23. Draw inthe lines and attach labels as shown and lt the circle have A radius r.(O isthe centre ofthe circle) In AOPE: OP = 08 sin 30" = fr. Then, looking AOPQ, ZOPQ = 150° so we can apply the Cosine Ralet obtain PO. 3 00" = PO + OP ~ 270.0? cos 150° h Writing AQ = 1 his gives Pa Peed 2x yx (Y ie Ley ede Ny Orne 3+ - 8 YE -F —Genoring the negative root) fi Pit ses Wet aoe Hence the rat ‘The possible combinations of Knaves who ate the tarts are shown in the table below. A tick opposite the letter of the statement means thatthe statement is consistent with that ‘combination having eaten the tarts None v x x a x ‘The only column which contains exactly one tick is ‘DS' in row E. Therefore Eis correct statement. cps x mooe> XNNNx0 X SAK XSAXxXe S8x8x9 SK XKXE ASKS x8 v x x yi the Let the original triangle be ABC and use , b,c forthe ‘opposite sides as normal. Then the sides ofthe three inner squares are a, band c. Hence Ay = a + BF + ‘We now move towards the three outer squares but frst apply the Cosine Rule tothe origina triangle in three ways @ = B+ 2 — 2b cod => De cosa= B+ ce-d o Pad+c—2ac cosB = duc cosB = a +c - H @ C= a +B ~ 2abcosC = 2abcosC = a +b - B) ‘The area of the lower left square is given by B+ 2 — 2he cos (180° — A) = HF + + Dbe cos = 2(8 +) — @ by (I), ‘The area of the ower right square is given by a + — 2ac c0s(180° - B) = a + c* + ac cosB = 2(a* +c) ~ ‘The area of the top square is given by @ +B — Dab c0s(180° - ©) = a? + BF + 2ab cos = 2(a? + B') - by Q). , Thus Ade ++ A- (+P +e) - My 10. ite 12. 13, 14, 1s. 16. 17, 18, 19, 20. 21 2. 23, 24. 25, lel |>[=[elele]elel=|> [> |=]=]> |= [=[=|*]°]=|>[2 |= UK SENIOR MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGE Organised by the United Kingdom Mathematics Trust SOLUTIONS ‘TUESDAY 6 NOVEMBER 2001 problem on this year's paper. We have tried to give the ‘most straightforward approach, but the solutions presented here are not the only possible solutions. Occasionally we have added a ‘Note’ (in italics). Please share these solutions with your students. Much of the potential benefit of grappling with challenging mathematical problems depends on teachers making time for some kind of review, or follow-up, during which students may begin 10 see ‘what they'should have done, and how many problems they could have solved We hope that you and they agree that the first 15 problems could, in principle, have been solved by most candidates; if not, please let us know. ‘The UKMT is a registered charity.a 10, a. 2 B. 4. 1s. 100 hours equal four days and four hours so the candle will burnout at 4pm on Thursday. 16. B Since 10” is not divisible by 11, then neither is 10° — 11 nor 10” + 11. Therefore, the ‘correct answer is either Bor D. 10” = 1 = 9999999 = 11 x 909080 + 9. Therefore 107 + 1 = 11 x 909090 + 11, Hence D is the correct answer. “There ae six quadilatrals shaped! /T7\, and six shaped) /V7 at ‘To have lost the fewest games, there need to be as many draws as possible. However, since 21 is odd, there needs to beat least one win. That is possible with 8 draws, leaving 1 games lost. 18 E Since the numbers offered are all od, they need tobe the sum of an even prime and an ‘dd prime. But is the only even prime so we need a number which isnot two more than ‘prime. Since 13 = 2+ 11;33 = 2+ 31:43 = 24 41 and73 = 2 + 71, we have 53 = 243 x 17asthe answer Since the four numbers are symmetrical about the mean of the group, they must have the ‘same mean, 21, giving their total as 84. Alternatively it is possible to state thatthe original numbers must be 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25,27 (since the numbers are given as consecutive and odd). Hence the required sum is 15419423427 = 84. yw Cc For each row that the apprentice plants, the gardener has planted one more in his previous ow. The apprentice plants 50 rows and in addition the gardener plans the last one Joining A to Cand each of A, C and othe centre ofthe hexagon divides iit sx congrient tangles four of which make up ABCE. So the area of ABCE is #of 60. wc Since 6 and 9 are not prime, C and D cannot provide counter-examples. For 3, both parts are true (since 11 is prime) but since $*+2 = 27 isnot prime, B does provide a counter- example, “hep ts bos atacnt nh bedadX. lowers eal atc 2.274, 3.6 end 7 has only five numbecs wich went ajaosut oan eevee abel ieee ee Since x = ifolowsthaty = 1. Hence (+¥3)(7=3)=(243)=2) = (7-2) 2. C ‘The shaded area igh angled isosceles triangle with height I. The alitoe vides i instep otic igteghd case uiangls eo bse of sda 12 Thetis ts aes SIL Let the length ofthe ist race be and Rosio's average speed inthis rave be» in propriate unis). Thus her time in this race was 4 ‘The length ofthe second race was d x § and er average speed was v x time forthe second race was (d x $) + (vx 4) = $x 4%! = 4% longer. Hence her 2 E She took 50% ‘The altitude of an equilateral triangle of side 1 is 1V3. Hence XV =2xh3-1=V3-1 Sx 85a 8x2 = (5x2) x digits. 28 x 100.000 000 = 12.800 000 000 which has 11 Let the radius ofthe base of the top pat of the cone (painted red) be r. So, by similarity, the radius ofthe ed and white cone must be 4r and the radius of the whole cone must be 6. In the samo way, the slant heights are /,4/ and 61. From the formula 27 forthe ‘curved surface area of a cone, i follows thatthe reas are, zr x 4x 4 and 4X 6r x 61. Thus the white area is 16nrl ~ -xrl = Sarl and the red area is 36srrl— LSerl = 2Lrl giving the ratio white area: red area = 1Sarl : 21x KE ‘Consider a group of 100 children, 10 from Scotland and 90 from elsewhere, Then using x to represent the required average we have 90x + 10 x 5.35 = 100 x 3.10. Hence 90x = 310 ~ 53.5 = 256.5 giving x = 2.85 ‘The line y = x ~ 4's closest to the origin atthe point (2, -2),a distance of VB = 22, Ail he points on the circlex? + y* = 4 are 2 units from the origin. ‘The hyperbola y = {is closest tothe origin at its two nodes (2, 2) and (-2, ~2),a distance of V8 = 22. ‘The parabola y =.= + 4has a local minimum at (0, 4) s0.n0 point on itis closer than 4 units. ‘The curve y = x* ~ 4-cuts the x-axis at (V2, 0) and (v3, 0), both of which are closer to the origin than any of the points onthe other four alternatives. = 2 x 1001 = 2 x 7 x II x 13 which is the product of four primes. Since 2003 < 13 x 13 x 13, for 2003 to be a product of three distinct primes, at least ‘one of them must be less than 13. However, none of 2,3, 5, 7or 1 isa factor of 2003. 2004 = 2.x 2.x 3 x 167 which has a repeated prime factor. 2005 = 5 x 401 which is the product of two primes. 2006 = 2 x 1008 = 2 x 17 x 59 andis therefore the next year which isthe product of three dstinet primes, ‘Let tne points of contacts ofthe tangents be P,Q and Ras shown and lt ZOO -ZQOY = y. Then since OX isthe axis of symmetry of ‘the tangent kite OPXQ, it bisectsPOQ so ZXOP = x Similarly ZROY = y. Thus in the quadrilateral OPBR wehave De + 2y +2 x 90" + 48° = 360° 132° and Letibe leer be p, 7 # andthe comesponding houses be P, QR, 8,7 ‘The numberof ways of comet puting in two letters is, = 10. For the third ltr, there are just two wrong choices and thn the other are fixed. (Ip, q have been correctly delivered then clearly r can 20 0S or Ifris put to Sthen 1 must go 0 Rand sto. IfrisputtoT then must go to Sand sto R) So there are just2 > 10 = 20 ways 41850 an imegerif the vale of $i 0,4, 1 t]=} where k Leth = sof = s5het = 1 = Gay. Thenk = 2 = 347 Fork tobe an integer, the only possible values ofn + Iare~4, -2,—1, 1, 2. possible values ofmare~5, 3-2, 0, 1, 3 ‘The comesponding values of kate 3, 4, 6, -2, 0, 1. However, cannot be negative and therefore n = Ois not valid ‘Therefore the five possible values of n are ~ 1,2, 3, the 313