Stasia Clegg, Jay LaMastra, Josh Lacy

World History
Unit 4 exam review
Josh
Jay
Stasia

1.​ ​Who is Nicholas Copernicus, and what circumstances led him to write and publish
“On the Revolutions of Heavenly Orbs?”

● He was a Renaissance philosopher and mathematician who developed

Heliocentrism. He used telescopes to find that Ptolemy’s geocentric theory was
false. He began quietly working on ​De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
throughout his life but published the book on his deathbed out of fear of ridicule.

2.​ ​List and describe at least three events which set the scientific revolution into motion.

● There was an increase in humanism and individualism - people wanted to know

more about the world around them and how human beings work.

● Decrease in church authority and increase in secularism caused people to

question old beliefs. During the era of the Scientific Revolution, people began
using experiments and mathematics to understand mysteries rather than relying
on ancient religious texts.

● Because of the creation of the scientific method, which was defined and applied
in the 17th century, natural and artificial circumstances were abandoned and a
research tradition of systematic experimentation was slowly accepted throughout
the scientific community.

3.​ ​What scientific discoveries is Galileo best known for?

● He discovered venus and the moon, which helped prove heliocentrism

4.​ ​Why is Isaac Newton significant in World History?

● Isaac Newton (1642–1727) is most significant for having invented the calculus
and come up with the theory of gravity. In addition, he is important because he
founded many axioms that later scholars would build on.

5.​ ​List and describe the elements of the scientific method. How is this method a
departure from medieval modes of thinking?

● Question: phenomenon you wish to investigate

● Hypothesis: must be testable; it predicts the answer to the question

● Experiment: proves or disproves the Hypothesis

 ○ Must be repeatable, measurable, and have validity

● Draw a conclusion: inductive or deductive

● Leads to new questions and experiments

● Knowledge must be made public

6.​ ​List and describe three views of government that Thomas Hobbes had.

● He had a very poor view of human nature. He believed that the government was
supposed to provide protection and that a monarch was most suited to the job.
He believed that humans joined in a social contract for their safety

7.​ ​Who is John Locke and why is he important in World History?

● John Locke was a philosopher. He popularized the idea of natural rights. He

made foundational contributions to modern theories of limited, liberal
government.

8.​ ​Compare and contrast the Declaration of Independence and the 2​nd​ Treatise of
Government.

● They both agree that core freedoms are life, liberty, freedom of speech, and
freedom of religion

● The idea of the people holding the responsibility of overthrowing corrupt

government came from Locke’s 2nd Treatise and influence the colonials to use
this principle in The Revolutionary War

● Locke’s ideas of nature, popular sovereignty, and property being a sacred right
were also reflected by Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence

9.​ ​Why did the Baron de Montesquieu believe in the necessity of checks and balances
within a given government?

● He believed this was essential so that no single branch of government get

absolute power, and thus avoid a lot of government corruption

12.​ ​Why did enlightenment thinkers tend to criticize absolutism, scholasticism, and the
authority of the Church?

● Enlightenment thinkers thought that traditions should be questioned and that

anything assumed to be true should be provable by logic or by mathematics.

13.​ W
​ here is Immanuel Kant from, and what ideas did he have about physical reality?

● Immanuel Kant is from Prussia. He believed that the world of reality is by

definition unknowable, since the senses have no access to it, and if they did it
 would not be independently real anymore. He believed that people should act
according to the rules dictating the morals of this world.

14.​ W
​ hat role did the issue of taxation play in the causing of the American Revolution?

● The British began imposing unfair and outrageous taxes on colonial imports and
outports. When the colonials refused to pay taxes, Britain sent troops to make
sure this happened and enforce their rule. This created tension and ultimately the
Revolution.

15.​ ​What is the idea of Salutary Neglect, and why did the British abandon this principle
after the French and Indian war?

● British Policy that gave people the right of self government. This changed after
the war because the cost convinced people in the government that it wasn't worth
it.

16.​ ​What did the Proclamation of 1763 state, why did the British initiate this law, and
why did the colonists hate it so much?

● It stated that European expansion would have to come to a halt and that the
Appalachians were the boundary. The British did this to maintain peace with
Native Americans and the French. The colonials however felt that this was only to
keep them close to European control. The colonials also wanted the good farm
land to the West

17.​ ​What is a direct tax, and what type of direct tax did the British foist upon the
Americans in the 1760s?

● A direct tax is a tax that a person or organization pays directly to the entity that
imposed it. In this case, it is a tax payed to the British government by the
colonials. They foisted import taxation and also individual property taxes.

18.​ W
​ hat is the relationship between the Coercive acts and the Boston tea party?

● The Coercive acts were passed in retaliation to the Boston Tea party and the
damage done that day.

19.​ W
​ hat new territories did the US gain as a result of the Treaty of Paris?

● The Us gained a lot of Britain's territory east of the mississippi, as well as guam
cuba and puerto rico

20.​ ​What is mercantilism, and how did it govern the relationship between the mother
country and her colonies?

● Mercantilism is essentially a system that resulted in smaller colonies being under

a moth countries protection and jurisdiction, and in return paid money back to
stay there
21.​ ​Describe the Estate system as it existed in France, and the role this system played
in the French revolution.

● There were three estates that had different responsibilities and affects to the
revolution

○ First Estate: the clergy

○ Second estate: the nobility

○ Third estate: the poor

22.​ ​List and describe three freedoms that the Declaration of the Rights of man gave
French citizens.

● Liberty - the right to act as you want without imposing on another’s rights.

● Property - the right to gain and maintain personal possessions.

● Security - the right to live and be safe from outside threats.

23.​ W
​ hat factions were the most radical during the French Revolution?

● The 3rd estate was one of the most radical, since they had the majority and were
in fact, the ones who prompted and wanted the revolution to happen in the first
place

24.​ ​What circumstances led to the Reign of Terror, and what were the consequences of
this era?

● The reign of terror started in large part because the people were starving, and as
a result of tha becoming increasingly desperate for change. The government was
falling and no new was was in place yet, so rioters were in charge, and as a
result of there being a ton of angry people, they all were out of control and began
executing people who didnt agree with them

25.​ W
​ hat was the Directory? Who ultimately seized control of the Directory?

● It was a french governing body made up of 5 members after the reign of terror. It
was ultimately taken over by Napoleon and replaced by the consulate

26.​ W
​ hat was the Continental System? What was its primary purpose?

● The continental system was a blockade that Napoleon imposed on England in

order to weaken her economy and by extension her navy.

27.​ W
​ hat was the Congress of Vienna?

● The congress of Vienna was a group of european representatives for each estate
whose primary goal was to bring a new form of government with checks and
balances into power for europe, and specifically france after the French
revolution.