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  • Chapitre 4 Routage A Vecteur de Distance

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    Soumia Merah
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    The document discusses distance vector routing protocols. It describes how distance vector protocols work by having each router share its routing table with neighbors periodically. The router learns the distance and direction to networks, but not the specific path. Distance vector protocols include RIP, IGRP, and EIGRP. They are slower to converge than link state protocols but require less resources.

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    Chapitre 4 Routage a Vecteur de Distance

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    The document discusses distance vector routing protocols. It describes how distance vector protocols work by having each router share its routing table with neighbors periodically. The router learns the distance and direction to networks, but not the specific path. Distance vector protocols include RIP, IGRP, and EIGRP. They are slower to converge than link state protocols but require less resources.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    18 views34 pages

    Chapitre 4 Routage A Vecteur de Distance

    Uploaded by

    Soumia Merah
    The document discusses distance vector routing protocols. It describes how distance vector protocols work by having each router share its routing table with neighbors periodically. The router learns the distance and direction to networks, but not the specific path. Distance vector protocols include RIP, IGRP, and EIGRP. They are slower to converge than link state protocols but require less resources.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 34

    Routage a Vecteur

    de Distance

    Chapitre 4

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 1


    M. Benyahia
    Topics
     Characteristics of distance vector routing
    protocols
     Distance vector routing protocols in use today
     How they discover routes
     How they maintain routing tables
     Routing loops

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 2


    M. Benyahia
    Routing protocols

    Interior Exterior

    Distance vector Link state


    RIP v1 OSPF EGP
    RIP v2 IS-IS BGP
    IGRP
    EIGRP

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 3


    M. Benyahia
    Distance vector knowledge
     A distance vector protocol learns:
     The distance to a network, measured in hops or in
    some other way
     The direction of the network: which port should be
    used to reach it
     It puts the routes in the routing table
     It does not know any more details of the route
    or the other routers along the way

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 4


    M. Benyahia
    Distance vector

    Network 192.168.48.0 Network 192.168.22.0


    is 3 hops away using is 2 hops away using
    port fa0/0 port fa0/1

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 5


    M. Benyahia
    Metrics
     RIP v1 and 2 hop count, maximum 15

     IGRP and EIGRP bandwidth, delay,


    load, reliability

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 6


    M. Benyahia
    Distance vector
     Exchange complete routing tables with
    immediate neighbours
     Do this at regular intervals
     Adjust the metric, e.g. add 1 to the hop count,
    or add number based on bandwidth and
    delay of link.

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 7


    M. Benyahia
    Adjust the metric

    192.168.13.0 192.168.13.0
    is 2 hops is 3 hops
    away away

    Send update

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 8


    M. Benyahia
    Sending updates
     RIP v1 Whole routing table
    Broadcast every 30 sec
     RIP v2 Whole routing table
    Multicast every 30 sec
     IGRP Whole routing table
    Broadcast every 90 sec
     EIGRP Initial learning process then small
    updates when topology changes

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 9


    M. Benyahia
    Routing protocols
    Distance vector Link state

    RIP v1 OSPF
    EIGRP
    RIP v2 IS-IS
    IGRP

    Slow to converge Fast to converge


    Easy to configure Harder to configure
    Small networks Large networks
    Little use of resources Much use of resources
    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 10
    M. Benyahia
    Distance vector updates
    10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0

    Routers start up. Network Interface Hop


    R1 adds directly 10.1.0.0 Fa0/0 0
    connected networks 10.2.0.0 S0/0/0 0
    to table.

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 11


    M. Benyahia
    Distance vector updates
    10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0

    Exchange of routing
    table information.

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 12


    M. Benyahia
    Distance vector updates
    10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0

    R1 has learned Network Interface Hop


    about 10.3.0.0 from
    10.1.0.0 Fa0/0 0
    R2.
    10.2.0.0 S0/0/0 0
    It does not know
    10.3.0.0 S0/0/0 1
    about 10.4.0.0

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 13


    M. Benyahia
    Distance vector updates
    10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0

    Exchange of routing
    table information.

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 14


    M. Benyahia
    Distance vector updates
    10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0

    R1 has learned Network Interface Hop


    about 10.4.0.0 from
    10.1.0.0 Fa0/0 0
    R2.
    10.2.0.0 S0/0/0 0
    R2 previously
    10.3.0.0 S0/0/0 1
    learned about it
    from R3. 10.4.0.0 S0/0/0 2

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 15


    M. Benyahia
    Update timer
    R 10.3.0.0 [120/1] via 10.2.0.2, 00:00:04, Serial0/0
     Show ip route gives number of seconds since
    last update.
    Routing Protocol is “rip”
    Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 3
    seconds
     Show ip protocols says when next update is
    due.
     Update timer default is 30 seconds
    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 16
    M. Benyahia
    RIP timers
    Routing Protocol is “rip”
    Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 26 seconds
    Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240

    Routing table contains two RIP routes

    R 10.3.0.0 [120/1] via 10.2.0.2, 00:00:04, Serial0/0


    R 10.4.0.0 [120/2] via 10.2.0.2, 00:00:04, Serial0/0

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 17


    M. Benyahia
    RIP timers
    Routing Protocol is “rip”
    Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 30 seconds
    Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240

    30 seconds – update
    Route to 10.3.0.0 refreshed
    Route to 10.4.0.0 not included
    R 10.3.0.0 [120/1] via 10.2.0.2, 00:00:00, Serial0/0
    R 10.4.0.0 [120/2] via 10.2.0.2, 00:00:30, Serial0/0

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 18


    M. Benyahia
    RIP timers
    Routing Protocol is “rip”
    Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 30 seconds
    Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240

    60 seconds – update
    Route to 10.3.0.0 refreshed
    Route to 10.4.0.0 not included
    R 10.3.0.0 [120/1] via 10.2.0.2, 00:00:00, Serial0/0
    R 10.4.0.0 [120/2] via 10.2.0.2, 00:01:00, Serial0/0

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 19


    M. Benyahia
    RIP timers
    Routing Protocol is “rip”
    Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 30 seconds
    Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240

    90 seconds – update
    Route to 10.3.0.0 refreshed
    Route to 10.4.0.0 not included
    R 10.3.0.0 [120/1] via 10.2.0.2, 00:00:00, Serial0/0
    R 10.4.0.0 [120/2] via 10.2.0.2, 00:01:30, Serial0/0

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 20


    M. Benyahia
    RIP timers
    Routing Protocol is “rip”
    Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 30 seconds
    Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240

    120 seconds – update


    Route to 10.3.0.0 refreshed
    Route to 10.4.0.0 not included
    R 10.3.0.0 [120/1] via 10.2.0.2, 00:00:00, Serial0/0
    R 10.4.0.0 [120/2] via 10.2.0.2, 00:02:00, Serial0/0

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 21


    M. Benyahia
    RIP timers
    Routing Protocol is “rip”
    Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 30 seconds
    Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240

    150 seconds – update


    Route to 10.3.0.0 refreshed
    Route to 10.4.0.0 not included
    R 10.3.0.0 [120/1] via 10.2.0.2, 00:00:00, Serial0/0
    R 10.4.0.0 [120/2] via 10.2.0.2, 00:02:30, Serial0/0

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 22


    M. Benyahia
    RIP timers
    Routing Protocol is “rip”
    Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 30 seconds
    Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240

    180 seconds – update


    Route to 10.3.0.0 refreshed
    Route to 10.4.0.0 not included
    R 10.3.0.0 [120/1] via 10.2.0.2, 00:00:00, Serial0/0
    R 10.4.0.0 [120/16] via 10.2.0.2, 00:03:00, Serial0/0

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 23


    M. Benyahia
    RIP timers
    Routing Protocol is “rip”
    Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 30 seconds
    Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240

    210 seconds – update


    Route to 10.3.0.0 refreshed
    Route to 10.4.0.0 not included
    R 10.3.0.0 [120/1] via 10.2.0.2, 00:00:00, Serial0/0
    R 10.4.0.0 [120/16] via 10.2.0.2, 00:03:30, Serial0/0

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 24


    M. Benyahia
    RIP timers
    Routing Protocol is “rip”
    Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 30 seconds
    Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240

    240 seconds – update


    Route to 10.3.0.0 refreshed
    Route to 10.4.0.0 not included
    R 10.3.0.0 [120/1] via 10.2.0.2, 00:00:00, Serial0/0

    Route has been removed.


    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 25
    M. Benyahia
    Triggered updates
     These are to speed up convergence
     Interface goes up/down, route
    added/removed
     Router detects change, sends update to
    neighbour at once without waiting for timer
     Neighbour passes on update at once.

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 26


    M. Benyahia
    Routing loop
     A packet is sent from router to router in a
    loop until it is eventually dropped when its
    TTL field drops to 0
     Caused by incorrect information in routing
    tables

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 27


    M. Benyahia
    Avoiding routing loops
     Defining a maximum metric to prevent count
    to infinity
     Route poisoning
     Split horizon
     Triggered updates
     Hold down timers

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 28


    M. Benyahia
    Maximum metric
     Routers exchanging wrong information can
    report higher and higher values of the metric.
     RIP sets a maximum metric.
     The hop count can go up to 15.
     If it reaches 16 then the route is regarded as
    unreachable.

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 29


    M. Benyahia
    Holddown timers
     Router receives update saying that a network is
    down.
     Router marks the network as possibly down and
    starts hold down timer.
     Update with a better metric for that network arrives:
    network is reinstated and hold down timer removed.
     Update with the same or worse metric for that
    network arrives: update is ignored.
     Timer runs out : network removed from table.

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 30


    M. Benyahia
    Split horizon
    Route to Route to
    10.1.1.0 in 10.1.1.0 in
    3 hops 4 hops

     Router receives information about a route


    through an interface.
     It will not send out information about the
    same route through that interface.
    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 31
    M. Benyahia
    Route poisoning
     A router detects that a route has gone down.
     It marks that route as unreachable in its
    routing table. (16 hops for RIP)
     It sends out updates that show the route as
    unreachable.
     Neighbour routers pass on these “poison”
    updates.

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 32


    M. Benyahia
    RIP v1 and RIP v2
     RIP v1  RIP v2
     Classful, does not send  Classless, includes the
    subnet mask in updates subnet mask in routing
    so does not support updates, so supports
    VLSM VLSM.
     Sends updates as  Sends updates as
    broadcasts multicasts
     No authentication  Authentication for
     No manual route security
    summarisation  Supports manual route
    summarization.
    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 33
    M. Benyahia
    The End

    mercredi 5 mai 2021 Université de Blida Département d'Informatique 34


    M. Benyahia

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