1.

 UNIT- II biology of behaviour

2. 2. Biology of behaviour Content- • Body mind relationship

modulation process in health and illness • Genetics and behaviour:

Heredity and environment • Brain and behaviour: Nervous System,
Neurons and synapse, • Association Cortex, Rt and Lt
Hemispheres • Psychology of Sensations • Muscular and glandular
controls of behaviour • Nature of behaviour of an organism/
Integrated responses
3. 3. Body mind relationship modulation process IN health and illness

MIND • Mind is the sum total of various mental processes such as

thinking, knowing, feeling, reasoning, observing, wishing, judging,
remembering etc. • Mind is regarded as the function of body, it
does not exist apart from the body. • Our mind grows as our body
grows. • It becomes more complex with advancing years.
4. 4. Body mind relationship modulation process IN health and illness

MIND • Level of mind- Conscious Preconscious Unconscious

However there is no separate compartment for each level in our
mind.
5. 5. Body mind relationship modulation process IN health and illness

MIND • Analysis of conscious mental phenomena- Cognition – to

know Affect - to feel Conation – to do • These are also known as
modes of consciousness or ways of being conscious • Conscious
processes are not purely cognitive affective or conative. • A
conscious process is called cognitive, affective or conative
depending on the mode that predominates in it.
6. 6. Body mind relationship modulation process IN health and illness

BODY – MIND RELATIONSHIP • Body and mind act on each

other . • Mental functions and physical states affect each other. •
This relationship is called as interactionism. • various systems of
 body are responsible for the ways of our thinking, feeling and
wishing. • In the same manner mind too affects our body system or
physical states.
7. 7. Body mind relationship modulation process IN health and illness

BODY – MIND RELATIONSHIP • With the concept of body – mind

relationship psychosomatic medicine focuses on the study and
treatment of disease believed to be caused by emotional conflicts.
• Treatment is directed to both the sources i.e. Emotions and
physical states. • Psychological interventions like imagery,
hypnosis and relaxation have been found to be very effective in
improving the quality of life, mood and reducing disease and
treatment related symptoms such as – chemotherapy induced
vomiting and pain in case of cancer.
8. 8. Psychology of sensations • Human behavior involves the whole

organism or body mind interaction. • Body mind interaction has two

aspects i.e. Physical and mental • These two aspects influences
each other • Important physical aspects which influences the
mental function are- Sense organs Muscles Glands Nervous
system
9. 9. Psychology of sensations Psychology of sensations • There are

various sense organs present in our body which influences the

bodily and mental functions. • Theses sense organs are also
known as receptors • Skin, eyes, ears, tongue are examples of
sense organs. • These sense organs provide knowledge of the
world and surroundings as well • Each sense organ has distinct
function to perform. • Sense organs are stimulated by objects
outside the body and also by the internal conditions.
10. 10. Psychology of sensations Psychology of sensations • When

these receptors do not function properly sensory defects or

 disorders take place these may be-  Visual disturbances 
Auditory disorders  Olfactory disorders  Cutaneous disorders 
Gustatory disorders  Kinesthetic disorders  Static disorders •
There are various sensory defects which do not have any organic
cause such sensory defects are known as functional disorders of
sensory processes
11. 11. Psychology of sensations Applied aspects of sensations in

mental processes • Flowers and dull color should be arranged for

those patients who need rest and sedative influences • Provide
warm and bright colors and light for those who need stimulation
and encouragement • Windows in the ward should be shaded to
prevent the ocular discomfort • Reduce noise in and around the
sickroom to a minimum • Control the unpleasant odors from the
ward • Served food should be freshly prepared, clean and tasty
and should be served cheerfully • Served food should be free from
the strong odors and spices. • Bed should be free from wrinkles •
While providing care to the patient hands should be smooth and
soft
12. 12. Psychology of sensations Applied aspects of sensations in

mental processes • During any procedure movements of the hands

should be coordinated and free from the jerky movements.
13. 13. Muscular and glandular controls of behaviour Muscular system

• Behavior and activity involves movements of different parts of

body. • These activities depends on the coordination and control of
muscles and involves the strength, precision of movement and
speed. • Prolonged exercise, stimulation, injury or disease may
alter the muscular movements. • Rest and sleep prevents and
cures the altered muscular movement
14. 14. Muscular and glandular controls of behaviour Muscular system

• There are two group of muscles i.e. Skeletal muscles and smooth
muscles. • Skeletal muscle provides the overt movements such as
walking, running, gesturing, throwing, handling the objects etc. •
Whereas smooth muscles provide the movements for vital
processes such as-alimentation, excretion, circulation. • Smooth
muscles are slower to contract and slow to return to normal state
after contraction as compared to skeletal muscles.
15. 15. Muscular and glandular controls of behaviour Applied aspects

of muscular system • As a nurse it is wise to remember that in

disease condition muscle tones are affected and patient may be
restless, uncomfortable. • Provide physical quiet, mental serenity
by back rest knee roll • Discourage prolonged visits, whispered
condition and monotonous conversations • Patient with hypotone
muscle should encouraged for physical exercise so that patient
may gain the old tonus.
16. 16. Muscular and glandular controls of behaviour Gland and

behavior • Glands play important part in human behavior as

glandular activity is largely responsible for the digestion of the
food, elimination, production and prolongation of emotional states
and regulation of the general metabolism of the body. • Types of
glands- Duct glands Ductless gland
17. 17. Muscular and glandular controls of behaviour Gland and

behavior • Duct gland- o Usually secrete their chemical through the

little duct into body cavity or on surface of the body. O Salivary
glands, gastric gland, lachrymal glands sweat gland are the
example of duct glands o They usually secrete tears, urea, gastric
juices, sweat etc. O These glands become overactive or
underactive in the influence of emotions. For example-
18. 18. Muscular and glandular controls of behaviour Gland and

behavior • Duct gland- Sweat gland become overactive in anger

and fear Grief makes the lachrymal gland overactive In fear
salivary glands become underactive Fear and anger slows down
the activity of gastric glands In extreme fear there is a tendency to
urinate
19. 19. Muscular and glandular controls of behaviour Gland and

behavior • Ductless glands- They secrete their secretion i.e.

Hormone directly into the blood Play a vital role in determination
of human personality They control the mental development,
emotional development along with the physical development,
general development These glands become overactive or
underactive and produces various mental and emotional instability
such as-
20. 20. Muscular and glandular controls of behaviour Gland and

behavior • Ductless glands- Hypothyroidism causes the mental

retardation, dullness whereas hyperthyroidism leads to the
excitement, nervousness, hyperactive, insomnia
Hypoparathyroidism causes highly sensitive to criticism and
distractibility while hyperparathyroidism causes lack of interest,
lethargy etc. Hyper functioning of adrenal gland leads to the
virility masculine effect, aggressive sub functioning of adrenal
gland causes the loss of libido, lassitude, poor judgment
21. 21. Brain and behaviour Nervous system • The nervous system is

composed of two major divisions: Central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
22. 22. Brain and behaviour
23. 23. Brain and behaviour CEREBRUM. • The cerebrum is

composed of two hemispheres separated by a deep groove that

houses a band of 200 million neurons (nerve cells) called the
corpus callosum. • The outer shell is called the cortex. It is
extensively folded and consists of billions of neurons. • The left
hemisphere appears to be dominant in most people. It controls
speech, comprehension, rationality, and logic. • The right
hemisphere is nondominant in most people. Sometimes called the
“creative” brain, the right hemisphere is associated with affect,
behavior, and spatial perceptual functions. • Each hemisphere is
divided into four lobes-
24. 24. Brain and behaviour CEREBRUM. Frontal lobes- • The frontal

lobes control voluntary body movement, including movements that

permit speaking, thinking, and judgment formation, emotional
experience such as fear, aggressiveness, depression, rage,
euphoria, irritability, and apathy. Parietal lobes- • The parietal
lobes control perception and interpretation of most sensory
information (including touch, pain, taste, and body position) and
Language interpretation Temporal lobes- • The upper anterior
temporal lobe is concerned with auditory functions, short-term
memory, sense of smell, expression of
25. 25. Brain and behaviour CEREBRUM. Occipital lobes- • The

occipital lobes are the primary area of visual reception and

interpretation.
26. 26. Brain and behaviour DIENCEPHALON. The diencephalon

connects the cerebrum with lower brain structures Thalamus- •

The thalamus integrates all sensory input (except smell) on its way
to the cortex. The thalamus also has some involvement with
emotions and mood. Hypothalamus- • The hypothalamus regulates
 the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland. • It exerts
control over the actions of the autonomic nervous system, and
regulates appetite and temperature.
27. 27. Brain and behaviour DIENCEPHALON. Limbic system- •

These structures include the hippocampus, mammillary body,

amygdala, olfactory tract, hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus, septum
pellucidum, thalamus, and fornix. • The limbic system, which is
sometimes called the “emotional brain,” is associated with fear and
anxiety; anger and aggression; love, joy, and hope; and sexuality
and social behavior.
28. 28. Brain and Behaviour MID BRAIN (MESENCEPHALON). •

Structures of major importance in the mesencephalon, or midbrain,

include nuclei and fiber tracts. • They extend from the pons to the
hypothalamus. • Responsible for the integration of various reflexes,
including visual reflexes (e.g., automatically turning away from a
dangerous object when it comes into view), auditory reflexes (e.g.,
automatically turning toward a sound that is heard), and righting
reflexes (e.g., automatically keeping the head upright and
29. 29. Brain and Behaviour HIND BRAIN. PONS- • The pons is the

bulbous structure that lies between the midbrain and the medulla •
It is a center for respiration and skeletal muscle tone. MEDULLA- •
It contains vital centers that regulate heart rate, blood pressure,
and respiration, and reflex centers for swallowing, sneezing,
coughing, and vomiting • The medulla, pons, and midbrain form
the structure known as the brainstem. CEREBELLUM- • The
functions of the cerebellum are concerned with involuntary
movement, such as muscular tone and coordination and the
maintenance of posture and equilibrium.
30. 30. Brain and Behaviour NERVE TISSUE. Neurons- • The tissue of

the CNS consists of nerve cells called neurons that generate and
transmit electrochemical impulses. • The structure of a neuron is
composed of a cell body, an axon, and dendrites. • The cell body
contains the nucleus and is essential for the continued life of the
neuron. • The dendrites are processes that transmit impulses
toward the cell body, and the axon transmits impulses away from
the cell body. • Cells called afferent (or sensory) neurons carry
impulses from
31. 31. Brain and Behaviour NERVE TISSUE. Neurons- • The efferent

(or motor) neurons carry impulses from the CNS to the muscles
and glands of the periphery. • Cells of a third type, called
interneurons, exist entirely within the CNS and comprise 99
percent of all nerve cells. • They may carry only sensory or motor
impulses, or they may serve as integrators in the pathways
between afferent and efferent neurons. • They account in large
part for thinking, feelings, learning, language, and memory.
32. 32. Brain and Behaviour NERVE TISSUE. Synapses- • The

junction between two neurons is called a synapse. The small

space between the axon terminals of one neuron and the cell body
or dendrites of another is called the synaptic cleft. • Neurons
conducting impulses toward the synapse are called presynaptic
neurons and those conducting impulses away are called
postsynaptic neurons
33. 33. Brain and Behaviour NEUROTRANSMITTERS. •

Neurotransmitters are responsible for essential functions in the

role of human emotion and behavior. • Many neurotransmitters
exist within the central and peripheral nervous systems, but only a
limited number have implications for psychiatry. • Major categories
 include the cholinergics, monoamines, amino acids, and
neuropeptides. ACETYLCHOLINE. Acetylcholine was the first
chemical to be identified and proven as a neurotransmitter.
Acetylcholine is implicated in sleep, arousal, pain perception, the
modulation and coordination of movement, and memory
acquisition and retention.
34. 34. Brain and Behaviour NEUROTRANSMITTERS. •

NOREPINEPHRINE. Nor-epinephrine is the neurotransmitter

associated with the “fight-or-flight” syndrome of symptoms that
occurs in response to stress. Nor-epinephrine may have a role in
the regulation of mood, in cognition and perception. • DOPAMINE.
Dopamine is involved in the regulation of movements and
coordination, emotions, voluntary decision-making ability •
SEROTONIN. Serotonin may play a role in sleep and arousal,
libido, appetite, mood, aggression, and pain perception.