FACTORS CONTRIBUTING YOUTHS TO FOCUS ON FORMAL

EMPLOYMENT RATHER THAN FOCUSING ON INFORMAL

EMPLOYMENT AT KISANGA WARD IN KILOSA DISTRICT

PREPARED BY

JOSEPHINAR I. SANGA

NS.1770/0023/2016

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ORDINARY DIPLOMA OF THE RUAHA COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT TRAINING INSTITUTE

SEPTEMBER 2020
 CERTIFICATION

The undersigned, certify that Josephinar Ignas Sanga has read and here by recommended for
acceptance by Ruaha Community Development Training Institute a research report entitled:
Assessing factors contributing youths to focus on formal employment rather than focusing
on informal employment at Kisanga Ward, Kilosa District in Morogoro region in
fulfillment of the requirements for award of the Ordinary Diploma in Community Development
at Ruaha CDTI - Iringa.

….…………………………………

Bahati Mlay

(Supervisor)

….…………………………………….
 DECLARATION

I, Sanga Ignas Josephinar, I declare that this research report is my own original work and that it
has not been presented and will not be presented to any other academic institute for a similar or
any other Diploma award.

Signature…………………………………………….

Date………………………………………………….
 COPYRIGHT

All right reserved. No part of this research report may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any
form or by any means without prior written permission of the copyright holder.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to acknowledge for God for giving me special gift of life and good health with clear
understanding for all time of field research up to that day I write research report.

Am grateful to the administration of RUAHA CDTI under my Principal Joseph Nguvava,

supervisor Madam Bahati Mlay and all staffs on spending more time to direct and teach me and
other students on how to write the research report and other academic issues

Special thanks also is for all my respondents participated in my research field because without
them is nothing in my successful of field research without forget local government leaders of
Kisanga ward that is Mr January Majo Community Development Officer.

I wish to thank my parents Mr and Mrs Sanga for sponsoring me in term of fund and all my
family members I know how much their contribution

I promised them that their contribution made will not lose, but produce fruits that shared by all
Tanzanians.
 DEDICATION

This study is special dedication to my parents Mr and Mrs Sanga for their contribution since I
was young until know. They have support me to the whole period of my research studies. Also
appreciate the good cooperation of my fellow students, I will always appreciate all they have
done, may the almighty God bless them.
 ABSTRACT

The struggling of government and non-government is to reducing unemployment people,

independent people and peer groups , but the problem still exist. The main aim of the study was
to see the factors which contributing youths to focus on formal employment rather than informal
employment. The data of this report obtained from 70 respondents which included Community
development officer, Ward executive officer, village executive officer, Chair person and youths
themselves as a people with experience on case discussed. This research was conducted at
Kisanga ward, in Kilosa District in Morogoro region.

This study was guided by the following specific objectives; To identify nature of work needed
for youths, to determine the causes of youths to focus on formal employment and to examine the
advantage of informal employment.

The study employed various methodologies on collecting information or data which are
questionnaire methods, interview and observation.

In research design the researcher was used descriptive research design these will help researcher
will help the researcher to present the facts concerning the nature and the status of the problem as
exists at the study area.

Therefore its true that there various factors that hinder youths to focus on formal employment
rather than informal employment such as lack of fund, lack of creativity and innovative and lack
of entrepreneurship skills also poor government policy with colonial mentality, these factorsy
lead to difficulties of youths to be able with self employment so as government and non
government organization to reduce the impact of youth to focus on formal employment rather
than informal employment.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS

BLS Bureau of Labor Statistical

ILO International Labor Organization

CDO Community Development Officer

CWYP Common Wealth Youths Program

FINCA Foundation for International Community Assistance

MDGS Millennium Development Goal

NSGRP National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty

SACCOS Saving And Credit Cooperative Society

VICOBA Village Community Bank

VEO Village Executive Officer

WEO Ward Executive Officer

 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background information

Employment opportunity as the paramount consideration in the filling of any valiancy shall be
necessity to obtain a staff of the highest standards of competence, efficiency and integrity. There
are two types of employment which are self-employment and public employment. Self-
employment refers to people generally find their own work rather than being provided with work
by an employer earning income from a trade or business that they operate. Public employment
means any person holding a position by appointment or employment in the services or public
sector. ( International Labor Organization)

The problem of youth to focus on formal employment opportunity also traced worldwide, was
developed from long time ago in China, work force size in 737 millions(International Labor
Organization) while total population is 1,314 millions (CIA world fact book) India has the
largest population of youth in the world with about 66% of the population of the age 35, the farm
sector has 49% of the workers where manufacturing sector has 24% and services sector has 27%
work force. (International Labor Organization) also Greece has high proportion of self
employment as shopkeepers or farmers about 31.9% (BBC New Magazine) this is due to
systematic provision of learning techniques to most children, such as literacy. Also schools for
young have been supplemented with advanced civilization.(History of education )

The causes of youth to focus on formal employment than informal employment than informal are
poor financing management and lack of experiences if someone has no enough experience and
poor in financial management. (International Labor Organization)

Also an Africa the problem has played the big part where young people in ( sub- Saharan Africa)
The factors contributing youths to focus on formal employment are very low education profile
concerning informal sector which lead difficulties youth to focus on informal sector compared to
another regions in the world. In sub-Sahara Africa the gross ratio at secondary level is 35% and
that at tertiary level just 6%
Although there large number of unemployed to young people for example in Egypt about 1.5
million of young people are unemployed. ( International Labor Organization)

Tanzania has the large number of work who focused on formal employment, and face difficulties
to secure job opportunity and majority has no option. About 75% of employment youth are
active in agriculture sector, and only 25% hold public sector. ( Tanzania Population 2012)

Dar es Salaam region more than 13% lively to be unemployed than a rural youth 2% and more
than 20% youths with secondary education in Dar es Salaam are unemployed ( International
Labor Organization)

Morogoro region is a town with a population of 315,866(2012 census) also more than 85% are
employed in Morogoro region. ( census 2012)

Kilosa district about 50% of the population need to be employed also Kilosa district and Kisanga
ward about 24.1% have moved in searching of farm labor. ( Kilosa Population census 2012)

Therefore, that why I investigated on the factors contributing youths to focus on formal
employment rather informal employment at Kisanga ward, In Kilosa District and yet my
findings revealed that depending on formal employment still affects many youths so government
and non government should support youths in provide loans and entrepreneurship skills.

1.2 Statement of the research problem

The problem which caused youths to focus on formal employment is lack of creativity and
innovative, lack of enough fund and lack entrepreneurship skills.

The effects of youths to focus in formal employment is tend to have higher rate of crime and
violence, people may turn to crime to meet their economic needs due to low income. Increasing
moving back to their parents when their unemployment.

Tanzania government should support youths on providing loans which will help youths to run
their small business. Also provide facilitator who will provide entrepreneurship skills.
1.3 Objectives of the study

1.3.1 Main objective

The main objective of the study was to assess the factors contributing youths to focus on formal
employment rather than of informal employment at Kisanga Ward, Kilosa District in Morogoro
Region.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

The specific objectives addressed in this study were;

i. To identify nature of work needed for youths

ii. To determine the causes of youths to focus on formal employment
iii. To examine the advantages of informal employment

1.4 Research questions

i. What nature of work needed by youths?

ii. What are the factors contributing youths to focus on formal employment?
iii. What are the advantages of informal employment?

1.5 Scope of the study

The research was conducted at Kisanga ward, Kilosa district in Morogoro region Tanzania. In
data collection the researcher was deal with youths both male and female to conduct research and
data collection, concerning youths employment (formal and informal employment)

1.6 Significance of the study

The researcher acquired new experience and skills on how to conduct a research so it helped
researcher to be more capable in re searchable issue.

Other researcher they was use the research report as literature review, they was use it to review
same of issue which concerning to their study which is closely related to researcher study.
The research conducted will help the government to be aware on employment opportunity for
youth, hence for government and Non organizations sector to come up with better techniques of
solving the problem which make community to focus on formal employment rather than
informal employment.

1.7 Limitations of the study

This show the problem faced a researcher during a research conducting. Those limitation
are

Financial problem

Each and every thing conducted during research its involves financial issue, for example
printing questionnaire, transportation and food

Lack of experience concerning matters of research

It is first time to conduct research so it lead difficult in information collection concerning study.
It was tough to collect data to respendents because it was my first time to do a research.

Different activities within the community

This means community members have different responsibilities like farmers, teachers,
entrepreneur and others so as it lead difficult to meet with them at right time.

1.8 Delimitation of the study

This show the ways used to overcome those problem faced during a research period.

Financial problem

With this kind of limitation, I asked supports from my relatives to help in financial problem. The
way to overcome financial problem is to cooperate with my relatives before that time of the
resarch so as it help researcher to conduct research without any difficult time.
Lack of experience concerning matters of research

These problem where solved through of having a cooperation with supervisor. The way to
overcome is lack of experience concerning matters of research is to cooperate with ,y supervisor
to see the way that researcher can use properly in order to conduct research effective and
effeciently.

Different activities within the community

The way to solve the problem is to find them to their different palces. The way to overcome the
different activities of community members is to found them to their place such as homes,
working places and business centers in order to make sure all information are collected easily.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Definition of key terms

Formal employment

According to Micholas (2000) formal employment refers to work in which a company hires an
employee under an established working agreement that includes, salary or wages, health benefits,
and defined work hours and workdays. Employees in a formal employment agreement are often
given annual performance evaluation and are eligible for salary increase and promotion based on
their performance.

Informal employment

According to Deng John Ayach (2001) informal employment refers to employment in which an
employer hires an employee without an established working agreement. With informal work,
employees don’t receive health benefits and are often hired temporary.

Informal employment their work hours are not guaranteed, which means that in one week they
may work 30 hours, and the following week they may work only 10 hours. Informal employment
is treated like contractors and often bounces from one job to another.

Youths

Are young people ages from 15 years to 24 years (United Nations UN) however in practice there
is no universal definition of youth. It varies from one ountry to another based on cultural, social,
institutional and political factor (United Nations 1992). In Africa there is no definition of youth

For instance in Ethiopia, person age between 15-29 years old is considered to be a youth, in
Uganda person age 12-30 said to be a youth, in South Africa a person age of 19-28Years is
considered to be a youth (Ethiopia National Youth Policy 2004)
2.2 Theoretical literature review
According to Anthony (2009) Theoretical literature review is a summary of your theory
regarding a particular problem that is developed through a review of previous tested Knowledge
of the variables involved, it is a plan for investigation and interpretation of findings. It helps to
clarify the study implicit in a manner that is more clearly Define and also reduce biases that may
sway in interpretation.

Functional theory, is the theory existed by sociological founder Emile Durkheim in (1858-
1891) it also touches the result of unemployment in societies and institutions such as family,
government, education and health. Unemployment affects almost everyone to some extent in
their live, and the need to understand how to deal with the three issue of becoming more
importaant to society as one sociological perspective on unemployment can be taken for famous
functionalist theory. Also functionalist beleives that every thing save as specific function in our
society and these function need to be understand in unemployment reduction (Kendall 23)

Conflict theory, this theory was propounded between 17th and 19th centuries by sociologist Karl
Max as he lived several decades back ( 1818-1883) his contribution constitues the main body.
Conflict theory argue and views unemployment as more evidence of those in powerful or
privileged position taking advantage of others, power is the emphasis is an employment situation
while employed you have a certain amount of power, both over you work environment and your
own life once you become unemployed, however you become powerless, desperate for any
source for income. Once in this position an individual is likely to take a job which is bellow
their capabilities and for less pay as the difference in class and standing continues to increase.

Through different theories of unemployment which have been propounded by different scholars
from many discipline. This diversity in theoretical approaches to sociological analysis has
amounted to difference in conceptions, preposition and theoretical orientation and giving
significant difference in explanation and accounts of social life by sociological but there is theory
that will be used to explain unemployment to youth as follows;

2.3 Empirical Literature review

According to Balunzi (2014) argue that youths who fail to get jobs end up in urban slums and
street and engage in unproductive activities like prostitutions, hugger, drugs and substances
abuse many young people experience serious difficulties during this transition period.

Mitchell (2012) argue that youths unemployment enforces substantial, social, individual and
economic effect such as social exclusion, loss of current output, psychological problem which
resulted into increase if suicide, loss of motivation , undermining family life and relationship,
gender and racial inequality and loss of responsibility, social value and I'll health.

Owen (2011) argue that the implications of unemployment for young people may include
poverty, migration, crime rates in some areas, lack of youth participation in society and low
morate among young people. Implications that have impact on young women are adolesescents
prostitution and higher rates of teenage pregnancies, young women may find their life changes
particularly limited.

According to common wealth youth program ( CWYP) 2012; argue that unemployment may
force young people to stay at home longer than they or their parents wish and this in the long
results into increasing conflict and mental or financial stress within the family.

Sources; Bureau of Labor statistical ( BLS) United state Ekkehard Ernst, chief of the ILO
employment Trends unit talks about the World un Employment outlook for 2011

2.4 Conceptual Framework

The following is the table of conceptual framework. In this table it show variables which are
Independent and dependent variable.
Figure 1. The following is the pictorial model which shows relationship of variables of the
study
 Independent variable Dependant variable

Factors contributing youths

Factors Factors Contributing youtths not
to focus on formal focusing on informal employment
employment

 Lack of creativity and

skills  Reduce number of
 Lack of capital unemployed people
 Lack of
entrepreneurship
skills

In conceptual framework it appears the factors contributing youth to focus on formal

employment is independent variable those factors are lack of capital, lack of creativity and lack
of entrepreurship skills and dependent variable are those factors contributing youths to do not
foucs on informal employment. According to Anthony (2009) diagrammatic conceptual is an
analytical tool with several variations and contexts, it used to make conceptual distinctions and
organize ideas from. The foregoing in the description of the job satisfaction we can derive the
following conceptual framework as it appears to be schematically

2.5 Research gap of the study

There many research conducted before with different people. Also I have conduct a research
concerning with factors contributing youth to focus on formal employment rather than informal
employment. Those factors which contributing youth to focus on formal emeployment are lack
of enough fund, lack of entreprenurship skills and lack of creativity and innovative. Government
and Non government organization should support youths in providing loans and entrepreneurship
skills which will help youths to do not focus on formal employment. The impact of youths to
engage in self employment this will help to reduce the number of unemployed people and
independent people in society.
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Study area

The study was conducted atkisanga ward, Kilosa district, Morogoro region, the ward covers
14,918 square kilometers. According to the (2012) Tanzania National census the population of
Kilosa district was 489,513

3.2 Research design

Research design is a systematic plan to study a scientific problem.(Korthari R,2002)

In investigation of the problem, the researcher was used descriptive research design used to
obtain data or information of the research title.

A researcher used descriptive research design, A descriptive research design an appropriate

choice when the research aim is to identify characteristics, frequencies, trends, and
categeriesbecause.

This type of research design will help the researcher to present the facts concerning the nature
and the status of the problem as exists at the study area.

3.2.1 Sampling procedure

The researcher used both probability sampling and non probability sampling, because data were
collected from normal informant and key informant.

Probability sampling is any method of sampling that utilize some form of random selection.
Population has equal chance of being chosen.

Also non probability sampling is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a
process that does not give population equal chance of being selected.
3.2.2 Sampling frame

According to Business dictionary defined sampling frame as a set of information used to identify
a sample population for statically treatment. A sampling frame includes a numerical identifier for
each individual, plus other identifying information about characteristics of the individual.

3.2.3 Sample size

According to Kothari C.R (2004) defined sample size as the number of items to be chosen from
the universe from a sample.

A researcher used a sample size of 70 respondents derived from 66 youth, and 4 are key
informant which are governmentward executive officer 1, village executive officer 1,community
development officer 1 and chairperson 1.

Table 1: Sample size

S/N Name of respondents Total

1 Youths 66

3.2.4 Types of data

There different types of data which is qualitative data and quantitative data also researcher was
used both types of data in order to get clear information.

3.2.4.1 Qualitative data

This is the type of data which analyzing and interpreting data will not expressed as a number.
Data that represent nominal scales such as gender, social economic status, and religious
preference are usually considered to be qualitative data.

3.2.4.2 Quantitative data

This data are anything that can be expressed as number or quantified. For example of
quantitative data are scores on achievement sets, number of hours of study, or weight of a
subject. These data may be represented by ordinal, interval or ratio scales.
3.2.5 Source of data

The researcherused both primary source of data and secondary source of data the application was
enable researcher to come up with true data concerning the problem.

3.2.5.1 PRIMARY DATA

This refers to data observed or collected directly from the field through questionnaire and
interview. This type of data which used in collection of data through questionnaire this means to
provide question to respondent also Interview is the method of data collection its face to face
communication between interviwer and interviwee.

3.2.5.2 Secondary data

Secondary data was be obtained through published data or documentation which books,
magazine, report research

3.3 Data collection methods

The researcher used several technique in the process of data collecting which is observation,
questionnaire and interview, through this techniques enable researcher to get direct answer from
the respondent and will be easily to get data even from those who can’t read and write

Observation
This is technique of data collection where by a researcher has to go direct on doing or seeing
something and thinking about it.

Questionnaires
This is the method used by the researcher in data collection, questionnaire distributed to various
person concerned with the request to answer the question and return the questionnaires to the
researcher. This helps researcher for data collection
Interview
This is the method of data collection it involves presentation of oral communication between
researcher and respondent, it can be structured or unstructured interview. Also interview can be
personal interview this is face to face

3.4 Data processing, analysis and presentation

The researcher has been processed her data manually and analyzed. The manually methods was
save time and reduce cost due to simple applied technology of data analysis through the use of
calculate was be used when computer was absence. Both method was answer effectiveness of
data analysis was be present through table form
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION FINDING

4.1 Overview

This chapter it is based on data presentation and interpretation finding through data collection
from field by looking demographic characteristics that is sex of respondents, age of respondent,
education of respondents and occupation of respondent. Data analysis was be present through
table form also the analysis of answer of a respondents regarding research questions that is what
nature of work needed by youths to focus on formal employment and what are efforts done by
government and non government organization to reduce problem of youths to focus on formal
employment rather than on informal employment.

4.2 Presentation and interpretation findings

4.2.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents

Respondents have several characteristics which include sex, age, education and occupation

4.2.2 Number and sex of respondents

In this research a researcher was include both sex male and female

S/N SEX FREQUENCE PERCENTAGE

1 males 29 43.9
2 Females 37 56.1
Total 66 100
Source: Research findings 2020

From the finding where found that the respondent which has been included in the research it was
found that the females sex are higher which is 37 participant which is equal to 56.1% males sex
are 29 respondents which is equal to 43.9%.where we can get a total number of 66 participant
which is equal to 100%. Many females they have participate in research because many females
they have employed themselves, More than males.

4.2.3 Number and age of respondents

Researcher analyze data on age of respondents who involved in a research by grouping the age of
respondents for the purpose of help a researcher to add knowledge and experience on a problem
of a total respondents 66,( 100% )

S/N AGE OF FREQUENCE PERCENTAGE

RESPONDENTS
1 15-20 10 15.15
2 21-30 28 42.42
3 31-45 20 30.30
4 46-60 8 12.13
66 100
Source: Research findings 2020

From the table above it show the age of 21-30 are higher which is equal to 28,(42.42%) and the
age between 31-45 is 20,(30.30%) and the age between 15-20 is 10,(15.15%) also the age
between 46-60 is 8,(12.13%). where by from that findings the age between 21-30 is 28
participants which is equal to 42.42% of the total respondents was participate much in field
research. Many youths from 21-30, 31-45 they have respond, because research its concerning or
base with youths that why many youth they have participate mostly

4.2.4 Education level of respondents

Researcher analyze data on education level of respondents by looking non formal education,
primary education, secondary education, and colleges education . In that data on education level
of respondents helps researcher to ask question according to their education experience

S/N EDUCATION FREQUENCE PERCENTAGE

LEVEL OF
RESPONDENTS
1 NON FORMAL 15 22.73
EDUCATION

2 PRIMARY 19 28.78
3 SECONDARY 25 37.88
4 COLLEGE 7 10.61
66 100
Source: Research findings 2020
From the finding where found that the respondents which has been included in the research it
was found that among of 66 respondents in which respondents at the secondary level were 25
participants which equal to 37.88%, primary level are 19 participant which is equal to 28.78%,
Non formal education were 15 participant which is equal to 22.73% and College level were 7
participant which is equal to 10.61%. That show mostly respondents who involved in in a field
research was those who have their secondaray education. The reason of many people who was
in secondary level to participate its because many youths they have ended in secondary level

4.2.5 Occupation of respondents

Researcher analyse and present data based on their occupation by looking those who have job
and jobless. In that data on occupation, respondents helps researcher to ask question according to
their occupation

S/N OCCUPATION OF FREQUENCE PERCENTAGE

RESPONDENTS
1 JOB 24 36.36
2 JOBLESS 42 63.64
66 100
Source: Research findings 2020

From the finding where found that the occupation of respondents participated were those 66
respodents where by jobless were 42 which equal to 63.64%and job were 24 participant which
equal to 36.36% that define that people of particular area are involved in jobless such as
business and farmer, the reason of why many repodents are jobless it was easy to found them at
their residence any time.
4.2.6 Marital status of the respondents
Table 4.1.4 presents the information of marital status of all normal respondents
MARITAL STATUS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGES
Single 39 59.09
Married 17 25.76
Divorced 3 4.55
Widowed 7 10.6
TOTAL 66 100
Findings above in table 4.2.6 revealed that 59.09% of all normal respondents were single,
25.76% of them were married, 4.55% of the respondents were divorced and 7% of the
respondents were widowed. The findings above, according to data collection its seems many
youths are single.

4.2.6 Research questions

This is a second party on data analysis and interpretation in this party a researcher was going to
analyse a research question and show the data which has been corrected from the field research.

4.2.6.1 Nature of the work needed by youths

Researcher make analysis on that question regarding to the answer of respondents obtained to the
field research, their answer was ,most in formal employment and informal employment.

S/N RESPONDENTS FREQUENCE PERCENTAGE

ANSWER
1 INFORMAL 43 65.15
EMPLOYMENT
2 FORMAL 23 34.85
EMPLOYMENT
66 100
Source: Research findings 2020

From the finding the following are the nature of work needed by youth, Informal employment
and formal employment. There fore one of the work pronounced by many participants is
informal employment which has been said by 43 ,(65.15%) and others formal employment this
has been pronounce by 23,(34.85%). but the most work which many respondents commented
much is informal employment that take about 43,(65.15%) of all respondents 66 on research
field. Because informal employment its help to reduce poverty, independents people in the
society and it stimulate development to community, these is proved by one key informant said
that “ informal employment it help ro reduce number of unemployment to the community”.

4.2.6.1 Factors contibuting Youths to focus on formal employment

 Researcher was provide question regarding to to answer of respondents obtained to the field
researcher, their answer was most in, lack of creativity and innovative, lack of enough fund, and
lack of entrepreneurship skills

S/N RESPONDENTS FREQUENCE PERCENTAGE

ANSWER
1 LACK OF 14 21.21
CREATIVITY AND
INNOVATIVE
2 LACK OF ENOUGH 34 51.51
FUND
3 LACK OF 18 27.27
ENTREPRENEURSH
IP SKILLS
TOTAL 66 100
Source: Research finding s2020

From the finding, the following are the causes of youth to focus on formal employment rather
than informal employment. The follows factors are by research finding, there fore one of the
factors which has pronounce by many participant in lack of enough fund which has been said by
34,(51.51%) and lack of entrepreneurship skills which has been said by 18,(27.27%) also lack of
creativity and innovation has been said by 14,(21.21%). Through lack of enough money it makes
youths to fail to running their business or engage in activities because they havent capital, these
proved by key informants said that “ the factors contributing youths to focus on formal
employment is lack of enough fund youths they havent capital for running their business”

4.2.6.3 Advantage of informal employment to community

State that; what are the advantage of informal employment to community, researcher was
provide question regarding to the answer of respondents obtained to the field research, their
answer was most in, it increase revenue front the taxes they pay, reduce independent people,
source of community development and reduce bad groups

S/N RESPONDENTS FREQUENCE PERCENTAGE

ANSWER
1 INCREASE 9 13.64
 REVENUE
2 REDUCE 24 36.36
INDEPENDENT
PEOPLE
3 SOURCE OF 19 28.79
COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
4 REDUCE BAD 14 21.21
GROUPS
TOTAL 66 100
Source: finding researchs 2020

From the finding, the following are the advantage of informal employment. The follows
advantages are by research finding, there fore one of the advantage pronounced by many
participant is reducing number of independent people which has been said by 24,(36.36%)and
source of community development which has been said by 19,(28.79%) and another one is
reducing bad groups in community which has been said by 14,(21.21%) and it increase revenue
front the taxes they pay which has been said by 9 ,(13.64%). Advantage of informal employment
to community mostly respondents they said its reduce independent people, through informal
employment youths they will employed themselves that will help to reduce the number of people
who are depending to others. These proved by key informants said that “ advantage of informal
employment it help to reduce independent people in the community” if youths they will engaged
in informal employment it will help to reduce the number of independent people.
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Chapter Overview

This Chapter is based on conclusion and recommendation also its basing on the scope and
objectives of this study and provides the recommendations.

5.2 Conclusion
This study concluded that the factors contributing youth to focus on formal employment rather
than informal employment. Through the historical background of education many youth they get
education by believing to be employed the system of education to youth this its affect youth,their
not using their effort or knowledge for other issue their just waiting to be employed instead of be
creative and innovative.
Through research the most employment which is needed by community members especially
youth its informal employment these work its a source of development also its reduce number of
independent people there will no people who will depend to other because every person will his
or her work which will help to achieve their needs. Also its reduce bad groups those groups like
murder,kidnapper, raper,thieves and other peer groups these groups will reduced if these people
will have education and idea about any business to conduct.

Also this study concluded that the relationship between youth and government can influence the
development to community,these will be good because government will closer with youth even
their problems will be easy to solve, in research the problem cause youth to focus on formal
employment its lack of fund so government will be able to solve that problem by providing loans
to youth as capital and also to provide education how to use those money in order to get the
advantage on their business.

5.3 Recommendations
Basing on the scope and objective of this study the following recommendation were observed so
as to contributing youth to focuson both employment formal and informal employment .

5.3.1 Recommendations for Youth

Youth should know the resource which are founded in their societies not only basing on formal
employment through the resource which are founded in that community for example land which
will help them in agriculture activity that will make community to reduce poverty and
independent people because they will have their activity, when they will focus on formal
employment they will cause poverty because youth will waiting to be employed rather than
employ themselves.

5.3.2 Recommendation for Government

The government should support for providing financial support, provision of facilitator who will
educate people about entrepreneurship ,the government has to establish, policies to guide the
community member.

5.3.3 Recommendation for Institute

The institute should provide entrepreneurship education to students, that education will help
them to use when they haven't employment.

REFERENCE

 BBC New magazine

 Furlong, Andly (2012) youth students an introduction New York
 International Labor Organization
 Macmillan Dictionary, Macmillan publishers Limited 2013-8-15
 Martin Gary, (July 2009) A portrait of the youth labor market
 S.M Sheffrim (2003) Economic principles action
 Tanzania National Census (2012)
 XLI Labor and Industry

 APPENDIX I:QUESTIONNAIRE
RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE
Informed consent
Dear respondents,
I am JOSEPHINAR IGNAS SANGA from ruaha community development
training institute pursuing diploma in community development. Kindly I request to assist
me to facilitate the competition of my research work which is a prerequisite for partial
fulfillment of my Diploma in community development. The purpose of this questionnaire
is to get different information of factors contributing youths to focus on formal
employment rather than informal employment. I will appreciate for your assistance in
answering the question below. All the information in this questionnaire will remain
confidential, no information such as your name phone number or any detail that would
identify you will be used in any way.
A. Personal information of the respondent ( fill in blank space or tick the right response)
1.Age of respondent
a) 15-20 ( ) b) 21-30( ) c)31-45( ) d)46-60( )
2. Respondent level education
a) Non Formal Education( ) b) Primary( ) c) Secondary( ) d) College(
)
3. Respondent main occupation
a) Job ( ) b) Jobless ( )

4. Sex of Respondent
a) Male ( ) b) Female ( )
5. Marital status of respondent
a) Married ( ) b) Single( ) c) Divorced( ) d) Widow/Widower( )

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING YOUTHS TO FOCUS ON FORMAL

EMPLOYMENT RATHER THAN INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT

i. What are the factors contributing youths to focus on formal employment?

i) ………………………………………..
ii) ….…………………………………….
iii) ….…………………………………….
iv) ….……………………………………..
ii. What nature of work needed by youths?
i) ……………………………………………
ii) ..………………………………………….
iii. What are the advantage of informal employment?
i) ……………………………………………….
ii) ….……………………………………………
 iii) ….……………………………………………
iv) ….……………………………………………

MASWALI YA UTAFITI
Mpendwa Mhojiwa,
Jina langu ni JOSEPHINAR IGNAS SANGA kutokea chuo cha maendeleo ya
jamii RUAHA katika ngazi ya stashahada ya maendeleo ya jamii. Lengo la maswali haya
ni kupata taarifa mbalimbali juu ya sababu zinazopelekea vijana kutazama zaidi ajira
rasmi kuliko zisizo rasmi. Nashukuru kwa msaada wako kwa kukubali kujibu maswali
hapo chini. Taarifa zote utakazo nipa itakuwa ni siri, na hazihitajiki taarifa kama jina au
namba ya simu.
A. Taarifa binafsi za mhojiwa ( kujaza nafasi zilizo wazi kuweka alama ya vema kwenye jibu
sahihi)
1. Umri wa Mhojiwa
a) 15-20 ( ) b) 21-30 ( ) c) 31-45 ( ) d) 46-60 ( )
2. Kiwango cha elimu ya mhojiwa
a) Ajasoma ( ) b) Elimu Ya msingi ( ) c) Mfanya biaishara ( )
 b) d) Mkulima ( )
3. Kazi kuu ya Mhojiwa
A) Mfanyakazi ( ) b) Huna kazi ( )
4. Jinsia ya Mhojiwa
A) Mwanaume ( ) b) Mwanamke ( )
5. Hali ya ndoa ya Mhojiwa
A) Kaoa/Kaolewa ( ) b) Ajaoa/Ajaolewa ( ) c) Mtaraka ( ) d) Mjane/Mgane
( )

SABABU ZINAZOPELEKEA VIJANA KUTEGEMEA AJIRA RASMI MBALI

NA AJIRA ZISIZO RASMI
i. Sababu zipi zinazopelekea vijana kutegemea ajira rasmi?
i) ……………………………………..
ii) ….………………………………….
iii) ….…………………………………
iv) ….…………………………………
ii. Kazi ipi inahitajika sana na vijana wa jamii hii?
i) ……………………………………..
ii) ….…………………………………

iii. Faida za ajira zisizo rasmi?

i) …………………………………………….
 ii) ….…………………………………………
iii) ….…………………………………………
iv) ….…………………………………………

APPENDIX II: RESEARCH BUDGET

RESEARCH BUDGET

The table below shows the activities and expenses which used by the researcher during
research.

Table 12: Research budget

S/N ACTIVITIES AMOUNT

1 STATIONARY 125,000/=
2 TRANSPORT 50,000/=
3 MEAL AND FOOD 135,000/=
4 REPORT ANALYSIS 40,000/=
5 EMERGENCE AND 50,000/=
CONFIRENCE
TOTAL 400,000/=
 APPENDIX II: RESEARCH TIME TABLE
Table 13: Research Timetable

A B C D
S/N ACTIVITIES PLACE DATE
01 Preparation of RUAHA CDTI December 2019
research title
02 Preparation of RUAHA CDTI December 2019 to
research proposal February 2020
03 Research proposal RUAHA CDTI February,9,2020
defense
04 Research proposal RUAHA CDTI February,2020
submission
05 Report at ward Kisanga Ward February, 2020
office
06 Data collection Kisanga Ward February to April
2020
07 Data analysis and RUAHA CDTI April to August
 report writing 2020
08 Submission of RUAHA CDTI september,2020
research report