ere Rr SRT SHI TA! sheen G NOW Opes age U.P. Govt. A ee ae Ct No, 1a, Wy Qe x0 f 79, Sp, xr ¢ %9 Sy § s 2 : © Indira Gandhi National Open University UP Rajarshi Tandon Open University BCA-08 Introduction to Database Management Systems FIRSTBLOCK _ : Introductory Concepts of Data Base Management Systems SECOND BLOCK: RDBMS and DDBMS THIRDBLOCK : Emerging Trends in Database Management Systems ———_—————————————————— Shantipuram (Sector-F), Phaphamau, Allahabad - 211013BCA-08 Uttar Pradesh . AEE Raji Tendon Open niversty Introduction to Database Management System. Block INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS OF DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS UNIT ¢ Basic Concepts 5 UNIT 2 Database Modets and Its Implementations 20 ‘UNIT 3 File Organisation For Conventional DBMS 43 ‘UNIT ‘Management Considerations 80 UNITS Enterprises Wide Inforntation System of the Times of India Group (A Case St 91COURSE INTRODUCTION Database management systems have become an essential part of a computer science education. This course provides a clear description of the concepts underlying different database models. "It introduces issues related 10 implementation of conventional database models. It also describis ‘merging trends in DBMS. ‘The important topics covered in this couse are as follows: Entity-relationship Model Hierarchical Network Model Relationial Modet File organization of Conventional DBMS Evaluation and Administration of DBMS ‘Normalisations SQL Distibuted DBMS Object-oriented DBMS Client/Server DBMS Knowledge DBMS This course contains 3 blocks.eS BLOCK INTRODUCTION ‘Being an introductory block of this course, it describes basic concepts related o all ‘conventional DBMS models. It introduces E-R model which i used for logical database design. Italso whes up the implementation ofall the conventional database models, The focal point ofthis block i the file organisation for conventional DBMS. i aso considers ‘evaluation and administration of DBMS. Finally iti presented witha case"Stoay.UNIT 1 BASIC CONCEPTS Structure 1.0 Introduction 11 Objectives "12 Traditional File Oriented Approach 1.3 Motivation for Database Approach 14 Database Basics 15 Three views of data . 16 The Three level Architecture of Data Base Matagement Sysiom 141 Enenul level arSubschons 1L62 Conceal ere or Conerpaa Sehems 163 nvral lel or Phyl Scheme 1.64 Merging between Dilfer Lees 1.7 Database Management System Facil 124 Daa Debion angmge 122 Das Maniputaon engrge 1B Elementsof a Dauzbase Management System 181 DMLPrecampler 12 DDL compiler 183 FleManager UB Dnata Menge LES Quen Proceser LS5 Dabs Ades 187 Dua Diimary 1.9 Advanages and Disadvantages of Database Management System 19 Advanagss 192 Diadanages 1.10 Summary 111 Model Answers 1.12 Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION ‘A database isa collection of related information stored so that it s available to many users {for differeat purposes. The content ofa database is obtained by combining data from all he ‘different soures in an organisation, So that dala are available to all users and redundant data ‘can be eliminated or atlcast minimised. A computer database gives us some electronic filing system which has a large number of ways ofcross-referencing and tis allows the usor many ifferen ways in which to reorganise and retrieve data A database can handle businéSs Jnventary, accounting and filing and use the information in its Giles to prepare sunimaries, ‘imac and other reports, There can be a database which stores new paper articles, ‘magazines, books and comics. Therois already a well-defined mavket for specifi {information for highly selocied group of users on almost al subfcts, MEDLINE is a ‘well-known dalahase service providing medical information for doctors and similaly WESTLAW is computer based information service catering tothe roquirernens of lawyers. ‘The key to making allthis possible isthe mannerin whiefthe information inthe dalabase is ‘managed, Tho management of data in a database system is done by means ofa general purpose software pockage called a database management sysiem. The database management ‘stem is the major software component ofa database system, Some commercially available DBMS are INGRES, ORACLE, Sybase. A database management system, therefore, i a combination of hardware and software that can be used to set up and monitor a database, and cam manage the updating snd retrieval of database that has been stored ‘Most database management systems have th following facilietcapabilis; (@) Creating of a fit, addition to data, deletion of data, modification of daa; creation, ‘dklfion and deletion of encine ile. ) Revieving data collectively of selectively. (©) The data stored can be sortad of indexed atthe user's discretion and dicection, {(@_Vatious ceports can be produced from the system. These may be either standardised por or that my be specially generated according to specific user definition.Incatveticy Corts ot Daa Bowe Moroganet yo (©) Mathematica funcions con be performed andthe data stored in the database can be ‘manipulated with thes: functions to perform the desived calculations. (© To maintain daw imegrity and database use, ‘The DBMS interprets and processes uses requess o revive information from a database. ‘The following figure shows tata DBMS serves a am inoface in several forms. They may be keyed diecuy from a terminal or coded a high level language programs to be submiied for intoractve or batch processing. In mast cases, a query request will have to penetrate several layers of software in the DBMS and operating sytem before the physical databess ‘can be accessed. coBOLPLA Soa DBMS |} perating Fontan Figure: Tee DBMS et an nterfecebetmeen phyael Dlabory aod Usa rae ‘The DBMS responds to2 query by invoking the appropriate subprograms, each of which pecforns its special funtion to interpret the query, or to locate the desired data in the