izlkj iqfLrdk % NRCL-EB&27

Lojkstxkj gsrq
e/kqeD[kh ikyu
lat; dqekj flag] bofuax LVksu ekjcksg ,oa vkyksd dqekj xqIrk

lg;ksxh laLFkk
Hkkjrh; d`f"k dkS'ky ifj"kn]
xq:xzke 122 002] gfj;k.kk] Hkkjr
Hkk-d`-vuq-i-&d`f"k rduhdh vuqç;ksx laLFkku] iVuk

d`f"k dkS'ky fodkl dsaæ

Hkk-d`-vuq-i-&jk"Vªh; yhph vuqla/kku dsUnz ph

vuq- ds- eqt
¶Q
h
j k- y

ji

ICAR-NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE ON LITCHI

qj

Hkkd`vuqi
ICAR eq'kgjh iz{ks=] eq'kgjh] eqt¶Qjiqj & 842002 ¼fcgkj½
Mushahari Farm, Mushahari, Muzaffarpur - 842002 (Bihar)
Website: www.nrclitchi.org
 izlkj iqfLrdk % NRCL-EB&27

Lojkstxkj gsrq e/kqeD[kh ikyu

lat; dqekj flag
bofuax LVksu ekjcksg
vkyksd dqekj xqIrk

lg;ksxh laLFkk
Hkkjrh; d`f"k dkS'ky ifj"kn] xq:xzke 122 002] gfj;k.kk] Hkkjr
Hkk-d`-vuq-i-&d`f"k rduhdh vuqç;ksx laLFkku] iVuk

d`f"k dkS'ky fodkl dsaæ

Hkk-d`-vuq-i-&jk"Vªh; yhph vuqla/kku dsUnz ph
vuq- ds- eqt
¶Q
h
j k- y

ji

ICAR-NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE ON LITCHI

qj

Hkkd`vuqi
ICAR eq'kgjh iz{ks=] eq'kgjh] eqt¶Qjiqj & 842002 ¼fcgkj½
Mushahari Farm, Mushahari, Muzaffarpur - 842002 (Bihar)
Website: www.nrclitchi.org
çdk'kd

çks- ¼MkW-½ fo'kky ukFk

funs'kd
Hkk-d`-vuq-i-&jk"Vªh; yhph vuqla/kku dsaæ
eq'kgjh QkeZ] eq'kgjh] eqt¶Qjiqj] 842002] fcgkj
bZ&esy% nrclitchi@yahoo.co.in
oSclkbV% http://www.nrclitchi.org

lEiknu ,oa ladyu

MkW- lat; dqekj flag] ojh; oSKkfud
MkW- bofuax LVksu ekjcksg] oSKkfud
MkW- vkyksd dqekj xqIrk] oSKkfud

izFke laLdj.k% ekpZ] 2020

© **lokZf/kdkj lqjf{kr**

rduhdh lg;ksx
MkW- t; çdk'k oekZ] ç{ks= rduhdh lgk;d

ekxZn'kZu
MkW- 'ks"k/kj ik.Ms;
v/;{k] çkFkfedrk fu/kkZj.k] lapkyu ,oa ewY;kadu bdkbZ
Hkk-d`-vuq-i-&jk"Vªh; yhph vuqla/kku dsaæ] eqt¶Qjiqj] fcgkj

ijke'kZ] foÙkh; lg;ksx ,oa vLohdj.k

l Hkkjrh; d`f"k dkS'ky ifj"kn] xq:xzke 122 002] gfj;k.kk] Hkkjr
l jk"Vªh; dkS'ky fodkl fuxe] Hkkjr ljdkj dh bdkbZ
l bl iqfLrdk ds çdk'ku esa iwjh lko/kkuh cjrh x;h gS fQj Hkh fdlh Hkh =qfV ls gksus okyh
{kfr ds fy, çdk'kd] eqæd] laiknd] ;k ys[kd dk dksbZ nkf;Ro ugha gksxkA
 fo"k; lwph
Ø-la- fo"k; i`"B
1- ifjp;
l e/kqeD[kh ikyu dh laHkkouk;sa] LFkku fu/kkZj.k o çca/ku 1
l e/kqeD[kh ikyu gsrq mi;qä ekSle 2
l yhph ds ckx ,oa NksVs Lrj ij e/kqeD[kh ikyuk 3
l vk/kqfud ekSu x`g esa e/kqeD[kh ikyu] bdkbZ dh LFkkiuk ,oa çca/ku 3
l 'kgn rFkk e/kqeD[kh ikyu dk ekuo thou esa ;ksxnku 6
l e/kqeD[kh ikyu }kjk iSnkokj esa o`f) 7
l e/kqeD[kh ikyu djrs le; /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsa 7

2- e/kqefD[k;ksa dh çtkfr;k¡] ifjokj laxBu rFkk thou pØ 11

3- e/kqeD[kh ikyu ds fy, vko';d midj.k 16

4- fofHkUu _rqvksa esa e/kqefD[k;ksa dk çca/ku 21

5- e/kqeD[kh ikyu esa iq"i iapkx ¼¶yksjy dysUMj½ çcU/ku ,oa Hkkstu òksr okys ikS/ks 24

6- e/kqeD[kh ifjokjksa dk foHkktu ,oa tksM+uk 26

7- e/kqeD[kh NÙkksa dh ns[k Hkky dSls djsa 28

8- 'kgn o vU; mRikn dk fu"dklu ,oa çlaLdj.k 31

9- 'kgn dk 'kks/ku] HkaMkj.k rFkk foi.ku 34

10- e/kqeD[kh ikyu ds mi&mRikn ¼ckb&çkWMDV½ 36

l e/kqeD[kh fo"k ,oa mlls mipkj

11- e/kq ds O;kikj dh çfØ;k ,oa e/kqeD[kh ikyu dk vFkZ'kkL= 40

12- e/kqefD[k;ksa ds jksx] dhV ,oa mudk çca/ku 42

13- e/kqefD[k;ksa ds 'k=q ,oa mudk çca/ku 45

 Hkk-d`-vuq-i-&jk"Vªh; yhph vuqla/kku dsUnz ph
vuq- ds- eqt

¶Q
h
j k- y

ji
ICAR-NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE ON LITCHI

qj
Hkkd`vuqi
ICAR eq'kgjh iz{ks=] eq'kgjh] eqt¶Qjiqj & 842002 ¼fcgkj½
Mushahari Farm, Mushahari, Muzaffarpur - 842002 (Bihar)
Website: www.nrclitchi.org

lans'k
fo'oLrj ij Hkkjr 'kq) çkd`frd 'kgn dk vkBoka lcls cM+k mRiknd ns’k gSA e/kqeD[kh ikyu
d`f"k ls tqM+k O;olk; gS ftlesa de ykxr ls vf/kd equkQk feyrk gSA bl O;olk; dks d`f"k ls tqM+s
yksx ;k csjktxkj ukStoku Hkh vklkuh ls viuk ldrs gSaA e/kqefD[k;k¡ fofHkUu Qlyksa ds ikSèkksa ds
lcls egRoiw.kZ ijkxd gSa tks ijkx.k izfØ;k }kjk ml Qly ds mRiknu vkSj mRikndrk dks çHkkfor
djrs gSaA Qyksa] lfCt;ksa rFkk vkS"k/kh; Qlyksa vkfn esa e/kqeD[kh ikyu ds ,dhdj.k }kjk fdlkuksa dks
i;kZIr volj] vfrfjä vk; vkSj Lojkstxkj izkIr djus esa en~n feyh gSA orZeku esa e/kqeD[kh
ikyu y?kq O;olk; ls cM+s O;olk; dh 'kDy ysrk tk jgk gS ftlls d`f"k vkSj ckxokuh mRiknu c<+
jgk gSA dqy d`f"k ;ksX; Hkwfe ?kVus ds ckotwn ,dhd`r d`f"k ds QyLo:i [ksrh dk egRo tl dk rl
cuk gqvk gSA d`f"k ds lok±xh.k fodkl ds fy, Qlyksa] lfCt;ksa vkSj Qyksa ds Hkjiwj mRiknu ds
lkFk&lkFk d`f"k ls tqM+s vU; O;olk;ksa ls Hkh vPNh vk; t#jh gSA e/kqeD[kh ikyu ,d ,slk gh
O;olk; gS tks ekuo tkfr ,oa i;kZoj.k dks ykHkkfUor dj jgk gSA ;g ,d de [kphZyk ?kjsyw m|ksx
gS ftlesa vk;] jkstxkj o okrkoj.k 'kq) j[kus dh {kerk gSA ;g ,d ,slk jkstxkj gS ftls lekt ds
gj oxZ ds yksx viuk dj ykHkkfUor gks ldrs gSaA eèkqeD[kh ikyu d`f"k o ckxokuh mRiknu dks
c<+kus dh {kerk Hkh j[krk gSA
e/kqeD[kh ikyu ds vk/kqfud oSKkfud rjhdksa dk Kku] ukStokuksa dk çf'k{k.k] xq.koRrk;qDr
'kgn ds mRiknu ds xqj dh egrh vko';drk eglwl dh tk jgh gSA lkFk gh Qlyksa ds mRiknu ds
{ks= esa dhVuk'kdksa ds larqfyr ,oa lqjf{kr mi;ksx ds leqfpr Kku dh Hkh vko';drk gksrh gSA
eèkqeD[kh ikyu ij O;kid çf'k{k.k }kjk le;&le; ij e/kqeD[kh ds j[k j[kko] 'kgn dh xq.koRrk
,oa ifjj{k.k rFkk blds foi.ku ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ,oa tkx:drk iSnk djuk vko';d gSA
eèkqeD[kh ikyu O;olk; dks [ksrh&fdlkuh ls tqM+s yksx mlds lkFk gh ;k fQj csjkstxkj cM+s iSekus
ij 'kq) O;olk; ds :i esa viukdj ,d lky esa yk[kksa dh dekbZ dj ldrs gSaA bl O;olk; dks
de ykxr esa Nrksa ij] esM+ksa ds fdukjs] rkykc ds fdukjs ;k ckxhps ds [kkyh LFkkuksa esa fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
e/kqeD[kh ikyu ds O;kid egRo dks le>rs gq, Hkkjr ljdkj dh laLFkk Hkkjrh; d`f"k dkS'ky
ifj"kn] xq#xzke us jk"Vªh; yhph vuqla/kku dsaæ] eqt¶Qjiqj dks ,d eghus ds çf'k{k.k gsrq uksMy
dsUnz ds :i esa ekU;rk iznku dh gS ftlesa pqus gq, 20-25 izfrHkkfx;ksa dks ekSf[kd ,oa izk;ksfxd
izf'k{k.k fn;k tk jgk gSA ekSu mRiknd Lojkstxkj l`tu ds }kjk vkfFkZd rkSj ij etcwr gks jgs gSaA
eq>s fo'okl gS fd bl izf'k{k.k ds mijkUr Kku&dkS'ky ls ifjiw.kZ izfrHkkxh] ekSu ikyu dh fn'kk esa
dhfrZeku LFkkfir djds ns'k dk xkSjo c<+kus esa ;ksxnku nsaxsA

fnukad% 31 ekpZ] 2020

fo'kky ukFk
funs'kd
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz 1. i fjp;
Hkkjro"kZ' kgn mRiknu , oafu; kZ
r ds{ks
= es
afo' o dk, d i zeq
[ kns
' kgSt gk¡i zfro"kZdjhc&
djhc 1-05 yk[kehfVd ª Vu ' kgn dkmRiknu gkrskgSAgekjsn'skl sizR;d
s l ky yxHkx 0-63 yk[ k
feVªh Vu ' kgn l a ;q
Dr jkT; ves fjdk] l Ånh vjc] l a ;q
ä vjc vehjkr] cka Xykns ' k] dukMk
vkfn ns' kks
adksfu; kZ
r gks
rkgS] ft l dhdher yxHkx 732-16 djks M+gSA
ft u fdl kuksadht ks r NksVhgS ] os[ ks
rhckM+hdsl kFk&l kFke/kq eD[ khi kyu O;ol k; dks
vkl kuhl sdj jgsgS a
AT; knkrj yks x bl O;ol k; dksbl fy, ughadjrsgS aD; ks
fd mudksyxrk
a
gSe/kqefD[ k; karksMad ekjrhgS A; fn vkidksbl dsckjses
a al ght kudkjhgSrkse/kq eD[ khi kyu
l scf<+ ; kequkQkdek; kt kl drkgS Ae/kqeD[ khi kydksadkse/kqdsdkjks ckj es afuos
' kdjusl s
i gys; g t : j t ku ys ukpkfg; sfd ns ' kdsfdl fgLl ses adkS
u&dkSu l sQwyksadse/kqdhmiyCèkrk
gSAvxj vkidksbl dhHkkx Sks
fyd t kudkjhgksrksekS ui kyu vkidsfy, eq ukQsdkdkjks ckj gks
l drkgS Ae/kqeD[ khi kyu l s' kgn dsl kFk&l kFkQl yks aesaHkhi jkx.kdhfØ; krs t gksusl s25
çfr' kr l svf/kd df̀"k] m|kfudho okfudhQl yks adhmit c<+ rhgS A orZeku es avkcknhdh
c<+ks
Ùkjh vkSj l hfer l a l k/kuks
adsdkj.k jks t xkj dh l eL; k fnu çfrfnu fodjky : i /kkj.k
djrht kjghgS A, sl ses aekSu i kyu , d fodYi ds: i es ans
[ kk t kl drk gS A
e/kq
eD[ kh i kyu dh l a
Hkkouk; s
a
Hkkjr dk , d cM+ k Hkw
&Hkkx Ql yks
] l fCt ; ks
a ] Qyks
a | kuks
] Qw
a yks] t M+
a h&cwfV; ks
] ouks
a avkfn l s
vkPNkfnr gS ] t ksçfro"kZQy , oacht dsl kFkghedjUn vkS j i jkx dks/kkj.kdjrsgS ] fdUrq
a
ml dk Hkji wj l nq i ; ks
x ughagksi krk gSvkjS ; g cgq ew
Y; mit dk va ' k /kw
i ] o"kkZvkS
j vU;
çkdf̀rd vkinkvks adsdkj.kçdf̀r es ai q
u%foyhu gkst krkgS A bl va ' kdkHkji w j nks
gu vkSj
i ; kZ
oj.k dsl arqyu dksçkIr djusdsfy, e/kq eD[ khi kyu , d dkjxkj mik; gksl drk gS A
Hkkjr es at yok; qvkSj Ql yks
adhnf̀"V l se/kq eD[ khi kyu dsfy, i a t kc] gfj; k.kk] fnYyh]
mÙkj çns ' k] fcgkj] jkt LFkku] e/; çns ' k] i oZ
rh; vkS j nf{k.kHkkjr dsjkT; l oZ Fkkmi; qä gS A
a
fcgkj t Sl sdf̀"k ewy dsjkT; ks aes
adf̀"k&vk/kkfjr m|kx sks
adksc<+ kdj ghjkT; dk fodkl l a Hko
gSAe/kqeD[ khi kyu , d , s l kghdf̀"k&vk/kkfjr m|ks x gSft l dht kudkjhvR;a r l jy gS Abl es a
de ykxr , oavf/kd vkenuhdsl kFk&l kFkde l e; es aghvk; i zkIr gks
usyxrhgS Abl jkT;
esayxHkx 80 i zfr' kr yks x ; krksNks
Vso e>ks ysfdl ku gS a; kHkw
feghu et nwj gS] ft Ugs
a aLojkst xkj
, oavfrfjDr vk; dsl k/ku dhvko' ; drkjgrhgS A vr%xk¡oks adsl ok±
xh.kfodkl dsfy, ]
e/kq
eD[ khikyu l scs grj dks bZnw
l jk ?kjs ywjkst xkj ughagksl drk gS A t kudkjh l jy gks usds
dkj. k vf' kf{kr O;fDr Hkhbl O;ol k; dksdq ' kyrkl sdj l drk gS Ai q"i fofo/krkdsdkj.k
fcgkj es ae/kqmRiknu {kerkvklSru 60 fdyks xzke çfr cDl k çfr o"kZgS A

1
 Lojks
t xkj gs
rqe/kq
eD[ kh i kyu
I CAR

e/kq
eD[ kh i kyu dsfy, LFkku fu/kkZ
j . k o çca
/ku
d½ e/kq
eD[ khi kyu dsfy, LFkku pq uko dsfy, vko' ; d gSfd 2 l s3 fdyks
ehVj {ks
= es
a
is
M+&i kS
/kscgq
rk; r es
agks
] ft ues
a ai jkx , oaedjUn o"kZ
Hkj fey l ds
A
a
[k½ p; fur LFkku i j rs
t gokvks
adkl h/kkçHkko ughagks
ukpkfg, ] ; fn LFkku i j Nk; knkj i s
M
ughagSarksogkavçkdf̀rd : i l sNk; knkj LFkku cukukpkfg, A
x½ p; fur LFkku eq
[ ; l M+
d l sFkks
M+
knw
j gks
ukpkfg, rFkkHkw
fe l ery , oai kuhdkfudkl
mfpr gksukpkfg, A
?k½ p; fur LFkku dsi kl l kQ vkS
j cgrkgq
v ki kuhvFkokunh&ukyk; kt yl zks
r e/kq
eD[ kh
i kyu dsfy, vko' ; d gS A
³½ u; kyxk; kgq
v kcxhpkbl dsfy, mfpr gSvkSj T; knk?kukcxhpkxehZdsekS
l e es
agok
dksvkust kusl sjks
drk gS
A vr%bl dk /; ku j[ ks
A
a
p½ pq
usgq
, LFkku dspkjks
arjQ rkjca
nh; kckM+
kyxkdj voka
Nuh; rRoks
adksjks
dkt kl drk
gS
A
N½ , fi ; jhes
ai a
fä l si afä dhnw j h10 QhV , oackDl l sckDl dhnw j h3 QhV j[ kukmfpr
gksrkgS AcDl ksadksi a
fä esafc[ kjs: i es
aj[ kukpkfg, rFkk, d LFkku i j 50 l s100 cDl s
rd j[ kst kuspkfg, A
e/kq
eD[ khi kyu gs
rqmi; q
ä ekS
le
e/kq
efD[ k; ks
adsfy, vf/kd xehZ] l nhZ, oayxkrkj o"kkZvPNkughagks rkgSAe/kqefD[ k; ka27
l s32 fMxzhl s fYl ; l rkiØe i j vf/kd dke djrhgS A bl rjg dk rkiØe fcgkj i zns
a ' k esa
o"kZdsvf/kdka' keghuks aesajgrkgS
Ae/kqeD[ khdsfy, i zfrdwy rkiØe ¼10 fMxzhl sfYl ; l l suhps
, oa40 fMxzhl sfYl ; l l sÅi j½bl jkT; es a; | fi fd cgq
r ghde l e; dsfy, jgrkgS ] i jUrq
ml l e; Hkhe/kq efD[ k; ks
adscpko dkmÙke i zca /kdjdse/kqeD[ khdhfØ; k'khyrkcuk; sj[ kh
t kl drhgS A e/kq eD[ khi kyu dsfy, t uojhl sekpZdkl e; l cl smi; q ä gksrkgS ] ys fdu
uoEcj l sQjojhdkl e; ] t c [ krks aesavus d i zdkj dhQl ysavi usi q
"i u dhvoLFkkes agksrh
gS] bl O;ol k; dsfy, ojnku ekuk x; k gS
a A
yhphdsckx es
ae/ke
qD[ khi kyu
yhphdhnf̀"V l sHkkjr o"kZds{ks
=Qy dkyxHkx vk/kkfgLl kfcgkj es
aghfLFkr gS
A; gka
i j yhphdhvxs rh] e/; vkjS i Ns rhfdLes
ai kbZt krhgS
aft ul syhphdsQw
y l se/kq
&mRiknu

2
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz

yxHkx , d ekg rd pyrkgSD; ks fd budsQw

a yusdkl e; vkxs &i hNsgksrkgSA jkT; esal jl ks
]
a
eDdk] l Ct h] /kku , oal wj t eq
[ khdh[ ks
rhHkhcM+ si e
Skusi j dht krhgSft l es al se/kq
eD[ khdks
l kyka
sHkj i q
"i jl , oai jkx feyrsjgrsgS Acjl kr dsfnuks
a aesaeq[ ; : Ikl st w
V] eDdk] l ubZ ]
beyh] edbZ ] t usj k] ckt jk , oadqN ?kkl ks
adsQw yksal se/kqeD[ khdksi q"i jl ; ki jkx ; k nks
uks
a
, d l kFkfeyrsgS Avr%fcgkj jkT; es
a ae/kqeD[ khdsfy, Hkks t ukHkko&dky cgq r ghde l e;
dkgks rk gS
e/kqefD[ k; ks
adksvk/kq
fud <a x l sydM+ h dscusgq , lanw
dks
aes
ai kyk t krk gS
] ft l l s
eèkq
efD[ k; ks
adksi kyusl sva Ms, oacPpsokysNÙkks
adksgkfu ughai gq
prhrFkk' kgn vyx NÙkks
a a
es
aHkjkt krkgS Abl ' kgn dksfcukNÙkks adksdkVse' khu }kjkfudky fy; kt krkgSvkSj [ kkyh
NÙkks
adksokil ckDl ks aes
aj[ kfn; kt krkgSA
Nks
VsLrj i j e/kq
eD[ kh i kyu
e/kq
eD[ khi kyu ' kq: djusdsfy, ' kq : vkrhnkjS esai ka
p dyksuh¼ika p ckDl ½l s' kq: dj
l drsgS A, d ckW
a Dl es ayxHkx pkj gt kj #i , dk[ kpkZvkrkgSrksvxj dks bZi ka
p ,sl sckWDl
[ kjhn djrkgSrkschl gt kj #i , dk[ kpkZvkrkgS Abudhl a [ ; kdksc<+ kusdsfy, l e; l e;
i j budkfoHkkt u djrsjgrsgS Avxj Bhd l sfoHkkt u dj fy; kt k; rks, d l ky es
a aghnks
gt kj ¼2000½cDl srS ; kj fd, t k l drsgS A vuq
a ekur%, d cDl sdh ns [ kHkky i j i zfro"kZ
400&500 : Ik; sdhykxr i M+ rhgSAi zR;s
d o"kZe/kqeD[ khi fjokj dhl a [ ; kde l sde nq xq
uhgks
t krhgS Avr%e/kq, oadkyks uhcspdj de l sde 5000&8000 : Ik; si zfr cDl keq ukQkdek; k
t kl drkgS Aft udsi kl 100 i s fVdke/kq eD[ khgS] osl ky Hkj es ade l sde 2 l s3 yk[ k: Ik; s
rd dekl drsgS Axjhc , oaHkw
a feghu fdl ku ; km|ehHkhbl O;ol k; dks5 eèkq eD[ khdscDl ks a
ls] de l sde i w ¡t hesa' kq
: djdsdq N gho"kks ±dsvUnj 50&100 cDl ks adsekfyd cu l drs
gSavkS j i zfro"kZe/kqeD[ kh] eks
e , oae/kqcs pdj yk[ kks
a: Ik; sdh vkenuh i zkIr dj l drsgS A
a
eèkqeD[ khcDl ks adks[ ks
r dhes M+
] l M+
d dsfdukjs ] cxhpk; kt gk¡Qw yks
adhmiyCèkrkgks ] vkfn
LFkkuksai j Hkhj[ kk t k l drk gS A e/kqeD[ khyxHkx 3 fdyks ehVj f=T; k {ks= l svi uk Hkks tu
¼iq"Ikjl , oai jkx½ysl drhgS A xka
oks
adsdq N yks
x e/kqeD[ khi kyu es adke vkusokysvkS t kj]
cDl k] e/kq &fu"dkl u&; a
= bR;kfn cukdj ml sdq Vhj m|ksx ds: Ik es afodfl r djdsvkenuh
dk l k/ku l f̀t r dj l drsgS A
a
vk/kq
fud ekS
u xg̀ es
ae/kq
eD[ khi kyu
çkphu dky l se/kq
eD[ khvi ukNÙkkçkdf̀rd : i l si s
M+ds[ kks
[ kys, oa[ k.Mgjks ] nhokj
a
dhnjkjks
] Nr dsNTt ks
a ] feêhds?kjks
a ] ydM+
a hdsl and
wks
avkfn esacukrhjgrhFkha ] ft l l se/kq

3
 Lojks
t xkj gs
rqe/kq
eD[ kh i kyu
I CAR

dkfu"dkl u djusdsfy, NÙksdksdkV dj fupks M+

rsFks
] ft l dsQyLoLi fupks M+rsl e; v.Mk]
ykokZo I; w i kdkjl Hkhe/kqes avkt krkFkkvkS j NÙkkVwV t kusi j ml dkoa ' kghu"V gkst krk
FkkAbl çdkj ' kq ) e/kqHkhçkIr ughagks rkFkkrFkkekSuoa ' kHkhu"V gkst krkFkkA bl l scpus
dsfy, oS Kkfudks
ausØe' k%' kks/k, oav/; ; u djdsi woZes acuk; sx, NÙkksadsfl ) kUr dsvuq:i
rFkk ml hdsvk/kkj i j e/kq efD[ k; ks
adksi kyusgs
rqeku
Sxg̀ ¼ydM+ hdscDl s ½o e/kqfu"dkl u
e' khu vkfn midj.kks adkvkfo"dkj fd; k] ft l l se/kqefD[ k; ks
adksvkl kuhl si kykt kl dsvkSj
ekSu oa' kks
adks{kfr i gq
¡pk; scxSj ' kq
) ' kgn dk mRiknu fd; k t k l ds A
ekS
u i kyu bdkbZdh LFkki uk , oaçca
/ku
e/kq
eD[ khi kyd ; kfdl ku] e/kq eD[ khi kyu dkdk; Z2 l sys dj 100 ekS uxg̀ ¼cDl k; k
gkbo½j[ kdj i zkjEHkdj l drkgS AekuSxg̀ es aryi V] f' k'kq[ k.M] e/kq[ k.M] Hkhrjh<Ddu]
Åi jh<Ddu o 20 pk[SkV eks eh' khV dsl kFkgks rkgSft l snkse/kq eD[ khdks yks
uhl s' kq: fd; k
t kl drkgS A, d e/kqeD[ khdks yks
uhes a8 pkS
[ kV e/kqeD[ kh, oa, d jkuhgks rhgSvkS j ' ks
"kpkS[ kV
esav.Mk] ykokZo I; wi kgks
rsgS AvPNhdks
a yks
uhes aI; w
i kdhek=kvf/kd gks rhgS A, d ekS uxg̀ esa
20 Ýs e ¼pkS
[ kV½e/kq
eD[ khgksrhgS ] ysfdu 20 pk[SkV e/ke qD[ kh[ kjhnusi j O;; T; knkdjuki M+ rk
gS
Avr%8 Ýs e dhdkyks uhl s' kq : vkr djusi j o"kZHkj es abruhghe/kq eD[ khdhvfrfjDr
dksyku
shrS; kj gkst krhgSAvr%u; sm|ehdks, d o"kZrd ekS uxg̀ et cwr djusi j /; ku nu sk
pkfg, A, d et cwr ekuSxg̀ l si fzro"kZvklSru 60 l s80 fdykxskze ' kgn çkIr gkrskgS A
; fn d`"kd ; km|ehekbxzs ' ku ¼LFkkukUrj.k½i ) fr ds}kjke/kq eD[ khi kyu djukpkgrk
gS] rksml s10 l s50 ekSuxg̀ l s' kq: vkr djuhpkfg, , oadks f' k'kdjuhpkfg, fd , d xkao;k
{ks
= dsekS ui kydks
adksl kew
fgd : i l svkS l ru 150 ekS uxg̀ks
adsLFkkukUrj.k, d LFkku l snwl js
LFkku i j yst kdj e/kq eD[ khi kyu i j l gefr cukuhpkfg, ft l l s, d LFkku l snw l jsLFkku
i j ykusvkS j yst kusi j gksusokysçfr O;fä O;; dksde l sde fd; k t k l ds A
' kgn dsyks
dfç; gks
usdk dkj. k
e/kq
eD[ khi kyu }kjkjks
t xkj vkS
j vk; dsl k/ku l f̀t r gks us] l jy vkS j l Lrkm|ks x gksus
]
df̀"k] m|kfudh, oaokfudhQl yks aes
axq
. koÙkko mit c<+ us
] i ; kZ
oj.kl q j {kk, oai kfjfLFkfrdhdk
fodkl gks usvkfn dsdkj.kfnu i zfrfnu bl dhyks dfi z;rkc<+ rht kjghgS Ans ' kesa' kgn fe' ku
dhLFkkiukrFkk' kgn mRiknu dksc<+ kokns usdsfy, vus d t u mi; ks xhdk; Z Øeksal sHkhyks xks
a
dk: >ku ' kgn mRiknu dsrjQ c<+ kgS A' kgn dkscs pusdsfy, ckt kj vkl kuhl smiyC/kgS
vkSj ckt kj esab/kj&m/kj HkVdukughai M+ rkgS Avxj ckt kj ughaHkhgksrks' kgn dhçks lsfl a
x
djkdj dq N l e; rd j[ kkt kl drkgS ] ft l sckt kj ds: [ kdsvuq l kj vPNknke i zkIr fd; k

4
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz

t kl drkgSD; ks
fd cM+
a h&cM+
hdEifu; k¡' kgn dsxq
. koÙkkdht ka
p djdsgh[ kjhnrhgS
avkS
j vPNk
iS
l knsrhgS
A
a
' kgn ehBk] i kpd] Lokfn"V , oai kS f"Vd vkgkj gS] t ksges
ai zdf̀r l smigkj ds: Ikes afeyrk
gSA; g , d , s l k[ kk| i nkFkZgS ] ft l es
al sdqN Hkhfuf"Ø; i nkFkZughafudyrkgS Al s ou fd; k
x; k' kgn vk/ks?k.Vses si w
a . kZ
r%i pdj bl es afo| eku i ks
"kd rRo ' kjhj dks' kh?kzghi zkIr gkst krs
gSAbl dksi pkuses
a a' kjhj dsi kpu ra = dks' kfDr ughaxokuhi M+ rhgS A, d fdyksxzke ' kgn l s
' kjhj dksyxHkx 3500 dS yksj hÅt kZfeyrhgS A
' kgn es
aekStwn ykHkdkjhrRo /kefu; ks avkSj [ ku
w dhl QkbZdjrsgS arFkkxysdsl a Øe.k
esaHkhykHknk; hi k; sx; sgSA, d pEep ' kgn dksrkt seD[ ku dsl kFk[ kkusl scq
a [ kkj ughagks rkA
cPpkasdks' kgn ns usl smudh; knnk'r c<+ rhgS A [ kka
l h] nek] t q
dke] i kpu fØ; k] us = fodkj]
jäpki dsfy, ' kgn xq . kdkjhi k; kx; kgSvkS j l ka
n
S; Zçl k/kuks
aes
aHkhbl dkç; ks x gks rkgS A; g
,aVhvkWDl hMs
V dk dke Hkh djrk gS
a A bl esafoVkfeu] Xyw dks
t ] ÝDVkst ] i ks
VS
f' k; e] dS fYl ; e]
l YQj] QkLQs V] ft a
d] vk; ju , oa[ kfut rRo i ; kZ Ir ek=kes aekStw
n gksrsgSAvka
a [ kks
adhjks ' kuh
rst djusrFkk ' okl l a ca/khchekjhnwj djuses aHkh' kgn mi; ksxhgSA nok] Øhe] vkW ; y vkfn
dsvo; o dsvfrfjDr eks Vkik de djus ] ?kko Bhd djusvkS j ekufl d LokLF; dsl q èkkj ds
fy, Hkh' kgn dkO;kid ç; ks x gksrkgSA' kgn dsHkkS frd rFkkjkl k; fud vo; o fuEu rkfydk
esafn; sx; sgSA
a
rkfydk%' kgn dsHkkfSrd rFkk jkl k; fud vo; o
rRo ek=k
t y ¼ueh½ 20%
ÝwDVkst 37%
Xywdkst 34%
lqØkst 5%
dqy jk[ k ¼feujy½ 0-25%
dkcZfud vEy 0-20%
vehuksvEy] çks Vhu vkfn 1-50%
i jkx d.kks
al fgr vEy 2-05%

e/kq
eD[ khi kyu ekuo t hou dksvus d i zdkj l si zHkkfor djrkgSvkS
j ykHki gq
¡pkrkgS
A
vkxsdhrkfydk es abl dk l a
f{kIr fooj.kfn; k t kjgk gS A

5
 Lojks
t xkj gs
rqe/kq
eD[ kh i kyu
I CAR

rkfydk %e/kqeD[ kh i kyu dk ekuo t hou es

a; ks
xnku
i zHkko {ks
= ; ks
xnku
Ql y mRiknu es
aof̀) ' kL; ] m|kfudh, oa; ks xnku okfudhdh, s l hQl ys aft ues ai j&i jkx.k
}kjkfu"ks pu gks rkgS] Qyks aesai j&i jkx.kdhfØ; ke/kq eD[kh}kjk
gksusi j vkS l ru 15 l s30 çfr' kr mRiknu es aof̀) gks rhgS A bl
of̀) dsfy, d`"kd dksvi usl zks rks
al sfdl hçdkj dkfuos ' kugha
djuk i M+ rk cfYd e/kq eD[kh i kyu l s' kgn mRikn ds: i es a
vfrfjDr vkenuhçkIr gks rkgS A
' kgn ¼e/kq
½dk mRiknu e/kq efD[k; kal a xzfgr i q
"i jl dksi fjofrZ r vkS j i fj' kks
f/kr djdsvi us
NÙksdsdks "kks
aes aj[krh gS ] ft l sRofjr xfr l snks
a gu djds' kgn
mRiknu fd; k t krk gS A, s l k djrsl e; ] ' kgn [k.M dsNRrsdh
eèkq efD[k; ksadksf' k'kq[k.M es a>kM+ns rsgS aft l l s' kgn [k.M dk
NÙkk[kkyhgkst krkgS Abu NÙkks adks' kgn fu"dkl u e' khu es aj[kdj
' kgn fudky fy; k t krkgS A
jk; y t s
yhdkmRiknu jk; y t s yhçdf̀r dkl cl smPp çkdf̀rd i kS f"Vd i nkFkZgS ] ft l dk
fu; fer l o su djusi j vk;qyEchgkrshgS, oai :q"kkFkZdk;e jgrkgS A
i jkx ¼iks
yu½dk mRiknu Jfed e/kq feD[k; kaQw yksal si jkx dksykrhgS ] ft l si jkx l a
a xzg ; a=
}kjkvkl kuhiw oZ d , df=r fd; kt krkgS A
ekS
uk fo"k dk mRiknu ekSukfo"kdkmRiknu fo"kl a xzg ; a= }kjkfd; kt krkgS Abl fo"k
dkmi; kxs xfB; kt lShchekfj; kases anokds: i es afd; kt krkgS A
eks
e ¼choS
Dl ½dk mRiknu ekse dkmRiknu eks e fu"dkl u vkS j eks
e i fj"dj.k}kjkfd; kt krk
gSA ; g ' kq ) vkS j çkdf̀rd mRikfnr eks e gksrk gS ] ft l dk mi; ks x
dkW LesfVd l kexzhrS ; kj djuses afd; kt krkgS, oaeèkq eD[khi kyu
dsfy, eks ehvk/kkj ' khV rS ; kj djuses agksrk gS A
eks
uk xks
n ¼çks
a i ks
fyl ½ Jfed e/kq efD[k; k¡ vi usekS u xg̀ks adsnjkjks avkS j mudst ks M+ks
adks
dk mRiknu ok; q: ) djusdsfy, i kS /ksl sxks n yst krh gS
a ] ft l s[kjks
a p dj
a
, df=r dj ys rsgSAft l dkmi; ks
a x peZjks x dsmipkj es afd; kt krk
gSAçkikfsyl dkmRiknu vf/kdk'akr%, fi l eS yhQs j kçt kfr ghdjrhgS A
ekS
u oa
' k mRiknu ekSu oa ' k of̀) djdsvkS j ml dh ul Z j h LFkkfi r djds, d dq Vhj
m|ks x ds: i es ae/kq
eD[khi kyu dksLFkkfi r dj l drsgS A
a

6
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz

e/kq
eD[ kh i kyu } kjk Ql y dsi S
nkokj es
aof̀)
fofHkUu Ql yks
aes
ae/kq
efD[ k; ks
a}kjk i jkx.k djusl smRiknu es
aof̀) ns[ kh x; h gS
A
fuEufyf[ kr rkfydk es
avus
dkusd Ql yks aes
ai jkx.k l sgks
usokyhmit es
ac<+ks
Rrjhdksn' kkZ
;k
x; k gS
A
rkfydk%fofHkUu Ql yks
aes
ai jkx. k l sgks
usokyh mit of̀)
Ql yks adsuke iS
nkokj esaçfr' kr of̀) Ql yks adsuke iS
nkokj es
açfr' kr of̀)
l jl kas 128.10-159.80 ckdyk 6.8-90.10
jkbZ 18.00-19.00 M~okQZchu 2.8-20.70
rksfM+; k¼jsi l hM½ 12.80-139.30 jkt ek 5.00-6.00
rksfj; k 66.00-220.00 vjgj 21.00-30.00
dq lqe 4.20-114.30 cjl he@vU; ?kkl 23.4-33.15
rhl h¼vyl h½ 1.7-40.00 lsc 18.00-69.50
jkefry 26.00-70.00 ukl i krh 24.00-60.14
l jwt eq[ kh 20.00-34.00 vkyw cq
[ kkjk 6.7-27.39
yhph 45.00-102.00 uhacwoxhZ ; Qy 72.00-123.00
va xwj 75.00-80.00 dkQh 16.70-39.80
ve: n 70.00-140.00 [khjk 21.10-41.10
ii hrk 22.4-88.9 cSxu 35.00-67.00
eksl Ech 36.00-75.00 I; kt 353.50-987.80
l rajk 47.1-90.00 ewyh 22.00-100.00

e/kq
eD[ khi kyu djrsl e; fdu ckrks
adk /; ku j[ ks
a
\
e/kq
eD[ khi kyu es
adq
N l ko/kkfu; kavkS
j fuEufyf[ kr ckrks
adk/; ku j[ kukvfr vko' ; d
gks
rkgS
A
 fdl hçekf.kr l a
LFkkl sghe/kq
efD[ k; ks
adks[ kjhns
A
a
 vkl i kl i q"i h; i kS
/kks
adhmiyC/krk dsckn ghmu ckW
Dl ks
adksj[ ks
A rhu fdyks
a ehVj rd
e/kq
efD[ k; kai jkx vkS j iq
"i jl bdëkdj l drhgS
Avr%bl ckr dkfo' ks
a "k/; ku j[ ks
A
a
 e/kq
efD[ k; ks
adksi jkx vkS
j iq
"i jl fu; fer : i l sfeyrk jguk pkfg, ft l l sbudk
t hou; kiu pyrkjgs Ae/kq
efD[ k; kai zFker%i q
"i jl vkS
j i jkx dkl a
p; vi ust hou ds
fy, djrhgS avkS
j ml dsckn t kscprk gSml sdks "Bdks
aesabdëk djrhgS
A
a

7
 Lojks
t xkj gs
rqe/kq
eD[ kh i kyu
I CAR

 o"kZHkj vxj e/kq

eD[ kh i kyu djuk gS ] rkso"kZHkj dsfy, i q"i h; i kS
/kks
adh miyC/krk
lq
fuf' pr djukpkfg, A; fn okrkoj.kes ai jkx l zks
rks
adhmiyC/krku gksrksdq N Ql yks
a
dksvo' ; yxk; s
aft l l smUgs
avko' ; d i jkx feyrsjgs A
a
 ekS
u i kyu dsfy, ' kka
r t xg dk pq
uko djs
at gk¡ T; knk ' kks
j &'kjkcku gks
A
 vkl i kl fct yhdsrkj] eksckby dsVkoj vkfn u gks aD; ksfd budkcgq
a r l k, s
l kdke
gks
rkgSt ksl a
pkj dsek/; e l spyrkgSbl fy, e/kq
efD[ k; kai js
' kku gks
rhgS
avkSj dke Bhd
l sughadj i krhgSA
a
 l kekU;r%cjl kr es ai q
"i h; i k/Skks
adhmiyC/krk esadehvk t krhgSrkse/kq efD[ k; ks
adh
vyx l sQhfMa x djkbZt krhgSft l es aphuhdk' khjkns rsgSaft l l sbudkt hou pyrkjgs A
cjl kr dsl e; e/kq efD[ k; ks
adksT; knk /; ku ns
usdh t : jr gks rhgSD; ks
fd ml l e;
a
chekfj; ks
adk i zdks
i vf/kd gks rk gSvr%mfpr ns [ k&js
[ k djrsjguk pkfg, A
 ' kq
: esa; g O;ol k; de ykxr l s, oaNks Vsi S
ekusi j djuk pkfg, A l kekU; rkS j ij
eèkqeD[ khds, d cDl ses
a40 l s50 gt kj e/kq
efD[ k; ks
adkvkokl gksrkgSvkS j , d cDl s
l sdjhc 8 l s10 fdyks' kgn feyrkgS AfoHkkxh; ekudks adsfgl kc l s, d gs
DVs; j {ks
=
es adjhc 12 l s15 cDl sj[ kst krsgS
Ae/kq
a eD[ khi kyu dksO;ol k; ds: i es avi ukdj
1-5 l s2-0 yk[ k: - çfro"kZvk; çkIr dj l drsgS A
a
 e/kq
eD[ khi kyusdht xg l ery gks
uhpkfg, vkjS Hkji w
j ek=kes
ai kuh] gok] Nk; ko èkw
i
gks
uhpkfg, A
 iw
j so"kZrd e/kqeD[ khl se/kqmRiknu gs rqedjan , oai jkx miyC/kgks
] bl dsfy, bl ckr
a
dht kudkjhvko' ; d gks ukpkfg, fd Ql y , oaQynkj o`{kks avkfn esaQwy dc l sdc
rd miyC/kjgrkgS Al kFkghl kFk; g Hkhekyw e gks
ukpkfg, fd o`{ki j yxusokysQw yks
a
dhxq . koÙkk dS
l hgSA, sl so`{k ; k i kS
/ksft udsQwyks
aes aedjan dhek=k vf/kd gks rhgS
]
eèkq
eD[ khi kyu dsfy, vR;kfèkd mi; ks xhgks
rsgSA
a
 e/kq
eD[ kh i kyusdh t xg dspkjks avks j 1 l s2 fdyks ehVj rd ve: n] t keq u] ds yk]
ukfj; y] uk'kikrho Qw yks
adsi s
M+
&i k/Sksyxsgksuspkfg, Al w
j t eq
[ kh] xkt j] fepZ] l ks
; kchu]
uha
cw] vkaoyk] i i hrk] ve: n] vke] l a rjk] eklSa
ch] va
xw
j] ; wds fyIVl ] dja t ] uhe vkS j
xq
yeks gj t S
l si s
M+okys{ks=ks
aes
ae/kqeD[ khi kyu vkl kuhl sfd; kt kl drkgS A

8
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz

 e/kq
eD[ kh i kyu dk l c l sl gh l e; Qjojh l suoa cj rd dk gks rk gSbl nkS j ku
eèkq
efD[ k; ks
adsfy, rkieku l cl sl ghgks
rkgSvkS
j bl hekS
l e es
ajkuheD[ khT; knkrknkn
es
ava Msns rhgS A
 t gkae/kq
efD[ k; kai kyht k, a
] ml dsvkl i kl dht ehu l kQ&l q
Fkjhgks
uhpkfg, A
 cM+
sphVs
] eks
a eHk{khdhM+] fNi dyh] pw
s gs
] fxjfxV rFkkHkkywe/kq
efD[ k; ks
adsnq
' eu gS
Abul s
a
cpko dsi w
j sba
rt ke gks
uspkfg, A

dkS
' ky fodkl ; ks
t uk dsvUrxZ
r jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
l /akku ds
æ] eq
a t ¶Qji q
j es
ae/kq
eD[ kh i kyu i j çf' k{k.k

e/kq
eD[ khi kyu dk mi; q
ä l e;
; | fi e/kq
eD[ khdsNRrso"kZHkj l fØ; jgrsgS
ai jUrqe/kq
eD[ khi kyu dsfy, t uojhl s
ekpZdkl e; l cl smi; q ä gSAuoa cj l sQjojhdkl e; rksbl O;ol k; dsfy, ojnku gks rk
gSvr%ml l e; fy, i w j hrS
; kjhgks
uhpkfg, A

9
 Lojks
t xkj gs
rqe/kq
eD[ kh i kyu
I CAR

e/kq
eD[ kh i kyu dsfy, dq
N eq
[ ; çf' k{k.k l a
LFkku
i zR;s
d jkT; , oadf̀"kfo' ofo| ky; ks
arFkk' kks
/kl a
LFkkuks
aes
ae/kqeD[ khi kyu i j i <+
kbZ
] i zf'k{k.k
, oaKku l t̀ u dhO;oLFkkdhx; hgSi jUrqdq N fo' ks
"kbdkbZ; ks
adkfooj.kfuEuor gS A
 Hkkjrh; df̀"k vuq
la
/kku l a
LFkku] i w
l k jks
M] ubZfnYyh
 jk"Vªh; e/kq
eD[ khcks
MZ
] chba
LVhVî w
' kuy , fj; k] vxLr Øka
fr ekxZ
] gkS
t [ kkl ] ubZfnYyh
 ds
Uæh; e/kq
eD[ khvuq
la
/kku , oaçf' k{k.kl a
LFkku] xzkeks
| ks
x vk; ks
x] x.ks
' kf[ ka
Mjks
M] i q
. ks
 jk"Vªh; ckxckuhcks
MZ
] yky dks
Bh] t ; i q
j ] jkt LFkku
 Y; w
fi u áw
eu os
yQs
;j ,a
M fjl pZQkma
Ms
' ku] d`".kkuxj] Hkjri q
j ] jkt LFkku
 e/kq
eD[ khi kyu , a
o ' kks
/kl a
LFkku] df̀"kfo' ofo| ky; ] fgl kj] gfj; k.kkA

10
2. e/kqefD[ k; ksaHkkdh -içt
-d-̀v uq khfr;
-&jk"Vª; yhphk
¡]vuqlia/kkufjok
Unzj l a
ds xBu rFkk
t hou pØ
Hkkjr o"kZes ae/kq efD[ k; ks
adhi ka p çt kfr; kai k; ht krhgS A, fi l Mks
a jl sVk¼Hka oj] HkSj ks; k
a
i gkM+he/kq eD[ kh½] , fi l Qyks fj; k ¼Nks Vhe/kq efD[ k; ka
] mjEche/kq eD[ kh½] , fi l l s j kuk bf.Mdk
¼ns' kh ; k Hkkjrh; e/kq eD[ kh½] , fi l es fyQsj k ¼bVS fy; u ; k ; wj ks
fi ; u e/kq eD[ kh½] bxks uk ¼yq Ùkh
eèkqeD[ kh½Abues al s, fi l l sj kukba fMdko , fi l es fyQsj ki ztkfr dhe/kq efD[ k; ks
adksvkl kuhl s
ydM+ hdscDl ks aesai kykt kl drkgS Abl O;ol k; dsfy, , fi l es yhQsj ke/kq efD[ k; kaghvfèkd
' kgn mRiknu djusokyhvkS j LoHkko dh' kka r gks rhgS Abl çt kfr dhjkuheD[ khes
a avaMsns us
dh{kerkHkhvf/kd gks rhgS Ans ' khe/kq eD[ khçfro"kZvkS l ru 5-10 fdyks xzke ' kgn çfr i fjokj
rFkkbVS fy; u e/kqeD[ kh50 fdyks xzke ' kgn i zfr i fjokj rd dkmRiknu djrhgS AfnYyhes
a afLFkr
jk"Vªh; e/kq eD[ khcks MZ}kjkvus d i zekf.kr l a LFkk, agSaft ul sghe/kq efD[ k; ks
adks[ kjhnukmfpr
jgrkgS AjkT; l jdkj dsmn~ ; ku foHkkx] df̀"kfoKku ds Unz, oadf̀"kfo' ofo| ky; ; k' kks /kl a
LFkkuks
a
l sHkhe/kq eD[ khfy; k t kl drkgS A
e/kqeD[kh dh iztkfr;ka ,oa fo'ks"krk,a
NksVh e/kqeD[kh • ;g lcls NksVs vkdkj dh e/kqeD[kh gksrh gS] tks eSnkuh LFkkuksa ij >kfM;ksa] o`{kksa dh
'kk[kkvkas] Nr ds dksuksa vkfn esa NÙkk cukrh gSaA
• ,d o"kZ esa 200 xzke ls 2 fdyksxzke rd 'kgn mRiknu dj ldrh gSaA
• ;s e/kqefD[k;ka eSnkuh {ks=ksa esa leqnz ry ls 300 ehVj dh Å¡pkbZ rd ik;h tkrh gSSaA
• ;s e/kqefD[k;ka ikyus ;ksX; gksrh gSa ijUrq bUgsa cDlksa esa ugha ikyk tk ldrk gSA
Hkaoj] HkkSjk ;k • vU; lHkh iztkfr;ksa dh rqyuk esa ;g cM+s vkdkj dh e/kqeD[kh gksrh gS] tks ÅapkbZ
lkjax e/kqeD[kh ij NÙkk cukrh gSA LoHkko ls cgqr gh xqLlSy ço`fÙk dh gksrh gSA
• ,d o"kZ esa ,d NÙks ls vkSlru 20&25 fdyksxzke vkSj dHkh&dHkh 50 fdyks xzke rd
'kgn çkIr gks tkrk gSA
• ;g e/kqeD[kh yxHkx iwjs Hkkjr esa ikbZ tkrh gS vkSj igkM+h bykdksa esa rks ;g leqnz
ry ls yxHkx 1600 ehVj dh Å¡pkbZ rd Hkh ikbZ tkrh gSA
• Ikzfrdwy ekSle ls cpus ds fy, ;s e/kqefD[k;k¡ yEch nwjh rd iyk;u djrh gSaA
• bUgsa Hkhs cDlksa esa ugha ikyk tk ldrk gS D;ksafd ;s lcls [krjukd gksrh gSa rFkk
budk Mad cgqr rst gksrk gSA
• ;g viuk NRRkk ,d LFkk;h dM+h ;k Å¡ps o`{k ds 'kk[kk ij ;k edku ds uhps ;k
igkM+ ds pÎkuksa esa cukrh gSaA
Hkkjrh; e/kqeD[kh • ;g Hkkjrh; ewy dh çtkfr gS] tks igkMh o eSnkuh {ks=ksa esa izeq[krk ls ikbZ tkrh
gSA
• ;g lekUrj nwjh ij isM+ksa] xqQkvksa] Nqih gqbZ txgksa] ?kuh >kfM+;ksa ds va/ksjksa] [kks[kys
o`{kksa rFkk VwVs&QwVs ?kjksa dh vkyekfj;ksa esa NÙks cukrh gSaA
• ,d o"kZ esa ,d NÙks ls lkekU;rk 3&6 fdyksxzke vkSj dHkh&dHkh 10&12 fdyksxzke
rd 'kgn mRiknu dj ldrh gaSA
• ;g leqnz ry ls yxHkx 2500 ehVj dh Å¡pkbZ rd ik;h tkrh gaSA
• 'kkar ,oa ikyrw LoHkko dh gksus ds dkj.k budks Ñf=e :Ik ls cuk;s x;s e/kqeD[kh
dh isfV;ksa esa oSKkfud fof/k ls ikyk tkrk gSA

11
 Lojks
t xkj gs
rqe/kq
eD[ kh i kyu
I CAR

bVkfy;u e/kqeD[kh • ;g vkdkj vkSj LoHkko esa ,fil bafMdk dh rjg gh gksrh gS ysfdu vU;
ikyrw e/kqefD[k;ksa dh rqyuk esa vkdkj esa cM+h gksrh gSA
• bl çtkfr dh jkuh eD[kh }kjk cgqr vf/kd v.Ms nsus ds dkj.k e/kqefD[k;ksa
ds oa'k dh c<ksÙkjh Hkh vf/kd rsth ls gksrh gSA vr% O;kolkf;d ikyu dh
–f"V ls ;g Js"B e/kqeD[kh çtkfr ekuh x;h gSA
• HkxNwV dh çfØ;k de gksus ds dkj.k ;s e/kqefD[k;ka vf/kd ek=k esa 'kgn
bdëk djrh gSA
• ,d o"kZ esa nks [k.M ¼nks eaftyk½ ds cDls ls djhc 60 ls 80 fdyksxzke 'kgn
çkIr gksrk gSA
• ;g e/kqeD[kh fo'ks"k :i ls bVyh ;k ;wjksi esa ik;h tkrh Fkh ijarq vc yxHkx
iwjs fo'o us bls viuk fy;k gS D;ksafd ;g 'kkar LoHkko ,oa vf/kd e/kq ,df=r
djus okyh e/kqeD[kh ekuh tkrh gSA
• ;g ^^FkkbZ lSd czqM ok;jl** chekjh ds izfr jks/kh gksrh gSA
• e/kqeD[kh dh iztkfr;ksa esa flQZ ;gh iztkfr izksiksfyl vFkkZr e/kqeD[kh xksan
bdÎk djrh gSA
bxksuk ¼yqÙkh e/kqeD[kh½ • yqÙkh e/kqeD[kh dk Hkh O;olkf;d –f"V ls ikyuk ykHknk;d ugha gS] D;ksafd
blls Hkh cgqr gh de 'kgn çkIr gksrk gSA

e/kq
eD[ kh dk i fjokj
e/kqefD[ k; k¡, d l kekft d dhV gSAbudsi fjokj es
a arhu l nL; gksrsgS Ai fjokj dheq
a f[ k; k
jkuhe/kq eD[ khdsvfrfjDr Jfed vkjS Mªks u efD[ k; kaHkhi fjokj dkvfHkUu l nL; gks rhgS A
a
eèkq
efD[ k; ks
ads, d ekS u xg̀ ¼ifjokj½es l ru 40 l s80 gt kj e/kq
avkS efD[ k; kagks
rhgS] ft ues
a al s
, d jkuhe/kq eD[ kh, oal kSuj ¼MªksUl ½vkS
j ' ks
"keknk¼Jfed½e/kq efD[ k; kagks
rhgS] t ksi fjokj
a
dsl nL; ksadhl a [ ; kes
a95 çfr' kr l sHkhT; knkgksrhgS A
a
jkuh e/kq
eD[ kh
jkuhe/kq eD[ khi w. kZfodfl r eknk, oai fjokj dht uuhgks rhgSA, d ekS uoa' kes
a, d gh
jkuhgks rhgS ] t ksv.Msns usdkdk; ZdjrhgSbl fy, bl sva Msnsusdhe' khu dsuke l sHkht kuk
t krkgS A; g ges ' kkfu"ks
fpr v.Msl smRiUu gks rhgS Ajkuhdkt hou dky yxHkx 2&3 o"kks
a ±dk
gks
rkgS A jkuhl q ugjsja x , oayEcs¼15 l s20 fe&eh-½mnj ; q ä gksrhgS ] mnj i hNsdhvks
a j
<kywvkS j uks dnkj rFkki a [ kNks
Vsgks
rsgSat ks' kjhj dsfi NysHkkx dksugha<d i krsgS A ; g nks
a
çdkj dsxfHkZ r vkS j vxfHkZ r v.MsnsrhgS A xfHkZ r v.Msl seknk; kJfed o jkuh, oaxfHkZ r
v. Msl suj fodfl r gks rsgS A; q
a okjkuh] jkuhdks "kesafodfl r gks
rhgS] t ksva
a xqyhds' kh"kZ
Hkkx
¼ewxQyhdsnkusdscjkcj½dhHkka
a fr NÙksesauhpsdhvks j yVdhgq bZgks
rhgS ] v.Msl s; q
okjkuh
fodfl r gks uses ayxHkx 15 l s16 fnu yxrsgS A bl es
a avfodfl r Ma d i k; kt krkgSA ekse , oa
ykj xza
fUFk; k¡ughai k; ht krhgS Ajkuhe/kqeD[ khdksft l ykokZl sjkuhdkt Ue gks rkgSml sges ' kk

12
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz

jk; y voys
g [ kkusdksfeyrkgS AbVS fy; u ¼eS
yhQs
j k½dhjkuhvuq dw
y l e; es
ai zfrfnu vkS
l ru
1500&1800 v.MsrFkkns ' khe/kq
eD[ khdhjkuhi zfrfnu yxHkx 500&800 v.Msns rhgSA
a
uj e/kq
eD[ kh@Mªks
u@fu[ kêw
; g jkuhl sNks VhvkjS Jfed l svkdkj es acMh+gks rhgSt ksyxHkx 15&17 fe-eh- yEch
gksrhgSvkS j eksVkbZHkhvf/kd gks rhgSAjkuhdhrjg bues aHkhekse xza
fUFk; k¡] i jkx VksdjhrFkk
Mad ughagks rkgS Abl dkmnj dkyko xks y vFkokvk; rkdkj gks rkgS Auj dhvk¡[ ks acM+ hrFkk
fl j dsÅi j l Vhgks rhgSvkjS t hHkvfodfl r fLFkfr es agks
rhgSA; sfu"ks fpr v.Mks al smRiUu
gksrsgSAbudsykokZdksi zFke rhu fnu rd jkW
a ; yt s
yh; qDr Hkkst u fn; kt krkgS Aml dsckn eèkq
, oai jkx l sfefJr Hkks t u f[ kyk; kt krkgSAbudhvkS l r vk; qdjhc 60 fnu dhgks rhgS A; s
çt uu dky es acgqrk; r esagks
rsgS arFkkbudst hou es afl QZ, d ghdke gS
s ] jkuhdsl kFkl a Hkks
x
djukl EHkks x dsrq ja
r ckn budhe`R;qgkst krhgS A; q
okjkuhes fVa
x dsfy, xa /k¼Qs j ks
eks
u½NksMrh
gS] ft l l sl Hkhuj vkdf"kZ r gksrsgS];q
a okjkuhes fVa
x gs
rqmM+ rhgSrc l Hkhuj mudki hNkdjrs
gSavkSj t ksuj l oZ çFke jkuhdksi dM+ys rkgS ] ml hl ses fVa
x gkst krhgS AjkuhekS uxg̀ es aokil
vkrhgSrFkk uj ej t krk gS ] bl s^ui fj; y ¶ykbV* dgrsgS A es
a fVa
x dsnksrhu fnu i ' pkr~
jkuhv.Msns usyxrhgS A
des
j h@Jfed e/kq
eD[ kh
; g vi w . kZeknkgks rhgSft udkt Ue fu"ks fpr v.Mks al sgksrkgS AykokZcuusdsIk'pkr~fl QZ
rhu fnu rd bUgs ajkt voys g;q Dr Hkks t u f[ kyk; kt krkgSml dsckn i jkx jks Vhdkl s ou djrh
gS Abudsi a
a [ kcM+ sgks
rsgS at ks' kjhj dsfi NysHkkx dksi hNsl s<¡dsgq , gksrsgSAbudkmnj i hNs
a
l sjkuhdhvi s {kkde uq dhykgks rkgS Amnj dsvfUre Hkkx es ai w
. kZfodfl r Mad gksrkgS Aft l dk
i z;ks
x Lo; a, oavi usi fjokj dhl q j {kkdsfy, djrhgS A budhfi NyhVka
a xks
aesai jkx , df=r
djusdsfy, i jkx Vks djhgks rhgS Abudst uuka x iw. kZfodfl r ughagks rsgS A; sv.Msns
a us; ks
X;
ughagks rsgS ai jUrqjkuhdhvuq i fLFkfr es av.Msns uki k zjEHkdj ns rhgS aft ul sdsoy uj mRiUu
gksrsgS at ksl kekU; uj l sNks VsvkjS i rysgks rsgSAJfed e/kq
a eD[ khdsmnj dsfupyhl rg i j
eks e xzfUFk; k¡gksrhgS at ksvuq dwy i fjfLFkfr vkusi j eks e dkl zko djrhgS Aml eks
a e dkmi; ks x
eèkqefD[ k; k¡NRrkcukusdsdke es aykrhgS A, d e/kq
a eD[ khoa ' kesadq y eknke/kq efD[ k; ks
adhl a[; k
95 çfr' kr l sH khvf/kd gks rhgS A mudhvk; q40 l s45 fnu rd gks rhgSvkS j ; g vk; qds
vuq l kj dk; Zl EiUu djrhgS A i fjokj es abudhl a [ ; k ?kVrh&c<+ rhjgrhgS A l kekU;r; k , d
a
vkn' kZi fjokj es abudhl a [ ; k30&50 gt kj gks rhgS At S ls
&t Sl sbudhvk; qc<rhgS ] oS
ls&oSls
Jfed e/kq eD[ khdkdk; ZcnyrkjgrkgS AekS u xg̀ esl eLr dk; ZdksJfed ghdjrhgS ] buds

13
 Lojks
t xkj gs
rqe/kq
eD[ kh i kyu
I CAR

e/kq
eD[ kh ¼,fi l es
yhQs
j k½

Jfed Mªks
u
jkuh

e/kq
efD[ k; ks
adsi fjokj , oades
j he/kq
efD[ k; k¡

Ma d iw. kZfodfl r gks

rsgaA Jfed e/kq
S efD[ k; k¡ ghekuSxg̀ dkl kjkdke t S l sryi V dhl QkbZ]
f' k'kq
v ks
adksHkks
t u djkuk] ' k=q
v ksal sj{kkdjukbR;kfn djrhgS Abl çdkj Jfed i S
a nkgks
usds
rhl jsfnu l sdk; Zdjukçkja Hkdj ns rhgSAJfed dseq
a [ ; dk; ZjkW
;y ts yhl zkfor djuk] eks
e
mRikfnr djuk] NRrkcukuk] NÙksdhl QkbZdjuk] dks "kks
adhl QkbZdjuk] okrk; u djuk] NÙks
dk rkiØe dk; e j[ kuk] okrkuq dw fyr djuk] ços ' k }kj i j pkS dhnkjhdjuk] Hkkst u dsL=ks
rks
a
dh[ kks t djuk] ckgj l sedjUn ¼iq "i jl ½] i kuh] xksn vkS
a j i jkx dsl a
xzg vkfn dkdk; Zdjuk
gksrk gS A Jfed dkdks "k "kVdks. kh; vkSj uj dsdks "k l sNks Vsvkdkj dk gks rk gSA

14
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz

e/kq
efD[ k; ks
adk t hou pØ
e/kq
eD[ khes
ai w
. kZdk; kiyV gks
usdsdkj.kt hou pØ dhpkjks
avoLFkk, a¼v.Mk] ykokZ
] I; w
ik
vkS
j o; Ld½i k; ht krhgS A
a
va Mk%e/kq
eD[ khdsv.MsNks
Vsi rysrFkkl Qs n jax dsgks
rsgS
Av.MsdhvoLFkkrhu fnu
a
dhgksrhgSAv.Mk; fn uj dks"kes
agS] rksml l suj i n
Skgks
xsvkS
a j ; fn eknkdks
"kes
agS
] rkseknk
iS
nkgksxhAjkuh] Jfed , oauj e/kq
eD[ khes
av.MsdhvoLFkkek= rhu fnu rd jgrhgSvkS j
mul so; Ld Øe' k%15&16 fnu] 20&21 fnu , oa23&24 fnu es arS
; kj gks
rsgS
A
a
fi Yyw; k ykokZ %; g i ryk] yEckrFkkl Qs n l sgYdki hysja x dkgks rkgS A ; g dks "kes a
py&fQj l drk gS A des j he/kqefD[ k; k¡ bl si zFke rhu fnu rd jk; y t s yhdk Hkks t u f[ kykrh
gSAJfed e/kq
a efD[ k; ks
adsft l fi Yywl sjkuhcukukgks rkgSml fi Yywdkst hou Hkj jkt voys g
f[ kyk; kt krkgS A ' ks
a "kfi Yywdksrhu fnurd jkt voys g , oapkSFksfnu l se/kqvkS j i jkx dh
cuhjks Vhf[ kykrhgS A5 l s6 fnu es
a afi Yywi w
. kZfodfl r gkst krkgSAml dsckn ml dsÅi j i ryh
f>Yyhcu t krhgSvkS j I; w
i kes
ai fjofrZ r gkst krkgS Aml l e; Jfed e/kq efD[ k; k¡mudhdks "kks
a
dk eq ¡g] i jkx] e/kqdhcuhjks Vh, oaeks e l scUn dj ns rhgS A
a
I; q
i k%I; w
i kdkl e; 7 l s14 fnu dkgks rkgS
Abl l e; ; sdks "kks
adsvUnj vps r voLFkk
es
ai M+
sjgrsgS A i zkS
a <+I; w
i kes
aja
xks
adki fjorZ
u gks
usyxrkgS A vk¡[ kks
adkja x xqykchml dsckn
cS
xuhvkS
a j var es adkykgkst krkgS Ao{krFkkmnj dkja x Hkw
j kgkst krkgSA' kjhj es
a' kk[ kk; q
Dr
cky mxusyxrsgS avkjS Ropk esavus
d i zdkj dsi fjorZ
u gkst krsgS A
a
çkS
<+
%I; w
i kdsi w
. kZfodkl dsckn 15 l s16 fnuks aesao; Ld jkuhdkfodkl gksrkgS A20
l s21 fnuks
aes
aJfed e/kq eD[ kh, oa23 l s24 fnuks
aes
ai zkS
<+uj e/kq
eD[ khdkfodkl gkst krkgS
A

15
 3. e/kqeD[ khiLojkkyu rds
t xkj gs
s efy,
qe/kqD[ kh i kyu vk
o' ; d midj. k
I CAR

e/kq
eD[ kh i kyu gsrqvus d midj.kks adh vko' ; drk gksrh gSft l es aekSu isfVdk] e/kq
fu"dkl u ; a =] LVS M] Nhyu Nq
a j h] NÙkk/kkj] jkuhjks d i V] gkbZ
osVw y ¼[kq
j i h½] jkuhjks
d }kj]
udkc] jkuhdks "B j{k.k; a=] nLrkus ] Hkks
t u i k=] /kq
v ka
dj vkS
j czq
' kvkfn ' kkfey gSAekS
a u i kyu
esai z;ks
x gks
usokysvko' ; d midj.kks a, oa; a=ks
adkfooj.k vkxsfn; k t kjgk gS A
1- e/kq
eD[ khdk cDl k ; k eku
S xg̀
e/kq
eD[ khi kyu dk l cl svko' ; d midj.k e/kq eD[ khxg̀ ¼e/kqcDl k½gks rk gSA , fi l
eyhQs j ke/kqeD[ khdksySxLVªkW
a FkcDl kesai kykt krkgS A ; g e/kqefD[ k; ks
adsjgusdk?kj gSt ks
vkerkS j i j ydM+ hdkcukgks rkgSAbl dsfy, vke] rw u ; kxEgkj dhydM+ hvPNhgks rhgS A
vk/kqfud e/kq eD[ khcDl k dkfuekZ . kl oZ
i zFke , y-, y- ySxLVªkW
a Fk usl u~1851 es afd; k Fkkt ks
ekSukUrj fl ) kar ¼nksNRrks
adschp e/kqeD[ khdkspyusdsfy, yxHkx 9 fe-eh- nw j hgks
uhpkfg, ½
i j vk/kkfjr gks rk gSA
e/kq
eD[ khxg̀ es anks[ ka
Mgks rsgSAuhpsdkfgLl kf' k'kq[ ka
a M, oaÅi j dkfgLl ke/kq[ ka M
dgykrkgS A f' k'kqvkjS e/kq[ ka
Mks
adschp pk[SkVsagksrhgSaft l es
ami; q
s Dr ekS ukUrj gks
rkgS A bu
pkS[ kVks
aesaeks
ehNRrk?kj yxkdj cDl ses ayVdk; ht krhgS Abl i zdkj pkS[ kVks
adksmBkdj fujh{k.k
fd; kt kl drkgS Apk[SkVks
adschp eku SkUrj j[ kusdsfy, pkS [ kV dsfdukjsdhi fV~ V; k¡Åi jh
Hkkx l spkS M+
hgks rhgSarkfd pkS[ kVs
a, d&nw
l jsdsl kFkl V dj u cS BsAbl e/kq
a eD[ khxg̀ dksydMh
; kyks gsdscusgq , 15&25 l seh- Å¡psLVS
a Mi j j[ kkt krkgSrkfd pha
a Vh, oavU; ' k=qbl i j
vkl kuhl su p<+l ds A
a
2- jkuh jks
d i V ¼Dohu , Dl Dyw
Mj½
; g yks
gsdhi ryht kyhgks
rhgSft l l sJfed e/kq efD[ k; k¡ vkl kuhl svkt kl drhga S
i jUrqjkuheD[ khughat kl drhgSA f' k'kqrFkke/kqd{kdschp bl syxkns usl sjkuheD[ kh
e/kqd{kes ava
s Mkns
usdsfy, ughat kl drhft l l sJfed efD[ k; ks adkse/kql a
p; djusdsfy,
vf/kd t xg feyrk gSA
3- /kq
v k¡ djusokyk ; a
=
; g fVu dkcukrFkkHkhrj l s[ kks
[ kykgks
rkgSAbl ds, d fl jsl s/kq
v k¡fudyrkgS A[ kks[ kys
Hkkx es al w
[ ksxks
cj dsVq
dM+] lw
s [ khydM+ h; k di M+
sj[ kdj t ykfn, t krsgS A /kq
a v k¡ i rysHkkx
dksnckusl sfudyrkgS A bl ds}kjkcDl kfujh{k.k; ke/kqfu"dkl u dsl e; e/kq efD[ k; ks
adks
' kka
r fd; k t krkgSA

16
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz

4- nLrkuk
; speM+ ] IykfLVd] t hUl di M+
s ] jcj vFkokÅu dscusgks
s rsgS
Abudhya
a ckbZdq guhrd
gks
rhgS
Ae/kqeD[ khi fjokj dksfujh{k.kdjrsl e; bUgsagkFkks
aes
ai guusl sgkFk, oa' kjhj dsvU;
vax e/kq
efD[ k; ks
adsMad l sl qj f{kr jgrsgSA
a
5- udkc
; g , d IykfLVd ; k rkj dh t kyh l scuh gq
bZVks
i h gks
rh gSt ksfujh{k.k djrsl e;
eèkq
efD[ k; ks
adsvkØe.kl sps gjsdhj{kk djusdsfy, i guk t krk gS A

udkc , oacDl sdk Åi jhdks

"Bd
6- uj QkW
l
uj ekSuks
adksQal kusdsfy, bl ; a
= dki z;ksx fd; kt rkkgSAt c uj ekSuks
adhvf/kdrk
gkst krhgSrksmUgs
aQal kdj ; krksu"V dj fn; kt krkgS; k, d t xg l snw
l jht xg LFkkukUrfjr
dj fn; k t krk gS
A
7- } kj j{kd
; g i ryhydM+ hdk cuk gks
rkgSA bl dk mi; ksx cDl sdsços
' k }kj dks?kVkusdsfy,
fd; k t krk gS
A bl dhyEckbZcDl sdsi zos
' k }kj dseki dhgksrhgS
A
8- Mehcks
MZ
; g ydM+
hdkcukgq v kl i kV , oapkS [ kV dsvkdkj dkgks rkgSAbl ds}kjke/kq eD[ khds
cDl sdsvkdkj dksvko' ; drkuq l kj ?kVk; k&c<+ k; k t k l drk gS A bl dk i z;ks
x e/kq
eD[ kh dh
la[ ; kde gksusi j euks
cy c<+ kus; kcDl kes srkiØe dksfu; a
a f=r djus; kjkuhmRiknu dks
c<+ koknsusdsfy, Hkhfd; k t krkgS A bl dsi z;ksx l sekSuoa ' k Nks
Vkjgusi j HkhjkuhmRiknu
fd; k t k l drk gSA

17
 Lojks
t xkj gs
rqe/kq
eD[ kh i kyu
I CAR

Mehcks
MZ, oacDl sdk dks
"Bd

9- e/kqfu"dkl u ; a
=
; g yksgsdhpknj l scukMªe dsvkdkj dk; a = gks rkgSft l dkÅi jhfl jki w. kZ: Ikl s
[ kq
ykjgrkgS Abl dsva nj ukpusokykfi a t M+kgks
rkgSft l dkyxko , d Åi j yxsfx; j i fg; s
l sgks
rkgS At c i fg; sdksfx; j l supk; kt krkgSrksfi a t M+
kLor%ukpusyxrkgS Ae/kql sHkjs
NRrksadsdks "Bks
adhÅi jheks ehVksi hdkspkdwl sgVkdj fi a t M+
ses
acuht xgks aea
sj[ kfn; kt krk
gSAfx; j i fg; sesayxseq B l supkusi j fi a
t M+
kdkQhrs t hl sukprkgS Ae/kqHkkjhgks
usdsdkj.k
dks"Bks
al svyx gks dj Mªe dhnhokjka si j fxjrkgq v kry i j t ekgkst krkgS Ary i j l seèkq
dkscrZ u esabdV~ Bkdj fy; kt krkgS Abl es avf/kdka
' kr%nksÝs e ; kpkj Ýse gksrsgS
ays fdu cM+ s
iSekusi j ' kgn fu"dkl u dsfy, 20 Ýs e dke/kq fu"dkl u ; a = Hkhcuk; kt kl drkgSft l sfct yh
; kt sujsVj l spyk; kt krk gS A
10 - cdNq
V FkS
yk
; g di M+kdkcuk, d >ks ykt Sl kgks
rkgSft l ds, d fdukjsi j yks
gsdkfja x yxkgks
a rk
gSrFkk nw
l jkfdukjk [ kq
yk jgrk gS
A bl ds}kjk ckgj cSBhgqbZe/kq
eD[ khi fjokj dksi dM+
dj
cDl sesacl k; kt krk gS
A
11- Hkks
t u i k=
; g yksgsdkcuk, d pkd Sks
j ; kekykdkj crZu gks rkgSA i zkdf̀rd Hkks
t u dsvHkko okys
ekSl eks
aesadf̀=e Hkks
t u ; kphuhdhpkl uhdksbl es aj[ kfn; kt krkgS arFkkbl dsva nj l kQ
?kkl ; ki qv ky dsl w
[ ksVqdMsj[ kfn, t krsgSarkfd e/keqD[ khml Hkkst u esaMwcusu i k, Avxj
oSKkfud <a x l scukHkks t u i k= u feysrksfdl hl k/kkj.kXykl ; krLrjh; kI; kyhl sHkhdke
pyk; kt kl drkgSi jUrqbl dsi z;ks x l sphuhdhpkl uhi yV dj fc[ kjusdkHk; jgrkgS A

18
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz

mijks
Dr of.kZ
r ;a=ks
adsvfrfjDr e/kq
eD[ khi kyu es
avkusokysdq
N vU; t : jhvkS
j Nks
Vs
&Nks
Vs
midj.k@vkSt kj fuEu rkfydk es
afn; st k jgsgS
A
a
rkfydk%e/kq
eD[ khi kyu es
ami; ks
xhmidj. kvkS
j mudkdke
midj.k dk uke midj.k@vkStkj dk dke
Okgu cDlk ;g ydM+h dk cuk gksrk gS blds vanj ik¡p pkS[kVsa j[kus dk [kkyh LFkku gksrk gS
tks e/kqeD[kh cDlk ds uki dk gksrk gSA ;g dHkh&dHkh e/kqeD[kh ifjokj dk ,d
LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij ys tkus ds dke esa vkrk gSA
Nhyu Nwjh ;g bLikr dh cuh yxHkx 10 bap yEch] 2 bap pkSM+h Nwjh gksrh gS ftlds nksuksa
rjQ rst /kkj gksrh gSA blls NRrksa ds can eq¡g dks fNyk tkrk gS ftlls dks'kksa ds
Åij yxh ekseh Vksih leku :Ik ls dV tkrh gS vkSj e/kq vklkuh ls e/kqfudk"lu
;a= ds }kjk fudky fy;k tkrk gSA
bechMj bechMj ydM+h ds gSaf.My ds ,d fdukjs ij yksgs dk cuk xksykdkj vkÑfr dk
fx;j yxk ;a= gksrk gS tks vk/kkj NRrksa dks pkS[kV esa cus rkjksa ls fpidkus ds
dke esa yk;k tkrk gSA
cz'k ;g ckyksa vFkok eqyk;e ukfj;y dh js’kksa ls cuk gksrk gSA blds }kjk e/kqefD[k;ksa
dks 'kgn fudkyus ds le; NRrksa ls vyx fd;k tkrk gSA blds iz;ksx ls
e/kqefD[k;ksa dsk pksV ughaa yxrh gSA
jkuh dks"B j{kd ;g yksgs ds rkj ;k IykfLVd ls cuh xksy vkÑfr lh gksrh gS tks jkuh lsy dks
Jfed efD[k;ksa }kjk rksM+us ls cpkus dk dk;Z djrh gSA
jkuh jksd }kj ;g yksgs dh cuh gqbZ tkyh gksrh gS tks e/kq cDlk ds eq[; }kj ij yxkbZ tkrh
gSA blls jkuh e/kqeD[kh ?kj ls ckgj fudyus ls etcwj gks tkrh gS ijUrq Jfed
e/kqefD[k;ksa dk vkuk tkuk ckf/kr ugha gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx cdNqV jksdus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
cDlk vkStkj ;g yksgs dk Lispwyk vkÑfr dk cuk gksrk gS ftldk iz;ksx pkS[kVksa ,oa vUr%iV
dks gVkus ,oa e/kqeD[kh xksan ls lVs Qzse dks vyx djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
jkuh fiatM+k ;g IykfLVd dk cuk xksy vkSj tkyhnkj gksrk gS] ftldk ,d fljk [kqyk rFkk
nwljk fljk can jgrk gSa bldk iz;ksx jkuh jfgr e/kqeD[kh oa'k esa ubZ jkuh ekSu
dks fdlh jkuhfofgu ekSuoa'k esa nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
ywVekj jks/kd e/kqeD[kh ckWDl ds izos'k }kj ij ydM+h dh cuh gqbZ f=Hkqtkdkj nks eq¡g okyh
cDlk ufydk yxk nh tkrh gSA ufydk esa nks jkLrs gksrs gSaA nksuksa jkLrs ls e/kqefD[k;k¡
vkus dk dke djrh gSaA 'kq: esa dqN le; ijs'kkuh eglwl djrh gSa ijUrq dqN
le; ckn vH;Lr gks tkrh gSA bldk mi;ksx HkkstukHkko dky esa 'k=q tSls HkkSajk]
fo<+uh ,oa gÔk ls ywVekj ls cpkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Nhyu Vsª bldk iz;ksx ekseh Vksih gVkus ,oa NRrksa ls e/kq fudkyus ds le; fd;k tkrk gSA
;g pknj dk cuk pkSdksj Vsª gksrk gS ftlds Åijh Hkkx esa tkyh yxh gksrh gSA
crZu essa yxh tkyh ds Åij ekseh Vksih ds lkFk e/kq Hkh vk tkrk gSA bl ekseh
Vksih ls e/kq Vid dj crZu esa bdV~Bk gks tkrk gSA crZu esa tes e/kq dks eyey
ds lQsn diM+s ls Nku fy;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ekseh Vksih dk Nhyu ¼drju½
,oa e/kq vyx gks tkrk gSA

19
 Lojks
t xkj gs
rqe/kq
eD[ kh i kyu
I CAR

l ko/kfu; ka
 e/kq
eD[ khdksns
[ kusdsfy, i guusokykdi M+
keq
yk; e] l kQ ; k[ kkdhja
x dkgks
ukpkfg, A
 uhyk] dkyk] dks
bZja
xhu di M+
k ; k, s
l k di M+
kft l l sfdl hi zdkj dhxa
/k vkrhgksugha
i guukpkfg, A
 i ks
’kkd , s
l kgksukpkfg, ft l l s' kjhj dkvf/kdrj Hkkx <a
dkjgsrkfd dk; Zdjrsl e;
e/kqefD[ k; k¡ di M+
ks
adsvUnj u t k l ds A
a
mijks
Dr midj. kka
sdsvfrfjDr e/kqeD[ khi kyu dsfy, cgq r l sl k/kkj.k, oaNks
Vsl kekuks
a
dhvko’; drkHkhi M+ rhgSft ues
&l k/kkj.kpkdw
a ] jLl h] /kkxk] dS
ph] rkj dkxV~
a Bj] pha
Vhajks
d
I; kyhvkS
j fl ds
fV; j vkfn midj.k l fEefyr gS A e/ke
a qD[ khi kyd dksmudsmi; ks x dhl gh
t kudkjhvo' ; ys uhpkfg, A

20
 4. fofHkHUkku-d-̀v_uq-i rq v"Vªh;ks
-&jk ayhea
phse/k
vuq/kkuq
la edsfD
Unz[ k
; ks
adk çca
/ku
_ rq
v ks
adsvuq
: i e/kq
eD[ khi kyusvkjS vf/kd l svf/kd mRiknu djusdsfy, t ksO;oLFkk
rFkk çcU/k djuk gks
rk gS
] ml s^_ rqekSu çcU/k* dgrsgS A ; g _ rq
a v ks
adsvuql kj pkj çdkj
dk gksrk gS
A
1- ' kjn _ rqes
ai zcU/k
' kjn _ rqesafo' k"sk: i l svf/kd Ba< i M+rhgSft l l srkieku dHkh&dHkh10 ; k20 l s UVhxzs
V
l suhpsrd pykt krkgS A, sl sesaekS
u oa
' kka
sdksl nhZl scpkukt #jhgkst krkgS Al nhZl scpus
dsfy, ekS ui kydksadksVkV dhcks j hdknksrg cukdj vka rfjd <Ddu dsuhpsfcNkns ukpkfg, A
; g dk; ZvDVw cj es adjukpkfg; s Abl l seku S xg̀ dkrkieku , d l eku : i l srFkkxeZcuk
jgrkgS A; fn l a
Hko gksrksços ' k}kj dksNks M+dj i w
j scDl sdksi ks
yhfFku l s<d ns
ukpkfg, vFkok
?kkl Qwl ; ki qoky dkNIi j VkVhcuk dj cDl ks adks<d ns uk pkfg, A
bl l e; ekS u xg̀ksadks, s
l sLFkku i j j[ kukpkfg; st gk¡t ehu l w [ khgksrFkkfnu Hkj èkw i
jgrhgksft l dsi fj.kkeLo: i e/kq efD[ k; k¡ vf/kd l e; rd dk; Zdjs xhA vDVw
a cj es a; g ns[k
ysukpkfg; sfd jkuhvPNhgSrFkk, d l ky l svf/kd i q j kuhrksughagS A ; fn , s
l kgSrksml
oa' kdksubZjkuhnsns ukpkfg; s Aft l l s' kjn _ rqes aJfedks adhvko' ; d l a [ ; kcuhjgsvkS j
ekSu oa ' kdet ks j u gks A, s
l s{ks
= t gk¡' khrygj pyrhgS ] ogk¡bl dsçkjEHkgks usl si w oZgh; g
fuf' pr dj ys ukpkfg; sfd ekS u xg̀ es avko' ; d ek=kes a' kgn vkS j i jkx ekS twn gS ] ; fn ugha
rksbl dkl e; jgrsi zcU/kfd; kt kukpkfg, A; fn ' kgn de gS; kughagSrksekS u oa ' kks
adks50%50
dsvuq i kr esaphuhvkjS i kuhdk?kks y cukdj mckydj Ba Mkgks usdsi ' pkr ekS u xg̀ks adsva nj
j[ kns uk pkfg; sA ft l l seku
Sks
adksHkks t u dhdehu gks A phuhdk?kks y xeZdjdsns ukpkfg,
rFkkLVkVZ j ns
dj u; sNÙkscuokys ukpkfg, ] ft l l seku Soa' ke/kqmRiknu vkS j ekS uoa ' kof̀/kgsrq
iw. kZ
r; k vuq dwy jgs A ; fn ekS u xg̀ i q j kusgksx; sgks a; k Vw V x; sgks ] rksmudh ejEer
a
vDVw cj&uoEcj rd vo' ; djkys ukpkfg, ft l l sbudksl fnZ ; ks
al scpk; kt kl ds Abl l e;
ekSu oa ' kks
adksQwy okysLFkku i j j[ kukpkfg; sft l l sde l e; es avf/kd l svf/kd edja n vkS
j
i jkx , d= fd; kt kl ds AT; knkBa < gksusi j eku S xg̀ksadksugha[ kks yukpkfg, D; ks fd , s
a l kdjus
i j B.Myxusl sf' k'kqefD[ k; ks adsejusdkMj jgrkgSvkS j l kFkJfed e/kq efD[ k; k¡Ma d ekjus
yxrhgS Ai oZ
a rh; {ks
=ksaesavf/kd Åa pkbZokysLFkkuks ai j xs gw¡ dsHkwl s; k/kku dsi q
a oky l svPNh
rjg ekS u xg̀ dks<d ns uk pkfg, A ' khrdky es a; fn ' khr ygj dk çdks i gksrks ] i kyhFkhu l s
ekSuxg̀ dks<dukpkfg, , oaxeZi kuhdk ?kks y nsrsjgukpkfg, A

21
 Lojks
t xkj gs
rqe/kq
eD[ kh i kyu
I CAR

2- cl a
r _ rqes
ai zcU/k
cl a
r _ rqe/kq efD[ k; ks
avkS
j ekS
u i kydksadsfy, l cl svPNhekuht krhgS Abl l e; l Hkh
LFkkuks
ai j ç; kIr ek=kes ai jkx vkjS edja n miyC/k jgrsgS aft l l sekS
uksadhl a [ ; k nq
xuhc<+
t krhgS ] i fj.kkeLo: i ' kgn dkmRiknu Hkhc<+t krk gS A bl l e; ns [ k js
[ kdhvko' ; drk
mruhghi M+ rhgSft ruhvU; ekS l eks
aesagks
rhgSA' kjn _ rql ekIr gksusi j /khjs &/khjsekS
u xg̀
dhi Sfdax ¼VkV] i êhvkS j iq v ky dsNIi j bR;kfn½gVkns ukpkfg, AekS u xg̀ksadks[ kkyhdj mudh
vPNhrjg l sl QkbZdj ys ukpkfg, Ai snhi j yxseks
a e dksHkyhHkka
fr [ kq
j p dj gV ns ukpkfg,
rFkkl aEHko gksrks500 xzke eks e dkç; ksx njkjks
aesadjukpkfg, ft l l sfd ekbV dksekjkt k
l dsAekS u xg̀ksai j cgkj l sl Qs nis V yxkns
a ukpkfg, ft l l sckgj l svkusokyhxehZes aekS
u
xg̀ks
adk rkieku de jg l ds A
bl _ rqdsçkjEHkes aekuS oa' kks
adksdf̀=e Hkks
t u ns
usl smudhl a [ ; kvkS
j {kerkc<rh
gSft l l svf/kd l svf/kd mRiknu fy; kt kl drkgS Ajkuh; fn i q
j kuhgksx; hgks] rksml sva Ms
okykÝs e nsns ukpkfg, ft l l snw l jsokykÝs e jkuhdkl t̀ u ' kq
: dj l ds A; fn ekSu xg̀ es a
ekS
u dhl a [ ; kc<+x; hgks ] rksekse yxkgq v kvfrfjä Ýs e nsukpkfg, ft l l sfd e/kq efD[ k; k¡
NÙkscuk l ds A ; fn NÙkksaesa' kgn Hkj x; k gksrkse/kqfu"dkl u ; a = l s' kgn dksfudy ys uk
pkfg, A ft l l se/kqefD[ k; kavf/kd {kerkdsl kFk dk; Zdj l ds A ; fn ujks
a adhl a[ ; kc<+x; h
gksrksuj çi a p yxk dj budhl a [ ; k dksfu; a
f=r dj nsuk pkfg, A
3- xzh"e _ rqes
ai zcU/k
cl Ur _ rqdsi ' pkr xzh"e _ rqdk vkxeu gks rk gSA bl _ rqes
a afu"dkfl r e/kqdk
i fj"d.k] i zlaLdj.k] foi .ku dsl kFk&l kFkeku
Sxg̀ dksNk; kesaj[ kusdhO;oLFkkdjuhpkfg, A
xzh"edky es ai q
"i jl ] i jkx vkS
j i kuhdkvHkko gks
rkgS] ,s
l hfLFkfr es
adf̀=e Hkks
t u ¼vk/kkphuh
, oavk/kki kuhfeykdj½ns rsjgukpkfg, Ae/kq
efD[ kvks
adksi husgsrqrkt st y dhO;oLFkkrFkk
ekSuxg̀ dkscks j svkfn l s<d dj i kuhl sue cuk; sj[ kusdhO;oLFkk djuhpkfg, A
xzh"e _ rqes
ae/kq
efD[ k; ks
adhns
[ kHkky T; knkt #jhgks rkgSAft u {ks =ks
aesarkieku 40 fMxzh
lsVhxzs
a V l sÅi j rd i gq¡prkgSogk¡i j eku S xg̀ksadksfdl hNk; knkj LFkku i j bl i zdkj j[ kuk
pkfg, fd l q cg dsl e; l w ; Zdhjks
' kuhekS
u xg̀ks ai j vko' ; i M+ sft l l se/kqefD[ k; k¡ l q
cg l s
ghl fØ; gks dj vi ukdk; ZdjukçkjEHkdj l ds Adq
a N LFkkuksat gk¡i j cjl he] l w ;Zeq[ khbR;kfn
dh[ ksrhgks rhgS]lqcg dkl e; ghvf/kdre e/kq l zko dkl e; gks rkgSvkS j ft l l s' kgn mRinku
Hkh vf/kdre~fd; k t k l drk gS A bl l e; e/kq efD[ k; ks
adksl kQ vkS j cgrsgq , i kuh dh
vko' ; drkgks rhgS
Abl fy, i kuhdhmfpr O;oLFkke/kq okfVdkdsvkl i kl gks ukpkfg; s AekSuks
a

22
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz

dksywl scpusdsfy, NIi j dk ç; ks x djuk pkfg; sft l l sxeZgok l h/ksekS u xg̀ksadsva nj

u ?kq
l l dsAvfrfjä Ýs e dksckgj fudky dj mfpr Hk.Mkj.kdjukpkfg; s ] ft l l seks
ehi ra
xk
dsçdks i l scpk; kt kl dsAeku S okfVdkes a; fn Nk; knkj LFkku u gksrkscDl sdsÅi j NIi j
; ki q
v ky Mkydj ml sl qcg ' kke fHkxks
rsjgukpkfg; sft l l sekS u xg̀ dkrkieku de cukjgs A
df̀=e Hkks
t u ds: i es a50%50 dsvuq i kr es
aphuhvkjS i kuhdkmcky dj Ba Mkgks usi j ekS
u
xg̀ dsva nj dVksj h; kQhMj es aj[ kukpkfg; sAeku S xg̀ dsLVS M dhdVks
a fj; ks
aesaçfrfnu l kQ
vkSj rkt ki kuhMkyukpkfg, A ; fn eku Sks
adhl a [ ; k T; knkc<+
usyxsrksvfrfjä Ýs e Mkyuk
pkfg, A
4- o"kkZ_ rqes
ai zcU/k
o"kkZ_ rqes ars
t o"kkZ
] gokvkSj vus d ' k=q
v ks
at S
l sphafV; k¡] eks
ehi raxk] HkkS
j k] i f{k; ks
a avkfn
dkçdks i gksrkgS Aeks
ehi raxks
adsçdks i dksjksdusdsfy, NRrks adksgVkns ] ¶yks
a j ckZ Mdksl kQ
s
djs arFkk xa/kd i kmMj fNMds A phVks
a adhjksdFkke dsfy, LVS M dksi kuhHkjscrZ
a u es aj[ ksarFkk
i kuhesanks&rhu cw ns
aadkysrsy dhMkys Aeks
a ehi ra xks
al sçHkkfor NÙkks ] iq
a j kuso dkysNÙkks a, oaQQw n
a
yxsNÙkks adksfudy dj vyx dj ns ukpkfg, AekS uxg̀ dksNk; kes aj[ kukpkfg, vFkoki kyhFkhu
l s<d dj j[ kukpkfg, AekS uxg̀ dsvUnj uehu jgusi k; s ] ; fn uehgksrks/kw i fn[ kkdj l q [ kk
nsukpkfg, A df̀=e Hkks t u ¼phuhdk?kks y xeZdjds ½l Irkg es anksckj nsukpkfg, A; fn l a Hko
gksrksi q"i jl , oai jkx dsl q yHkrkokys{ks= es aLFkkukUrfjr djs avFkokdn~ nwoxhZ ; l fCt ; ksadh
vkl &i kl es a[ ks
rhdjsA
a

23
 5. e/kqeD[Lojk
khstxkij kyu
gs
rqe/kqes
eD aiikyuq
[ kh "i i a
pkx ¼¶yks
jy
I CAR
dys
UMj½çcU/ku , oaHkks
t u l zks
r okysi kS
/ks
a
Qw
yks
adh[ ks
rhdsl kFke/kq eD[ khi kyu m|ks x vf/kd Qk; ns ea
n gksrkgSft l l s20 l s80
çfr' kr rd dhc<+ ks
Ùkjhgkst krhgS Al w
j t eq
[ kh] xkt j] fepZ
] l ks
; kchu] i kW
i hysufVYl vkfn Ql yksa
rFkkuha cw
] dhuw
] vka
oyk] i i hrk] ve: n] vke] l a rjk] ekS
la
ch] va xw
j] ; wds fyIVl vkSj xq
yeksgj
vkfn Qy&Qw y dsi Ms+okys{ks =ks
aes
ae/kqeD[ khi kyu vkl kuhl sfd; k t kl drk gS A
i ks
"k.k dh ; ks
t uk
e/kq
eD[ khi kyd ; kfdl ku dkse/kq eD[ khi kyu djusl si w oZbudsi ks "k.kdsfy, i w j so"kZ
dh; ks t ukcukukvfuok; ZgS Ae/kq eD[ khdki ks"k.ki jkx vkS j edjUn gS ] t ksbUgs aQw yks
al sçkIr
gksrkgSbl fy, e/kq eD[ khi kydks a; kd`"kdks adkspkfg, ] fd ose/kq eD[ khi kyu dksvi ukusl si w oZ
;glq fuf' pr dj ys ] fd fdl ekg es
a afdl ouLi fr l sus DVj , oai jkx cgq rk; r l sfeyrsjgs xs
a
ft l l so"kZHkj fcuk fdl h: dkoV dse/kq efD[ k; ks
adk i kyu fd; k t k l ds A i jkx , oaus DVj
çkdf̀rd : i l sçkIr ughagks usdhvoLFkkes ae/kq
efD[ k; ks
adksphuhds?kks y ds: i es adf̀=e Hkks tu
fn; kt krkgS ] ft l l sek= e/kq efD[ k; kat hou fuokZg ghdj i krhgS Al jl ks
a ] rks
a fj; k] /kfu; ka
] l kS
Q]
a
uha cw] vjgj] yhph] l gt uk] djkS nk] cjl he] dí w
a oxhZ
; l Ct h] ; w dsfyIVl ] dja t ] vka oyk] ew x]
a
' kh'ke] l wj t eq[ kh] uhe] [ kS
j ] es
gnh] Tokj] ckt jk] t oka
a l k] dVsj h] jks
fgMk] fyl ksMk] vukj] [ ks t Mh]
cka l k bR;kfn ouLi fr; ks aes ai jkx o edjUn çpq j ek=k es afeyrk gS A
fdl kuks
adkspkfg, ] fd vi us{ks = dkekgokj i "qi dys. Mj rS
; kj djsavkS
j ;glq fuf' pr
djs
afd fdl ekg es afdl ouLi fr l sedjUn vkjS i jkx miyC/kgksl ds xkA; fn osouLi fr; ka
vkl &i kl ds{ks
= esagks
arkse/kq
eD[ khi kyd] e/kq
eD[ khi s
fVdk¼gkbo½dksogkai j yst kdj edjUn
vkS
j i jkx çkIr dj l drsgS A
a

yhphdsckx es
ae/kq
eD[ khi kyu
e/kq
efD[ k; ks
adk Hkks
t u l zks
r
vU; jkT; ks
adhrq
yukesafcgkj i zns
' kes se/kq
a efD[ k; ks
adsmÙke , oacgqrk; r esaHkks
t u&l zks
r
miyCèkgSAbl jkT; es
a anygu ¼vjgj] ew ¡x] [ ks
l kjh] puk] eVj] el w j bR;kfn½] frygu ¼l jl ks a

24
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz

i ztfr] l wj t eq[ kh] dqlq

e] va Mh] fry] bR;kfn½] el kysokyhQl yks a¼/kfu; k] l kS
Q] es
a Fkh] eaxjSyk]
vt okbu] bR;kfn½] Qy o`{k ¼yhph] ve: n] uha cw&i ztkfr; ka
] cs j ] csy] vka oyk] t keq u] ds yk]
l gt u] bR;kfn½] [ kk| Ql ys a¼/kku] eDdk½] l Ct h¼dnhek] djS yk] VekVj] us uq
v k] fepZ ] I; kt ]
xkt j] ew yh] bR;kfn½] ' kks
HkkdkjhQw y ¼xq
ykc] Fkydey] t LVs fl ; k] gji fr; k] ft fu; k] i ks
j pq
ykdk]
es gnh] xks
a YMs u jkW M] bR;kfn½] pkjsokyh Ql ys a¼Tokj] ckt jk] edbZ ] t usj k] l w
ccwy] cjl he]
bR;kfn½] js ' ksokyhQl ys a¼l ubZ ] twV½o ?kkl okysi k/Sks¼eks Fkk] l q lq
ek] /kq
j eh] i q
Vw
l ] oufHkUMh]
xq t xq
t k] Hkk¡x bR;kfn½cgq rk; r esamiyC/kgS at kso"kZdsfofHkUu eghuks aesaQwy dhvoLFkkes ajgrs
gS AfuEufyf[ kr rkfydkes
a afofHkUu eghuks
aes ai q
"i u esajgusokysQl yks adkfooj.kfn; kx; kgS
ft l dsvuq l kj e/kq eD[ khi kyu dksl ek; ks
ft r djdsfdl ku vkS j m|ehvf/kd ykHkdekl drs
gS A
a
rkfydk%fofHkUu eghuka
ses
aQw
yusokyhQl ys
a
eghuk ikS/ks dk uke
tuojh ljlksa] rksfj;k] dqlqe] puk] eVj] jktek] vukj] ve#n] dVgy] ;wdsfyIVl
Qjojh ljlksa] rksfj;k] dqlqe] puk ]eVj] jktek] vukj] ve#n] dVgy] ;wdsfyIVl] I;kt]
/kfu;k] 'kh'ke
ekpZ dqlqe] lw;Zeq[kh] vylh] cjlhe] vjgj] esFkh] eVj] fHkUMh] /kfu;k¡] vkaoyk] fuEcw] taxyh
tysch] 'kh'ke] ;wdsfyIVl] uhe
vçSy lwjteq[kh] cjlhe] vj.Mh] jkefry] fHkUMh] fepZ] lse] rjcwt] [kjcwt] djsyk] yksdh]
tkequ] uhe] veyrkl
ebZ fry] eDdk] lwjteq[kh] cjlhe] rjcwt] [kjcwtk] [khjk] djsyk] ykSdh] beyh] díw] djat]
vtqZu] veyrkl
twu fry] eDdk] lwjteq[kh] cjlhe] rjcwt] [kjcwtk] [khjk] djsyk] ykSdh] beyh] díw] ccwy]
vtqZu] veyrkl
tqykbZ Tokj] eDdk] cktjk] djsyk] [khjk] ykSdh] fHkUMh] iihrk
vxLr Tokj] eDdk] lks;kchu] ewax] /kku] VekVj] ccwy] vkaoyk] dpukj] [khjk] fHkUMh] iihrk
flrEcj cktkjk] lubZ] vjgj] lks;kchu] ewax] /kku] jkefry] VekVj] cjcVh] fHkUMh] dpukj] csj
vDVwcj lubZ] vjgj] /kku] vj.Mh] jkefry] ;wdsfyIVl] dpukj] csj] ccwy
uoEcj ljlksa] rksfj;ka] eVj] ve#n] 'kgtu] csj] ;wdsfyIVl] cksVycz'k
fnlEcj ljlksa] rksfj;k¡] jkbZ] puk] eVj] ;wdsfyIVl] ve#n

25
 6. e/kqeD[ khLojkistxkfjokrqjk
j gs es
e/kqaD[dk
kh i kyufoH
kkt u , oat ks
M+
uk
I CAR

e/kqefD[ k; ks
adh , d vi uh nq
fu; k gks
rh gSft l es avusd xfrfof/k; kapyrh jgrh gS
A
a
eèkq
eD[ khi fjokjksadsl q
pk: l a
pkyu esadqN xfrfof/k; ks
adk fooj.kuhpsfn; kt k jgkgSA
i fjokjks
adk foHkkt u
vPNsekSl e es ae/kq
efD[ k; ks
adhl a
[ ; k c<rhgSrkse/kq eD[ khi fjokjksadkfoHkkt u djuk
vko' ; d gks
rkgSA, s
l ku fd; st kusi j e/kq efD[ k; k¡?kj Nks
M+
dj Hkkx l drhgS AfoHkkt u dsfy,
a
ew
y i fjokj dsi kl nwl jk[ kkyhcDl kj[ ks arFkkew y e/kqeD[ khi fjokj l s50 çfr' kr czqM] ' kgn
o i jkx okysÝse LFkkukUrfjr djdsu; scDl ses aj[ ks
a
A jkuheD[ khokykÝs e Hkhu; scDl ses a
j[ ks
Aew
a y cDl sesa; fn jkuhdks "B gksrksvPNkgSvU;Fkkdes j hefD[ k; k¡Lo; aghjkuhdks "Bd
cukys xhrFkk16 fnu ckn jkuhcu t k, xhA nks uks
acDl ksadksjkst , d nw l jsl s, d&, d QhV
nw
j djrst k; savkSj bl i zdkj , d u; k cDl k rS ; kj gkst k; s
xkA
i fjokjks
adkst ks
M+
uk
t c e/kqeD[ khi fjokj det ks
j gkst k; vkS j jkuhjfgr gkst k; rks, s l si fjokj dksnw l js
i fjokj esat ks
M+fn; kt krkgSAbl dsfy, , d v[ kckj es aNksVs
&Nks
VsNs n cukdj jkuhokysi fjokj
dsf' k'kq[ k.M dsÅi j j[ k ys rsgS arFkk feykusokysi fjokj dsÝs e ,d lq i j esayxkdj bl s
jkuhokysi fjokj dsÅi j j[ kfn; k t krkgS A v[ kckj dsÅi j Fkks Mk' kgn fNM+ d fn; k t krk
gSft l l sxa?kfey t krhgS Ackn es al q
i j vkS
j 12 ?kaVks
aesanks
uks
ai fjokjks
adhxa /kvkil es afey
t krhgS A v[ kckj dksgVkdj Ýs eka
sdksf' k'kq[ k.Mes aj[ kkt krkgSvkS j bl i zdkj i fjokj t q M+
t krsgSA
a
i fjokjks
adk LFkkuka
rj. k
e/kq
eD[ kh dsi fjokjks
adks, d LFkku l snw l jsLFkku i j yst kusdh i zfØ; k dksi fjokj
LFkkukUrj.kdgkt krkgS At c , d LFkku i j i jkx vkSj usDVj dsl zks
r [ kRe gkst krsgS
a; g dk; Z
t : j djuk pkfg, A bl l se/kq efD[ k; ks
adk LokLFk Hkh Bhd jgrk gSvkS j mRiknu Hkhfu; fer
: i l sfeyrkjgrkgS AfofHkUu i d
zkj ds' kgn mRiknu dkdk;Zbl hizfØ; k}kjkl EHko gksl drkgS A
e/kq
eD[ khi fjokj dk LFkkukUrj.k djrsl e; fuEu fcUnq
v ks
adk /; ku j[ ks
A
a
d½ LFkkuka
rj.k dht xg i gysl sghl q
fuf' pr djs
aA
[k½ LFkkuka
rj.kdht xg ; fn T; knknw
j hi j gksrksekS
u xg̀ es
aHkks
t u dkç; kIr O;oLFkkdjs
A
a
x½ ços
' k}kj i j yks
gsdht kyhyxkns arFkkNÙkks
aes
avf/kd ' kgn gksusdhn' kkes
aml sfudy
ys
avkSj cDl ksadkscks
j hl sdhy yxkdj l hy dj ns A
a

26
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz

?k½ cDl ks
adksxkM+
hes
ayEckbZdhfn' kkesaj[ ks
arFkki fjogu dsnkS j ku de l sde >Vdsyxus
ns
arkfd NÙksdksdks
bZ{kfr u i gq
¡psvkjS e/kqefD[ k; kaHkhl q
j f{kr jgs
A
a
³½ xehZes aLFkukUrj.kdjrsl e; cDl ks
adsÅi j i kuhfNMdrsjgs
avkS
j t gk¡rd l EHko gks
; k=k jkr dsl e; ghdjs A
a
p½ ubZt xg i j cDl ks
adksyxHkx 8&10 QhV dhnw
j hi j rFkkmudkeq
¡g i w
oZ
&i f' pe fn' kk
dh rjQ j[ ksA
a
N½ i gysfnu cDl ksadkfujh{k.ku djsAnw
a l jsfnu /kq
v kns
a usdsckn efD[ k; ks
adht k¡p djuh
pkfg; srFkk l QkbZdj nsuhpkfg, A

27
 7. e/keqD[ khds N
Lojk Ùjkkgss
t xk
s arqdh eD[ns
e/kq kh[i kyu
k Hkky , oaj[ kj[ kko
I CAR

e/kq
efD[ k; ka, d t hfor i zk.khgS
avr%mudsLokLFk] jgu&l gu] O;oLFkk] [ kku&i ku , oavU;
t : jhpht ks
adk[ ; ky j[ kukvko' ; d gks rkgSft l dkfooj.kuhpsfn; kt kjgkgS A
d½ NÙkks
adksj[ kusgs
rql kekU; rkjS i j Nk; kokykLFkku pq
us
] t cfd l nhZdsekS
a l e es
aèkw
i nkj
vkS
j rst gokvks al sl q
j f{kr] i kuhdhvPNhfudkl hokys{ks = dk p; u djuk pkfg, A
[k½ NÙkks
adksl h/kst ehu i j ughaj[ kuk pkfg, ] D; ks
a
fd uehNÙksdksçHkkfor djs
xhA
x½ NÙkks
adksdHkhHkhvU; e/kq eD[ khi kydks
adsNÙkks
adsi kl ; k, s
l s[ ks
rks
adsvkl i kl ugha
j[ ks
aft ues
acgq
r T; knk dhVuk'kdks
adk fNM+dko fd; kx; k gks
A
?k½ i ; kZ
Ir ' kgn mRiknu i kusdsfy, ] e/kq
eD[ khi kydks
adksvi usNÙkks
adksfdl h, d fu/kkZ
fjr
LFkku i j ughaj[ kukpkfg, A
³½ NÙkks
adkso"kZes
anksckj Qw
yks
aokys{ks
=ks
aes
ayst kusdht #jr i M+
rhgSvr%LFkkukUrj.k
dhO;oLFkk djsA
a
p½ NÙksyst krsl e; ] çkja fHkd fLFkfr l sde l sde 3 ehy ¼4-8 fdeh½nw j dkLFkku pq
us
]
a
D; ks
fd] ; fn vki i q
a u%LFkkiu mik; ksadk ç; ks
x ughadjrsgS arksHkks
t u <w
<usokyh
a
eèkqefD[ k; kaHkzfer gksl drhgS avkSj vi usçkja
fHkd LFkku i j okil ykS
V l drhgSA
a
N½ e/kq
efD[ k; ks
adkst hfor jgusvkjS fodfl r gks
usdsfy, fuja rj rkt svkSj l kQ i kuhds
lqxe l zks
r dhvko' ; drkgks rhgS] bl fy, p; fur LFkku dsvkl i kl çkdf̀rd ; kdf̀=e
t y dk l zksr gks
ukcs gn t #jhgSA
e/kq
efD[ k; ks
ads>q
a
M es
aNÙkk Nks
M+
usl scpko
e/kq
eD[ khdsNÙksdsçkdf̀rd çl kj vkS j iq
u#Riknu dks>q Mes
a aNÙkkNksM+
usds: i es at kuk
t krkgS AvkerkS j i j e/kq
efD[ k; k¡cl a
r ; kxfeZ
; ks
adh' kq
#vkr ¼vçS y&t wu½esa>qMcukdj NÙkk
a
NksM+
rhgS Abl i zfØ; kes
a ajkuhe/kq eD[ khvi usdq N Hkjks
ls
ea
n deZ pkfj; ks
adsl kFku, ?kks
l ysdh
a
ryk'kes ae/kq
eD[ khi kyu dsLFkku dksNks M+nsrhgSrFkke/kqefD[ k; ks
adk; g l ewg dqN l e; rd
vkl i kl dsi sM+dh' kk[ kki j vkjke djrkgSvkS j t Ynhghu; kNÙkk[ kks t dj] ogkajguk' kq:
dj ns rk gSvkS j vi uk t hou pØ i zkjEHk dj ns rk gS
A
bl hchp] i q j kusNÙkses
aektSw
n i ; kZ
Ir l a
[ ; k es
ae/kq
efD[ k; kavkS
j jkfu; ks
adsdqN dks "kks
aesa
u; hjkfu; kamRiUu gkst krhgS A ; fn e/kq
a eD[ khi kyd gLr{ks i ughadjrkrksbu jkfu; ks aes al s
l cl s' kfä' kkyhjkuhmHkjdj l keusvk, xhvkS j va r es
afot ; hgks dj ¼l Hkhçfr}anhjkfu; ksadks
dkVdj vkS j ekjdj½ubZjkuh cus xhA NÙkk Nks M+dj t kusdh ?kVuk dsfy, e/kq efD[ k; ks
a; k

28
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz

eèkq
eD[ kh i kyd dksnks
"k ughansuk pkfg, A vkerkS
j i j mfpr fLFkfr; ksaes] e/kq
a efD[ k; kaNÙkk
Nks
M+
dj mM+ usdsfy, ghcuhgks rhgSAbl dsfcuk] euq
a "; ks
a}kjki kyst kusl si gys
] e/kqefD[ k; ka
dHkhHkhgt kjksao"kks
±rd t hfor ughajg i krha
A
gkyk¡fd] vfu; af=r : i l sNÙksl smM+ us; k NRrk Nks M+usdsdkj.k e/kq eD[ khi kyd dks
l eL; kgksl drhgS ] D; ks
fd bl l sNÙkses
a ae/kq
efD[ k; ks
adhl a
[ ; k50% ; kbl l sHkhde gkst krh
gS
Afu; af=r fLFkfr; ks
aesae/kq
efD[ k; ks
adkNÙksl smM+ ukjksdusdsfy, vkS j bl dkykHkmBkusds
fy, çR;sd e/kq eD[ kh i kyd dksbl dsrjhdks adk fujh{k.k djuk pkfg, A ; gk¡ rd fd l cl s
vuqHkohe/kq eD[ khi kyd Hkhgj l ky dq N ek=kes ae/kq
efD[ k; ks
adksNÙksl st krsgq, ns[ krsgS
A
a
iqj kuhjkuh}kjkQs j ks
eks
u dsfuekZ. kesadeh] >q Mes
a aNÙkkNks M+usdsl cl sçeq[ kdkj.kks
aes a
l s, d gS Aft l dsdkj.k] dbZdeZ pkjhe/kqefD[ k; kajkuhdhckr ughal q urhgS a; kml dsvkns 'k
ysusl sbadkj dj ns rhgSA; g fLFkfr rc vkjS T; knkcq
a j hgkst krhgSt c NÙksdsva nj e/kq
efD[ k; ks
a
dhl a[ ; kcgq r T; knkc<+t krhgSvkjS ok; q &l a
pkj dsfy, i ; kZ Ir LFkku ughagks
rkgSAbl dsckn]
jkuhNÙksdksfu; a f=r vkSj çs fjr djuses avl eFkZgks usdsdkj.k grk'k gkst krhgSvkS j dq N
Hkjks
ls
ean vkS j ^^fu"Bkoku** deZ pkjhe/kq
efD[ k; ks
adsl kFk, d u; kNks Vkl ekt cukusdsfy, i q j kus
NÙksdksNks M+nsrhgS A
e/kq
efD[ k; ks
adksNÙkk Nks
M+
dj t kusl sjks
dusdsmik;
1½ dq
N e/kq
eD[ khi kyd jkuhds, d i a
[ k es
afDyi yxk ns
rsgS
arkfd ; g mM+uk l ds
A
2½ dq
N e/kq
eD[ khi kyd NÙksdksnks ckjk O;ofLFkr djdse/kqefD[ k; ks
adhl a
[ ; kde dj ns
rs
gS
arkfd jkuhe/kqeD[ khQs
j ks
eks
l dsek/; e l sdeZ
a pkfj; ks
al scsgrj l a
okn dj l dsA
3½ ;qok¼2 o"kZrd dh½vkS j lai Uu jkuhdksNRrses
afo| eku gks
usl se/kq
eD[ khi kyu cgq
r
l kjhi js
' kkfu; ks
al scp l drsgS A
a
4½ e/kq
efD[ k; ks
adhl a
[ ; kc<+
usl sjks
duk] t eko l scpukvkS j NÙksdsva nj ok; ql a
pkj dks
cs
grj cukukHkhvko' ; d rduhd gS arkfd e/kq
eD[ khi kyd i gysl sl fØ; jg l ds avkS
j
e/kq
efD[ k; ks
adksNÙkk Nks
M+
usl sjks
d l dsA
a
e/kq
efD[ k; ks
adksNÙkk Nks
M+
dj t kusl sgkfu
l kekU; rkS
j i j , d LFkku l snw
l jht xg mM+
dj NÙkkcukusokyhe/kq efD[ k; kabruk' kgn
bdëkughadjrhfd ml se/kq eD[ khi kyd }kjk, df=r fd; kt kl dsvkS j ukgh; svkl i kl
dhQl yksadsfy, vPNki jkx.kdjrhgS A bl dsvykok] e/kq
a eD[ khi kyd dsfy, e/kq efD[ k; ks
a

29
 Lojks
t xkj gs
rqe/kq
eD[ kh i kyu
I CAR

ds>q a
Mdki rkukyxki kus; kmUgs auki dM+i kusdkHkht ks f[ ke gksrkgSA >q MdsmM+
a usvkSj
bl dsckn mudki hNkdjusdkba rt kj djusdsct k; ] e/kq eD[ khi kyd l ko/kkuhiwoZ
d mUgsai gys
ghfu; a f=r dj l drsgS A, d dkyks
a uhdksnkses afoHkkft r djdsvkS j ml NÙksdsi kl , d [ kkyh
NÙksdks/; kui w oZ
d j[ kdj e/kq eD[ khi kyd NRrsdkscka V l drsgS avkSj mUgs
amM+ usl scpkl drs
gS
Ai q
a j kusNÙksdsvk/ksÝs e dksfudky ns us¼ysfdu jkuhokysÝs e dksugha ½vkS j bl su, NÙks
esaLFkkuka rfjr dj nsus¼ft l esa[ kq
ysvkS j ca
n ykokZokys2 l s3 Ýs e l kFkghl kFkml hfnu ds
ykokZgks uspkfg, ½l sHkhbl l eL; kdk funku fd; k l drkgS A ; kn jgsfd ; g LFkkiu ckgj
l svanj dhvks j gks
ukpkfg, ; kfu ' kgn&i jkx&ykokZ A; fn u, ^^vukFk** NÙksdksvi useupkgs
LFkku i j j[ kdj njokt k[ kq ykNks M+nsrsgSavkjS i ka
p fnu rd ^^jkuhdsdks "kks
** dht ka
a p djrs
gS
avkSj ds oy 2 dks"kNks
M+
rsgS arFkk[ kkukMkyrsgS Arc ; fn i q
a j kukNÙkkl kekU; : i l sfodfl r
gkst k; ¼ft l es ajkuhdksNksM+
kx; kFkk½rc Hkhbl l eL; kdkscgq r gn rd l EHkkykt kl drk
gSA

30
8. ' kgn o vU;Hkk-d-̀m
vRi-i k
uq njk"Vªhdk
-& ; yhphfu"dk
vuq/kku lds
la u , oaçl a
Unz Ldj. k
; | fi e/kq
eD[ khi kyu l svus
d ykHkdkjhi nkFkZi zkIr fd; st krsgS
ai ja
rq' kgn , oaeks
e eq
[;
mRikn ds: i es aekusx; sgSAbudkfudky dj rFkki zla
a Ldr̀ djdscs grj xq . koRrkdsmRiknu
i zkIr fd; st kl drsgS aft udhckt kj es
acs
grj dher feyrhgS Adq N rduhd dkfooj.kuhps
fn; kt k jgkgS A
1- ' kgn dk fu"dkl u rFkk çl a
Ldj. k
e/kq
eD[ khi kyu dkeq [ ; mís ' ; ' kgn , oaeks
e mRiknu djukgksrkgS AcDl ksaesafLFkr NÙkks
a
es a75&80 çfr' kr dks "Bks
adksefD[ k; ks a}kjkeksehVksi hl sca
n dj ns
usi j ; fn mul s' kgn fudkyk
t k, rksbu ca n dks "Bks
al sfudkykx; k' kgn i fji Do gks rkgSAfcukeks ehVksi hl scan dks "Bks
adk
' kgn vi fji Do gksrkgSft ues ai kuhdhek=kvf/kd gks rhgSAe/kqfu"dkl u dkdk; Zl kQ ekS le
es afnu dsl e; NÙkks adspq uko l svkjEHkdjds' kke dsl e; ' kgn fu"dkl u çfØ; kl sl ekIr
djuk pkfg, vU;Fkk efD[ k; k¡ bl dk; Zes ack/kk mRiUu djrhgS A
a
' kgn l sHkjsNÙkks
adkscDl sesaj[ k dj , s l sl HkhcDl ks
adksfdl hdejs; k [ ks r esacM+h
ePNjnkuhdsva nj j[ kdj e/kqfu"dkl u djukpkfg, Avc Nhyu pkdwdksxeZi kuhes aMq
cks
dj
, oadi Msl si ksNdj dkVrsgq
a , ekse dhVks fi ; k¡ gVkns uhpkfg, A NRrsdks' kgn fudkyusokyh
e' khu esaj[ kdj ; a
= dks?kq
ekdj dj ckjh&ckjhl sNÙkks adksi yVdj nks uks
avks
j l s' kgn fudyk
t krkgS A bl ' kgn dkse' khu l sfudkydj Va dhes ayxHkx 48 ?kaVsrd i M+ kjgusns rsgSA, s
a lk
djusi j ' kgn es afeysgokdscq ycq
ysrFkkeks e bR;kfn ' kgn dhÅi jhl rg i j rFkkeS yhoLrq,a
isnhes
a acS B t krhgSA' kgn dksi rysdi Ms
a +l sNkudj LoPN , oal w [ khcks
ryks
aes
aHkjdj cs pkt k
l drk gS A
' kgn fu"dkl u dsl e; dq N ckrks
adk fo' ks"k/; ku j[ kukpkfg, t ksvxzfyf[ kr gS A
a
1½ ' kgn fu"dkl u gs rqLoLFk, oaet cw r oa ' kdkghpq uko djukpkfg, Ai z;kl jgsfd [ ks r
; kcxku es aQwy f[ ky t kusi j e/kq eD[ khdscDl ks adksbl rjg l sj[ ks
afd cDl ks
adhvkil
dhnw j h6 QhV , oai afDr l si a fDr dhnw j h10 QhV l sde u gksrkfd e/kq efD[ k; ks
adhdk; Z
{kerk i j dks bZi zfrdw y i zHkko u i Ms
A
+
2½ e/kql zko vof/kes ai zos
' k}kj dkscM+ kdj ns usl smudsvkokxeu es adks
bZdfBukbZughagks rh
vkS j cDl ksadsvkl i kl rkt k, oa' kq ) t y dki zcU/kdjusl su ds oy t y l sgks usokys
jksx o chekfj; ksadhl EHkkoukde gks rhgScfYd mudhdk; Z{kerkHkhrhozgkst krhgS A
3½ ' kgn fu"dkl u dsyxH kx 21 fnu i w oZf' k'kq[ ka
M, oae/kq[ ka
Mdschp jkuhjks di V yxk
nsukpkfg, rkfd jkuhe/kq eD[ khe/kq[ ka Mes at kdj va Msu nsl dsA/; ku ughansusi j jkuh

31
 Lojks
t xkj gs
rqe/kq
eD[ kh i kyu
I CAR

e/kqeD[ khe/kq [ k.M ea

sva Msnsns xhA bl rjg dsÝs e l s' kgn fudkyrsl e; va Mk] ykokZ
bR;kfn ' kgn es afey t krkgSt ksu ds
s oy ' kgn dhxq . koRrkcfYd e/kqefD[ k; ks
adhl a[; k
dksHkhi zHkkfor djrk gS A
4½ e/kql zko vof/k es ayxHkx , d ekg i gysl sfdl hHkhjl k; fud nokdk i z;ks x e/kqeD[ kh
cDl ks aesaughadjukpkfg, ] vU;Fkk' kgn es ajl k; fud nokvks
s adkvo"ks' kjg l drkgSt ks
' kgn dhxq . koRrk dksi zHkkfor dj l drk gS A
5½ e/kqefD[ k; k¡ NRrks
aesa' kgn i d t kusi j dks"Bks
adseq ¡g dkseks
ehVksi hl sca
n dj ns
rhgS
A
a
' kgn fu"dkl u gs rqe/kq[ ka
Ml sfl QZ, sl sNRrksadkpq uko djukpkfg, ft u NRrksaes
ade
s
l sde rhu&pkF SkkbZdks "B ca
n gks
arFkkva Ms
] f' k'kqok i jkx u gks
A
a
6½ ' kgn fu"dkl u dkdk; Zges' kkca
n ; kekS
u jks
/kd dejs; kePNjnkuhdk?kj cukdj ml ds
va nj djuk pkfg, ft l l se/kqeD[ khva
nj u t k l ds
A
7½ fu"dkl u dkdk; Zges' kknks i gj es
adjukpkfg, D; ks fd nks
a i gj rd e/kqefD[ k; k¡e/kq, d=
djuses avf/kd fØ; k'khy jgrhgS
s A ; fn ' kgn fu"dkl u LFkku dks
a bZdejk gksrksml ds
rkieku dksdf̀=e xehZ}kjk35&40 fMxzh- l s fYl ; l rd j[ ksA' kgn fudkyusl si w
a oZeèkq
fu"dkl u ; a
=] Nhyu Nw j h] Nhyu Fkkyhvkfn dksxeZi kuhl svPNhrjg /kksys ukpkfg, A
8½ ekSuxg̀ dse/kq[ ka
Mes
a' kgn l sHkjsNRrks
s ai j cS
Bhe/kq
efD[ k; ks
adkse/kq
eD[ khczq
' kdhl gk; rk
l sekS
u xg̀ es
agh>kM+ns ukpkfg, Abl rjg l se/kql sHkjsÝs eks
adks[ kkyhekS
uxg̀ es
aj[ kdj
' kgn fudkyusokysdejs; k ePNjnkuhl scus?kj es abdV~ Bk djrst krsgS A
a
9½ bl dsckn , d&, d djdsbu Ýs eks
adhNhyu Fkkyhes
aj[ kdj ca
n dks
"Bks
adksbl rjg
dkVukpkfg, rkfd dks"B [ kjkc u gksi k; s
A
10½ fNysgq, Ýs
eks
adkse/kqfu"dkl u ; a
= es
aj[ kdj ml dsgS
fMy dksi gys/khjs
a &/khjsvkS
j ckn
es dj ¼300 pDdj@feuV½?kq
aml dhpky c<k+ ek; s
A
a
11½ bl rjg ; a= dks1&2 feuV rd pykusl s, d rjQ dk ' kgn fudys xk] i q
u%ml hÝs
e
dks?kq
ekdj nwl jhrjQ ds' kgn dksfudky ys
ukpkfg, A; g i zfØ; kyxkrkj pyrhjgsxh
vkS
j ' kgn ; a
= dhi s
nhes
a abdV~ Bk gks
rkt krk gS
A
12½ ryhes a, d= gq
, ' kgn dks; a
= es
ayxsuy dhl gk; rkl sfudky ys
avkS
j lw
rhdsdi M+
s
l sNku ysukpkfg, A

32
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz

13½ ' kgn fu"dkl u dsmijka

r l Hkh; a
=ks
a; kdejsdksHkyhHkka
fr i kuhl s/kksys
Afudkysx, ' kgn
a
dksl Qs nlw rhdi M+
sl sNkudj LVhy dscrZ uks
adqN l e; dsfy, j[ k l drsgS A
a
' kgn çl a
Ldj. k dh ?kjs
ywfof/k
' kgn fudkyusdsckn ml es avus d v' kq f) ; ks
at S
l si kuhdhvf/kd ek=k] i jkx] ekse , oa
dhV dsdq N Hkkx ektSwn jg l drhgS Abu v' kq
a f) ; k¡dksgVkusdsfy, ' kgn dkçl a Ldj.kt #jh
gksrkgSA bl dsfy, cM+ scrZ u es
ai kuhj[ kdj xeZfd; kt krkgSrFkki rysdi Ms +l sNku dj
' kgn dksNksVscrZ u es aj[ krsgS
A ' kgn dkspEep }kjk fgykrsjgs
a arkfd l kjk ' kgn , d l eku
xeZgkst k; At c ' kgn 60 fMxzh- l s UVhxzs
V rd xeZgkst k, rc ' kgn okyscrZ u dksi kuhokys
crZ u l svyx dj ns rsgSAbl xeZfd; sx, ' kgn dksi q
a u%ckjhd Nyuh}kjkNkudj Vks Vhyxs
a
LVhy dsMªe es aHkj nsrsgSAt c ' kgn Ba
a Mkgkst k; src ml dsÅi j t eheks e dsi jr dksdjNh
l sgVk dj Vks Vh}kjk ' kgn dkscks
a ryksaes aHkj fy; k t krkgS A
2- eks
e dk fu"dkl u , oaçl a
Ldj. k
' kgn dsckn nw l jkewY; oku rFkkmi; ksxhi nkFkZ
] t kse/kq
efD[ k; ks
al sfeyrkgS ] og ekse gS A
bl hl se/kq efD[ k; kavi usNÙkscukrhgS Aeks
a e cukusdsfy, e/kq efD[ k; kai gys' kgn [ kkrhgS] fQj
a
ml l sxehZi S nk dj vi uhxza fFk; ks
a}kjk Nks
Vs
&Nks
Vsekse dsVq dM+sckgj fudkyrhgS A
a
iqj kusNÙkksal seks e dkVdj mcyrsgq , i kuhes aMky dj fi ?kykys rsgSavkSj Åi j rS j rs
gq
, ekse dksfudy fy; kt krkgS Abl eks e dksl kQ djusgs rq2&3 ckj i kuhes afi ?kykdj Ba Mk
dj ys rsgS A çR;s
a d ckj t esgq , ekse dhrygVhi j yxhxUnhpkdwl sdkVdj vyx djrs
jgukpkfg, A

33
 9. ' kgn Ldk t xkj' gs
ojks krkqs
/e/k
ku] Hka
eD[ kh i kyu
q Mkj. k rFkk foi . ku
I CAR

Ikzk; %, s
l kns[ kkx; kgSfd fu"dkfl r ' kgn es aeks
e] i jkx] i kuhdhek=kvf/kd gks usds
dkj. kfdl hfo' ks "ki fjfLFkfr ; krkieku i j vFkokcjl kr dsekS l e es a' kgn [ kjkc gkst krkgS
A
i zk; %, s l hn' kkes a[ kehj ¼fd.ou½c<+t kusl s' kgn cs Lokn vkS j [ kV~
Vk; k[ kjkc gksl drkgS A
vr%' kgn dksi zHkkfor gks usl scpkusdsfy, bl dk ' kks /ku cgq r ght : jhgks rkgSA ' kgn dk
la ' kks
/ku ?kjs ywrjhdsl sde [ kpZes afd; kt kl drkgSi ja
s rqvPNhxq . koRrk, oavUrjkZ "Vªh; ekud
ds' kgn dsfy, e' khuks a}kjk i fj' kks
/ku cs
grj i k; kx; k gS
A
' kgn ' kks
/ku
Nks
Vsi S
ekus, oa' kgn i zla
Ldj.kbdkbZes a' kgn i fj' kks
/ku djusdsfy, ml sVS d es
a aMkydj
vi jks{k: i l sxeZfd; kt krkgS A, s l kdjusl s' kgn es aekS tw
n i kuhdhek=kHkki cu dj mM+
t krhgSrFkk' kgn es afdl hrjg dkektSw n eks
e] i jkx bR;kfn Åi jhl rg i j vkt krkgS ABa Mk
gkst kusi j ' kgn dksfQYVj VS d es
a aLFkkukUrfjr dj fn; kt krkgS Ai w. kZ: i l sB.Mkgks usds
ckn ml scks ry es aHkj fn; kt krkgS A bl rjg l s' kks f/kr ' kgn Hka Mkj.k; kfcØhgs rqrS; kj gks
t krkgS AcM+ si S
ekusi j vkjS O;ol kf; d Lrj i j ' kgn dkse/kq ' kks
/ku IykaV ea sHkh' kks
f/kr djuki
vPNkekukx; kgS AHkkdv̀uqi &jk"Vªh; yhphvuq la/kku dsUnz]eq ' kgjh] eq t ¶Qji q j esa2 Vu {kerk
dk, s l k, d ; wfuV yxk; kx; kgSt ksfd fdl kuks a, oam|fe; ks adkscgq r ghde [ kpZi j miyCèk
gS
At ksm|ehvi us' kgn dki zla Ldj.kbl e' khu }kjkdjkukpkgrsgS ] osl a
a LFkku dsi ksLV gkosLV
Z
dk; Z
' kkyk l sl EidZdjdsbl l q fo/kk dk ykHk ysl drsgS A; g ; q
a fuV o"kZHkj pykbZt krhgS
vr%vi usl q fo/kkuq
l kj m|eho fdl ku e/kqi zla Ldj. k dk dk; Zdj l drsgS A
a

jk"Vªh; yhph vuq

la
/kku ds
æ
a eq
t ¶Qji q
j es
a' kgn çl a
Ldj.k bdkbZ

' kgn dk fMCckca nh@ckW

Vfyax@i S
dsft a
x
Lkk/kkj.kr; kgekjsns
' kesacks
ry es a' kgn i S
d djusdkdk; ZgkFkl sfd; kt krkgS A' kks
fèkr
fd; sgq
, ' kgn dkscks ry esai S
s d djusdkdk; Z; fn [ kq ysokrkoj.kesadjsxs
aarks' kks
/ku dki w jk

34
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz

i z;kl O;FkZgksl drkgS A ; fn cksry dh<Ddu bR;kfn l sgoki kl dj jghgSrks, s l sesaml

s
' kgn es afd.ou o d.khdk; u gkst k; s xkvkS j ' kks
f/kr ' kgn cgq r ght Yn [ kjkc gksl drkgS A
vr%i S ds ft a
x e/kqO;kikj dk, d vko' ; d va x gS A ckt kj es avDl j e/kqdsdbZczka M fofHkUu
iS ds V~l dhl gk; rkl scs pst kjgsgS Ai S
a fda
x dsl e; e/kqdhek=kvkS j cksry dsfMt kbu] eèkq
dsU;w ure xq . kdk[ kkl [ ; ky j[ kukgks rkgSAdks bZHkhm|ehvi uhl q fo/kkuq
l kj fMCcksadkp; u
djdsvi ukLo; adkczka M LFkkfi r dj l drsgS avkjS ckt kj es acs
p l drsgS A fofHkUu fMt kbu
a
dsfMCcsckt kj es agksyl sy ds: i es açkIr gkst krsgS A
a
' kgn dk Hka Mkj. k
' kgn dk' kks /ku , oai S fdax dsl kFk&l kFkbl dhxq . koRrkdksya csl e; rd cuk; sj[ kusds
fy, mfpr crZ u es avkS j mfpr rkieku i j j[ kukpkfg, A rk¡ck] , Y; w fefu; e] yksgk; k t Lrk
bR;kfn l scuscrZ uks
adks' kgn dsHka Mkj.k; ki fSda x dsfy, dHkhHkhi z;ks x esaughaykukpkfg, A
' kgn dsHka Mkj.kdsfy, ' kh'ksdkcrZ u l oks Rre ekukt krkgS
Z A; fn l a
Hko gksrks' kgn dhi S fda
x
xks y] pdkS j ; kfrdks ukukiks adhl Qs n o pkS M+seq¡g okyhf' kf' k; ks
aesaghdjukpkfg, A' kh'khdk
eq ¡g pkS M+k gksukpkfg, ] rkfd pEep l se/kqfudkyk t kl ds A
' kgn dk foi . ku
mRre rjhdsl smRikfnr , oaHka . Mkfjr ' kgn dksfcØhdsfy, rS ; kj djukcM+ hn{krkdk
dk; ZgS AvPNsl svPNse/kqHkhl eq fpr <a x l sckt kj es ai zLrq
r ughafd; st kusdsdkj.kmuds
mfpr ew Y; ughafey i krsgS A e/kqdksml dsja
a x] Lokn] mRiknu fof/k] vof/k] l zks r vkfn ds
vuq l kj fofHkUu Js f.k; ks
aes
ack¡V nsukpkfg, vkS j ml huke l sfcØhdsfy, ckt kj es aykukpkfg, A
' kh'khdsckgj l q Unj] ja xhu] funs ' ki fV~
Z Vdkyxkuhpkfg, ft l i j fMCckca nhdhrkjh[k] l e; ]
LFkku] dher] mRiknu l zks r dki w j kfooj.kfy[ kkgks ukpkfg, A
vkidksvi use/kqdkO;kikj c<+ kusdsfy, ekds fVa
Z x djusdhvko' ; drkgks rhgS Avki
vi uscuk, x; se/kqdksgks yl s y dsrkS j i j vkl kuhl scs p l drsgS AorZ
a eku l e; es aHkkjrh;
ckt kj es aegt rhu ; kpkj czka M dsghe/kqcs pst kjgsgS Avr%; fn vkidhDokfyVhcs
a grj
gks ] rksde l e; es aghvki vkl kuhl se/kqdsekds V es
Z avi ukuke dekl drsgS Avki ckt kj
a
es acM+ hnq dkuksal sckr djds ] mUgsavi us' kgn dkuew uk ns dj] Hkko r; djdse/kqcs p l drs
gS Avki ekds fVa
Z x dsfy, ' kgj dsfofHkUu LFkkuks ai j vi usczka Mdsi ks LVl Zvkfn yxkl drsgS a
rFkkl kFk&gh&l kFkvki LFkkuh; v[ kckjks adsekè; e l sHkhbl dki zpkj&i zlkj dj l drsgS aft l l s
yks xka sdsvUnj vkids' kgn dsi zfr vfHk: fp c<+ A i ja
s rq/; ku j[ ksafd ; g , d [ kk| i nkFkZgS
vr%i zek.ki = i zkIr djds ] vus d ekudks adkvuq i kyu djds; fn ' kgn O;ol k; djs xsrc dks
a bZ
i js ' kkuhughagks xhA

35
 10. e/kqeD[ khLojk
i kstyu rqds
xkj gs eD[m
e/kq khii kyumRikn ¼ckbZ
&çkW
MDV½
I CAR

e/kq efD[ k; kaekS

u l eq nk; esajgusokyh^dhV oxZ * dsvUrxZ r ta xyht ho gSft Ugs amudh
vknrks adsvuq dw y df̀=e xg̀ ¼gkbo½es ai ky dj mudhof̀) djds' kgn , oaeks e vkfn çkIr
djusdsfy, i z;q Dr fd; kt krkgS A' kgn dsvfrfjDr bul svus d mi mRikn t S l sjkW
;y ts yh]
çks
i kfsyl vkS j e/kq eD[ khdkt gj vkfn dksi n Skfd; kt krkgS Abu mRiknks adhoS f' od ckt kj es a
dkQheka x gS A l kSn; Zçl k/ku ¼Øhe] da
a Mh'kuj] Qs l idS@LØc] ' kS Eiwvkfn½vkS j QkekZL; w
fVdYl
¼MsVy fQfyx] eyge vkfn½dsfy, bUgs
a avk/kkj l kexzhds: i es ami; ks x fd; kt krkgS Aeks e
rFkkçks i ks
fyl dkmi; ks x,a Vhba¶ys esVjh] dks YMl ks js
l ] dk¡ds
j l ks
js
l ] t yu] e/kq es
g vkfn dsfy,
fd; kt krkgS A, s fVQa
a xy] jksxk.kq
j ks
/kh] , a
VhvkW fDl Ms
V , oaçfrj{kkç.kkyhvkfn dkset cw
a r djus
dsfy, NRrks adkmi; ks x fd; kt krkgS AjkW ;y ts yht ksfd çksVhu l sHkji w j vkSj c<+ rhmezds
çHkko l syM+ us] vkS j çfrj{kkç.kkyhdksc<+ kokns usdsfy, egRoi w . kZgS
] dksvkgkj vuq iwj d ds
: i es ami; ks x fd; k t krk gS A e/kq eD[ khdk t gj xfB; k dsfodkjks at S
l seYVhiy Lds ysj ks
fl l ]
#es VhbMvkFkZ j kbfVl ¼,i sFks
js
i h½dsmipkj gs rqmi; ksx fd; kt krkgS Ae/kq eD[ khi kyu l sfeyus
okysdq N i zeq[ kmi mRiknks adhl a j puk, oaxq . kdk fooj.kuhpsfn; kt k jgkgS A
mi mRikn rRo@vo;o ek=k
j‚;y tsyh çksVhu ¼%½ 15&18
fyfiM ¼%½ 2&6
feujy ¼%½ 0-7&1-2
dkcksZgkbZMªsV ¼%½ 9&18
ueh ¼%½ 65&70
e/kq ekse ,lih xq#Ro 0-95
vYdksgy ,oa QSVh ,flM ds ,LVj ¼%½ 70-4&74-7
gkbZMªksdkcZu ¼%½ 12-5&15-5
,flM ¼%½ 13-5&15-0

e/kq
eD[ khi kyu dsdq
N eq
[ ; miks
IRikn dhl a
j puk
' kgn vkS
j ekse dsvfrfjä xks n] jk; y t s
a yh] Ma
d&fo"kt Sl svU; i nkFkZHkhe/kqeD[ khi kyu
l sçkIr gksrsgSAeèkq
a efD[ k; ks
al sQw
yks
aesai ji jkx.kgks
usdsdkj.kQl yks adhmit es ayxHkx 25%
rd dhvfrfjä c<+ ks
rjhgkst krhgS A Qw yksadke/kq] ' kgn dk dPpk mRikn gks rk gSA t c i kS
/
kks
ai j cM+ hl a
[ ; kesae/kq
efD[ k; kaQw
yksadse/kq[ kkusdsfy, Qw yksal sys rhgS
arksml voLFkkdks
^' kgn çokg vof/k* dgkt krkgS A vxj fdl hfo' k"skçt kfr dsi k/Skka
sdhvPNhl [a; kl sçkIr Qwyka
s
dke/kqmit ] çpq j ek=kes agSrc bl sçeq [ k' kgn çokg vof/kdgkt krkgS Ae/kqeD[ khi kyu ds
dq N vU; miks IRikn bl çdkj l sgS A
a

36
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz

1- i jkx
i jkx Qwyksadsuj Hkkx ¼iq ds
a l j½esamRiUu gks rsgS Ai zR;s
a d i jkxd.kes a, d ; kvf/kd dks "B
gks
rsgSA i zR;s
a d i kS/kks
aesai jkxd.kde ; k vf/kd ek=k es agksl drsgS A i jkx dk mRiknu djus
a
okysvPNsl zks r l jl ks ] lw
a j t ew
[ kh] eDdk] djs yk] l jxq t k vkfn gS A e/kq
a eD[ khvi uh, oavi us
oa
' kdsHkks t u dhi w frZgsrqQw yks
al si jkx dks, d= djrhgSD; ks fd i jkx l si zks
a Vhu] ol krFkk
yo. ki zpqj ek=kes afey t krkgS A; g f' k'kq, oa; q
oke/kq eD[ khdsHkks t u dkeq [ ; i ks
"kd rRo gS
A
ekS
uksaes
abl dsmi; ks x l sJfed eku S dhvkgkj xza fFk; ks
adkfodkl gks rkgSvkS j l fØ; jgrhgS A
a
Jfed e/kq efD[ k; ks
adsdk; Zes acnyko vkusi j vkgkj xza fFka
; ks
al si zks
Vhu ' kjhj dsvU; Hkkxks aesa
LFkkuka
rfjr gkst krkgS A
2- e/kq
eD[ kh xks
a
n ; k i zks
i ks
fyl
; g xgjsHkw j sja
x dki nkFkZgSft l se/kq efD[ k; k¡i kS
/ksdsNky ; ki s M+ks
arFkkvU; ouLi fr; ks a
dsdfy; ks afo' ks
"kr%i kW
i yj ; k' kadq
/kkrho`{kks
al svi uhi jkx Vks dfj; ksaes
aHkj dj , d= dj ykrh
gS A ekS uxg̀ es ae/kqefD[ k; kabl dk: i karj.keks e rFkkrkj xzfUFkdsl zko dksfeykdj djrhgS A
a
S
i zks
i kfsyl ' kCn ; wukuh' kCnksal sfeydj cukgSft l dkvFkZgS^i zks * ; kfu i gykvkS j ^i ks
fyl * ; kfu
' kgn] D; ks fd e/kq
a efD[ k; k¡vi usNRrsdksi s fVdkl sl VkrhgS arFkkvi usi s fVdkdhnjkjks adksHkh
ca n djrhgS A bl dhi s
a fVdk dsi zos' k }kj i j yxsjgusdsdkj.k phfV; k¡ i zos ' k ughadj i krh
gS A; g ds
a oy bVkfy; u e/kq eD[ kh¼,fi l es yhQsj k½}kjkghbdV~ Bkfd; kt krkgS Abl dsvykok
Nks Vhe/kq eD[ kh¼, fi l ¶yks fj; k½cgq r de ek=k es axksa
n bdV~ Bk djrhgS A
a
Ekq
[ ; : Ikl se/kq eD[ khdsxks n es
a aeks
e rFkkol h; vEy ¼30 i zfr' kr½vkS j ckyl e ¼55
i zfr' kr½] bl ukW y rsy ¼10 i zfr' kr½vkjS i jkx ¼5 i zfr' kr½gks rkgs A bl dsvykokbl es
S avusd
[ kfut rRo t S l syks
gk, oaft ad o dkcZ fud rRo gks rsgS
Abl es
a sl q
a xj vkSj foVkfeu ch3 Hkhi k; s
t krsgS A; g yxHkx 150 fMxzhQkW
a js
ugkbV i j fi ?kyrkgS Ai zks
i ks
fyl vYdks gy es av?kq yu' khy gS
i jUrqbZ Fkj , oaDyksj ks
QkeZes ai w
j hrjg l s?kq y t krkgSA e/kq
efD[ k; k¡vi usxg̀ es ai zks
i kfyl dks
njkjs aHkjusdsfy, i z;ks x es aykrhgS aft l l sva
nj dkrkieku , oavknzZ rkmfpr cuhjgrhgS A
3- jkW
;y ts
yh@jkt voys
g
6&12 fnuksadh Jfed e/kq eD[ kh dsgkbi ks
QjSs
fUt ; y xza
fUFk; ks
al sl zkfor vkS "kf/k; q
Dr , oa
LQwfrZ
nk; d i nkFkZgSt ksnw
f/k; kja
x dkgksrkgSA; g vEyh; gks usdsl kFkukbVªks t u i nkFkks
±l sHkji jw
gks
rk gSA bl dhxa /k Fkks
M+
hrh[khgks rhgS SrFkk Lokn Qhdk ; k Fkks M+hdM+ okgV nkj gks rk gSA; g
foVkfeu ^ch* l sHkji wj rFkkfoVkfeu ^l h* ; q
Dr gksrhgS Abl es a10&gkbZ
s MªkDl h&2&MSls uks; d vEy
gks
usdsdkj.k; g QQw nh, oadhVk.kq
a uk'kd Hkhgksrk gS A

37
 Lojks
t xkj gs
rqe/kq
eD[ kh i kyu
I CAR

jkW;y tS yhes aeq

[ ; r%vykuhu] vkjt huhu] vkl i kjfVd , fl M] Xyw Vks
fud , fl MXykbZ l hu]
vkbl ks
Y; wl hu] ykbZl hu] fefFkvks uhu] fQukbZ y vykuhu] fVªIVks Qsu] Vkbjks l hu o l sj hu vehuks
, fl M gksrsgS A t kseuq
a "; ks
adsfy, vfr vko' ; d vehuks, fl M ekust krsgS A jkW
a ;y tS yhes a
mifLFkr dkcks gkbMªs
Z V~l es aXywdkst ] Ýw
DVks t ] esyh&ckbvks
t ] fVªgkykst ] ekyVks t vkSj lw Øks
t gks rs
gSAbl dsvfrfjDr yks
a gk] rkack] QkWLQks
j l ] fl fydu vkSj xa/kd Hkhi ; kZIr ek=kes amifLFkr gks rs
gSAjkW
a ;y tS yhesadq N vU; jkl k; fud rRo HkhmifLFkr gks rsgSat ksjkuhe/kq eD[ khdsfu/kkZ j .k
esal gk; d gks rsgSai jUrqbudhjl k; fud l a j puk dsckjses ai w
. kZt kudkjhmiyC/k ughagS A
4- e/kq
eD[ kh fo"k
e/kqefD[ k; ks
adkfo"k, d cgq r ghl fØ; t S fod i nkFkZgSt ksJfed e/kq eD[ khdhfo"kFkS yh
es a, df=r gksrhgSvkS j Ma
d l st qM+hjgrhgS A; g Ma d Jfed e/kq eD[ khdsmnj dsvfUre Hkkx
es agks
rkgS Abl dki z;ks x Jfed e/kq efD[ k; kavi us; koa ' kds' k=q
v ks
avFkokvU; fdl h[ krjsl s
cpko dsfy, djrhgS A bl Ma
a d ds}kjke/kq efD[ k; k¡ ekS
u fo"kNks M+
rhgS A fpfdRlk&foKku es
a a
eèkq eD[ khdsfo"kdksl fn; ks
al speRdkjh, oajgL; i w . kZekukx; kgSrFkkvkS "kf/k; ks
ads: i esabl dh
' kfDr foy{k.kl e>ht krhgS A; g fofHkUu i zdkj dsvk¡[ k, oaRopkl a ca
/khjks xksarFkkeysfj; kds
mipkj dsfy, , d egRoi w . kZnok ekuhx; hgS A
e/kq
eD[ kh dsdkVusi j ?kjs
ywmipkj
e/kq
eD?[ kh; kdks
bZt gjhykdhM+
kt c t kus
&vut kusesafdl hdksMa
d ekj ns
rkgSrksml
l e; t ksvl guh; nnZvkS j rdyhQ ml O;fä dksgksrhgSml dkva nkt kyxkukdkQheq f' dy
gS
A ysfdu ; fn l e; i j bl dsMad dksfudky fn; k t k, vkS
j dqN ?kjs
ywmik; fd, t k, arks
bl rdyhQ l sfut kr i k; k t k l drk gS
A
d½ l cl si gysft ruht YnhgkseD[ khdkMa d fudky ns
aD; ks
fd ft ruht YnhMa
a d fudys xk]
t gj dkvl j mrukghde gks xkAMa
d fudkyusdsckn ml t xg dksfdl h, a
Vhl s
fIVd
yks
' ku l sl kQ dj dks
bZ, a
Vhl s
fIVd Øhe yxk ns
a
A
[k½ Mad okyht xg i j cQZyxkusl snnZes
ajkgr feyrhgS
AcQZBa
Mhgks
usdhot g l st gj
T; knk QS
yrk ughagS
A
x½ fl jdsdsbLrs
eky l snnZ
] lw
t u vkjS [ kq
t yhes
ajkgr feyrhgSvkS
j t gj dkvl j de
gkst krkgS
A
?k½ cs
fda
x l ks
MkesavYdykbu i k; kt krkgSt kst gj dsvl j dksde djuses aenn djrk
gS
A bl si kuhes
afeykdj yxkusl snnZ] [ kq
t yhvkS
j lw
t u l sjkgr feyrhgS
A

38
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz

³½ t gj dksQSyusl sjks dusdsfy, ' kgn dksHkhml t xg i j yxk; kt kl drkgS

Ae/kq
eD[ kh
dkV ys us i j ' kgn dk bLrs eky djuk cgq r gh Qk; nsea
n gksrk gSD; ks
a
fd bl dk
,a
Vh&cS
DVhfj; y xq . k ba
QD
S' ku dksc<+
usughansrkA
p½ t c O;fä dksMa
d yx t k, rksrq
ja
r ml s2 l s3 fxykl i kuhfi ykns
A bl l sHkhdkQh
a
vkjke feyrk gS
A
N½ xs
nsdsQw
a y dsjl es a, a
VhQa
xy rRo i k, t krsgS
Abl dsQw
a y dsjl dkse/kq
eD[ khdsMa
d
okyht xg i j l h/kkyxkusl st yu vkjS l w t u es
avkjke feyrk gS
A

39
 11. ' kgn O;ki kjLojkdh
t xkj çfØ;
s gs eDk
rqe/kq [ kh,i koa
yu e/k
eD[ khi kyu
q
I CAR
dk vFkZ
' kkL=
e/kq
eD[ khi kyu l w
{e O;ol k; rFkkcM+sO;kikj dhrjg l sfd; kt krkgSAe/kq eD[ khi kyu
vkSj ' kgn i zla
Ldj.kbdkbZdksLFkkfi r djdsçks lsfl a
x Iyka
V dhenn l se/kq
eD[ khi kyu O;kikj
l Qyrkiw oZd fd; kt kl drkgS A; gk¡i j nks
uks
açfØ; kvksadko.kZ
u , oamudsvFkZ ' kkL= dksnsus
dk i z;kl fd; kt k jgk gS A
¼v½ 10 c‚Dl ysdj e/kqeD[kh vxj 40 fdyksxzke çfr c‚Dl 'kgn feys rks dqy 'kgn ¼40 x 10½
ikyu djus dk vFkZ'kkL= ¾ 400 fdyksxzke feysxk
350 #i;s çfr fdyksxzke ds fglkc ls 400 fdyksxzke cspus ij
¼350 x 400½ ¾ 1]40]000 #i;s çkIr gksxk
;fn çfr c‚Dl [kpZ 3500 #i;s vkrk gS rks dqy [kpZ 35]000 :i;s
¼3500 x 10½ gksxk vkSj 'kq) ykHk 1]40]000&35]000 ¾ 1]05]000
#i;s gksxkA
uksV% ;g O;kikj çfr o"kZ e/kqefD[k;ksa dh la[;k ds c<+us ds lkFk 3
xquk vf/kd c<+ tkrk gSA vFkkZr 10 isVh ls vkjEHk fd;k x;k
O;kikj 1 o"kZ esa 25 ls 30 isVh dk Hkh gks ldrk gSA
¼c½ 100 c‚Dl ysdj vxj 40 fdyksxzke çfr c‚Dl 'kgn feys rks dqy 'kgn ¼40 x 100½
e/kqeD[kh ikyu djus dk ¾ 4000 fdyksxzke feysxkA
vFkZ'kkL= 350 #i;s çfr fdyksxzke ds fglkc ls 400 fdyksxzke cspus ij ¼350
x 400½ ¾ 14]00]000 #i;s çkIr gksxk
çfr c‚Dl [kpZ 3500 #i;s vkrk gS rks dqy 3500 x 100 ¾ 3]50]000
#i;s gksxk
[kqnjk o vU; [kpZ ¾ 1]75]000 ¼etnwj] ;k=k ysdj vkfn ij [kpZ½
vr% 'kq) ykHk 14]00]000 & ¼3]50]000 $ 1]75]000½ ¾ 10]15]000
#i;s gksxkA
vxj cM+s Lrj ij e/kqeD[kh ikyu fd;k tk;s rks dqN gh lkyksa esa dksbZ Hkh m|eh y[kifr cu ldrk
gSA blds fy, mls ç—fr ls I;kj] dke ds çfr leiZ.k vkSj /kS;Z j[kuk gksrk gSA ljdkj us bls c<+kok
nsus ds fy, vusd O;oLFkk,a nh gaS ftlesa _.k O;oLFkk izeq[k gSA e/kqeD[kh ikyu ,oa izlaLdj.k Hkh
m|ksx ds fy, ljdkj us jk"Vªh;—r cSadksa ls yksu lqfo/kk miyC/k djokbZ gSA bl O;olk; ds fy, 2
ls 5 yk[k #i, rd dk yksu miyC/k gS] pwafd ;g m|ksx y?kq m|ksx Js.kh ds varxZr vkrk gSA

e/kq
eD[ khi kyu dkvFkZ ' kkL= ml dsLrj i j fuHkZ
j djrkgS A, d fMCcse/kq eD[ khl sçkIr
gksusokys50 fdyksxzke dPpk' kgn dksvDl j 100 #- çfr fdyksdsfgl kc l scs pkt krkgS A
vr%çR;s d fMCcsl svkidks: 5]000 çkIr gks rsgS
AcM+
a si S
ekusi j bl O;kikj dksdjusl sçfr
eghus1 yk[ k15 gt kj : i , rd dkykHkçkIr gksl drkgS AcM+ si S
ekusi j O;kikj dsfy, rS ; kj
fd; sx; se/kqdkew Y; vkSl ru : 250 çfr fdyks xzke dsvkl i kl dkgks rkgSAckt kj esai q
j kus
' kgn dhdkQheka x jgrhgSt kscgq r de ghfeyrkgS At Sfod ' kgn vPNsnke i j ckt kj es a
fcdrkgS A1 fdyks xzke vkxs
fud guhdknke 400 l s700 #i ; srd gksl drkgS
Z A; fn ; g O;kikj
cM+ si S
ekusi j djukgSvFkkZ r çfr o"kZ20]000 fdyks xk
ze ' kgn cukukgS ] rksbl dhdq
a y ykxr
yxHkx 24 yk[ k50 gt kj : i ; svkrhgSvkS j bl l sykHkHkhcgq r vf/kd gks rkgSAi pkl fMCcs

40
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz

okyhbdkbZi j djhc nksyk[ k#i , rd dk[ kpZvkrkgS

Avr%m|ehbl i j xgu fopkj djds
' kgn m|ks
x dksi zkjEHk dj l drsgS
A
a
ykbl s
a
l
bl O;kikj dsfy, fo’ks "k ykbl s
l dh vko’; drk gks
a rh gSA m|eh dksvi usIyka V dk
ia
t hdj.k m|ks x foHkkx dsvarxZ r djkuk i M+
rk gS
A bl dsmijkUr QeZdsuke dk , d dja V
cSd vdkma
a V vkS j iSu dkMZcukusdhvko’; drk gks rhgSA e/kqdht kap l jdkjh[ kk| foHkkx
esadjkdj FSSAI l sykbl s l çkIr djukgks
a rkgS
Ajk"Vªh; yhphvuq la/kku dsUnz] eq
t ¶Qji q
j Hkh
vi uhi z;ks
x' kkykesa' kgn dsxq
. koRrkdht ka
p djdsi zek.ki = nsrkgSAO;kikj dsVS Dl dsfy,
Vªs
Mykbl sl dhHkhvko’; drkgks
a rhgSAQeZdki a t hdj.kt h,l Vhdsva rxZ
r Hkhdjkuki M+ rk
gS
A vU; O;kikj dh rjg l sbl es aHkh vkidksfofHkUu vko’; d ykbl s l çkIr djusdh
a
vko’; drk gks rh gS
A
l jdkj l sçkIr enn
bl O;ol k; dksvkjEHkdjusdsfy, l jdkj guhçks ls
fl a
x IykaV dhLFkkiukes aenn djrh
gS
Abl Iyka V dhLFkkiukdsfy, dq y ykxr dk65% fgLl k_ .kdsrkS j i j fn; kt krkgS Abl
_ . kdsvykokl jdkj dhrjQ l s25% dhl fCl MhHkhçkIr gks rhgS Abl rjg l sm|ehdks
dq
y ykxr dkds oy 10% ghvi usi kl l syxkukgkrskgS A; fn dq y ykxr 24 yk[ k50 gt kj
dhvkrhgS ] rksyxHkx 16 yk[ k: i , _ .kdsrkS
j i j çkIr gkst k, xkvkSj ekft Zu jkf' kds: i
es
am|ehdksdq y 6 yk[ k : i , fey t krsgS
A bl rjg l sO;kikj es
a am|ehdksvi usi kl l s
ds
oy 2 yk[ k#i , ghyxkusdhvko' ; drk gks rhgS A
e/kq
eD[ kh i kuy dsdq
N vU; jks
pd rF;
e/kqefD[ k; ks
adks1 fdyks' kgn bdëkdjusdsfy, 1 yk[ k] 95 gt kj] 713 fdyks ehVj dk
l Qj djuki M+ rkgSA1 fdyks' kgn dsfy, e/kqefD[ k; ka40 yk[ k] 14 gt kj Qw
yks
adkjl pwl rh
gS
A jks
a t kuk, d] e/kq eD[ kh25 fdyks ehVj dk l Qj djrhgS A

41
 12. e/kqefD[ k;Lojkksastds rjk
xkj gs xqe]D[ khdh
s
qe/k V , oamudk i zca
i kyu /ku
I CAR

e/kqefD[ k; ks
adsl Qy çca /ku dsfy, mues ayxusokyhfcekfj; ks avkS
j muds' k=q v ks
adsckjs
esai w
. kZt kudkjhgks uhvko' ; d gSft l l smul sgks usokyh{kfr dkscpkdj ' kgn mRiknu vkS j
vk; es avk'kkrhr c<+ ks
Rrjhdht kl ds Ae/kqeD[ kh, d l kekft d çk.khgks usdsdkj.k; g l ew g
esajgrhgSft l l sbues achekjhQS ykusokysl w
{e t hoks adkl aØe.kcgq r rst hl sgks rkgS Abuds
fo"k; es amfpr t kudkjhu gks usl sbl l svi w
. khZ
; {kfr gksl drhgS Achekfj; ks
adsvykokbuds
vus dks a' k=qgks
rsgS at kseku
S oa' kka
sdksuq
dl ku i gq pkrsgSAe/kq
a efD[ k; ks
aes
aekbZ
y uked chekjhds
jks
dFkke dsfy, fMCcses anksdyhygl q u Mkyusl s; g jks x ughagks rk gS
A dq N i zeq[ kjksx , oa
l eL; kvks adkfooj.k fuEu rkfydk dsek/; e l sfn; k t kjgk gS A
rkfydk%e/kq
efD[ k; ks
adsjks
x] mudsy{k.krFkki zcU/ku dsmik;
jksx dk jksx dk uke y{k.k çca/ku
dkj.k
thok.kq vesfjdu jksx xzflr lwaM+h] 'kq: esa lQsn ;k /kaq/kys jax 1½ vf/kd xzflr dkyksfu;ksa dks u"V
tfur Qkmy czwM vkSj ckn esa Hkwjs jax ;k iw.kZr;k dkyh gks dj nsuk pkfg,] ,oa LoLF; ekSu
jksx ¼cSflyl tkrh gSA e`r lwaMh] uje] fpifpih ;k oa'kksa dks vyx dj nsaA
ykjoh½ yLlsnkj ,oa /kkxsuqek yPNsnkj fn[krh gSa 2½ QkeZyhu dh 2 fe-yh- ek=k izfr
ftuls Hkíh cncw vkrh gSA xzflr lwaMh dks"B yhVj ikuh ds lkFk feykdj
ds fupys Hkkx esa fpids gq, gksrs gSaA e`r e/kqeD[kh ikyu esa vkus okys ;a=ksa
f'k'kqvksa dks fruds ls mBkusa ij /kkxkuqek dks thok.kqjfgr cukuk pkfg,A
fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa ftudk flj fpiVk] 'kjhj 3½ 250&400 fe-xzk- Vsjkekbflu 5
vadM+k gqvk ,oa jax dkyk gksrk gSA yhVj phuh ds lkFk 15 fnuksa ds
;g chekjh dks"Bd can gksus ds igys gh varjky ij f[kykus ls bl jksx ds
yxrh gS ftlls dks"Bd can gh ugha gksrs vkØe.k ls cpk;k tk ldrk gSA
vkSj ;fn can Hkh gks tkrs gSa rks muds <Ddu 4½ lksfM;e lYQj Fkk;ktksy dh
esa fNæ ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA blds vanj ejk 100 fe-xzk-& ;k LVªsIVkslkbfDyu dh
gqvk MhEHkd Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ftlls 50&150 fe-xzk-& ek=k izfr yhVj
lMh gqbZ eNyh tSlh nqxZU/k vkrh gSA budk phuh ?kksy ds lkFk f[kykuk pkfg,A
vkØe.k xfeZ;ksa esa ;k mlds ckn gksrk gSA 5½ çHkkfor oa'kks dks e/kq okfVdk ls
;wjksfi;u xzflr lwaMh] NÙks esa 4&5 fnu dh vk;q esa vyx dj nsuk pkfg,A
Qkmy czwM ej tkrs gSa ftuls [kêh nqxZU/k vkrh gS ,oa 6½ çHkkfor oa'kksa ds Ýse vkSj vU;
¼eSfylksdksdl budk jax lQsn ls cny dj ihyk gks tkrk leku dk laidZ fdlh nwljs LoLFk
IY;qVku½ gSA e`r f'k'kq ds 'kjhj esas ty tSlk nkusnkj oa'k ls ugha gksus nsuk pkfg,A
rjy ,d= gks tkrk gS ,oa fruds ls Nwus 7½ çHkkfor ekSu oa'k dks jkuh foghu
ij /kkxs ugha curs vkSj ;g fpidus okyk dj nsuk pkfg;sA rFkk dqN eghuksa
ugha gksrk gSA f'k'kq dk 'kjhj eqM+h gqb Z ckn jkuh nsuk pkfg;sA
voLFkk esa dks"B esa iM+k jgrk gSA 8½ laØfer NÙkksa dk bLrseky ugha
bldk jax xgjk gksrk gS rFkk buls çkS<+ djuk pkfg;sA cfYd mUgsa
eD[kh Hkh ugha fudyrh gSA bl chekjh dh fi?kykdj ekse cuk nsuk pkfg,A
igpku ds fy, ,d ekfpl dh frYyh dks
ysdj ejs gq, fMEHkd ds 'kjhj esa pqHkksdj
ckgj dh vksj [khapus ij ,d /kkxkuqek
lajpuk curh gSA

42
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz

jksx dk jksx dk y{k.k çca/ku

dkj.k uke
fo"kk.kqtfur FkkbZ lSd xzflr lwafM;ksa dk jax 'kq: esa gYdk ihyk 1½ jkuh eD[kh dks dqN
jksx czwM fQj Hkwjk vkSj ckn esa pkdysVh ;k dkyk le; ds fy, cDls ls
ok;jl gks tkrk gSSA flj okyk fgLlk dkys jax ckgj o xzflr f'k'kqvksa
esa cny dj dks"kksa dh nhokjksa ls vyx gks dks NRrksa ls ckgj
tkrk gSA f'k'kqvksa dh Ropk l[r gksdj fudkyus ls izdksi de
ikuh lk Hkj tkuk ,oa xzflr lwaMh dk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
FkSyh tSlk cu tkuk bl chekjh ds izeq[k 2½ xzflr ekSuca'k dks
y{k.k gSA bl chekjh ls xzflr ekSuoa'kksa ;k rks u"V dj nsuk
esa ?kjNqV Hkh gksus yxrk gSA ;g chekjh pkfg] ;k ekSuky; ls
,fil lsjsuk esa yxrk gS ,fil esyhQsjk dqN nwjh ij vyx dj
esa ugha ik;k x;k gSA nsuk pkfg,A
lSd czwM bl jksx ls xzflr lwfM;ksa dk jax lQsn 3½ laØfer oa'kksa esa
ok;jl ls /kwy tSlk vkSj ckn esa flj dh vksj ls ç;qä vkStkjksa ;k
dkyk gksdj lkjk 'kjhj dkyk iM+ tkrk ekSux`g dk dksbZ Hkh
gSA e`r f'k'kq ikuh Hkjs FkSys dh rjg fn[kkbZ Hkkx nwljs oa'kkas rd
nsrs gSa vkSj cUn dks"Bksa esas feyrs gSaA ,sls ugha ys tkus nsuk
dks"Bksa ds Vksihnkj <Ddu uhps /k¡ls gq, pkfg,A
vkSj NksV&NksVs fNnzksa okys fn[krs gSaA lSd 4½ VsjkekbZflu dh
czqM dks izHkko bVkfy;u e/kqeD[kh ¼,fil „‡å fe- xzk- ek=k çfr
esyhQsjk½ ij vf/kd ik;k x;k gS ysfdu † fyVj phuh ds ?kksy
,fil lsjsuk dks dkbZ {kfr ugha igq¡prk esa feydj f[kyk;k
gSA laØfer oa'kksa ds dks"Bdksa esa fMEHkd tk;s rks jksx dk
[kqys voLFkk esa gh ej tkrs gSa ;k can fu;a=.k gks tkrk gSA
dks"Bdksa esa nks fNæ cus gksrs gSaA blls 5½ xaHkhj :i ls
xzflr fMEHkdksa dk jax gYdk ihyk gksrk çHkkfor oa'kksa dks u"V
gS vkSj var esa blesa FkSyhuqek vk—fr cu dj nsuk pkfg,A
tkrh gSA
QQ¡wn [kfM+;k ;g chekjh vkerkSj ij 3&4 fnu iqjkus 1½ ekSux`g esa vf/kd
tfur jksx f'k'kq jksx lwafM+;ksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA 'kq: esa e`r lwaMh ueh u gksus nsaA
Qwyk gqvk fn[krk gS ,oa 'kjhj dk jax 2½ Fkkbeksy 6 xzke
lQsn mlds ckn /kwlj vkSj var esa dkys izzfroa'k yhVj phuh ds
jax dk gks tkrk gSA ckn eas e`r lwaMh pkluh ds lkFk
eehÑr] l[r] fldqM+k gqvk vkSj pkd dh feykdj nsaA
rjg gks tkrk gSA 3½ bfFkyhu
iRFkj ;g chekjh ,Lijftyl ¶ysol@ vkWDlkbM ;k QkfeZd
f'k'kqjksx ,Lijftyl ¶;qehxsV~l ds }kjk gksrh gSA vEy dk Hkki nsaA
xzflr lwafM;k¡ igys Qwy tkrh gSa vkSj ckn
esa ihys&Hkwjs vkSj var esa gjs&ihys jax esa
cny dj dBksj gks tkrh gSA

43
 Lojks
t xkj gs
rqe/kq
eD[ kh i kyu
I CAR

jksx dk jksx dk y{k.k çca/ku

dkj.k uke
edM+h VªksihysbysIl bl ekbV dk izdksi efD[k;ksa ds ywVikV] jkuh eD[kh dks 15&21 fnuksa
tfur Dysjh cgdus o LFkkukUrj.k ls gksrk gSA ;g rd jkuh fiatMs+ esa can djds
jksx ,oa ojksvk ekbV ls NksVh gksrh gSA eknk ekbV dqN fnuksa rd vyx j[kus
izHkko yky&Hkwjs jax dh v.Mkdkj vkdkj dh ls NRrk czqM jfgr gks tkrk
gksrh gS tks ik¡p fnu dh vk;q okys gS vkSj ekbV dks f'k'kq ugha
e/kqeD[kh f'k'kq dks"kksa esa ?kqldj f'k'kqvksa feyus ls mldh la[;k esa
dks u"V dj nsrh gSA blls xzflr deh vk ldrh gSA
e/kqefD[k;k¡ viax] ia[kjfgr ;k ia[k eqM+k 5 fe-yh- QkfeZd vEy ¼85
gqvk vkSj ekSux`gksa ds lkeus jsaxrh utj izfr'kr½ dh ek=k NksVh
vkrh gSaA f'k'kqdks"kksa dh Vksfi;k¡ nch ;k 'kh'kh esa Hkjdj mlds eq¡g
muesa fNnz fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;g ekbZV ij :bZ dh eksVh cRrh
taxyh e/kqeD[kh ;k lkjax ekSu dk eq[; yxkdj Ýseksa ds chp esa Åij
:i ls ijthoh gS ijarq bldk çdksi dh rjQ 2 ls-eh- fudyk
bVSfy;u çtkfr esa Hkh gksrk gSA çHkkfor jgs] j[kuk pkfg,A
oa'k esa I;qik dh voLFkk esa can dks"Bd esa 200 fexzk- xU/kd /kwy
fNæ ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA dqN I;wik ej izfrÝse dh nj ls Ýse ds
tkrs gSa ftlls dks"Bd [kkyh gks tkrs gaS Åijh fgLlksa ij 7 fnu ds
rFkk tks fMEHkd cp tkrs gS mudk fodkl varj ij cqjdko djsaA
fo—r gks tkrk gSA e/kqefD[k;ksa esa ia[k]
iSj ;k mnj dk viw.kZ fodkl gksuk bldk
y{k.k ekuk tkrk gSA

44
 13. e/k
Hkk-d-̀q
ev uqfD [jkk"Vª; h;ks
-i -& ayhds 'lka/=q
phvuq ,Unzoamudk çca
kku ds /ku
e/kqefD[ kvksadsvus d ' k=qokrkoj.k es aektSwn jgrsgS aft ues aeksehdhM+ k] MªSxu ¶ykbZ ]
edM+ h] fxjfxV] ca nj] Hkkywvkfn e/kq eD[ khi kyu dsi zeq [ k' k=qekusx; sgS aft udkmfpr i zca èku
e/kq eD[ khi kyu dsfy, vko' ; d gks rk gS A
eks eh i ra xk ¼oS Dl eks Fk½
; g i ra
xke/kq eD[ khoa ' kdkcgq r cM+ k' k=qgSA; g NRrks adheks e es avfu; fer vkdkj dk
lq jax cukdj [ kkrk jgrk gSvkjS va nj gh va nj NÙkk [ kks [ kyk gkst krk gS A bl dhV dh nks
i ztkfr; k¡gks rhgS ANks
a Vkeks ehi fra xk¼, Øks b; kxzhl s
yk½rFkkcM+ heks ehi fra xk¼xS ysfj; keS yks
us
yk½A
fcgkj es acM+ keksehi fra xkdki zdks i l cl sT; knkgks rkgS Aft l l se/kq efD[ k; k¡NÙkkNks M+
dj Hkkx
t krhgS A buds}kjkl q
a jaxks
adsÅi j Vs <+hes <+hedM+ hdst ky t S l hl a j pukns [ kht kl drhgS A
bl çdkj bl dsçdks i dkvkl kuhl si rkrkspy t krkgSi ja rql qfM; ku"V gkst krhgS
a Abl ds
a
o; Ld dhV eD[ ku dsl eku l Qs n gks rsgSAbl dhyEckbZ10&18 fe-eh- rFkki a
a [ kks
adkQS ykko
25&40 fe-eh - gkrskgS Aeknko; Ld uj l scMh +gkrshgSAuj ifra xkasdsvxysi [akka sdsckgjhfdukjka s
i j , d&, d v/kZ pUnzkdkj xM~ <scusgks rsgS ] i jUrqeknki fra
a xksaesai a[ kks
adsfdukjsl i kV gks rsgS A
a
budk vkØe.k cjl kr es a; k Hkks
t ukHkko dky ¼ebZl sfl rEcj½es aT; knk gks rk gSAt c
eèkq eD[ khi fjokj det ks j , oa[ kkyhNRrsT; knkfeyrsgS arksbl dhV dkl fØ; i zdks i xehZds
fnuka ses aghvkja Hkgkst krhgSrFkko"kkZ_ rqes a; g vf/kdre {kfr i gq pkrhgS
a Ao; Ld eks ehi fraxs
fnu es acan , oava /ks
j ht xgks aes ajgrsgS A' kka
a r l e; ; kl a /; kdky , oajkr es abl dsi fra xsekS
uxg̀
dsNRrks ads[ kqysHkkx , oanjkjks aesav.MsnsMkyrhgS A t c ; sv.MsQw VrsgS avkS j bul sykokZ
fudyrsgS arHkhl s; sNRrsdks{kfr i gq pkuk' kq
a : dj ns rsgS A; sykokZNRrks aesal q
jax cukdj vi uk
Hkkst u i zkIr djrsgq , vkxsdhvks j c<+ rsgS avkjS t ky&l kcq urst krsgS A; sNRrks
a aes ae/; Hkkx
dseks e dks[ kkukT; knki l a n djrsgS AQyLo: Ik; s[ kks
a [ kykgkst krsgS avkS j ml es at ky , oaxanxh
Hkj t krhgSft l l sNRrs10&15 fnuks adsHkhrj u"V gkst krsgS A
a
Lkqj {kk dsmik;
ekS
u i kydksadkseks
eh i fra
xk dsi zfr l nS
o l rdZjguk pkfg, rFkk bl l sl q
j {kk ds
fuEufyf[ kr mik; vi ukuspkfg, &
1½ budsçdks i dhvk'ka dkgks adks5 feuV dsfy, rs
usi j NRrks t /kw
i es
aj[ kns
ukpkfg; s
A
ft l l sbueasmifLFkr eks
ehi raxk dhl qfM; kackgj vkdkj /kw
a i es
aej t krhgSA
a
2½ ekS
uoa
' kdksges
' kk' kfDr' kkyhcuk; sj[ ks
AHkks
a t ukHkko dky es
aIk; kZ
Ir Hkks
t u dhO;oLFkkdjrs
jgs
a
A

45
 Lojks
t xkj gs
rqe/kq
eD[ kh i kyu
I CAR

3½ ekS
uxg̀ks
aes
afdl hHkhn' kkes
aNs
n vFkoknjkjs
au i ui usns
A
a
4½ ekS
uxg̀ks
adsHkhrj , s
l sNRrsdnkfi u Nks
Ma
+ft udksekS
s us
a<ddj ughaj[ kl drha
A; kuh[ kkyh
iq
j kukNRrkughaNks M+ukpkfg, A
5½ e/kq
eD[ khxg̀ dkryi V l nS
o l kQ j[ ka
Ao"kkZ_ rqes
s aryi V dks/kw
i es
aj[ kdj rFkkmcyrs
gq
, i kuhesaj[ kdj dhVjfgr djrsjgs A
a
6½ xehZrFkko"kkZds_ rq
v ks
aes
aeks
ehi fra
xks
al sl q
j {kkdsi zfr vf/kd l rdZjgs
arFkkcDl kdk
fujh{k.k djrsjgs
A
a
7½ cDl sdsryi V dh l W QkbZdh fo' ks
"k /; ku j[ kuk pkfg, A i q
j kusNRrksadkse/kq efD[ k; k¡
dqrj&dq rj dj uhpsQsd ns
a rhgS
A vxj ryi V i j ; g vf/kd ns
a j rd i M+ kjgrkgSrks
eksehi fra
xks
adsfy, vPNkvkokl fl ) gks rkgSAvr%NRrsdsVq dM+ s; kcq
j knsdksvkèkkji V
i j , df=r u gksusns
A
a
8½ Ekks
ehi frxks
al si zHkkfor NRrks
adksfudky dj eks
e fudkyusdsdke es
ayk; s
avFkok u"V
dj nsA
a
9½ vfrfjDr NRrks
adksges' kkcDl ks
aes
aca
s n djdsj[ ksarkfd eks
ehi fra
xkmu rd u i gq
p l ds
a A
10&15 fnuks
adsva rjky i j mUgs axa
/kd ds/kq
, al s/kw
fer djrsjgsA
a
10½ e/kq
eD[ khxg̀ es
ai q
j kusNRrks
adksi z;ks
x djusl si w
oZgYdh/kw
i fn[ kkdj vPNhrjg l kQ
dj nsA
a
11½ eks
ehi fra
xks
adsl fØ; gksusdsekS
l e es
aekS
uoa' kks
adkfujh{k.kdjrsjgs
avkS
j ; fn eks
ehi fra
xks
a
dsv.Msfn[ kkbZi M+arksmUgs
s au"V dj nsA; fn dhV dkst Ue gkspq
a dkgks] rksNRrks
adksl w
;Z
dhxehZes aj[ ks
s arkfd dhV dsf' k'kqu"V gkst k; s
A
a
12½ eksehi fra
xks
al sl q
j {kk dsfy, l e; &l e; i j xa
/kd dk /kzq
e.k vkS
j cq
j dko l e; &l e;
i j djrsjgs A
a
13½ eks eh i fra
xksadsf' k'kq
v ksadh jks
dFkke dsfy, fofHkUu i zdkj dsdhVuk'kdks at S
ls & dkcZ
u
l YQkbM] dS fYl ; e l k; ukbZ
M] bFkhyhu MkbZ
czks
ekbM] uS
¶Fkyhu rFkki S
j k&MkbZ
Dyks
j ks
ca
t hu dk
s
i z;ks
x HkaMkfjr NRrks ads/kzqeu dsfy, fd; k t k l drk gS A
14½ bFkhyhu MkbZ
czks
ekbM, d pEep nok, d e/kqeD[ khi sfVdkdseks ehi fra
xks
adsf' k'kq
v ks
adh
jks
dFkke dsfy, Ik; kZIr gks
rh gSt cfd i S
j k&MkbZ
Dyksj ks
cs
t hu ds2&4 pEep nok dh
a

46
 Hkk-d-̀v uq
-i -&jk"Vªh; yhphvuq
la
/kku ds
Unz

vko' ; drkgks
rhgS
A; fn i jSk&MkbZ Dyks
j ks
cs
t hu nokmiyC/ku gksl dsrksml dht xg i j
a
fQukby dh, d xks
yhdkpw . kZi rysdi M+ sesai ks
s Vyhcukdkj cDl sdsva
nj vk/kkji V i j
j[ k l drsgS
A
a
15½ cjl kr esavfrfjDr NRrsdksfudkydj Hka
Mkfjr djusdsl kFk i kW
yhFkhu cS
x es
aj[ kdj
vY; w
ehfu; e QkW
LQkbZ
M nok dksl S
ps
V es
ans
dj eq ¡g ca
n djusdsckn ok; q : ) dj nsuk
pkfg, A
16½ cS fl yl Fkw fjuft , fUl l uked l w {e dhVk.kqdkseks eh' khVks
aes
ayxkns usl seks
ehdhMs +dk
i zdksi ughagks rk, oae/kq efD[ k; ks
ai j dks
bZdqi zHkko ughai M+
rk gS
A, i s
UVs
fyl xs
yjhuked
f' k'kqi jt hohdhV eks ehi fra
xks
adsf' k'kq
v ks
ad l ehi v.Msns rkgSft ul sfudysf' k'kqeks
eh
i fraxks
adsf' k'kqv ks
adks[ kkt krsgS A
phafV; k¡
budkçdks
i xehZvkS j o"kkZ_ rqesavf/kd gks rkgS At c oa' kdet ks
j gksrksbudkuq dl ku
c<+t krkgS
Abul scpko dsfy, LVS MdsdVks
a fj; ks
aes
ai kuhHkjdj ml esadqN cwn fdjks
a fl u vk; y
dksMky ns
ukpkfg, ft l l spha
fV; ks
adkseku
S xg̀ksai j p<+ usl scpk; k t kl dsA

oS
Kkfud rjhdks al se/kq
eD[ khi kyu djusl sl q fuf' pr i jkx.kdhl gk; rkl sQl yks a
dhmRikndrkes ac<+ks
RrjhgksrhgSft l l sfdl kuks
adhvk; es aof̀) gks rhgS Ae/kq
efD[ k; ks
a}kjk
, df=r ' kgn dks, d O;kol k; ds: i es afodfl r fd; kt kl drkgSD; ks fd vk/kq
a fud l ekt
esavi uk; st kjgsfofHkUu O;ol k; ks avkSj m|ksxks
ausçkdf̀rd l a l k/kuks
adsvl arqfyr nks gu
dsl kFk&l kFk i ; kZ oj.k dsl a rqyu dksHkh fcxkM+ k fn; k gSA, s l ses ae/kq
eD[ kh i kyu , d
i ; kZ
oj.kfgrS "kh¼bZdksÝsUMyh½m|ks x dsfodYi ds: i es al keusvk; kgS A ; g O;ol k; u
ds oy xzkeh.k{ks =ks
aesadq Vhj m|ks
xksadksc<kokns uses aegRoi w
. kZHkwfedkfuHkkl drkgS ] vfi rq
fons ' kks
aes
aHkkjrh; ' kgn dhc<rhgq bZeka
x dksns[ krsgq
, fons ' kheqækvft Z r djuses al kFkZ
d
; ks
xnku nsl drk gS A

47
 Hkk-d`-vuq-i-&jk"Vªh; yhph vuqla/kku dsUnz ph
vuq- ds- eqt
¶Q
h
j k- y

ji

ICAR-NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE ON LITCHI

qj

Hkkd`vuqi
ICAR eq'kgjh iz{ks=] eq'kgjh] eqt¶Qjiqj & 842002 ¼fcgkj½
Mushahari Farm, Mushahari, Muzaffarpur - 842002 (Bihar)
Website: www.nrclitchi.org