Chapter 3 Chapter 4

The Sun produces more energy in one

second than all the people who ever
lived have ever used.
CHAPTER 3

Heat Energy

How does heat move from

one object to another?

158
 Lesson 1
Heat Flow

PAGE 162
Lesson 2
Waves

PAGE 174
Lesson 3
Fuels: Our Major
Energy Source

PAGE 186
Lesson 4
Heat Transfer in
Solids and Fluids

PAGE 198
6 PS 3. Heat moves in a predictable flow from warmer
objects to cooler objects until all the objects are at the
same temperature.

159
 Literature
MAGAZINE ARTICLE

ELA R 6.2.3.
Connect and
clarify main ideas
by identifying their
relationships to other
sources and related
topics. • ELA W 6.2.1.
Write narratives.

160
 from SCHOLASTIC NEWS

by Fiona McCormack

A group of strange-looking cars recently

zipped through Australia. The vehicles
looked like spaceships, but they were
solar-powered cars.
The cars and their drivers were
competing in the World Solar Challenge,
a 1,877-mile solar-car race. The cars, with
one driver in each, raced from Darwin to
Adelaide, Australia. Twenty-two teams
from 11 countries competed. The winning
car, from the Netherlands, finished in
about 29 hours.
Solar cars run on sunlight instead of
gasoline. Flat solar panels line the outside
of the cars. The panels catch sunlight and
turn it into electricity to power the cars’
motors. With this power, solar cars can
travel up to 74 miles per hour. . . .
Solar cars aren’t advanced enough to
replace gas-powered cars yet. But the race
demonstrates that their future is bright.

Write About It
Response to Literature This article
describes how people use energy from
the Sun to run solar cars. In what other
ways do people use the Sun’s energy?
Is the Sun’s energy always useful?
Write a personal narrative about how
the Sun affects your life. What role
does the Sun play in your activities?

-Journal Write about it online

@ www.macmillanmh.com
161
Lesson 1

Heat Flow

Have you ever been to the desert? During the day

the air and the ground can be very hot. At night the
air cools quickly. However, if you touch the ground,
you’ll find that it stays warm for a while longer than
the air does. How reliable is your sense of touch in
determining how hot or cold an object is?

6 PS 3.a. Students know energy can be carried from

one place to another by heat flow or by waves, including
162 water, light and sound waves, or by moving objects.
ENGAGE
How can you measure heat flow? Materials

Make a Prediction
Do you think heat flows between warm objects and
cool objects? What will happen if a jar of cool water
is set into a bowl of room-temperature water? Write
your answer as a prediction in the form “If a jar of
warm water is set into a bowl of room-temperature
water, then . . . If a jar of cool water is set into a bowl
of room-temperature water, then . . .” • 2 large bowls

Test Your Prediction • 2 jars

• 4 thermometers
Fill one jar with 30°C water. Fill a second jar
with 10°C water. • watch or
stopwatch
Measure Place each jar into a separate bowl
of room-temperature water 22°–24°C. Record • water
the starting temperatures of the water in the
bowls and jars. Step

Experiment Record the temperatures of

the containers every 2 minutes for 20 minutes.
Record your observations. When do you think
the temperatures will stop changing?

Draw Conclusions
Analyze Make a line graph that shows how
the temperature of the water in each jar and
each bowl changed over time.
Step
Analyze What happened to the temperature
of the jar with warm water? Where did the
heat go?

Explore More
What do you think will happen if you place a jar
of warm water into a bowl of ice water? Make
a prediction and test it. Then analyze and present
your results.

6 IE 7.c. Construct appropriate graphs from data and develop qualitative statements
about the relationship between variables. • 6 IE 7.d. Communicate the steps and
results from an investigation in written reports and oral presentations.

163
EXPLORE
 How is energy related
▶ Main Idea 6 PS 3.a to motion?
Heat energy flows from a You know that water can exist as a solid (ice),
warmer object to a cooler a liquid (liquid water), or a gas (water vapor).
object until both are the Did you know that almost all matter can exist as
same temperature.
a solid, a liquid, or a gas? Why? Matter is made
▶ Vocabulary of molecules that are always moving. Whether
energy, p. 164 the molecules form a solid, a liquid, or a gas
kinetic energy, p. 165 depends on how close together they are and how
potential energy, p. 165 fast they move. Molecules usually move faster in
temperature, p. 166 gases and slower in liquids and solids.
heat, p. 167 In solids molecules vibrate back and forth. In
heat flow, p. 168 gases molecules move in straight lines until they
insulation, p. 170 bump into other molecules. In liquids molecules
show a mix of both of these types of motion.
-Glossary The motion of molecules is a type of energy.
@ www.macmillanmh.com
Energy is the ability to bring about changes or
▶ Reading Skill to do work. It takes energy to move yourself up
Compare and Contrast
a hill. It takes energy to light a house or cook
a dinner. It also takes energy to change ice into
2WTTS`S\b /ZWYS 2WTTS`S\b
water or water into water vapor.

Molecules in a Solid,
a Liquid, and a Gas

Explore heat flow

with a chef. liquid

solid

gas

The molecules in solids, liquids, and

gases move at different speeds.

164
EXPLAIN
Two Kinds of Energy
▼ As the girl moves
A skateboarder swoops down a hill, downhill, her potential
moving faster and faster. The energy of energy is converted
any moving object is called kinetic energy into kinetic energy.
(ki•NET•ik EN•uhr•jee) . A skateboarder has
a lot of kinetic energy as she moves down
a hill. The molecules of a gas have a
lot of kinetic energy, too, because
they are moving quickly.
When the skateboarder skates up
the hill, she is storing energy. The
energy stored in an object by changing
its location is called potential energy .
Moving an object upward against
gravity is one way to give it potential
energy. At the top of the hill, as the
skateboarder waits to start downhill,
she has the most potential energy.
Any moving object, from a molecule
to a car, has energy due to its motion.
When you kick a soccer ball, it has
kinetic energy as it sails across
the field.

Quick Check
Compare and Contrast How are
kinetic energy and potential
energy similar and different?
Critical Thinking What kind
of energy would a person at
rest have, and why?

165
EXPLAIN
How is temperature
different from heat?
If you place a thermometer in
boiling water, it registers 100°C
(212°F). The thermometer measures
the temperature of the water. The
temperature of a substance is the
average kinetic energy of its molecules.
Molecules in all substances are
constantly in motion. The molecules
in a gas move about rapidly, colliding
with one another. They have a great
deal of energy. The molecules in a
solid vibrate in place. They have less
energy than the molecules in a gas.
Some molecules in a substance
may move faster or slower than
other molecules. Scientists calculate
the average speed to determine the
Before a balloon can fly, the air inside
molecules’ average kinetic energy. The it must be heated. The molecules in
average kinetic energy of the molecules the air inside the balloon move farther
determines how much heat a material apart. Now the air in the balloon is
has. The average kinetic energy not as dense as the air that surrounds
is its temperature. the balloon. The balloon floats high
into the sky.

166
EXPLAIN
 Heat Flow

Heat flows from warmer objects

to cooler ones. Water is heated on
the stove. Then the hot water is
mixed with cocoa. The warm mug
transfers heat to the girl’s hands.

Heat
If you hold a mug of hot cocoa,
energy moves to your hand because
the mug has more heat than your
hand. Your hand becomes warm. If
you drop an ice cube into a hot drink,
energy passes out of the drink into
the colder ice. The ice melts, and your
drink cools off.
This energy is called heat. Heat
flow is the transfer of energy from
a warmer object to a cooler object.
When you heat something, such as a
cup of soup, you increase the energy
of its molecules. Before it is heated,
the soup has little thermal energy. If
you heat soup for a period of time,
it becomes hotter and cooks the
ingredients.
Because heat is a form of energy,
it can be measured. The most common
unit used to measure heat is the calorie.
A calorie is the amount of energy
needed to raise the temperature of
1 gram of water by 1°C. There is
another way to think of heat. Heat is
energy that flows between two objects
that have different temperatures. That
energy is heat.
Quick Check
Compare and Contrast How is
temperature different from heat?
Critical Thinking What happens
when you place a hot object in
contact with a cooler one?
167
EXPLAIN
Why does heat flow from
one object to another?
When you put your hand into
warm water, energy moves to your
hand because the water is warmer
than your hand. The opposite is also
true. When you put your hand into
cold water, energy passes out of your
hand into the cold water.
Energy is transferred from
one object to another because of
differences in temperature. Heat
flow is the transfer of energy from a
warmer object to a cooler object. Heat
energy always flows from a higher-
temperature material to a lower-
temperature material. That is why the
plastic bag became warm when it was
placed into the beaker of warm water
in the illustration below.
When someone who has a fish
tank brings a new fish home from
the store, the fish often comes in a
small plastic bag partly filled with
water. It is important to balance the
temperature of the water in the bag
with the temperature of the water
in the tank. That way the fish is not
harmed. To balance the temperature,
many people place the plastic bag in
the tank. After an hour or so, the
water in the bag will be about the
same temperature as the water in the
tank. Then it will be safe to pour that
water, and the fish, into the tank.

Measuring Heat Flow

Reading Diagrams

Why did the temperatures change over time?

Clue: Compare the temperatures of the water in the bag and in
168 the beaker at the beginning and at the end of the experiment.
EXPLAIN

▲ This blacksmith uses heat
flow to shape iron.
How Heat Travels
What happens when you dip a
metal spoon into a steaming bowl of
soup? The heat from the hot liquid
causes the molecules in the spoon to
heat up and vibrate faster. They collide
with the molecules next to them,
which in turn start vibrating faster,
and so on all the way up the spoon.
Eventually the extra energy reaches
the top of the spoon. If you touch the
spoon, it will feel hot. Heat energy
has flowed from the hot soup to the
top of the spoon to your hand.
A thermometer uses heat flow
to measure the temperature of a
material. Most thermometers measure
temperature by using a liquid that
expands in warmer materials and
contracts in cooler materials. When
Different Objects,
Different Temperatures
Observe Touch a metal object,
such as a stapler. Then touch a
wooden object, such as a ruler
or a desk. What do you notice?
Predict Do you think that the
metal and the wood are the same
temperature? How could you
determine whether they are the
same temperature?
a thermometer is placed in something
warmer or cooler, heat flows between
the two until their temperatures are
equal. The liquid inside the thermometer
then registers the same temperature as
the material it is in.
Quick Check
Compare and Contrast Compare
heat flow between a hot object
and a cold object with heat flow
between two objects at the same
temperature.
Critical Thinking Describe how
an ice cube cools off a hot drink.
169
EXPLAIN
What is insulation? A conductor is an object that
Have you ever wondered why some absorbs heat and distributes it evenly
objects feel colder than others? For throughout an object. Most metals are
example, touch the metal leg of a desk good conductors. They absorb heat
or a chair. Then touch the wooden and distribute it evenly throughout an
surface of a desk or a bookcase. The object. Since the object heats slowly,
metal feels colder than the wood. it takes time before a change can be
Touching a cold object transfers heat observed.
from your body to the object. The An insulator is an object that
effect on the object depends on whether absorbs heat but does not distribute
it is a conductor or an insulator. it evenly. Wood is an example of an
insulator. If you place your hand
on a piece of wood, the area under
your hand warms up. However, the
temperature of the rest of the wood
does not change.
Vacuum Bottle
Insulation (in•suh•LAY•shuhn) is
used to prevent heat from flowing
into or out of a material. You insulate
something by wrapping it with a
vacuum material that is not a good conductor
bottle of heat. Think of a window or the
walls in a building. On a cold day, the
mirrorlike insulation in the wall keeps the heat
coating
bounces
inside. Because heat does not move
radiant well through the insulation, the heat
heat does not warm up the entire wall.
vacuum
Quick Check
no material
to conduct Compare and Contrast How do
heat between
bottle
insulators differ from conductors?
Critical Thinking Explain why it
inner bottle is important to insulate buildings
in hot and cold climates.
outer bottle

Reading Diagrams

How can a vacuum bottle keep liquids hot

or cold for a period of time?

170 Clue: Look at the layers in the vacuum bottle.

EXPLAIN
Summarize the Main Idea Think, Talk, and Write
Main Idea flows from
Energy is related to
a warmer object to a cooler object.
motion. The energy
of a moving object is Vocabulary When a river flows over
called kinetic energy. a cliff, its is converted into
(pp. 164–165) .
Compare and Contrast How does heat
Temperature is the differ from temperature?
average kinetic energy 2WTTS`S\b /ZWYS 2WTTS`S\b
of the molecules in
a substance.
(pp. 166–167)

Heat flow is the

transfer of energy Critical Thinking If boiling water were
from warmer objects poured into a china cup and a foam cup,
to cooler objects. which cup would feel hotter? Explain.
(pp. 168–169)
Test Practice Which of the following
is a poor insulator?
A wood
Make a B copper
Study Guide C rubber
Make a three-tab book D plastic
(see pp. 487–490). Use
Test Practice How does energy
the titles shown. On
transfer from a warmer object to
the inside of each tab,
a cooler object?
compare and contrast
A kinetic energy
the terms on each tab.
B potential energy
C heat loss
D heat flow

Writing Link Math Link

Write a Newspaper Article
Write a brief article for a science
newspaper about a new roller coaster
at an amusement park. Be sure to
include information about the potential
and kinetic energy of the ride.
Measure Temperature
A pot of water was brought to
a boil at 100°C. Then it was cooled
for 10 minutes. If the water cooled at
a rate of 4°C per minute, what was
the final temperature?

-Review Summaries and quizzes online @ www.macmillanmh.com 171

EVALUATE
Experiment
Scientists experiment by performing
procedures under controlled conditions that
help them test a hypothesis, discover an
unknown effect, or illustrate a known effect
or scientific law.
Sometimes an experiment does not
produce the expected result. Does this mean it
was a failure? No. It just means that you have
p
new data to lead to more experiments.
i k e t o warm u
I l place.
e f i re
Learn It by th
When you experiment you perform a test that
supports or does not support a hypothesis. You
need to plan a procedure, make observations,
and record data. Once you have enough data,
you can draw a conclusion about whether or not
your data supports your hypothesis, it may, or it
may not. Either outcome is good. However, the
more data you collect, the more accurate your
conclusion will be. In the following experiment,
you will collect data to test the following
hypothesis: If a rubber band is thick, then it
will get hotter than a thin rubber band when
both are stretched the same amount.
Kirb y lik
Try It es t o
on the r warm up
▶ You will need a thick rubber band and a diat or
.
a thin rubber band for comparison. Without
stretching either rubber band, hold each to your
forehead. Do the rubber bands feel warm or
cool? Are they the same temperature as your
skin? Record your observations in a chart similar
to the one shown here.

▶ Hold the thin rubber band away from your face,

and quickly stretch it and let it relax three times.
Let it relax, and touch it to your forehead. Record
your observation about its temperature in the
chart. Repeat this procedure with the thick
rubber band.

6 IE 7.b. Select and use appropriate tools and technology (including

calculators, computers, balances, spring scales, microscopes, and
172
binoculars) to perform tests, collect data, and display data.
EXTEND
▶ In an experiment variables are the things that change. To
determine what caused the experiment’s results, you need to
change one variable at a time. The variable that changes is the
independent variable. A dependent variable is one that changes
because of the independent variable. In this experiment what is
the independent variable? What is the dependent variable?

Apply It
▶ Now analyze the results of your experiment. Do they support
or refute the hypothesis: If a rubberband is thick, then it will
get hotter than a thin rubber band when both are stretched the
same amount? From your results, can you draw a conclusion
about why the stretched rubber band felt warmer than, cooler
than, or the same temperature as your skin? If you used a
thicker rubber band, would the heat flow felt by your skin be
greater, less, or the same?

▶ Can you predict what would happen if you used a thinner

rubber band? A thicker one? A longer one? If you stretched
it five times before feeling it? Ten times? Plan and carry out
an experiment that would prove or disprove one of your
predictions. Share the results with your classmates.

173
EXTEND
Lesson 2

Waves

At a speed of about 1,230 km (760 miles) per hour,

a plane breaks the “sound barrier.” The plane flies faster
than sound travels. Often a cloud of water vapor forms
behind the plane. On the ground, you hear a boom that
sounds a lot like thunder. Did you know that the boom
you hear is made of waves?

6 PS 3.a. Students know energy can be carried from one place to another by heat
174 flow or by waves, including water, light and sound waves, or by moving objects.
ENGAGE
How can you change the sound Materials

a string makes?
Form a Hypothesis
What do you think will happen when you stretch a
string out across a desk and use pencils to lift the
string off the desktop? Can you change the pitch of
the sound by moving the pencils? Write your answer
as a hypothesis in the form “If the pencils are moved
closer together, then the pitch of the sound will . . .” • 2 small buckets
• stones to fill each
Test Your Hypothesis bucket
Cut a length of string about twice as long as • 2 pencils
your desk. Place the string across the desk, and
• string or fishing
tie each end to the handle of a bucket so that
line
the buckets hang freely. Insert the pencils under
the string at each edge of the desk. Fill each • safety scissors
bucket one-quarter full with stones. • safety goggles
Near the center of the desk, pluck the string
Step
with your finger. Record what you hear.
Move the pencils closer together, and repeat
step 2. Record your observations.

Draw Conclusions
Analyze How would you explain what you
observed? Did your observations support
your hypothesis?
Infer How does the tightness (tension)
of a string affect the sound?

Explore More Step

What will happen to the sound if you fill each bucket

half full with stones and repeat step 2? Develop
a hypothesis and test it. Then analyze and present
your results.

6 IE 7.a. Develop a hypothesis. • 6 IE 7.d. Communicate the steps and

results from an investigation in written reports and oral presentations.

175
EXPLORE

▶ Main Idea 6 PS 3.a
Energy moves from one
place to another by heat
flow or by waves.
▶ Vocabulary
wave, p. 176
wavelength, p. 176
amplitude, p. 176
frequency, p. 177
sound wave, p. 178
compression wave, p. 180
electromagnetic wave, p. 182
light wave, p. 182
-Glossary
@ www.macmillanmh.com
▶ Reading Skill
Summarize
Ac[[O`g
▶ Technology
Explore waves with
a physicist.
Wavelength and Amplitude
176
EXPLAIN
What is a wave?
Kinetic energy always moves. Wind blows,
water flows, light travels, and electricity passes
through wires. How does energy move from one
place to another?
Waves and Energy
One way that energy moves is through wave
motion. Drop a pebble in a pond, and at first
only the moving stone has energy as it falls.
Then little waves pass over the pond’s surface—
another example of energy. A few moments later,
a leaf at the edge of the pond bobs up and down
as the wave reaches the shore. The waves have
carried some of the energy from the dropped
pebble across the pond to the leaf.
A wave is a disturbance that carries energy
from one place to another without a net movement
of matter. That means that as a wave travels
through water, the water moves up and down,
but it doesn’t move in the direction of the wave.
The wavelength of a wave is the distance from
the top of one crest to the top of the next or from
the bottom of one trough to the bottom of the
next. A wave’s amplitude is the distance from the
midpoint to the crest (or trough) of the wave.
▼ A wave can be described
in terms of its wavelength
and its amplitude.
 Wave Frequency

Reading Diagrams

Why does the pelican stay in the same

place?
Measuring Waves Clue: Look at the way the wave moves.
Waves can be measured in different
ways. Water waves move up and down. Watch waves
@ www.macmillanmh.com
Sound waves move back and forth.
The back-and-forth or up-and-down
motion of a wave, sometimes called a
vibration, is described by its frequency . Quick Check
The frequency of a wave tells the
Summarize What is the difference
number of vibrations it makes in a
between wavelength and
given period of time, usually 1 second.
amplitude?
For example, if 2 vibrations occur in
1 second, the frequency is 2 vibrations Critical Thinking How is frequency
per second. related to energy?

177
EXPLAIN
What is sound?
Toss a pebble into a pond, and the
ripples spread energy outward from
where the stone entered the water. Strike
a drum, and the air around it ripples
outward in waves, too. Like other forms
of energy, sound travels as waves.
A sound wave is produced by the
vibration of an object. A sound wave
carries vibration from the vibrating
object outward in all directions. For
example, a drum produces sound when
the drum head is struck.
Movement of Sound Waves
178
EXPLAIN
A guitar produces sound when a
string is plucked or strummed. In a
saxophone or clarinet, the sound is
produced by a vibrating reed. The
sound of your voice is caused by the
vibration of your vocal chords.
The pitch, or highness or lowness
of a sound, depends on its frequency.
A high-pitched sound, such as that
from a flute or a whistle, has a high
frequency. The vibrations that
produce high sounds move back and
forth quickly.
Reading Photos
What would you hear if the boy played
the trumpet in a space with no air?
Clue: How does the sound wave travel?
 A low-pitched sound, such as that
from a foghorn or tuba, has a low
frequency. The vibrations that produce
low sounds move back and forth at a
slower speed than those that produce
high-frequency sounds.
Hearing Sounds
How do we hear sounds? Sound
waves from one vibrating object can
cause other objects, such as your
eardrums, to vibrate. You may actually
feel a very loud sound such as a gong
vibrate inside your body or against
the soles of your feet. However, most
sounds are detected only by our ears.
The human ear is so sensitive that it
can pick up the tiny vibrations in the
air that we hear as sounds.
Quick Check
Summarize What is the difference
between high frequency and low
frequency?
Critical Thinking Explain how
vibrations from a drum reach
your ear.

Eardrum Inside your Ossicles When

head, the vibrations hit the eardrum
a membrane called an vibrates, it rattles
eardrum and cause it to three tiny bones
move back and forth. called ossicles.

Cochlea Deep inside the ear, the

Ear Canal ossicles vibrate against the cochlea.
The vibrations make waves in the
liquid inside the cochlea. These
Ear When the trumpet is waves move tiny hairs. These hairs
played, the air around it send signals along the nerves to
vibrates. Your outer ear the brain. As a result, you hear
directs the vibrations vibrations as sound.
down the ear canal.

179
EXPLAIN
How do sound waves
travel?
Clap your hands once. Sound waves
spread out in all directions from the
clap. A sound wave moves through the
air in the same way that a wave moves
through a coiled spring. This kind of
wave is called a compression wave .
In sound waves the wave and the
molecules of matter in the wave move
back and forth in the same direction
as the wave.
Compression waves move by
compressing and expanding matter.
To visualize how a sound wave travels,
picture a coiled spring toy on a table
with someone holding each end. If
one person pushes an end of the toy
toward the other person, a wave
travels through the coils from one
end to the other. As the wave passes Because compression waves need
through each part of the toy, the matter to compress and expand,
wave compresses, or pushes, the coils a sound wave must travel through
together. As the wave moves on, the matter. The matter conducts the sound
coils expand, or pull apart. wave away from the vibrating object
that produces it.

Compression Wave
Sound waves are compression waves
that travel through the air like the
A_cSShSQ]WZab]USbVS` ripples of a coiled spring toy.
O\R`SZSOaS

eOdS[]bW]\

180
EXPLAIN
 ◀ Sound travels through Traveling Sound Waves
air, but it does not
travel very far from the Make a model Stretch a piece
source of the sound or of plastic wrap over a large bowl
very fast. or pot. Make sure the plastic
is stretched tightly over the
container.
Place 20–30 grains of uncooked
rice on top of the plastic wrap.
Hold a tin
◀ Whales communicate cookie sheet
with one another over close to
vast distances. The the plastic
sounds they make can wrap. Hit the
be detected many miles sheet with
away. Sound travels a spoon to
about four times faster make a loud
in water than in air. noise. What
happens to
the rice?
Infer What do you think caused
Materials That Transmit the results you observed?
Sound Waves Predict What might happen if you
hit an object that makes a sound
Most sounds that we hear are different from a cookie sheet?
transmitted through the air. Do you
think that other substances can also
transmit sound? To test this try an
experiment. Place a wind-up watch
at one end of a table. Then walk to
the other end of the table. You cannot Quick Check
hear the watch ticking. Now put
your ear to the table. You can hear Summarize Why is water a
the watch ticking because the table better sound transmitter than air?
conducts sound waves better than Critical Thinking Why does the
air does. transmission of sound require
Sound can travel through solids matter such as a solid, a liquid,
and liquids as well as gases. In fact, or a gas?
air is a poor conductor of sound.
Sound travels about four times faster
in water than in air and about fifteen
times faster in steel than in air.
181
EXPLAIN
What are electromagnetic
waves?
On a sunny day, you can feel the heat
energy and see the light energy from
the Sun. The Sun’s energy is carried to
Earth by electromagnetic waves that
are made up of alternating electric and
magnetic fields. These waves are created
by vibrating electric charges.
Unlike a sound wave, an
electromagnetic wave vibrates back
and forth across the direction in which
the wave travels. Some electromagnetic
waves can travel through matter.
However, electromagnetic waves do
not need matter to carry them. They
can travel without matter in the almost
complete vacuum of space.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Film that is sensitive to The prism separates visible
infrared light can show this light into the colors of the
night scene at a water hole. spectrum.
182
EXPLAIN
We see some electromagnetic waves
as light. Light waves are the visible
part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The electromagnetic spectrum includes
a wide range of electromagnetic
energy. The lower-frequency waves are
radio waves and microwaves. Next
come infrared waves, which we feel
as heat. The higher-frequency waves
include visible light and X rays.
Quick Check
Summarize How is a light
wave similar to a radio wave?
Critical Thinking How does
an electromagnetic wave
carry energy?
X rays were used to show
the bones in this human
hand.
Summarize the Main Idea Think, Talk, and Write
A wave is a back-and-
Main Idea How does energy
move from one place to another?
forth, disturbance that
carries energy. Vocabulary Amplitude and
(pp. 176–177) frequency are properties that
describe a .
Summarize How do humans perceive
Sound waves are the difference between sound waves
compression waves and some electromagnetic waves?
that carry energy.
(pp. 178–179)

Electromagnetic Ac[[O`g
waves such as light
also carry energy.
Critical Thinking What kind
(p. 182)
of energy is carried by an
electromagnetic wave?
Test Practice Which of these
Make a transmits sound least efficiently?
Study Guide A steel
B a pond
Make a three-tab book C air
(see pp. 487–490). Use D an ocean
the titles shown. On
the inside of each tab, Test Practice The visible part of the
summarize how that topic electromagnetic spectrum contains
can help you understand waves.
Earth’s energy. A compression
B radio
C sound
D light

Writing Link Math Link

Write a Report
Research the history of the invention
of the telephone. How did the
understanding of sound waves make
this invention possible? Write a report
and present it to your class.
Make a Graph
Research the wavelengths of different
colors of light and the invisible parts of
the electromagnetic spectrum. Make a
color-coded bar graph comparing the
wavelengths.

-Review Summaries and quizzes online @ www.macmillanmh.com 183

EVALUATE
Seeing in
Infrared
When you stand in front of a campfire, the glowing
embers of the fire give off radiation that you can see. This
visible radiation is like a train of waves that begins at the fire
and travels to your eyes. There’s another wave train, or type
of radiation, coming from the fire, but you can’t see it. These
waves are longer than those of visible radiation. They heat up
the air, and you can feel this heat when you stand next to the
fire. These waves are called infrared radiation.
You cannot see a person in a dark room, because people
do not give off radiation that our eyes can pick up. But if you
could see the longer waves of infrared radiation, you would
see the person very well, even if the room were pitch black!
People have invented machines that can help us detect
infrared radiation.

1880

1880 The Bolometer Samuel Langley invents a tool

called a bolometer to measure infrared radiation.
Infrared radiation heats a metal coil inside the
bolometer and produces physical changes to the
coil that can be measured. The bolometer could
detect a cow from 400 meters (1320 feet) away.

ELA R 6.2.1. Identify the structural features of popular

184 media (e.g., newspapers, magazines, online information)
EXTEND and use the features to obtain information.
 History of Science

2003

2003 Spitzer Space Telescope

NASA’s Spitzer Space
Telescope uses infrared
detectors to take pictures of
the universe. It is the first to
succeed in taking pictures
of a planet outside our solar
system. These planets emit
very little visible light but more
1940s infrared radiation—enough to
be picked up by the telescope.

1940s Night Vision The U.S. Army creates

the first night-vision devices. Infrared night-
vision goggles use an infrared detector to
convert infrared waves into visible ones that
the eye can see. The advantage of these
goggles is that they allow people to search
for things at night without using light.

Write About It
Compare and Contrast
Compare and Contrast
1. How is infrared radiation different
from visible radiation? ▶ Look for similarities and
2. What do the bolometer, night-vision differences.
goggles, and the Spitzer Space
Telescope have in common?
▶ Use your own experiences
to clarify comparisons.

-Journal Write about it online

@ www.macmillanmh.com
185
EXTEND
Lesson 3

Fuels: Our Major

Energy Source

Fossil fuels, such as oil and natural gas, are used as

a source of energy to heat or cool our homes and to
cook our food. The Sun is also a source of energy.
How can we use the Sun’s energy in similar ways?

6 PS 3.b. Students know that when fuel is consumed,

186 most of the energy released becomes heat energy.
ENGAGE
How can we use the energy Materials

of the Sun?
Purpose
The Sun gives off light and heat. Light is used by
plants to make food and by people to see during
the day. The heat of the Sun warms Earth. Can this
heat be used as a source of energy?
• white construction
Procedure paper
Line the outside of one paper cup with black • black construction
construction paper. Tape the paper to the cup. paper
Insert this cup into the second paper cup. The
• aluminum foil
black construction paper should be between the
two cups. Place three small pieces of peeled • 3 unwaxed paper
apple in the bottom of the first cup. cups

Place a piece of aluminum foil on top of a piece • transparent tape

of white construction paper. Tape the foil to the • peeled apple
paper. Roll the paper and foil into a cone, with pieces
the paper on the outside. The narrow end should
fit into the first paper cup. Insert the cone into Step
the cup, and tape it in place.
Put three small pieces of peeled apple into a
third paper cup. Place the cups in direct sunlight.

Draw Conclusions
Observe Look at the pieces of apple every
half hour for 2 hours. Note your observations. Step

Analyze What caused the differences you

observed?

Explore More
In this activity you made a simple solar cooker.
How can you make your solar cooker more efficient?
Compare your design with solar cookers that are available in stores.
Write a report about your findings, and present it to your class.

6 IE 7.d. Communicate the steps and results from an

investigation in written reports and oral presentations.

187
EXPLORE

▶ Main Idea 6 PS 3.b
When a fuel burns, stored
chemical energy changes
into heat energy and light
energy. Heat energy can
drive engines that do
work.
What are fuels?
People, animals, and plants need food to live.
They break down the food and use it as a source
of energy. Fuel is also a source of energy. A fuel
is a material that releases heat when it is burned,
providing energy. There are many different kinds
of fuels, including wood, oil, and coal.

▶ Vocabulary Fossil Fuels

fossil fuel, p. 188
nonrenewable resource,
p. 189
renewable resource, p. 189
biomass conversion, p. 189
chemical reaction, p. 190
reactant, p. 190
product, p. 190
work, p. 192
friction, p. 193
-Glossary
@ www.macmillanmh.com
Some fuels come from fossils, the remains of
ancient plants and animals. Known as fossil fuels ,
they are formed beneath the surface of Earth.
When plants and animals die, their remains
become buried beneath layers of sand or mud.
Over millions of years, the plant and animal
remains sink deep into Earth, where heat and
▼ Fossil fuels contain energy from
ancient plants and animals.

▶ Reading Skill
Main Idea

;OW\7RSO 2SbOWZa

188
EXPLAIN
pressure convert them into fuels such
as coal, oil, and natural gas. Fossil fuels
—sometimes called “stored sunlight”—
give off large amounts of heat when
they burn, so they are widely used.
Renewable and Nonrenewable
Resources
Because fossil fuels take millions of
years to form, they are nonrenewable
resources , resources that cannot be
replaced within a short period of time
or at all. Coal, oil, and natural gas are
examples of nonrenewable resources.
Other sources of energy are known
as renewable resources . These can be
replaced in a relatively short time. This
means that we can use these resources
without using them up or running out
of them. Wood, water, wind, and solar
energy are renewable resources if they
are not used up too quickly.
Another source of renewable fuels
is biomass conversion , a method for
changing plant and animal materials
into high-quality fuels. Materials used
for biomass conversion include straw,
manure, sugarcane, corn, animal fats,
and vegetable oils. For example, the
sugar in corn can be turned into ethanol,
a fuel that can be mixed with gasoline to
run cars. Another method uses bacteria
to digest garbage buried in landfills.
As the bacteria digest the garbage,
they give off methane gas, which is
the main ingredient in natural gas.
Quick Check
Main Idea What is the difference
between a nonrenewable resource
and a renewable resource?
Critical Thinking Why is biomass
conversion useful?
fossil of a tree fern
coal
189
EXPLAIN
What happens when fuel burns?
When a fuel such as coal, wood,
or gasoline burns, energy is released.
Burning is a chemical reaction , a
change in matter that produces new
substances with different properties
from the original substances. The
original substances in the reaction are
called reactants . The new substances
formed are called products .
Burning Methane Gas
3 4
1 Methane gas Methane is a gas that
is burned for fuel. It requires oxygen and
energy to burn. Methane is made up of
carbon and hydrogen.
2 Oxygen Oxygen is necessary for a fuel
such as methane to burn.
3 Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is one
of the products given off when methane is
burned. As the methane burns, the carbon
in the methane combines with oxygen in
the air to make carbon dioxide.
190
EXPLAIN
Oxygen must be present for any
fuel to burn. When a fuel is heated,
it reacts with the oxygen in the air
around it. This chemical reaction
between the oxygen and the fuel
releases heat energy and light energy.
It also releases products such as water
vapor and carbon dioxide, which
contain little energy.
1 Reading Diagrams
How does the carbon dioxide
form?
Clue: Start at the beginning,
and follow the arrows.
4 Heat Burning methane gives off a
lot of heat that can be changed into
electricity or other forms of energy.
5 Water vapor Water vapor is
another product given off by burning
methane. The hydrogen in the
methane combines with oxygen in
the air to make water.
Burning Fuel for Energy Quick Check
Fuels such as coal and petroleum Main Idea What is the difference
release large amounts of heat energy between a reactant and a product?
when they burn. They are a major
source of the energy used in cars, Critical Thinking Describe the
homes, and businesses. process by which coal is burned.
Burning fuels may also release light
energy. Candles and kerosene lamps
give off light that can brighten
a room. The light energy released
when fireworks explode is used
to entertain people on the
Fourth of July and
other celebrations.

satellite rocket launch

191
EXPLAIN
How can energy be Work and Energy
used to do work?
People use energy to do work.
Work is the use of force to move an
object through a distance. People
do work when they move objects
from one place to another. You can
use your body to move a bag of
groceries or a stack of books. You
can also use a simple tool, such as a
screwdriver, to turn a screw. In all
these cases, you are using energy to
do work.
The energy released when fuel
burns can also be used to do work.
The engine in a jet plane burns fuel
and releases energy that helps move
the plane. A gasoline engine does Reading Photos
work by burning fuels and using
heat energy to move the parts of the What force makes a bicycle move
engine. The heat energy in steam is forward? What force makes a
bicycle stop?
used to power generators that make
electricity. Clue: How is the cyclist using his
hands and feet?

192
EXPLAIN
 What materials can
reduce friction?
Observe Rub your hands together
quickly. What happens? What force
causes your hands to heat up?
Experiment Put lotion on your
hands, and try rubbing them
together again. What happens?
When a car’s engine burns gasoline, Do you think talcum powder will
gases are produced. The gases have the same effect as the lotion?
push down the pistons that turn the Test your idea.
crankshaft. The wheels spin, and
the car races around the track. Infer Based on your observations,
what effect does motor oil have
on friction between engine parts?

Friction: Nature’s Brakes

To stop a moving car, we use
friction. Friction is the force that acts
when two surfaces rub against each
other. When the driver of a car presses
on the brake pedal, the friction of
the brakes against parts of the wheels
slows the car. The friction of the tires
against the road also slows the car.
There is even friction between the car
Squeezing the brakes makes
and the air. Friction generates heat. the brake pads squeeze the
In this case it causes the brakes and tires. Friction between the
the tires to get hotter. To feel the heat brake pads and the tires
generated by friction, try rubbing your slows and stops the bike.
hands together. The heat you feel is the
result of friction.

Quick Check
Main Idea How does friction
between the tires and the road
work to brake a car?
Critical Thinking What do
friction and energy have in
common? How do they differ?
193
EXPLAIN
How does potential
energy change into
kinetic energy?
Energy can change from one form
into another. It can change from
stored energy into energy that is used
to move an object. Potential energy is
stored energy, and kinetic energy is the
energy of motion. Potential energy can
be changed into kinetic energy, and
kinetic energy can be changed back
into potential energy. For example,
imagine a rock on the side of a steep
hill. While it is still, the rock has
potential energy. If the rock begins to
roll down the hill, its potential energy
changes to kinetic energy. When the
hill levels out, friction will cause the
rock to stop rolling.
Burning a fuel is another way to
change potential energy into kinetic
energy. For example, a match has
potential energy in its chemical
bonds. When you light the
match, you release the
energy in these bonds.
What kind of energy
does this rock have?
194
EXPLAIN
As the match burns, it gives
off heat and light. The potential
energy of the chemical bonds
becomes the kinetic energy
of heat and light.
Some of the carbon atoms
in the match may not burn
completely. You can see the
carbon atoms in the form of
soot left on the match and in
the air. This means that some
of the stored energy has not
been released.
Quick Check
Main Idea How is the energy of
a rolling object different from the
energy of the same object at rest?
Critical Thinking How does a
burning fuel convert potential
energy into kinetic energy?
Summarize the Main Idea Think, Talk, and Write
Main Idea When a fuel burns, stored
A fuel is a material
energy changes into heat
that releases heat
and light energy.
when it burns.
(pp. 188–189) Vocabulary The use of force to move an
object through a distance is .

When a fuel burns, Main Idea How are biomass conversion

it releases energy and nonrenewable resources similar?
through a chemical
;OW\7RSO 2SbOWZa
reaction between
oxygen and the fuel.
(pp. 190–191)

Work is the use of Critical Thinking Why does

force to move an smothering a small fire with a blanket
object through a or the lid of a pan put the fire out?
distance.
(pp. 192–193) Test Practice Which of the following
is a renewable resource?
A solar energy
B coal
Make a C natural gas
Study Guide D oil
Make a three-tab book Test Practice What force acts when
(see pp. 487–490). two surfaces rub against each other?
Use the titles shown. A biomass
On the inside of each B potential energy
tab, write the main C kinetic energy
idea from the lesson D friction
that the term is in.

Writing Link Math Link

Explanatory Writing
The mayor of a town is trying to decide
whether the town should spend money
on biomass conversion or fossil fuels.
Write a letter to the mayor describing
your viewpoint.
Calculate Calories
There are 3,500 food calories in 1 pound
of fat. If you eat 1 candy bar each day
that has 250 calories, how many days
would it take to gain 1 pound?

-Review Summaries and quizzes online @ www.macmillanmh.com 195

EVALUATE
Saving energy is everyone’s job. In my
opinion if we can save energy, we will save
money. Using less energy will help reduce
pollution. It will cut down on greenhouse
gases that contribute to global warming.
Saving energy will help secure a better
future for California.
Adults are not the only ones involved.
You can help, too. Your family can cut
back on using energy at home. Use the
air conditioner as little as possible. Use
washers, dryers, and dishwashers only with
a full load. Hang laundry to dry instead of
putting it in the dryer. Turn off lights when
they are not in use. Ride a bicycle or walk
instead of traveling by car.

Write About It
Persuasive Writing Write a persuasive
letter to your local representative in the
California State Assembly about an energy- Good persuasive writing
related environmental problem in your
area. State your opinion, and support it ▶ clearly states an opinion.
with convincing reasons and evidence
arranged in a logical order. Include ▶ uses convincing reasons
arguments for ways to conserve energy and arguments.
and solve the problem. Use print and online
▶ organizes reasons in
sources to research this topic. Use the
a logical order.
correct form for a formal letter.
▶ includes opinion words
and phrases, such as
-Journal Write about it online should and in my opinion.
@ www.macmillanmh.com

196 ELA W 6.1.1. Choose the form of writing (e.g., personal letter, letter to the
EXTEND editor, review, poem, report, narrative) that best suits the intended purpose.
 Convert
measurements
For accurate calculations
use these measurements:
1 mi/gal = 0.425 km/L
1 km/L = 2.35 mi/gal
Hybrid cars use less energy from fossil ▶ To convert mi/gal to
fuels by using a combination of gasoline and km/L, multiply the
electricity from a battery. These cars can be mi/gal by 0.425.
very fuel efficient. 22 mi/gal × 0.425 =
Car buyers look carefully at fuel-efficiency 9.35 km/L
information. This information is usually
▶ To convert km/L to
written in miles per gallon (mi/gal) or kilometers
mi/gal, multiply the
per liter (km/L). The farther the car can travel km/L by 2.35.
on 1 gallon or 1 liter of gasoline, the more fuel 9.35 km/L × 2.35 =
efficient the car is. This information helps a 21.97 mi/gal
car buyer determine how much it might cost to
buy fuel to drive a car for a year.

Fuel Use Fuel Use

Solve It Vehicle
(in mi/gal) (in km/L)
1. The table lists the fuel use of Sports car A 9.8
vehicles in mi/gal or km/L.
Sports car B 18
In order to compare efficiency,
all the measurements must be Hybrid car A 15.3

in a single system. Complete the Hybrid car B 46

table by converting mi/gal to Sedan A 16.2
km/L or km/L to mi/gal to fill in
Sedan B 20
the missing information.
2. Which car is the most fuel Luxury car 5.2

efficient? Which is the least? Compact car A 15.3

3. Hybrid car B travels 46 miles on Compact car B 29

a gallon of gasoline. How many Station wagon 11.0
gallons are needed for the car
Sport utility vehicle 14
to travel 500 miles?

MA NS 6.1.2. Interpret and use ratios in different contexts (e.g., batting

averages, miles per hour) to show the relative sizes of two quantities, using
appropriate notations (a/b, a to b, a:b). • MA AF 6.2.1. Convert one unit of 197
measurement to another (e.g., from feet to miles, from centimeters to inches). EXTEND
Lesson 4

Heat Transfer in
Solids and Fluids

When a large block of ice falls off a glacier

and splashes into the sea, the nearby water gets
colder. What do you think happens to the air
above the iceberg and the sea?

6 PS 3.c. Students know heat flows in solids by conduction (which involves no flow of
198 matter) and in fluids by conduction and by convection (which involves flow of matter).
ENGAGE
How does heat flow from one Materials

material to another?
Make a Prediction
What will happen when two objects of different
temperatures are placed together? Will heat be
transferred? Write your answer as a prediction in
the form “If heat moves from hot to cold, then . . .”

Test Your Prediction

Hold a liquid-crystal thermometer card against
• 2 liquid-crystal
the back of your hand, and observe what
thermometer
happens to the card as it warms up. Record cards
color changes, if any.
• quarter
Warm a quarter in your hands and place it on
• cup of hot water
the table. Place a liquid-crystal thermometer
card on top of the quarter. Record any changes. • ice cube

Hold a liquid-crystal thermometer card above a

Step
cup of hot water. Note any changes. What shape
is the colored region? How is this different from
the colored regions in steps 1 and 2?
Hold an ice cube about 1 centimeter above a
thermometer card. What happens now?

Draw Conclusions
Analyze How would you explain what you
observed? Did your observations support Step
your prediction? Does heat flow between two
materials when they are touching? When they
are not touching?

Explore More
What would happen if you repeated step 2 and placed
a second card on top of the first? Make a prediction and
test it. Then analyze and present your results.

6 IE 7.b. Select and use appropriate tools and technology (including calculators, computers,
balances, spring scales, microscopes, and binoculars) to perform tests, collect data, and display
data. • 6 IE 7.e. Recognize whether evidence is consistent with a proposed explanation.

199
EXPLORE

▶ Main Idea 6 PS 3.c
Heat flows in solids
by conduction and in
fluids by conduction and
convection.
▶ Vocabulary
conduction, p. 200
convection, p. 202
buoyancy, p. 202
convection current, p. 203
-Glossary
@ www.macmillanmh.com
How is heat transferred?
Heat transfer is measured by changes in
temperature. Objects that are near each other
will eventually have the same temperature. Heat
travels from warmer objects to cooler objects
until the objects are the same temperature.
Conduction
Conduction is the movement of energy
through direct contact. This means that two
materials must be touching for heat to be
conducted from one material to the other.
Conduction is the only way heat can travel
through solids.

▶ Reading Skill
Compare and Contrast
2WTTS`S\b /ZWYS 2WTTS`S\b

A glassmaker
uses fire to melt
the glass before
shaping it.

200
EXPLAIN
 Heat Transfer
Heat is transferred
from the burner to the
frying pan to the food
through conduction.
All atoms in a solid vibrate in
place and transfer their movement to
one another. When a faster-moving,
warmer atom collides with a slower-
moving, cooler atom, it passes some
of its kinetic energy to the slower-
moving atom. As a solid such as the
burner on an electric stove heats up,
its atoms vibrate more quickly, and
its temperature rises. If you put a pot
on the burner, these vibrating atoms
will transfer some of their motion
from the burner to the atoms on the
bottom of the pot. The faster-vibrating
atoms on the bottom of the pot then
transfer energy to those next to them.
Reading Photos
How does the food in the pan cook?
Clue: What role does the frying pan play?
Energy is transferred from atom to
atom until the entire pot is hot. Atoms
in liquids and gases are not as close to
each other as they are in solids. Their
vibrations cause them to move around.
Quick Check
Compare and Contrast How
is heat transferred between two
solids at different temperatures?
At the same temperature?
Critical Thinking How does the
vibration of atoms conduct heat
through a solid?
201
EXPLAIN
 What is convection?
When you heat a pot of soup, some of the heat is
transferred, or conducted, through direct contact of the pot
with the soup. However, most of the heat is transferred as
the heated soup at the bottom rises and flows throughout the
pot. The transfer of energy by the flow of a liquid or a gas is
called convection . Convection can occur in liquids and gases
but not in solids.
Convection occurs because most gases and liquids
(both of which are known as fluids) become less dense
when they are heated. In the atmosphere, warmer air rises
because it has a lower density than cooler air. Cooler air
is denser and sinks. Hotter, less-dense fluid rises through
colder, denser fluid because of the hotter fluid’s greater
buoyancy. Buoyancy is an upward force on an object or a
substance that is in a liquid or a gas. Buoyancy and density
are directly related. For example, oil is less dense and more
buoyant than water, so oil floats on the water’s surface.

▼ The air in the inner tube is less dense

than the water, so the girl can float.

202
EXPLAIN
 Conduction and Convection
1]\dSQbW]\Qc``S\baW\3O`bV¸a[O\bZS
QOcaS[]dS[S\bW\bVSQ`cab
Q]\dSQbW]\Qc``S\b
b`S\QV
[O\bZS
Q]`S
b`S\QV
Convection Currents
As a hot fluid rises away from its
source of heat, it may cool, become
denser, sink back to the heat source,
and be warmed again. The resulting
circulation of hot and cold fluids is
called a convection current . This
current helps warm a pot of soup
evenly, even though most of the heat
is applied to the bottom of the pot
that is touching the burner.
Convection currents can move
through gases or liquids. In the
atmosphere warmer air carries heat
energy upward. The warm air rises
abSO[W`]\
Q`cab
6SObWab`O\aTS``SR
PgQ]\RcQbW]\eVS\
bVSV]bW`]\b]cQVSa
bVSQZ]bV
b`S\QV
`WRUS Reading Diagrams
How is heat transferred in the
liquid part of Earth?
Clue: The labels can help you
interpret the diagram.
because of its lower density. Cooler air
is denser and sinks. However, density is
not the same as weight. An object can
be denser than another but weigh less.
Quick Check
Compare and Contrast What is
the difference between conduction
in a solid and convection in a
liquid or gas?
Critical Thinking How does a
convection current carry heat
throughout a liquid or gas?
203
EXPLAIN

Which warms faster?
Write a hypothesis about which
material—water or plastic foam—
you think will warm up more
quickly. Make a list of variables
that affect how rapidly the two
materials warm up.
Fill a beaker half full of water and
another half full of plastic-foam
peanuts. Place a thermometer in
each beaker. Record the starting
temperatures. Place both beakers
under a desk lamp, and turn the
lamp on.
Measure Take the temperature of
each beaker after 2, 4, 6, and 8
minutes.
Infer When did you observe a
change in temperature? What was
the result of your experiment?
Do your observations support
your hypothesis?
204
EXPLAIN
Do some materials warm
faster than others?
It takes less energy to warm
some materials than others. The
amount of energy needed to increase
the temperature of a substance one
degree is a physical property. Some
kinds of matter, such as water, take
a lot of energy to increase their
temperature. Other kinds of matter
require less energy.
Scientists call this physical property
specific heat capacity. Since it takes a
lot of heat to increase the temperature
of water one degree, water is often
used for heating and cooling in homes
and automobiles. The table below lists
some specific heat capacities.
Specific Heat Capacities
Material Specific Heat Capacity
Air 1.004
Aluminum 0.897
Copper 0.385
Water 4.181
Ice 2.114
Sand 0.835
Wood 0.42
Brick 0.84
Concrete 0.88
Quick Check
Compare and Contrast Which
material in the table takes the least
amount of energy to warm up?
Critical Thinking On a sunny day
why does sand at the beach heat up
before the water?
Summarize the Main Idea
1]\dSQbW]\Qc``S\baW\3O`bV¸a[O\bZS
QOcaS[]dS[S\bW\bVSQ`cab
Q]\dSQbW]\Qc``S\b
b`S\QV
[O\bZS
Think, Talk, and Write
Conduction is the
Main Idea How does heat flow in solids,
liquids, and gases?
movement of energy
through direct contact. Vocabulary Heat transfer by direct
(p. 200–201) contact is called .
Compare and Contrast What is the
difference between conduction and
abSO[W`]\
Convection is the convection?
Q`cab transfer of energy
6SObWab`O\aTS``SR
2WTTS`S\b /ZWYS 2WTTS`S\b
by the flow of a liquid
PgQ]\RcQbW]\eVS\
bVSV]bW`]\b]cQVSa
bVSQZ]bV

Q]`S

or a gas.
b`S\QV

b`S\QV `WRUS
(p. 202–203)

Specific heat capacity

is the energy required
to increase the Critical Thinking Explain why many
temperature of 1 gram metal pots and pans have wooden or
of material 1 degree. plastic handles.
Test Practice Use the table on page
204. Which of the following will
Make a take the most energy to increase its
Study Guide temperature?
A concrete
Take a sheet of paper
B brick
and tape your lesson
C aluminum
study guides as
D copper
shown. Use the study
guides to answer the Test Practice What is the upward
questions on these force on an object that is in a liquid
pages. or a gas called?
A buoyancy
B conduction
C convection
D energy

Writing Link Math Link

Explanatory Letter Arrange a Data Series
Write a letter to the builders of a new Arrange the items in the chart on page
house. Explain what materials they 204 from greatest to least specific heat
should use to limit heat transfer in the capacity. Find the mean and median of
new house. the series.

-Review Summaries and quizzes online @ www.macmillanmh.com 205

EVALUATE
 Inquiry Structured
Materials
What are conduction and convection?
Make a Prediction
Heat energy can move through solids by a process called
metal rod conduction. In fluids heat energy can move by conduction and
through convection currents. Heat energy moves at different rates
through different solids and fluids. Metals are considered good
conductors because heat energy moves through them rapidly.
How can you measure conduction of energy in a solid? Write your
answer as a prediction in the form “If heat moves through a solid
thermal strip by conduction, then you can measure the movement by . . .”
Be Careful. Be careful while handling warm water. Clean up
spills immediately.

Test Your Prediction Step

ruler
Measure Use the ruler to
measure the length of the metal
rod. Use a marker to place a dot
at each inch along the length of
the metal rod. Record the length
transparent of the rod, and draw a picture of
tape it in your journal.
Step
Place your thumb on the thermal
strip for 1 second. Record the
color change in your journal.
Use transparent tape to attach
graph paper the thermal strip to the rod. Line
up the end of the strip with the
first mark. You will need to be
able to see the marks on the rod
Step
throughout the activity.
Place one end of the rod in a cup
markers of warm water. Start a timer, and
record how many seconds it takes
the changing color on the thermal
strip to travel to each mark.
Repeat step 4 two more times,
and record your data.

6 IE 7.c. Construct appropriate graphs from data and develop

206
qualitative statements about the relationships between variables.
EXTEND
Draw Conclusions
Graph Construct a line graph, and plot your three trials on the
graph.
Analyze Using your data describe the process of conduction.
Describe any trends or differences you saw among the three
trials.
Infer What do you think would happen if the water you used
were hotter?

Inquiry Guided

What causes convection

currents in water?
Form a Hypothesis
How do convection currents begin in a body of water? Write your
answer as a hypothesis in the form “If warm water is added to
cooler water, then . . .”

Test Your Hypothesis

Design an experiment to investigate how heat energy moves
through convection currents. Write out the materials you will
need and the steps you will follow. Carry out your experiment,
and record your results and observations.

Draw Conclusions
Did your experiment support your hypothesis? Why or why not?
Present your results to your classmates.

Inquiry Open Remember to follow the

steps of the scientific process.
What are some conductive properties of metals?
For example, are some metals better conductors than Ask a Question
others? Think of a question, and design an experiment
to investigate it. Plan your experiment to test one Form a Hypothesis
variable, or one item being changed. Write out the
steps so another group could try it by following your
Test Your Hypothesis
instructions.

Draw Conclusions

207
EXTEND
CHAPTER 3 Review
Fill each blank with the best term
Summarize the Main Ideas from the list.
Heat energy flows from
a warmer object to a biomass frequency, p. 177
cooler object until both conversion, p. 189
heat, p. 167
objects are the same
conduction, p. 200
temperature. kinetic
(pp. 162–171) convection energy, p. 165
current, p. 203
potential
Energy moves from electromagnetic energy,
one place to another waves, p. 182 p. 165
by heat flow or by
waves. All waves have a 1. The movement of energy from one
wavelength, a frequency, substance to another is .
and an amplitude. 6 PS 3.a
(pp. 174–183)
2. The movement of energy through
When a fuel burns, direct contact is . 6 PS 3.c
stored chemical energy
changes into heat 3. A boulder perched at the top of a cliff
energy and light energy. has . 6 PS 3.a
(pp. 186–195)
4. Alternating currents of electric and
magnetic fields that carry energy
from the Sun to Earth are called
Heat flows in solids by . 6 PS 3.a
conduction and in fluids
by conduction and 5. The method of changing plant and
convection. animal materials into high-quality
(pp. 198–205) fuels is called . 6 PS 3.b

6. Warm fluids rising and cooling while

denser fluids are sinking and warming
Make a is an example of a(n) .
6 PS 3.c
Study Guide
Take a sheet of 7. The energy of any moving object,
paper and tape such as a molecule in a gas, is called
your lesson study . 6 PS 3.a
guides as shown.
Use the study 8. The number of complete wave
guides to answer vibrations, or cycles, per unit of
the questions on time is the . 6 PS 3.a
these pages.

208 -Review Summaries and quizzes online @ www.macmillanmh.com

Answer each of the following
in complete sentences.
9. Sequence Describe the path of a
sound wave from a ringing school
bell to your brain. 6 PS 3.a
10. Cause and Effect Describe what a
hockey game would look like if there
were no friction. 6 PS 3.b
11. Infer Suppose you had to hold up a
very heavy suitcase for several hours
without moving. Why is this situation
not considered to be work? 6 PS 3.b
12. Compare and Contrast Explain how
sound waves and light waves are
alike and different. 6 PS 3.a
13. Explanatory Writing Compare the
energy conversions that occur
when people’s bodies use food as
fuel with the energy conversions
that occur when an automobile
uses gasoline for fuel. 6 PS 3.b
How does heat move from one
object to another?
16/>B3@!
What a Ride!
La Marcus Adna Thompson created the
first successful roller coaster, introduced
at Coney Island, in New York City, in
1884. Your goal is to think like an inventor
and design your own roller coaster.
What to Do
1. Design your own roller coaster, with
at least one big hill and several smaller
hills. Think about how you will get the
cars to the top of the first hill.
2. Identify the potential and kinetic
energy along the path of your roller
coaster.
Analyze Your Results
▶ Where would you find the maximum
potential energy on your roller
coaster? Where is the minimum
potential energy and maximum kinetic
energy?
▶ Where on your roller coaster is work
being done?
209
1 Why do the molecules of a gas
have a higher temperature than
the molecules of a solid? 6 PS 3.a
A They move more rapidly and have
more energy.
B They vibrate in place, rubbing
against each other.
C They move in a straight line and
vibrate in place.
D They move less rapidly and are
closer together.
2 Which part of the picture below
shows the wavelength? 6 PS 3.a
A a
B b
C c
D d
3 = Why are metals good conductors of
heat? 6 PS 3.c
A The temperature of metals does not
change much when heat is added.
B Metals absorb heat but do not
distribute it evenly.
C Metals absorb heat and distribute
it evenly.
D Metals prevent heat from flowing
in or out of a material.
210
4 What is the best description of how
sound waves travel? 6 PS 3.a
A in a straight path to your ear
B back and forth from the source
C outward in all directions
D upward from the source
5 What happens to stored chemical
energy when a fuel burns? 6 PS 3.b
A The energy decreases until no part
of it is left.
B The energy stays in the form of
chemical energy.
C The energy turns into heat energy
and light energy.
D The energy turns into potential
energy and kinetic energy.
6 In the chemical reaction for
burning methane, which of these
is a reactant? 6 PS 3.b
A water vapor
B oxygen
C carbon dioxide
D heat
7 How does heat travel through
solids? 6 PS 3.c
A conduction
B convection
C radiation
D emission
8 8 A student hypothesizes that sound 10 0 Two objects are placed together so
travels faster through glass than that their sides are touching. One
through plastic or wood. He performs object is 30°C warmer than the other
an experiment and gathers his data. object. What will happen? 6 PS 3.c
The following graph shows his data. A Coolness will flow from the cooler
object to the warmer object.
B Heat will flow from the warmer
BW[SW\[WZZWaSQ]\Ra


object to the cooler object.
&
C There will be no change, because
$ solid objects do not transfer heat.
" D They will heat up until they are both
30°C warmer than before.

 11 The table below shows the specific

>ZOabWQ 5ZOaa E]]R
;ObS`WOZ heat capacity of different materials.
Materials with higher values
need more energy to raise their
Which conclusion is correct? 6 IE 7.e temperature.
A Wood is better than plastic or glass.
Material Specific Heat Capacity
B Glass is better than plastic or wood.
C Sound travels fastest through wood. Aluminum 0.897

D Sound travels fastest through plastic. Copper 0.385

Wood 0.42
9 Fuel stored in food is used to help Brick 0.84
you do work. When you push a ball
up a hill, an energy change takes Which material requires the most
place in the ball. What is this energy energy to raise its temperature?
change that is taking place? 6 PS 3.b 6 PS 3.c
A Kinetic energy is converted into
A aluminum
potential energy. B copper
B Potential energy is converted into
C wood
kinetic energy. D brick
C Kinetic energy is converted into
compression waves. 12 Insulation is used to 6 PS 3.c
D Chemical energy is converted into
A conduct thermal energy.
kinetic energy.
B measure thermal energy.
C prevent heat flow.
D increase heat flow.

Materials prepared by PASS at 211