Examination Questions

This booklet covers some topics from grade Eight (8) to Nine (9). Am
hopeful that this will make you a genius if you take keen interest to study
it carefully. Thank you for making an effort to use it. May GOD bless you in
your studies!!

BY MR. LITONGOLA LITMAN PAUL

SINDA, ZAMBIA

CELL NOs. 0977 494315, 0965 114900, 0954 541015

2nd Edition © 2015.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

LET’S ENJOY STUDIES DEAR FRIENDS!!

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Solutions to Computer Studies
PART A

A Computer
1. What is a computer? – It is an electronic device used to input, process, output and
store data.
2. Functions of a computer;
a) It takes data as input.
b) It stores data and instructions in its memory and use them when required.
c) It processes data into useful information.
d) It produces the output/also known as results.
e) It controls all the activities and processes.
Types of Computers
3. State and explain the types of computers;
a) Analog computer – it is a computer that represent data in physical quantities
e.g. voltage, time, etc.
b) Digital computer – it is a computer that do operations using electrical signals
in binary form.
c) Microcomputer – it is a computer that uses a single microprocessor as a
central processing unit.
d) Minicomputer – it is a mid-size computer that supports 250 users at once.
e) Personal Computer – it is a small computer that allows one user and all parts
are integrated on one machine.
f) Workstation – it is a single user computer with a more powerful.
microprocessor
g) Mainframe – it is a multi-user computer supporting up to 100 users.
h) Supercomputer – it is a fastest and expensive computer which does many
operations in one second.
Application of Computers
4. List the fields where computers are applied and what they do in each field;
a) Business – used for payroll calculations, budgeting, sales analysis etc.
b) Banking – used to provide online accounting facilities e.g. current balances,
deposits, withdraws and overdrafts.
c) Insurance – used to keep all records up- to date e.g. starting and continuing of
policies.
d) Education – used to control, deliver and evaluate learning through computer
based education.
e) Marketing – used for advertising and home shopping.
f) Health care – used to keep record of patients, medicines, scanning, diagnosis
of diseases and surgery.
g) Engineering design – used to create and modify images in structural,
industrial and architectural engineering.

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h) Military – used for missile control, military communication, smart weapons,
military operation and planning.
i) Communication – used to send and receive messages through E-mail,
chatting, video conferencing etc.
j) Government – used for budgeting, control sales tax, income tax, weather
forecasting etc.
Computer Hardware
5. What is computer hardware?
- These are the physical parts of the computer.
6. Give any six computer hardware devices?
i. Monitor
ii. Keyboard
iii. Mouse
iv. Speaker
v. CPU(Central Processing Unit)
vi. Microphone
7. List five components of a computer?
a) Input unit
b) Control unit
c) Arithmetic/logic unit
d) Memory unit
e) Output unit
8. Explain the following computer components;
a) Input unit – part of a computer that takes in data and instructions.
b) Control unit – part of a computer that controls all the processing activities.
c) Arithmetic/logic unit – part of the computer that performs all calculations and
logical operations.
d) Memory unit – part of a computer that stores data and instructions.
e) Output unit – part of the computer that produces results.
The Computer Input Devices
9. What is an input device?
– It’s a device used to enter data into a computer.
10. Give examples of computer hardware devices?
i. Monitor
ii. Keyboard
iii. Mouse
iv. Printer
v. Central Processing Unit etc
11. What is a peripheral device?
- It is any physical device that can be attached to the CPU e.g. mouse, keyboard etc.
12. State and explain the computer input devices?
a) Keyboard – it is an input device that has sets of keys used to issue commands.
b) Mouse – it is an input device that is used for pointing.
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c) Mouse pad – it is an input device used for navigation and commanding.
d) Scanner – it is an optical device that can input any graphical matter and
display it back.
e) Microphone – it is an input device used to enter sound into a computer.
f) Joystick – it is a pointing device used to move cursor position on the screen.
g) Light pen – it is a pointing device used to display menu or draw images on
the monitor screen.
h) Track ball – it’s an input device used for pointing and moving a cursor.
i) Digitizer – it is an input device used to convert analog information into digital
form.
j) Magnetic ink card reader – it is an input device used to read magnetic ink
particles on cheques in the bank.
k) Optical character reader – it is an input device used to read a printed text.
l) Bar code reader – it is an input device used to read data in form of dark and
light lines. This data is also known as bar coded data.
m) Optical mark reader – it is an input device used to recognise a mark made by
pencil or pen. It is specifically used to mark multiple choice examination
questions.
n) Touch screen- it is an input as well as an output computer device used to
enter and output data graphically.
13. Give three examples of scanners?
i. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
ii. Optical Mark Reader
iii. Optical Character Recognition
The Computer Keyboards
14. Name the three types of computer keyboards?
i. Special keyboard
ii. Ergonomic keyboard
iii. Standard keyboard
15. List and explain the sets of keys on the computer keyboard.
a) Alphanumeric keys – it is a set of keys used for typing. It has a set of letters
A to Z and numbers 0 to 9.
b) Numeric keypad – it’s a set of seventeen keys used to enter numeric data into
a computer.
c) Function keys – it is a set of twelve keys used for specific purposes. They
range from F1 to F12 with extra characters on them.
d) Control keys – these are keys used to control cursor movement and the
screen. These include four direction/arrow keys, Home, End, Insert, Delete,
Page up, Page down, Control(Ctlr), Alternate(Alt) and Escape(Esc) keys.
e) Special keys – these are keys used for special purposes e.g. changing the
typefaces to upper and lower case. These include Enter, Shift, Caps Lock,
Num Lock, Space bar, Tab and Print Screen keys.

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Computer Mice
16. Name and explain the types of computer mice?
i. Mechanical mouse- it is a mouse that changes the movement of the ball into
directional signals.
ii. Optical mouse – it is a mouse that uses LED light and a small camera to
detect a motion. LED stands for Light-Emitting Diode.
iii. Cordless mouse - it is a mouse that uses Radio, Bluetooth or Infrared
broadcasting system to link itself to a computer.
iv. Touch pad – it is a mouse that is built on the computer system with a
primary button, secondary button and a smooth surface for navigation.
v. Opt mechanical mouse - it is a mouse that uses both mechanical and optical
means to detect a motion.
Computer Output Devices
17. What is an output device?
It is a computer device that is used to produce results.
18. State and explain the computer output devices?
a) Monitor: it is an output device used to produce results on soft copy e.g.
screen.
b) Printer: it is an output device that produces results on hardcopy e.g. paper.
c) Speaker: it is an output device that produces sound.
d) Graphical plotter: it is an output device that is used to draw graphs and other
pictorial images on paper. It sometimes uses attached pens.
Monitors
19. Give four examples of computer monitors?
i. Cathode Ray Tube(CRT)
ii. Liquid Crystal Display(LCD)
iii. Light Emitting Diode(LED)
iv. Plasma Display
20. Briefly explain the four types of computer monitors?
i. Cathode Ray Tube: it is a monitor with a vacuum tube where electrons are
sent to the florescent screen. A CRT display is made of picture elements
called pixels.
ii. Liquid Crystal Display: it is a monitor display that uses optical effects to
convert light from a source into graphic patterns. It is also known as a Non-
Emissive display.
iii. Light Emitting Diode: it is a monitor display that emits light when an electric
current passes through it. It is also known as an Emissive display.
iv. Plasma Display: it is a high definition monitor display which emits light
when an electric current passes through it. It is also known as an Emissive
Display.

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Printers
21. Name the two types of printers?
i. Impact printers
ii. Non-impact printers
22. What is an impact printer?
It is a printer that prints the characters by striking them on the ribbon which is pressed
on paper.
23. State and explain the two types of impact printers?
i. Character Printers: these are printers which print one character at a time.
ii. Line Printers: these are printers which print one line at a time.
24. Give two examples of Character and Line printers?
- Examples of Character Printers are; (1) Dot Matrix Printer and (2) Daisy Wheel
Printer.
- Examples of Line Printers are; (1) Drum Printer and (2) Chain Printer.
25. What is a Non-Impact Printer?
- It is a printer that prints characters without using a ribbon. It prints a page at a
time hence it is known as a page printer.
26. Give two examples of Non-Impact Printers and a brief definition of each?
i. Laser jet printers: these are printers that use laser lights to produce dots that
form characters on paper.
ii. Inkjet printers: these are printers that print characters by spraying small dots
of ink on paper.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
27. What is the Central Processing Unit?
- It is the brain of the computer.
28. State the functions of the Central Processing Unit?
- It performs all types of data processing.
- It stores data, intermediate results and instructions.
- It controls the operation of all other parts of the computer.
29. State the three components of the Central Processing Unit?
i. Memory Unit/Storage Unit
ii. Control Unit
iii. Arithmetic /Logic Unit
30. What is meant by the terms Memory Unit, Control Unit and Arithmetic/Logic Unit?
- Memory Unit: It is a space in the central processing unit where data and
instructions are stored.
- Control Unit: it is part of the system unit which controls all parts of the computer.
- Arithmetic/Logic Unit: it is part of the system unit which performs mathematical
and logical operations. Mathematical operations include addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. Logical operations include selecting, comparing,
sorting etc.
31. Name and explain the physical parts of the central processing unit?
a) Case: it is the housing box that encloses all internal parts of the CPU.
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b) Motherboard: it is an electronic board that connects the power supply to all
other electronic parts. It also holds the other parts in position in the CPU.
c) Fan: it is the device that lowers the operating temperature of electronic parts
to prevent overheating.
d) Power Supply: it is a device which connects all parts of the computer to a
power source.
e) Hard Disk Drive: it is a storage device that is used to keep data and
instructions permanently.
f) Optical Drive: it is a device which reads data on optical discs using laser beam
of light. These discs include; Compact Discs (CD’s), Digital Versatile Discs
(DVD’s), Video Compact Discs (VCD’s) and Blue-Ray Discs (BRD).
g) Random Access Memory: it is the working or main memory of the computer.
h) Sound Card: it is a circuit board which receives sound in digital form and
reproduces it through speakers.
i) Video Card: it is a circuit board that enables a computer to display
information on the screen.
j) Network Card: it is a device used to connect a computer to the network.
k) Processor: it is the main brain of the computer.
l) Ports: these are locations for passing information in and out of the computer.
Computer Ports
32. What is a port?
- It is a point of passing information in and out of the computer. Ports are also slots
where peripheral devices are connected to the Central Processing Unit.
33. State and explain examples of ports;
i. Serial Port: it is a port which transfers data bits, one bit at a time.
ii. Parallel Port: it is a port which transfers more than one data bits at a time.
iii. USB Port: it is a port that connects all devices with USB connectors. USB
means Universal Serial Bus.
iv. PS/2 Port: it’s a port for old mice and keyboards. Also known as a mouse
port. PS/2 means Programming System 2.
v. Power Connector: it is a port which connects computers to a power source.
vi. Fire wire Port: it is a port which transfers large amount of data at a fast speed.
vii. VGA Port: it is a port which connects monitors to computer video cards. VGA
means Video Graphic Array.
viii. DVI Port: it is a port which connects flat panelled monitors to computers high
end video graphic cards. DVI means Digital Video Interface.
ix. HDMI Port: it is a port which connects flat panelled monitors to computers
high definition end video graphic cards. HDMI means High-Definition
Multimedia Interface.
x. Games Port: it is a port which connects a PC to the joystick.
xi. Ethernet Port: it is a port which connects computers to networks and high
speed internet.

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Computer Memory
34. State the three types of computer memory?
i. Primary Memory
ii. Secondary Memory
iii. Cache Memory
35. Explain in brief the three types of computer memory?
i. Primary Memory: it is the temporal memory which holds data and
instructions a computer is currently working on. It is also known as the
Working Memory or Main Memory.
ii. Secondary Memory: it is a computer memory which stores data and
information permanently. It is also known as the External Memory.
iii. Cache Memory: it is a computer memory which holds parts of data which are
mostly used by the CPU. It acts like a temporal memory between the CPU and
main memory.
36. Give two examples of computer primary memory and explain them?
i. Random Access Memory (RAM): it is an internal memory which holds data
and instructions a computer is currently working on. When power is off, all
data is erased. It is also known as a Read and Write (RW) memory.
ii. Read Only Memory (ROM): it is memory which reads only and holds data
permanently. ROM stores information that is used to start a computer. This
process is known as Bootstrap or Booting.
37. Name the two types of RAM and give a brief definition of each?
i. Static RAM (SRAM): it is RAM which keeps its contents as long as power is
being supplied to it. When power is off, all data is lost.
ii. Dynamic RAM (DRAM): it is RAM that can hold data as long as it is being
refreshed. This is done by placing the memory on the refresh circuit that
rewrites data several hundred times per second.
38. Give four examples of ROM and a brief definition of each?
i. Masked ROM (MROM): it is a hard-wired device that has a pre-programmed
set of data.
ii. Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM): it is ROM that can be
programmed once by the user.
iii. Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM): it is ROM that
can be programmed and erased by the user.
iv. Electronically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory
(EEPROM): it is ROM that can be electronically erased and programmed by
the user.
Software
39. What is computer software?
- It is a set of instructions which tells the computer hardware what to do. It is also
known as a set of programs designed to do a meaningful operation.
40. What is a program?
- A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem.
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41. Name and explain the three types of software?
i. System Software: it is a set of programs used to extend, control and maintain
the working conditions of a computer.
ii. Application Software: it is software that is used to do specific tasks of a
particular environment.
iii. Utility Software: it is software that is used to solve simple problems related
to computer system management.
42. Give any three examples of system software?
i. Operation System
ii. Compiler
iii. Interpreter
43. What is an Operation System?
- An operation system is the basic software that controls the computer. It is also
known as the interface between the computer hardware and the user.
44. Write any four functions of the Operation System;
i. It is used to start a computer
ii. It manages the computer memory
iii. It controls the security part of the computer by means of passwords.
iv. It links other software programs to users
45. Name any five examples of the Operation Systems Programs?
i. Unix OS
ii. Linux OS
iii. Macintosh OS (MAC OS/MAC OS X)
iv. Windows 7 OS (Starter, Home, Basic, Premium, Profession, Ultimate)
v. Windows 8 OS (8.0, 8.1, 8.0 underground etc.)
vi. Windows 10 OS (Home, Pro)
vii. Android OS (for mobile phones)
46. Name any five examples of the Application Software Programs?
i. Payroll software
ii. Student Record Software
iii. Microsoft PowerPoint
iv. Microsoft Excel
v. Microsoft Word
47. Explain the following Application Software programs; Microsoft Word and Microsoft
Excel.
i. Microsoft Word: it is application software used to create, edit, delete and print
a word document.
ii. Microsoft Excel: it is application software used to represent data in tabular
form on spreadsheet.
48. Give any three examples of Utility Software programs?
i. Anti-virus program e.g. Avast anti-virus
ii. Burning Studio programs e.g. Nero and Ashampoo burning studios
iii. Photo Editor programs e.g. Photoshine
49. What is a software license?
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- It is a permit to own, and use software programs and products
50. Software can be divided into two areas from a commercial point of view. Name these
two areas?
i. Cost
ii. Modification
51. State and explain four examples of software under cost?
i. Freeware: it is software that is completely costless. This means that it can be
downloaded without paying for it e.g. Skype and Linux software programs
ii. Shareware: it is free software but the user is asked to pay something after a
certain period of time. This software has two versions, an incomplete one and
the complete one which a user must pay e.g. mobile phone applications.
iii. Commercial: it is software which allows users to buy a licence to use it e.g.
Microsoft Operating System and photo editing programs.
iv. Private: it is software which is made for payment for one to use e.g. Database
programs.
52. State and explain three examples of software under modification?
- Open Source Software: it is free software that allows user modification. An
example is Linux Operating System.
- Proprietary Software: it is free software but does not allow user modification. An
example is Adobe Acrobat Reader.
- Copy left Software: it is open source software which becomes proprietary after
modification.
53. What is Data Format?
- It is a structure on how data is stored.
54. State and explain the three examples of Data Formats?
i. Closed proprietary: it is a data format owned by a software company and kept
as a trade secret. One example is DOC format. DOC is a short form of
Document.
ii. Open proprietary: it is a data format which is available to the public but under
the control of the company. One example is a new word format DOCX.
iii. Open: it is a data format whose ownership and use is available to the public/
public organisations. Examples are; GIF for images, PDF for text and HTML
for web page.
Data and Information
55. What is data?
- Data is unprocessed information. Data is also known as raw facts represented in
symbols, numbers etc. It is also known as the representation of facts.
56. All Data is saved as numbers in computers because computers can only understand
numbers. State the four elements that make data?
i. Numbers
ii. Texts
iii. Images
iv. Sound

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57. How are these data elements stored in a computer?
i. Numbers: numbers are stored as numbers.
ii. Texts: texts/words are stored as a code representing each word.
iii. Images: images are stored as numbers representing the amount of red, green
and blue for each pixel.
iv. Sound: sounds are stored as numbers representing loudness at given intervals.
58. What is information?
- Information is data that has been processed.
59. What is data processing cycle?
- It is the organising or ordering of data to add value and usefulness.
60. Data processing cycle consists of three basic steps. Name and explain these steps?
i. Input: it’s the taking in of data/information into the computer.
ii. Processing: it’s the adding of value to data to make it meaningful through
operations.
iii. Output: it is the process of producing results from data to get useful
information.
61. What is a process?
- A process is a series of actions. It is also known as a sequence of instructions.
Computer Viruses
62. What is a virus?
- It is a program that disturbs the normal working condition of a computer.
63. Computer viruses fall under the technical name Malware which means Malicious
Software. State and explain the types of Viruses or Malware programs;
i. Virus: it is a program that inserts a copy of itself into and becoming part of
another program.
ii. Worm: it is a program that spreads without the help of another program. It is a
program that stands on its own.
iii. Trojan horse: it is a malicious program which spreads by hiding inside other
programs.
iv. Spyware: it is a malicious program that monitors activities of a user and sends
the information to another computer secretly.
v. Backdoor: it is a malicious program that spreads by using abnormal means.
vi. Hijackers: it is a malware program that redirects a user to a certain page on
the internet.
vii. Dialler: it is a malware program that charges more than usual on the internet.
viii. Adware: it is a malicious program that spreads by generating pop-ups on
computer screens.
64. State any four sources of viruses;
i. The internet
ii. Memory cards
iii. Flash discs
iv. E-mails
65. Mention three ways one can protect his/her computer from viruses;

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i. By installing anti-virus software and firewalls.
ii. Scanning electronic mails before opening them.
iii. Be careful to scan all data being shared with friends
66. Give any three examples of anti-virus programs?
i. Avast anti-virus
ii. Norton internet security
iii. Avira anti-virus
User Interface
67. What is an interface?
- It is a shared boundary between two functioning units.
68. What is a user interface?
- It is a means through which people communicate with computers.
69. State and explain the types of user interface.
i. Command-Line Interface: it is a means of communication with computers
through a special command language. For example pressing a key on the
keyboard.
ii. Graphical User Interface: it is a means of communication with computers
using graphics. For example pointing and clicking an icon on the screen.
iii. Menu-Driven interface: it is a means of communication with computers by
selecting options from the menu (a list of items).
iv. Natural Language Interface: it is a means of communication with computers
using natural languages. For example enabling a computer to respond to voice
commands.
v. Forms and Dialogue Box Interface: it is a means of communication with
computers using forms and dialogue boxes. For example responding to
questions from the sources on dialogue boxes.
70. State five characteristics of a good user interface?
- It must be safe
- It must be user friendly
- It must be effective
- It must be efficient
- It must be enjoyable
71. Give three advantages of a common user interface?
- It makes it easy to learn new ideas.
- It makes applications easy to use.
- It gives comfort to inexperienced users.
72. Name the two main types of user interface;
i. Graphical user interface
ii. Command-line interface
Computer Networks
73. What is a network?
- It is the connection of multiple computers to share information and resources.
74. Name the hardware devices used to connect a computer to a network?
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i. Network cables
ii. Routers
iii. Distributors
iv. Network Cards. (These include internal and external network cards.)
75. Name and explain the types of computer networks?
i. Personal Area Network (PAN): it is a simple network consisting of data
sharing between Personal Digital Assistants. Examples are Bluetooth, infrared
etc.
ii. Local Area Network (LAN): it is a network which connects computers over a
relatively short distance e.g. office buildings. An example is Wi-Fi.
iii. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): it is a network covering a larger area e.g.
a town or city. An example is Hotspot.
iv. Wide Area Network (WAN): it is a computer network covering the whole
world. An example is the internet.
76. What is network topology?
- It is the relationship between nodes in a computer network. In other words, it is
the structure of networks in computing.
77. Name and explain the common network topologies;
i. Point to Point Topology: it is a structure of network made of two connected
computers.
ii. Star topology: it is a structure of network where computers are connected to a
central computer.
iii. Bus Topology: it is a structure of network where computers are connected to
the same communication line known as a bus.
iv. Ring Topology: it is a structure of network where computers are connected in
a ring like structure.
v. Mesh Topology: it is a structure of network where each computer is a source
of information to other computers on the network.
The Internet
78. What is an internet?
- It is the global interconnection of computer networks.
79. What is an intranet?
- It is a computer network within an organisation.
80. What is an extranet?
- It is a computer network accessible to the public.
81. State five advantages of the internet?
i. Easy and cheap communication
ii. There is quick access to information
iii. It use for business e.g. promoting and selling products
iv. Used for entertainment
v. Lessens costs as all information is found on finger tips.
82. List five disadvantages of the internet?
i. There is viral threat

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ii. There is cyber theft of personal information
iii. Lack of personal interaction due to loss of social skills.
iv. Spamming (unwanted electronic mails and advertisements)
v. Exposure of all kinds of pornographic materials.
83. What is a web browser?
- It is a program that is used to get information on the World Wide Web.
84. Give three examples of web browsers?
i. Microsoft Internet Explorer
ii. Mozilla Firefox
iii. Google Chrome
85. What is a search engine?
- It is a program that is used to search for specific information on the internet.
86. Give any five examples of search engines?
i. Google
ii. Yahoo
iii. Amazon
iv. Twitter
v. Bing
87. Name two devices one can use to connect a computer to the internet?
i. Modem
ii. Router
88. Explain the following internet terminologies;
i. World Wide Web (WWW): it is an information system which connects
document to other documents by hyperlinks on the internet.
ii. Address box: it’s a rectangular box where one can type the address.
iii. Browsing: it is exploring websites by scanning and reading information.
iv. Button: it is a feature that can turn on and off some functions graphically.
v. Desktop: it is the background on the computer screen containing icons and
images.
vi. Dialogue box: it is a box that appears when a computer needs additional
information.
vii. Dropdown list: it is a list of items from which one can make selections.
viii. FAQs: these are commonly asked questions and answers that appear on a
website. FAQs means Frequently Asked Questions.
ix. Go on line: it means to go on the internet.
x. Home page: it the first page or window you see when you go on net.
xi. Link/hyperlink: it is a highlighted or underlined feature on the web page that
takes you to another page.
xii. Log on: it is gaining access to a computer system or a web page by entering a
password or user ID.
xiii. Navigate: it is to move through a website or a number of websites.
xiv. Scroll: it is moving of information on the screen up, down or sideways as new
information appears as old disappears.

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xv. Scroll bar: it is a narrow rectangular bar that makes one move through a page
or window to see information.
xvi. Search box: it is a box where one can type words to search for information.
xvii. Site map: it is a list of contents on the internet.
xviii. Surf the net: it is to explore a number of websites on the internet.
xix. Website: it is a location on the internet that contains information about a
specific topic.
xx. URL: it is an address for a website. URL means Uniform Resource Locator.
xxi. TCP/IP: it is a suit of protocols that sends data and makes sure it is sent
between computers in a network. TCP means Transmission Control Protocol
and IT means Internet Protocol.
xxii. HTTP: it is a suit of protocols that is used to transfer and display hypertext
documents.
E. Commerce
89. What is E. Commerce?
- It is the selling and buying of goods or services over the internet. E. Commerce is
a short form of Electronic Commerce.
90. E. Commerce can be done in different forms. State and explain the forms of E.
Commerce?
i. B2B (Business To Business): it is the selling of products and services
between businesses.
ii. B2C (Business To Consumer): it is the selling of products and services
between businesses and consumers.
iii. C2C (Consumer To Consumer): it is the online transaction between
consumers.
iv. B2G (Business To Government): it is the online transaction between
businesses and the government.
91. State any four advantages of E. Commerce?
- There is no third party in business
- It provides quick and clean transactions
- It reduces leg work of looking for goods shop to shop.
- It provides a variety of goods and services to consumers and businesses.
92. State any three disadvantages of E. Commerce?
- It’s a source of viral attacks to computers.
- There is no physical checking of goods to be ordered or bought.
- There is theft of personal information e.g. account numbers and credit card
numbers.
93. Name three things one need to have in order to be an online entrepreneur?
i. Shopping Cart
ii. Secure Server
iii. Payment Processing
94. Explain the following terms used in E. Commerce; Shopping Cart, Secure Server and
Payment Processing?

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i. Shopping Cart: it is software that keeps track of what the user wants to buy on
the internet.
ii. Secure Server: it is program that provides protection against loss or
modification of personal information.
iii. Payment Processing: it is a system through which transactions are completed
through an online sending of cash.

Part B

Unit Of Measurement
Computer storage units
A computer stores data in small chunks known as bits. A bit is the smallest unity of
information. It is represented by 0 or 1, meaning No or Yes. Therefore, 8 bits (with 28 = 256
possible binary values, typically enough to encode a single character such as a letter or digit).
Below are various storage units of information;
1. Bit – smallest unit of information represented by either 0 or 1.
2. Nibble: unit of information egual to 4 bits
3. Byte – unit of information equal to 8 bits.
4. KiloByte (KB) – unit of information equal to1000 or 1024 bytes.
5. MegaByte (MB) – unit of information equal to1000 or 1024 kilobytes.
6. GigaByte (GB) - unit of information equal to1000 or 1024 megabyte.
7. TeraByte (TB)- unit of information equal to1000 or 1024 gigabytes.
8. PetaByte (PB) - unit of information equal to1000 or 1024 terabytes.
9. ExaByte (EB)- unit of information equal to1000 or 1024 petabytes.
10. ZettaByte (ZB)- unit of information equal to 1000 or 1024 exabytes.
11. YottaByte (YB) - unit of information equal to 1000 or 1024 zettabytes.

CPU Processing Speed Units

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is measured at a speed known as Hertz. A Hertz is
defined as unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second. (e.g. 1 clock cycle in a computer
which corresponds roughly to the time required to execute 1 computer instruction. In these
terms, a 1GigaHertz computer executes 1 Billion instructions per second.).
Below are various cycles denoting units at which the CPU functions;
1. Hertz – smallest unit of frequency equal to 1 cycle per second.
2. Kilohertz – unit of frequency equal to 1000 hertz.
3. Megahertz – unit of frequency equal to 1000 kilohertz.
4. Gigahertz - unit of frequency equal to 1000 megahertz.
5. Terahertz - unit of frequency equal to 1000 gigahertz.
6. Petahertz - unit of frequency equal to 1000 terahertz.
7. Exahertz - unit of frequency equal to 1000 petahertz.
8. Zettahertz - unit of frequency equal to 1000 exahertz.
9. Yottahertz - unit of frequency equal to 1000 zettahertz.
More Terminologies
1. Port: it is a slot on the computer that is used to send or receive data.

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2. Password: it is a secrete string of characters that provide access to computer.
3. Username: it is an initial identifier used to access a computer.
4. Pixel: it is a picture element made of a tiny dot of colour on the screen.
5. Serial: it is the transfer of data bits, one bit at a time.
6. Parallel: it is the transfer of more than one bit at a time.
7. Multimedia: it is the use of computers to display integrated text, graphics, sound and
animation.
8. Multitasking: its the ability of a computer to run more than one application at a time.
9. Modem: a device used to connect computers to the internet
10. Menu: a list of choices or commands a computer displays on the screen.
11. Jack: a female electronic fitting.
12. Host: the main computer that controls specific functions on the network.
13. Server: a computer that supplies services or data to other machines.
14. Cookie: a computer file containing user information.
15. Client: a computer program that obtains data from a program on another computer.
16. Hardcopy: an actual printed paper.
17. Softcopy: information on the screen.
18. Hack: to gain access to a computer without authority.
19. Graphics: computer screen images represented as pictures or photographs.
20. Freeware: software that can be downloaded without paying for it.
21. Uploading: sending information on the internet.
22. Downloading: getting information from the internet.
23. Proprietary Software: software that is privately owned.
Part C
Abbreviations
1. GUI – Graphical User Interface
2. TCP – Transmission Control Protocol
3. AP – Access Point
4. ATM – Automatic Teller Machine
5. B2B – Business To Business
6. B2C – Business To Consumer
7. B2E – Business To Employee
8. C2C – Consumer To Consumer
9. B2G - Business To Government
10. SSL – Secure Socket Layer
11. BIOS – Basic Input and Output System
12. VDU – Visual Display Unit
13. CPU – Central Processing Unit
14. PDA’s – Personal Digital Assistants
15. UI – User Interface
16. ALU – Arithmetic and Logic Unit
17. PC – Personal Computer
18. VGA – Video Graphic Array
19. HDMI – High Definition Multimedia Interface
20. LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
21. LED – Light Emitting Diode
22. GIF - Graphic Interchangeable Format
23. JPEG - Joint Photographic Expert Group

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24. BMP - Bitmap
25. SWF - Shock Wave Flash
26. DOC - Document (Microsoft Corporation)
27. PDF - Portable Document Format
28. HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language
29. WML - Wireless Markup Language
30. CD - Compact Disk.
31. DVD - Digital Versatile Disk.
32. FAT – File Allocation Table
33. NTFS – New Technology File System
34. HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.
35. HTTPS - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure
36. IP - Internet Protocol.
37. URL - Uniform Resource Locator.
38. USB - Universal Serial Bus.
39. VIRUS - Vital Information Resource Under Seized.
40. 3G - 3rd Generation.
41. GSM - Global System for Mobile Communication.
42. CDMA - Code Divison Multiple Access.
43. UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunication System.
44. SIM - Subscriber Identity Module.
45. AVI = Audio Video Interleave
46. RTS = Real Time Streaming
47. SIS = Symbian OS Installer File
48. AMR = Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec
49. JAD = Java Application Descriptor
50. JAR = Java Archive
51. JAD = Java Application Descriptor
52. 3GPP = 3rd Generation Partnership Project
53. 3GP = 3rd Generation Project
54. MP3 = MPEG player lll
55. MP4 = MPEG-4 video file
56. AAC = Advanced Audio Coding
Part D
Keyboard Shortcuts
Press this key To do this
F1 Display Help
Ctrl + C Copy the selected item
Ctrl + X Cut the selected item
Ctrl + V Paste the selected item
Ctrl + Z Undo an action
Ctrl + Y Redo an action
Delete (or Ctrl + D ) Delete the selected item and move it to the Recycle Bin
Shift + Delete Delete the selected item without moving it to the Recycle Bin first
F2 Rename the selected item
Ctrl + Right Arrow Move the cursor to beginning of the next word
Ctrl + Left Arrow Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word
Ctrl + Down Arrow Move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph
Ctrl + Up Arrow Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous paragraph

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Ctrl + Shift with an arrow key Select a block of text
Shift with any arrow key Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select
text within a document
Ctrl with any arrow key + Select multiple individual items in a window or on the desk top
Spacebar
Ctrl + A Select all items in a document or window
F3 Search for file or folder
Alt + Enter Display properties for the selected item
Alt +F4 Close the active item, or exit the active program
Alt + Spacebar Open the shortcut menu for the active window
Ctrl + F4 Close the active document ( in programs that allow you to have
multiple documents open simultaneously)
Alt + Tab Switch between open items
Ctrl + Alt + Tab User the arrow keys to switch between open items
Ctrl + Mouse scroll wheel Change the size of icons on the desktop
Windows logo key + Tap Cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Aero Flib 3-D
Ctrl + Windows logo key + Use the arrow keys to cycle through programs on the taskbar by
Tab using Aero Flip 3-D
Alt + Esc Cycle through items in the order in which they were opened
F6 Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop
F4 Display the address bar list in window Explorer
Shift + F10 Display the shortcut menu for the selected item
Ctrl + Esc Open the start menu
Alt + underlined letter Display the corresponding menu
Alt +underlined letter Perform the menu command (or other underlined command)
F10 Activate the menu bar in the active program
Right Arrow Open the next menu to the right, or close a submenu
Left Arrow Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu
F5 Refresh the active window
Alt +Up Arrow View the folder one level up in windows Explorer
Esc Cancel the current task
Ctrl + Shift + Esc Open Task Manager
Shift when when you insert a Prevent the CD from automatically playing
CD

Functions of Special Keys on the Keyboard

1. Delete key: to move data to the recycle bin and remove characters to the right.
2. Backspace key: to remove characters to the left.
3. Enter key: to open a file or program and to go to the next line in word document.
4. Caps lock key: to change letters to upper and lower case.
5. Home key: takes you to the home page or first page of a file, program or internet.
6. Tab key: to create a big space between characters.
7. Escape key: to remove and minimize the active window on the screen.
8. Windows key: to open the start menu.
9. Scroll lock key: to lock and unlock the scroll or arrow keys on the keyboard.
10. Num lock key: to lock and unlock the numeric keypad.

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11. Alternate key, Shift key and Control key: these keys are used in combination with
other keys to perform special functions.
The end!!

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