Pune Vidyarthi Grihas College Of Engineering And Technology,Pune

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Assessment year: 2020-2021 CLASS : SE ENTC 2
SUBJECT: ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
EXPT NO: 08
Roll No: 8091 Name: Aditya Singh

Title: Schmitt Trigger ( Regenerative comparator)

Prerequisites: Stable state, Unstable state, Comparator,

Hysteresis, Loop gain,
Threshold voltage levels,
Voltage waveforms and hysteresis.
Objectives: • Design of Schmitt trigger circuit for given specifications.
• Implementations of Schmitt trigger using Op-Amp (LF356).
• Without external reference voltage.
• With external reference voltage source.
• With clamped output.(using Zener diodes; without external reference voltage)
• Verification of effect of Vref on output waveforms and hysteresis.
• Observe voltage waveforms and hysteresis.
• Calculate UTP, LTP and hysteresis theoretically and practically.
Apparatus: Simulation Software (Multisim)
Theory:
For Case 1: Schmitt trigger or regenerative comparator is a circuit, which is used to avoid
triggering due to unwanted noise signals by using positive feedback. The Fig 1. Shows the
circuit diagram of Schmitt trigger. The resistance R1 and R2 form potential divider network.

Input is applied to the inverting terminal. It is called as inverting Schmitt trigger.

When Vin<Vref, VO= +Vsat and when Vin>Vref, VO= -Vsat. Now Vref can be varied using potentia
divider arrangement.

….Positive saturation

- ….Negative saturation

For case 1 and 2: are symmetrical which is as follows.

Vut= +Vref during positive saturation when Vo = +Vsat

Vlt= -Vref during negative saturation when Vo = -Vsat
Thus,

Hysteresis for fig.1

For case 2: Use Zener diodes because itis used to restrict the outputs to some specific values
Two Zener diodes with break down voltages are connected as shown in Fig.1 shown by dotted
line.

For case 3: is asymmetrical which is as follows

Here, we are another Vref to the circuit to obtain different levels of Vut and Vlt.

Hysteresis loop :
Figure 3 indicates that output remains same until the input voltage crosses its threshold voltage
levels. This is called as hysteresis of schmitt trigger. It is also called dead band or dead zone.

Difference between Vut and Vlt is called as Hysteresis width ( H )

If the noise voltage is less than H, then it won’t affect triggering of the circuit.
Hysteresis for fig.2

Applications

Schmitt trigger can be used in the class of waveform generators called

multivibrators.
Square wave generator, triangular wave generator
Used to remove noise from signals
Simple oscillator
Switch debouncing
Switching mode power supply

Design of Schmitt trigger components

Given
R2 = 1K, β =0.1 ………, VCC = ±10, VZ = 3.3V………..
UTP = 0.1 Vsat = 0.9Vsat
Vsat = 0.9 VCC =9V

LTP = 0.1(-Vsat) = -0.9Vsat

-Vsat = 0.9(-VEE) = -9V

B = R2/(R1+R2)
• = 1 K / (R1 + 1K)
• R1 = 9 K

Case B:
VZ = 3.3V

Case C:
Calculated values: R1= 1 Kohm,
With external reference voltage
Vref =1 V , R1 = 1 Kohm ,R2 =100 ohm

Vut = + βVsat + (1 − β)Vref

Vut = 0.1 (9V) + (1-0.1)1

Vut = 1.8 V

Vlt = −βVsat + (1 − β)Vref

Vlt = -0.1(9V) + (1-0.1)1V
Vlt = 0V

Calculated values: VUT = 1.72 V, VLT =0.1 V,

PRACTICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

 Schmitt trigger without external reference voltage

Input and output waveform of Schmitt trigger without external reference voltage

Hysteresis of Schmitt trigger without external reference voltage

Schmitt trigger with Zener diode (Voltage limiter)

 Input and output of Schmitt trigger with Zener diode

Hysteresis of Schmitt trigger with Zener diode

Schmitt trigger with external reference voltage

Input and output waveform of Schmitt trigger with external reference voltage
 Hysteresis of Schmitt trigger with external reference voltage

PROCEDURE :
1. Calculate component values for given β and resistance.
2. Solder components on general purpose board.
3. Connect components as per circuit diagram.
4. Connect DSO to observe waveforms at output (6) terminal
• Set input as sine wave with amplitude slightly higher than threshold voltages.
• Observe input and output voltage waveform simultaneously.
• Observe transfer characteristics using XY mode on DSO.
• Measure Vout, VUT, VLT, VSAT.
• Repeat the above steps for all three circuits.
OBSERVATIONS :
CASE Vin (P-P) Vo(P-P) VUT VLT +VSAT -VSAT
A 1.61 V 16 V 0.6 V -0.6 V 8V -8 V
B 1.61 V 7.59 V 0.6 V -0.6 V 3.8 V -3.8 V
C 1.46 V 16 V 1.2 V 0.2 V 8V -8 V

FORMULAS:
Case-a

Case-b

RESULT :
Theoretically Practically
Cases A B C A B C
VUT 0.9 V 0.9 V 1.72 V 0.6 V 0.6 V 1.2 V
VLT -0.9 V -0.9 V 0.1 V -0.6 V -0.6 V 0.2 V
VH 1.8 V 1.8 V 1.62 V 1.2 V 1.2 V 1V
 +VSAT 9V 4V 9V 8V 3.8 V 8V
-VSAT -9 V -4 V -9 V -8 V -3.8 V -8 V
CONCLUSION :
R1 and R2 creates hysteresis. Therefore, Schmitt trigger will not change state even if there is
noise. So, it acts as a bistable multivibrator
The output saturation voltages can be controlled and made more precise by adding limiter
networks i.e. two Zener diodes.
Schmitt trigger does not respond in its dead zone to any change in input voltage

REFERENCES :

1. Donald Neaman, “Electronic Circuits - Analysis and Design”, Mc Graw Hill,

3rd Edition.
2. Ramakant Gaikwad, “Op Amps & Linear Integrated Circuits”, Pearson
Education.