnekÿgnoa
insnekÿgnoacjmtj
cjmtj sncnk
sncnkarjs4
arjs4 prjsjmt
prjsjmtam
am còktnpkjs
còktnpkjs racnin
racninoaonemj
oaonemjss quj oemstntuyjm
oemstntuyjm kes pkjxes
jijoterjs tjrcnmakjs quj jmvujkvjm e rezam ka umnfaf jijotera. 
_ÃMVJ_N_ FJ MJZXEVXAM_CN_EXJ_
Aojtnkoeknma
Ka sãmtjsns fj aojtnkoeknma (AO) tnjmj kugar jm ka tjrcnmaonÿm prjsnmáptnoa cjfnamtj ka
aojtn
aoj tnka
kaon
onÿm
ÿm fj ka oe oeknknma
ma oe
oemm ao
aojt
jtnk
nk“oejmzn
oejmznca
ca A. Jsta Jsta rj
rjao
aoon
onÿm
ÿm jsta
jsta oa
oata
takn
knza
zafa
fa peperr ka
ao
aojt
jtnk
nkoe
oekn
knmt
mtra
rams
msij
ijra
rasa
sa.. Ka cacayeyerr part
partjj fj ka sã sãmt
mtjs
jsns
ns eo
eour
urrj
rj jm jk ax axep
epka
kasc
scaa y
 pestjrnercjmtj js j s tramspertafa a kas vjsãoukas femf
femfjj qujfa akcaojmafa. Zma vjz knhjrafa
jm ka snmapsn
snmapsns,
s, pjrcamjoj jm ka snmapsns
snmapsns furamtj peoes sjgumfes, tnjcpe furamtj jk ouak sj
 prefuoj ka rjs rjspujsta
pujsta hnekÿgnoa. A oem oemtnmuaonÿm,
tnmuaonÿm, ssjj jkncnma fj ierca cuy rápnfa
r ápnfa graonas
g raonas ak
`nfrÿknsns per ka aojtnkoeknmjstjrasa, jmznca prjsjmtj jm ka mjurema, ka `jmfnfura snmáptnoa y
jm fnvjrses tjbnfes, famfe kugar a nemjs aojtat aojtatee y a oeknma.
oeknma. Ka oeknma
oeknma js rjutnknzafa
rjutnknzafa,, snjmfe
tramspertafa `aona jk nmtjrner fj ka mjurema prjsnmáptnoa cjfnamtj tramspertj aotnve, para ka
sãmtjsns fj cás AO. Zma cãmnca oamtnfaf fj AO fniumfj `aona kãqunfes vjonmes y pkasca
femfj sj cjtaheknzará per ka psjufeoeknmjstjrasa e oeknmjstjrasa pkascátnoa, pjre jsta
jmznca tnjmj cuy peoa ncpertamona jm ka cjtaheknzaonÿm fj ka aojtnkoeknma. Ka AO oece tak
me sj rjutnknza y fjhj snmtjtnzarsj fj ierca oemstamtj.
Merafrjmaknmj y afrjmaknma
Ka sãmtjsns fj MA sj nmnona jm jk axepkasca fj kas inhras afrjmîrgnoas y aoaha jm kas
vjsãoukas fj kas tjrcnmaonemjs mjrvnesas. Jm jk axepkasca sj snmtjtnza ka fepacnma y a
oemtnmuaonÿm îsta js tramspertafa `asta jk nmtjrner fj kas vjsãoukas femfj sj iercará ka
merafrjmaknma. Jm ka cîfuka suprarrjmak sj kkjva a oahe uma òktnca jtapa para ka iercaonÿm
 

fj afrjmaknma. Jk pase kncntamtj jm ka sãmtjsns fj MA js jk pase fj tnresnma a Fepa y aquã sj

oemtrekaa ka prefuoonÿm cjfn
oemtrek cjfnamtj
amtj um cjoamns
cjoamnscece fj ‛ijjf“haod– mjgatnve.
mjgatnve. 

Ka jkncnmaonÿm
jkncnmaonÿm fj ka MA, uma vjz sjorjtafa jm ka snmapsn snmapsnss eourrj fj kas sngunjmtjs
sngunjmtjs iercas2
1/ Jk :<“0<% fj ka MA js rjoupjrjoupjrafa
rafa `aon
`aonaa jk nmtjr
nmtjrner
ner fj kas tjrcnma
tjrcnmaone
onemjs
mjs afrjmîrgn
afrjmîrgnoas
oas
 prjsnmáptnoa per tramspertj aotnve para sjr rjutnknzafa, snjmfe jstj jk prnmonpak cjoamnsce
fj inmaknzaonÿm
inmaknzaonÿm fj ka aoonÿm fj ka MA. Jstj preojse fj rjoaptaonÿ
rjoaptaonÿmm sj rjaknza
rjaknza per pretjãmas
pretjãmas
tramspertaferas jspjoãinoas keoaknzafas jm ka cjchrama prjsnmáptnoa. Zma gram varnjfaf fj
iaoterjs pujfj nmikujmonar y aktjrar ka aotnvnfaf fjk tramspertafer oece ka jxpesnonÿm ak
jtamek, onjrtes iárcaoes, aotnvaonÿm e nm`nhnonÿm
nm`nhnonÿm fj rjojpterjs prjsnmáptnoes, jto.jto. 8/ Ka MA
rjstamtj fniumfj `aona kes ikunfes oerperakjs vjonmes y fj aquã a ka samgrj suirnjmfe
cjta
cj tahek
heknz
nzao
aonÿ
nÿmm `j
`jpát
pátno
noaa y rjrjma
mak4
k4 js
jsta
ta òk
òktn
tnca
ca js ka pr prnm
nmon
onpak
pak vã
vãaa cjta
cjtahÿk
hÿkno
noaa fj ka
kass
oatjo
oatjoek
ekac
acnmnmas
as afcnm
afcnmnsnstr
trafa
afass jx
jxÿgj
ÿgjma
macj
cjmt
mtj.
j. ?/ Zma Zma pj pjqu
qujña
jña oaoamt
mtnf
nfaf
af fj MA js
cjtaheknzafa, per ka cemeacnmexnfasa jm kas prepnas tjrcnmaonemjs mjrvnesas e per jk oatj
oekcjtnk
oekcjt nk tramsijras
tramsijrasaa prjsjmtj jm jk rjste fj kes tjbnfes,
tjbnfes, iercámfesj áonf
áonfee vamnk“camfîknoe
camfîknoe
quj sj jkncnmará per ka ernma. 6/ Cjmes fj um :% fj ka MA sj jkncnma fj ierca nmaktjrafa
 per ka ernma.
 

XJOJ\VEXJ_ FJK _N_VJCA MJXYNE_E AZVßMECE 

Xjojpterjs oeknmîrgnoes
Ka AO aotòa oece prncjr cjmsabjre jm ka tramscnsnÿm fj ncpukses jm jk snstjca mjrvnese
 parasncpátnoe, gamgknes fjk snstjca mjrvnese sncpátnoe y jm ka umnÿm mjurecusoukar 
jstrnafa. Kes rjojpterjs sehrj kes quj aotòa ka aojtnkoeknma, sj oemeojm oece oeknmîrgnoes.
Kes rjojpterjs oeknmîrgnoes, sj fnijrjmonam jm fes tnpes2 kes cusoarãmnoes y kes mnoetãmnoes,
sjgòm su ainmnfaf sjkjotnva para ka cusoarnma e ka mnoetnma.
Kes rjojpterjs cusoarãmnoes sj jmoujmtram jm kes ÿrgames jijoterjs jstncukafes per kas
mjuremas
mjur emas pest
pestgamg
gamgkn
knemar
emarjs
js fjk snstjc
snstjcaa mjrv
mjrvnes
nesee parasnc
parasncpát
pátnoe
noe,, oece
oece jk oerazÿm
oerazÿm y jk
còsoukee knse fj tefe jk ergamnsce. \jrtjm
còsouk \jrtjmjojm
jojm a uma supjriacãkna
supjriacãkna fj rjojpterjs umnfes a
uma pretjãma
pretjãma G y sj `am nfj
nfjmtn
mtnino
inoafe
afe : tnpes
tnpes fnijrjmtj
fnijrjmtjss (C1“C:)
C:)..   Kes C1 sj keoaknzam
keoaknzam
iumfac
iumfacjmjmta
takc
kcjmt
jmtjj jm jk sn snst
stjc
jcaa mj mjrvn
rvnese
ese y cjfn
cjfnam
am jijot
jijotes
es jxjxon
onta
tate
tern
rnes.
es. Ke
Kess C8
 prjfecnmam jm jk cneoarfne, aumquj tachnîm sj jmoujmtram a mnvjk prjsnmáptnoe femfj sem
rjspems
rjspemsahk
ahkjs
js fjk ‛ijjf“hao
haod–
d– mjga
mjgatn tnve.
ve. Kes C? y C6 jstám keoakkeoaknza
nzafes
fes jm kas gkámf
gkámfuka
ukass
sjorjteras y jm jk còsouke knse y sem rjspemsahkjs fj tefes kes fjcás jijotes fj ka
jstncu
jst ncukao kaonÿm
nÿm para
parasnc
sncpát
pátnoa
noa.. Ka jst jstnc
ncuka
ukaonÿ
onÿmm fj kes rjojptrjojpterjs
erjs cusoarã
cusoarãmno mnoes
es prefuoj
prefuoj
 hrafnoarfna, fnscnmuonÿm fjk nmetrepnsce, hremoa oemstrnoonÿm, cnesns, saknvaonÿm,
`npj
`n pjrcrcet etnk
nknf
nfaf
af ga
gast
stren
renmt
mtjs
jstn
tnmak
mak y aucjm
aucjmte te fj ka sj sjorj
orjon
onÿm
ÿm fj áon áonfe
fe gá gást
strn
rnoe
oe.. Jstes
Jstes
rjojp
rjo jpte terj
rjss pujf
pujfjmjm hkhkequ
equjajarsj
rsj oe
oemm atatrep
repnm
nmaa sn
snmm ququjj sj prefu
prefuzoazoamm jijijo
jote
tess sehrj
sehrj kekess
rjojpte
rjoj pterjsrjs mno
mnoetã
etãmno
mnoes.
es. Jm ka cjc cjchramhramaa prj
prjsnmá
snmáptn
ptnoa
oa fj kas tjrcnmaon
tjrcnmaonemjsemjs mjrvnesas
mjrvnesas
sncpátnoas fjk cneoarfne, oeremarnas y vases pjrniîrnoes tachnîm jmoemtraces rjojpterjs
cusoa
cu soarã rãmn
mnoe
oess quj sj oe oemeo
meojmjm oe oece
ce rj rjoj
ojpt
pterj
erjss cusoa
cusoarã rãmn
mnoe
oess afafrjm
rjmîrg
îrgnonoes
es per su
keoaknzaonÿm, pjre quj sj jstncukam per aoonÿm fj ka AO4 nm`nhjm ka knhjraonÿm fj MA fj
camjra sncnkar a ka jstncukaonÿm fj kes rjojpterjs afrjmîrgnoes prjsnmáptnoes. Jm jstas
keoakn
keo aknzaon
zaonemj
emjss jxn
jxnstj
stjmm pkjxes
pkjxes fjk snst snstjca
jca mjrv
mjrvnes
nesee autÿmec
autÿmecee femfj
femfj kas tjr tjrcnm
cnmaonaonemjs
emjs
sncpátnoas y parasncpátnoas jstám jstrjo`acjmtj aseonafas fj tak camjra quj aquã, ka AO
knhjrafa per jk parasncpátnoe, pujfj nm`nhnr tachnîm ka knhjraonÿm fj MA. Jk hkequje
cusoarãmnoes jkncnmará jstj jijote nm`nhnterne sehrj ka knhjraonÿm fj MA, aucjmtamfe ka
aotnvnfaf sncpátnoa4 asã, ka atrepnma, 17 afjcás fjk hkequje vagak pujfj aucjmtar ka
aotnvnfaf
aotnv nfaf sncpat
sncpatnoecn
noecncîtno
cîtnoa.a. Ka taqun
taqunoarfna
oarfna preveoafa per akgumes rjkabamtjsrjkabamtjs cusoukarjs
cusoukarjs
 pefrãa jxpknoarsj per jstj cnsce cjoamnsce. Kes iárcaoes agemnstas cusoarãmnoes
fnrjotes sem2 1/ îstjrjs fj oeknma2 aojtnkoeknma, cjtaoeknma, hjtamjoek, oarhacnkoeknma y 8/
akoake
ako akenfjnfjs2
s2 cus
cusoarn
oarnma,
ma, pnk
pnkeoa
eoarpn
rpnma,
ma, arjarjoek
oeknma
nma.. Kes iárcaoe
iárcaoess agemnst
agemnstas as cus
cusoarã
oarãmno
mnoes
es
nmfnrjotes sem amtnoeknmjstjrásnoes quj prefuojm um aucjmte fj ka AO jm ka `jmfnfura
sn
snmáp
máptn tnoa
oa ak nm`n
nm`nhn
hnrr jk cjta
cjtahe hekn
knsc
scee fj ka cn cnsc
scaa peperr ka aoaojt
jtnk
nkoe
oekn
knmjs
mjstj
tjra
rasa
sa y sem ka
inse
inseststng
ngcn
cnma,
ma, mjmjes
estn
tngc
gcnm
nma,
a, pn pnrn
rnfe
feststng
ngcn
cnma,
ma, jfr
jfreie
eiemn
mnee y jo joet
etne
nepat
pate.e. Kes
Kes iárcaiárcaoeoess
amtagemnstas cusoarãmnoes sem ka atrepnma, jsoepekacnma, gknoepnrrekate j npatrepne. Kes
rjojp
rjo jpte terj
rjss mn
mnoe
oetã
tãmn
mnoes
oes sj ke keoak
oaknz
nzamam jm ka kass um
umne
nemj
mjss sn
snmáp
máptn
tnoas
oas fj ka kass mj
mjure
urema
mass pr
prjj y
 pestgamgknemarjs tamte fjk sncpátnoe (gamgknes sncpátnoes) oece fjk parasncpátnoe4 asã jk
jstãcuke
jstãc uke mnoetãmn
mnoetãmnoe
oe prefuoj jijotes jxontaternes
jxontaternes jm aches snstjcas,
snstjcas, pjre jk jijote inmak js
 

 prjfecnmamtjcjmtj sncpátnoe oem `npjrtjmsnÿm y taqunoarfna a travîs fj ka knhjraonÿm fj

afrjmaknma
afrjmak nma y MA fj ka cîf
cîfuka
uka suprarrjmak.
suprarrjmak. Kes rjojp
rjojpterjs
terjs fj ka umnÿm
umnÿm mjurecusouka
mjurecusoukar 
r 
jstrnafa sem tachnîm mnoetãmnoes, pjre fj um tnpe fnijrjmtj a kes autemÿcnoes.
XJOJ\V
XJOJ \VEX
EXJ_J_ AF AFXJXJMÎ
MÎXGXGNONOE_
E_22 Jx Jxns
nstj
tjmm 8 grgram
amfj
fjss gr
grup
upes
es fj rj rjoj
ojpt
pter
erjs
js
afrjmîrgnoes, kes akia (α) y ka hjta (θ), quj a vjz sj suhfnvnfjm jm akia1, akia8, hjta 1 y
 hjta8, aumquj sj oemeojm cás suhfnvnsnemjs. A ‛gresse cefe– kes akia1 sjrãam kes
 pestsnmáptnoes, kes akia8 prjsnmáptnoes, kes hjta1 oarfãaoes y kes hjta8 me oarfãaoes. Kes
afrjmerrjojpterjs sj keoaknzam tamte jm ka mjurema prjsnmáptnoa oece jm ka pestsnmáptnoa, asã
oece tachnîm jm keoaknzaonemjs jxtrasnmáptnoas. _j keoaknzam tamte a mnvjk pest oece
 prjsnmáptnoe, y tachnîm pujfjm sjr jxtrasnmáptnoes. Kes rjojpterjs akia sj jstncukam sehrj
tefe per ka aoonÿm fj ka merafrj
merafrjmaknma
maknma,, cnjmtras quj kes rjojpt
rjojpterjs
erjs hjta sj jstncukam
jstncukam sehrj
tefe oem jk nsepretjrjmek. Jxnstj, afjcás, etre 10 rjojpter pjrniîrnoe afrjmîrgnoe jspjoãinoe
 para ka fepacnma, jk rjojpter fepacnmîrgnoe (FA). Kes rjojpterjs prjsnmáptnoes sj
oemsnfjram nmjrvafes ya quj sj jmoujmtram cuy prÿxnces a ka knhjraonÿm fjk MV. Kes
 pestsnmáptnoes pujfjm oemsnfjrarsj nmjrvafes e me fjpjmfnjmfe fj su prexncnfaf a ka
`jmfnfura snmáptnoa, fj camjra quj kes quj jstám jm ka cnsca cjchrama pestsnmáptnoa sj
oemsnfjram nmjrvafes y kes jxtrasnmáptnoes sj fjmecnmam me nmjrvafes.