Problem I

We start from the general form of the eigenvalue problem

Au An

If raise matrix A to the rewrite the

we 2 then we can

power

above as

expression

A'a A Aa Acta X Au X'a CH

Xx Xx

Similarly for a power of 3 we can write

Asa A Au A Chiu X Ase The CHI

Xu

fromCHI

In

From and C we can generalize the above into

hi

Aku A Ahn A Xk n s Aa Aku

Cbs

Again starting from the general form ofthe eigenvalue problem

Au Xx

Ajax aA n

In X A'x

K a Abe c I

Multiplying both sides

of by X e

ni n A

xxx

Problem 2

Ca

We start from the expression for matrix diagonalization

A Q AQ

Note that I is a diagonal matrix containing the eigenvalues

and A share the same

of

matrix A ie matrices d eigenvalues

We start from the general expression ofthe eigenvalue problem

Are An

QA Qn In Muliply by Q'a from the left

A Q u a
eigenvalue
n

A Q'x a

Matrix 1 1 eigenvector

Therefore

we see that for every in for matrix A with a corresponding

eigenvector x there exists the same 4 for matrix A with a

corresponding eigenvector Q'n

Therefore
every eigenvalue of A is an eigenvalue of d

We follow the same logic to show that every eigenvalue of

It is an eigenvalue of A

A x xx I Oi HQ
Q from the left side

Q AQ a Xx Multiply with

QQ'AQr A Qr
eigenvalue

A Qu X Qu

Hatrix 1 eigenvector
I

Therefore

every eigenvalue of A is also an eigenvalue of A

Therefore

matrix diagonalization doesn't change its eigenvalues

Cbs

We start from A AQ

Multiplying by Q from the left Q h QQAQ

QQ A QQ

Multiplying by from the right Q A Q

I

We now have A Q A Q

We can write AI Q A Q Y
A Q Q hi

Similarly we have AI AA's Q A Q Q.IE

We can generalize this and write

AIAA CQ AEOi Q hi Q

Q A Q

Problem 3

I 0 O 3

A 0 I 3 O

0.5 3 I o S

3 o o I

First we have to check whether A is diagonizable or not This is

inspecting the
number distinct eigenvectors
of

done by

Finding the eigenvalues

EA IA l X o o 3

O l X 3 O

0.5 3 I X o 5

3 o o l A

We use the first row to find the determinant to make use of the

fact that it contains 2 tacos

det A Ix

t t X 3 O 114
0 t X 3

I y t t t
3 l X o S

0.5 3 l X o

o o I A

3 O O

I
I


We evaluate term a

l X 3 O

3 I I o S I A f 1 I a g

O o I 1 T

we take the last row I 7 9 l X

since it contains 2

Zeros I 13 311 312

431 372 6X 8

We evaluate term

0 I X 3

If
2

0.5 3 l X 3 f1 I g 9

3 O 0

we take the last row 3 I 1

Z
t 27

since it contains 2

Zeros

3 I 24 t 12 t 27

3421 61 t 24

Expression can now be written as

I 2 fX 1 372 6X 8 13 f 3421 61 t 24 o

1 372 6X 8 44 343 612 81 9 X't 184 t 72 o

Collecting similar powers of X we obtain the following Hth order

polynomial

X't 443 1272 t 327 t 64 0

Det CA IX

This polynomial has the following roots eigenvalues

11,2 2 73,4 It

Since the eigenvalues are repeated we have to check whether

their corresponding eigenvectors are linearly independent or not

For 112 28

We write A Ait a o

3 O O 3

O 3 3 O

0.5 3 3 o 5

3 o o 3

In order to find the number of distinct eigenvectors that can be

found we need to determine the rank of CA Hit We do

this by transforming the Matrix into row echelon form

3 O O 3 0.5 3 o S

O 3 3 O
rI O 3 3 O

r3

0.5 3 3 o 5 O O 3

3 o o 3 3 o o 3

ry

rat B 0.5 3 3 o S 0.5 3 3 o S

O 3 3 O O 3 3 O

3 O O 3 3 O O 3

13 3

3 o o 3 O O O O

0.5 3 3 o S 0.5 3 3 o S

Bt 6h o 3 3 O O 3 3 O

3 13

3 O O 3 O O O O

O O O O O O O O

Now that the Matrix is in row echelon form we can see that its

rank equals 2

This means that the nullity of EA Ian H 2 2

ooo

we can obtain 2 linearly independent eigenvectors corresponding to

712 2

We find these eigenvectors as follows

from the matrix

we found we can unite

from row 2 3M 323 0 22 23 Ct

from row 18 0.524 3kzt32lzto.SN L o yNi k4 CHA

From Ct and 6 7 we can write the following eigenvectors

x I
sea l

l l
l O

For 434 4

We write A 7.3ft n o

3 O O 3

O 3 3 O

0.5 3 3 o 5

3 o o 3

we
put this
matrix into row echelon form to know its rank

3 O O 3 0.5 3 3 o S

O
3 3 O th B o 3 3 O

0.5 3 3 o S 3 O o 3

3 o o 3 3 o o 3

0.5 3 3 o 5 0.5 3 3 o S

FL r4 B o z 3 O h B 3 o o 3

3 o o 3 O 3 3 O

O O O O O O O O

We now see that the rank of A In 3

the nullity
of CA

Therefore IAH 4 3 1

Only d distinct eigenvector corresponds to 734 4

ooo

Therefore matrix A is not diagonitable e we have to find

the Jordan form

Finding the Jordan form
already have the eigenvalues of A as he 2,734 1

We

In order to find the Jordan form we have to find a regular

eigenvector and 1 generalized eigenvector corresponding to Tae

live find the regular eigenvector corresponding to 734 4

0.5 3 3 o 5 Ni

U2
TAL

XI 3 o o 3 O

O 3 3 O 74

O O O O 24

3N 3N 4 0
24

322 3Uz o Nz Xz

o 5N 324 3h3 to 57h4 TO

O 5N 32 tUz o 5k o N O

3,1 O

We can write this eigenvenoras u

i

We now find x using

Gaussian elimination

CA IX 4
n d I

0.5 3 3 O S NI O

3 o o 3 Uz l

O 3 3 O 2cg I

0 O O O 224 O

0.5 3 3 0 5 O 0.5 3 3 0 5 O

3 118 18 3 O
3 I R h Gr 3 3 I

o o 3 o o

0 3 3 O l 0 3 3 O l

0 O O O O O O O O O

0.5 3 3 0 5 O 0.5 3 3 0 5 o

O 18 18 6 I B Btk 6 o 18 18 6 I

to 13 13 I 11 6

O 3 3 O l 0 3 3 O l

0 O O O O O O O O O

0.5 3 3 0 5 o

O 18 18 6 I

0 o o l 56

O O O O O

ooo We now have

from row 3 Nz 56 kz 5 6

from WW2 1822 t 18N3 67h4 I

18kt 18
E 624 1

18M t 15 6h4 L 118

Net 5 N4 1118 Xs
6
Hr tzn4 Hq If Ig
3212 2h4 K4
7g 222 1
If
from row to 0.5M 32h2 3N 3 to 5N4 O

o 5N 3 I2 8 O
3

M
2
8g 1 3 E 27 49
3

We can write the generalized eigenvector as

zC32 49 3

16 3
Writing the Jordan form

tue finally have A XIX 3 X AX

In order to find'd we first have to find K'using Gaussian elimination

I O l 49 3 I 0 O O

X I l l 1 O l O O
I 1 517 56 O O I 0

I 0 517 16 3 o o O I
rz rz r
B B r
Vrc r4 ri
I O l 73 I 0 O O
l o l 73
l o o O
I I 94 63 O l O O
l l 73
o l o o o
1 I 517 79 42 O O I O
l O l 73
l o O O
l 0 517 20 3
o o O I

I O l 73 I 0 O O

O I 2 241 63 I 1 O O

o I 1217 19 42 I O l O

O O 2 7 13 3 I 0 O l

B B Pz
V
I O l 73 I 0 O O

o I 2 241 63 I 1 O O
l 2 1241 63 H y o o
o I 1217 19 42 I o l O

O O 217 13 3 1 o O I

Il

I O l 73 I 0 O O

O I 2 241 63 1 I 0 O
o 27 425126 l O
o o 1
O O 217 13 3 1 o O I

B TIB
V

I O l 73 I 0 O O

O I 2 241 63 I 1 O O
it OxIz 2 XI XI XI 1
XI XE x
O 7 425126 O I O

O O 27 13 3 I 0 O l

Il

I O l 73 I 0 O O

O I 2 241 63 I 1 O O

O O I 42536 o 72 72 O

O O 2 7 13 3 1 o O I
 r r B
rz fzt2rz
yr4 r4tt rz

I O l 73 I 0 O O

O I 2 241 63 I 1 O O

O O I 42536 o I 72 O

O O 217 13 3 1 O O I

rzt2r3
yr4 r4t rs

I O l 73 I 0 O 0
to to 12 142518 to 7 7 to
0 I 2 241 63 I 1 O O
97121

O O I
12 7
42536 o I 72 0
to to
O O 217 13 3 1 O O I

we find X and find f A'AX

b
He eigen values are
X Me 2 73 74 75 2

We can find the nullity of X 21 as

Nullity X ZI h Rank X ZI 5 4 1

Therefore there is only one linearly independent eigenvector

corresponding to the eigenvalue 712 2 The other remaining
eigenvector will be a generalized eigenvector
This means that a 2 2 Jordan block exists for Xie 2

We can find the Nullity of 11 21 as

Nullity At 21 n Rank Xt 211 5 3 2

Therefore there are only two linearly independent eigenvectors

corresponding to 1345
2 The other remaining eigenvector will
be a generalized eigenvector

This means that we can have a 2 2 Jordan block for 4,4 2

a 1111 Jordan block for 7 5

 the Jordan form of the Matrix X will be
Therefore
of
the form
I 0 O O
2
O 2 O o O
O O 2 I 0
O O O Z O
O O O O 2
 Problem 4
a

If consider X 7 An the eigenvalues of matrix A then we

can write the characteristic polynomial as

12 121
PCA A IN ad On X t 9,9 t Ao 1

Now since the eigenvalues themselves are the zeros ofthe characteristic

polynomial we can find 90 as follows

par T X X A2 7 73 X Tn
n t Op I t 9,7 t 90 2

Setting 4 0
in 27 we
get
1 7271 73 C Tn do

C il Xi ao ch

Substituting 3 into 1 we
get
R
n at
p A IN ad On X t 9,9 t
ft Xi 4

Selling 7 0 in 4 we
get

IAI
II Ii Dixit In
This means that the determinant of A is equal to the
multiplication ofits eigenvalues

However siree A is a diagonal matrix its eigenvalues are its

diagonal elements

Therefore IAl AtAzAz A

 b
We begin the proof by multiplying An by an uppertriangular matrix

Un such that
I 1 I I 2 I 00 O l O 0 I
UMAN 0 I l I I 2 I O O l 1 O I
O O I I O l 2 I O I I 0 I
O o o I s n n i
i i 4 I O l
all12011200 I b
I 2 l 0 I l I
elements i f I I 2 i i i i i
1 O O O I 0 o O 000 I 2 O O O O l 2

det Min Min Min

11
We call this matrix B

Since detCU I using the giver hint we have

detCB det An det det An det An

1

Therefore we will show that det B htt

Matrix 13 that B I Cp where Cp

By examining we see

is the Companionmatrix with a charachteristicodynomial P X such

that
Det IX Cp Ps X t X t t X't X c

Substituting 11 1 we get

detCI Cp I t I t I't 10 At 1
B D