Q1. What Is the Difference Between Native Sql & Open Sql?

There are two types of SQL being used in SAP ABAP programming language. They
are
Native SQL
o Open SQL
Native SQL:In Native SQL  there is no automatic client handling, no table
buffering. There is no syntax check at compile time for Native SQL
(Statement between EXEC SQL — ENDEXEC).

Developers are responsible for client handling.No syntax

Open SQL:Open SQL allows to access the database tables declared in the ABAP
dictionary regardless of the database platform that the SAP R/3 system is using.

the Kernel programs are busy converting the Open SQL statement to Native
SQL statements for the database in use.
Open SQL can  only work with database tables that have been created in
the ABAP Dictionary.
Open SQL supports Code Push down
i. Avoid bringing all the data to the ABAP layer.

Question 2. What Is Abap Dictionary Or Data Dictionary? What Is The Transaction

To Access Abap Dictionary?
A data dictionary is a centralized storage location for information about the data
that is stored in a database. It is basically an interface which helps us to
understand like what kind of data is stored in database, what are the properties and
attributes of the data and the relation between different data objects available in
database.
SAP’s data dictionary is called the ABAP Dictionary. ABAP Dictionary is accessed
via transaction code SE11.
Question 3. What Are The Objects Of The Abap Dictionary Or What Types Of
Objects Can Be Created In The Abap Dictionary?
The basic objects of the ABAP Dictionary are tables, data elements and domains.
Objects that can be created in the ABAP Dictionary or via SE11 transaction are:
Tables
Data Elements
Domains
Structures
Table Types
Type Groups
Views
Search Helps
Lock Objects

Question 4. What Are The 3 Types Of Tables In Sap?

There are 3 types of tables in SAP Dictionary (DDIC). They are:
Transparent Table
Pooled Table
Cluster Table

Question 5. What Do You Mean By Transparent Tables In Sap Abap?

Whenever a table is created and defined through ABAP Dictionary, then it is called a
transparent table. When the table is activated in ABAP Dictionary, a table
automatically gets created in the underlying database with the same name as was
defined in ABAP Dictionary.
So generally, we say, transparent tables has one to one relationship with underlying
database which means there will be only one physical table on the database for
each transparent table created and defined through ABAP Dictionary.
The names of the table and fields in underlying database will correspond or have
the same names as the logical table definition in the ABAP Dictionary.
Transparent tables can be used to store application data which include master data
as well as transaction data. Transparent tables are probably the only type of table
that you will ever create as a developer.

Question 6. What Do You Mean By Pooled Tables In Sap Abap? Also Explain What
Do You Mean By Table Pool?
Tables in Data dictionary which has many to one relationship with an underlying
database table is called Pooled table. In simple words, Pooled tables appear as
many tables in ABAP dictionary, but the thing is they are stored as a single table in
the underlying database.
In ABAP Dictionary, you can see each and every pooled table is assigned to a Table
Pool.
As it is understood that for many pooled tables in ABAP dictionary, there is a single
table called as Table Pool in an underlying database. A Table Pool is an underlying
database table with a special structure that enables the data of many ABAP
Dictionary tables to be stored within it.
Tables M_MTVMA, M_MTVMB, M_MTVMC, M_MTVMD and M_MTVME can be seen
in ABAP Dictionary. These all-mentioned tables are Pooled Tables. All these tables
have been assigned to one Table Pool i.e. M_MTVM, which will be present in the
underlying database and storing data of all the five mentioned tables of ABAP
Dictionary.
Pooled tables are basically used by SAP to store temporary data or customizing
data. Pooled tables can also be used to store control data (such as screen
sequences or program parameters).
Generally, as a developer, we will never create a Pooled table or Table Pool. It does
not mean that we cannot create them. SAP has given the option to create Pooled
tables through SE80 transaction and Table pool via ABAP Dictionary.

Question 7. What Do You Mean By Cluster Tables In Sap Abap? Also Explain What
Do You Mean By Table Cluster?
A cluster table is similar to a Pooled table. It has a many to one relationship with a
table in an underlying database. Many cluster tables are stored in a single table in
an underlying database called a table cluster.
So table cluster is similar to pooled table pool. A table cluster holds only cluster
table within it.
Table clusters store data from several cluster tables based on the primary key
fields that they have in common. 

Tables CDPOS and CDHDR are Cluster tables in SAP ABAP Dictionary and CDCLS is
the table cluster that exist in the underlying database. CDCLS table contains or hold
data of both tables CDPOS and CDHDR in the underlying database.

Question 8. What Are The Differences Between Transparent Tables, Pooled

Tables & Cluster Tables?
Differences between transparent, pooled and cluster tables are:
  Transparent tables have a one to one relationship with a physical table in an
underlying database where as pooled tables and cluster tables have many to
one relationship with a physical table in the underlying database
(Relationship between tables in ABAP Dictionary & Underlying database).

For each transparent table there will be exactly only one table in the underlying
database whereas many pooled tables are stored in a single table in an underlying
database called table pool. Similarly many cluster tables are stored in a single table
in the database called a table cluster

 In case of transparent tables, the underlying database table will have the
same name, same number of fields and the fields will also have the same
names as defined in ABAP Dictionary whereas for pooled tables and cluster
tables the underlying database table will have different name, different
number of fields and fields will have different names from what has been
defined in ABAP Dictionary.

 Transparent tables can have one or more primary key Whereas Primary key
of each pooled table of a table pool need not be same whereas Primary key
of each cluster table of a table cluster should have at least one key in
common.

 Secondary indexes can be created for transparent tables, but for pooled and
cluster tables we cannot create any secondary index.

 Transparent tables can be accessed via both Native and Open SQL whereas
pooled and cluster table can be accessed by Open SQL only.

 Transparent tables are used to hold application data which includes both
master data as well as transaction data. 
 Pooled tables reduce the amount of database resources needed when many
small tables have to be opened at the same time.
 Cluster tables are used when the tables have primary key in common and
data in these tables are all accessed simultaneously.

Question 9. What Is A View In Sap?

A view does not contain data of its own - rather, the view provides specialized
access to the data that exists in other tables. For this reason, views are often called
virtual tables. Views are used to look into one or more tables. A view does not
contain data of its own.
Question 10. What Are The Different Types Of Views In Sap?
In SAP, you have total four types of views. Based on the way in which the view is
implemented and the methods that are permitted for accessing the view data they
are divided into Database View, Projection View, Maintenance View and Help View. 
Database views implement an Inner Join whereas Projection View, Maintenance
View and Help View implement an Outer Join.
There are 4 Different types of Views in SAP. They are:
o Maintenance View
o Database View
o Projection View
o Help View

Question 11. What Is A Database View?

The database view is combining several fields of two or more tables into single
table. At least one relationship is required is required to combine tables to build a
database view. Plus one can only read data from database view and cannot modify
the data in the view directly (if view involves more than one table). Database views
implement an Inner Join on the tables. The database view is the only type of view in
SAP that is physically created at the database level. 

Question 12. What Is A Projection View?

In standard SAP tables one can find there are a number of fields. Sometimes it
happens or there is a requirement of viewing only a fewer no of fields of a table, in
such cases a projection view can be created. Projection views are created only on a
single table.

Question 13. What Is A Maintenance View?

Just like we have table maintenance (SM30) for each table, similarly if there is a
requirement to maintain data for one or more tables in a single view, then
maintenance view can be created. All the tables in a maintenance view must be
linked with foreign key. The join conditions for maintenance views are always
derived from the foreign key automatically and thus one cannot directly enter the
join conditions as for database views. Unlike Database views, one can modify data
from maintenance view.
Thus, a maintenance view allows you to maintain the data of an application
object together. 

Question 14. What Is A Help View?

Help views can be used as selection methods for Search Helps. It might be
necessary to create a Help View if you are trying to accomplish an outer join, since
database views only create inner joins.

Question 15. State The Differences Between Database View & Projection View?
The basic differences between projection view and database view are:
o Database view can built over many tables whereas projection
view can be built over a single table only.
o Database view can be updated if the view is built over a single
table whereas in projection view data can be updated.
o In case of database view, data updates can use open SQL or
native SQL whereas in case of projection view, data updates must
use open SQL.
o Database view can be buffered whereas Projection view cannot
be buffered.
Question 16. What Are The Relational Operations That Can Be Performed On View
In Sap?
There are three operations that can be performed on views in SAP: Join, Projection
and Selection.
o The Projection Operation is used to narrow a view’s focus to
certain fields in a table.
o The Selection Operation is used to narrow a view’s focus to
certain records in a table.
o The Join Operation is used to combine information from multiple
tables into a single view.

Question 17. What Is A Delivery Class?

Delivery Class manages the transport of table data when installing or upgrading in
a client copy when transporting between customer systems.
Different delivery classes available are:
o C - Customizing table, maintenance only by customer not SAP
import.
Example: Common Address Data (Country: T005)
o E - Control table, SAP and customer have separate key areas,
defined in TRESC
Example: Messages (T100)
o G - Customizing table, protected against SAP Upgrade
Example: Communication: country dialing code (T005K)
o L - Table for storing temporary data, delivered empty
Example: Lock Arguments (E070USE)
o S - System table maintenance only by SAP.
Example: Language Key (T002)
 o A - Application table (master and transaction data)
Example: Personal Address Data, Username (USR01)
o W - System table, contents transportable via separate TR objects.
Example: Transport (E070), Tables (DD02L)

Question 18. What Are The Three Options Of Table View Maintenance While
Creating A Table? Differentiate Between Them?

There are three options available for table view maintenance:

o Display/maintenance allowed with restrictions: When this option
is selected, the display operation will be only functional, rest all
the other operations like insert, update and delete will be disabled.
o Display/maintenance allowed: When this option is selected, all
kind of operations (Insert, Update, Delete and Display) can be
performed on the table.
o Display/maintenance not allowed: When this option is selected,
no operation including display table contents can be performed
on the table.

Question 19. What Is The Importance Of Technical Settings While Creating A

Table In Abap Dictionary?

Technical settings allow you to optimize the storage requirements and table
access behavior of database tables.
Technical Setting comprises of the following components:
o Data Class: Designates the table to an area in the physical
database where similar tables are grouped.
o Size Category: Identifies the amount of disk space that will be
required to hold the data records for a table in the database.
o Buffering: Determines whether table records will be accessed
directly from the database server or from global memory.
o Logging: Creates before and after images of changes to the table
of contents. Logging must be activated by the profile when the
system is started.

Question 20. What Are Data Classes? What Are The Various Data Classes
Available For Selection?

The data class determine a physical area in a database where the table is logically
stored. Also, it throws light on what kind of data will be stored in the table. Data
class helps us to categorize the table on the basis of type of data stored.
There are three important data classes
 o APPL0 - Master data - Master data is data which is frequently
read, but rarely updated.
o APPL1 - Transaction data - Transaction data is data which is
frequently updated.
o APPL2 - Organizational and customizing data - Organizational und
customizing data is data which is defined when the system is
initialized and then rarely changed.

Question 21. What Is An Abap Dictionary?

ABAP dictionary is a central data management system. Its main function is to

support the creation and management of data definitions.
Question 22. What Are The Basic Objects Of The Data Dictionary?
o Tables
o Domains
o Data elements
o Structures
o Foreign keys
o
Question 23. What Is The Difference Between Data Elements And Domains?
Data Element: Data Element gives semantic attributes like field labels and online
documentation
Domain: Domain gives the technical attributes like data type and field length

Question 24. Can You Delete A Domain Which Is Being Used By Data Elements?
No

Question 25. Can You Define A Field Without A Data Element?

Yes. Use the path Utilities – > Direct Entry Type

Question 26. What Are The Difference Between Tables And Structures?

Table:
o Table has an underlying database table
o Table has a primary key
o Table has technical attributes
Structure:
o No underlying database table
o No primary key
o No technical attributes

Question 27. What Is A Data Class?

The Data class determines in which table space the table is stored when it is
created in the database.

Question 28. What Is A Size Category?

The Size category describes the probable space requirement of the table in the
database.
Question 29. What Are Control Tables?
The values specified for the size category and data class are mapped to database-
specific values via control tables.

Question 30. What Are The Function Of The Transport System And Workbench
Organiser?
The function of the transport system and the Workbench Organizer is to manage
any changes made to objects of the ABAP/4 Development Workbench and to
transport these changes between different SAP systems.
Question 31. What Is A Table Pool?
A table pool (or pool) is used to combine several logical tables in the ABAP/4
Dictionary. The definition of a pool consists of at least two key fields and a long
argument field (VARDATA).
Question 32. What Are Pooled Tables?
These are logical tables which must be assigned to a table pool when they are
defined. Pooled tables can be used to store control data (such as screen
sequences or program parameters).

Question 33. What Is A Table Cluster?

A table cluster combines several logical tables in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. Several
logical rows from different cluster tables are brought together in a single physical
record. The records from the cluster tables assigned to a cluster are thus stored in
a single common table in the database.

Question 34. Which Objects Are Independent Transport Objects?

Domains, Data elements, Tables, Technical settings for tables, Secondary indexes
for transparent tables, Structures, Views, Matchcode objects, Matchcode IDs, Lock
objects.
Question 35. What Are The Data Types Of The External Layer?

ACCP, CHAR, CLNT, CUKY,CURR, DATS, DEC, FLTP, INT1,INT2, INT4, LANG,
LCHR,LRAW, NUMC, PREC, QUAN,RAW ,TIMS, UNIT, VARC.
Question 36. What Are The Data Types Of The Abap/4 Layer?
Possible ABAP/4 data types:
 o C: Character.
o D: Date, format YYYYMMDD.
o F: Floating-point number in DOUBLE PRECISION (8 bytes).
o I: Integer.
o N: Numerical character string of arbitrary length.
o P: Amount or counter field (packed; implementation depends on
hardware platform).
o S: Time stamp YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
o T: Time of day HHMMSS.
o V: Character string of variable length, length is given in the first
two bytes.
o X: Hexadecimal (binary) storage.

Question 37. How Can We Set The Tablespaces And Extent Sizes?

You can specify the extent sizes and the tablespace (physical storage area in the
database) in which a transparent table is to be stored by setting the size category
and data class.
Question 38. What Is A Data Dictionary?
Data dictionary is a central source of data in a data management system. Its main
function is to support the. It has details about
o What data is contained?
o What are the attributes of the data?
o What is the relationship existing between the various data
elements?
Question 39. What Functions Does A Data Dictionary Perform?

In a data management system, the principal functions performed by the data

dictionary are:
o Management of data definitions
o Provision of information for evaluation
o Support for software development
o Support form documentation
o Ensuring that the data definitions are flexible and up-to-date.
o
Question 40. A Field Containing Currency Amounts (data Type Curr) Must Be
Assigned To A Reference Table And A Reference Field. Explain?

As a reference table, a system table containing all the valid currencies is assigned
or any other table which contains a field with the currency key format. This field is
called as a reference field. The assignment of the field containing currency
amounts to the reference field is made at runtime. The value in the reference field
determines the currency of the amount.

Question 41. What Is The Significance Of Technical Settings (specified While

Creating A Table In The Data Dictionary)?
By specifying technical settings we can control how database tables are created in
the database. The technical settings allows us to - optimize storage space
requirements
o table access behaviour
o buffering required
o changes to entries logged

Question 42. What Is The Significance Of Delivery Class?

o The delivery class controls the degree to which the SAP or the
customer is responsible for table maintenance whether SAP
provides the table with or without contents.
o Determines the table type. - determines how the table behaves
when it is first installed, at upgrade, when it is transported, and
when a client copy is performed.

Question 43. What Is The Maximum Number Of Structures That Can Be Included
In A Table Or Structure?
Nine.
Question 44. What Are The Two Methods Of Modifying Sap Standard Tables?
o Append Structures and
o Customizing Includes.
Question 45. What Is The Difference Between A Substructure And An Append
Structure?
o In the case of a substructure, the reference originates in the table
itself, in the forma of a statement include. 
o In the case of an append structure, the table itself remains
unchanged and the reference originates in the append structure.

Question 46. What Are The Two Ways For Restricting The Value Range For A
Domain?
o By specifying fixed values.
o By stipulating a value table.
o
Question 47. What Is A Match Code?
Match Code is a tool to help us to search for data records in the system. Match
codes are an efficient and user-friendly search aid where the key of a record is
unknown.
Question 48. What Are The Two Levels In Defining A Match Code?
 o Match Code object
o Match Code Id.
o
Question 49. What Is The Maximum Number Of Match Code Id's That Can Be
Defined For One Match Code Object ?

A maximum number of match code Id's that can be defined for one Match code
object is36. A match code Id is a one character ID which can be a letter or a
number.

Question 50. Can We Define Our Own Match Code Id's For Sap Matchcodes?

Yes, the numbers 0 to 9 are reserved for us to create our own Match Code IDs for a
SAP defined Matchcode object.

Question 51. What Is An Update Type With Reference To A Match Code Id?

If the data in one of the base tables of a matchcode ID changes, the matchcode
data has to be updated. The update type stipulates when the matchcode is to be
updated and how it is to be done. The update type also specifies which method is
to be used for Building matchcodes . You must specify the update type when you
define a matchcode ID.
Question 52. What Are Conversion Routines ?
Non-standard conversions from display format to sap internal format and vice-
versa are implemented with so called conversion routines.
Aggregated Objects Views, matchcodes, and lock objects are also called aggregate
objects because they are formed from several related tables.

Question 53. How Many Types Of Views Are There ?

o Database View (SE11): Database views are implement an inner

join, that is, only records of the primary table (selected via the join
operation) for which the corresponding records of the secondary
tables also exist are fetched. Inconsistencies between primary
and secondary table could, therefore, lead to a reduced selection
set. In database views, the join conditions can be formulated
using equality relationships between any base fields. In the other
types of view, they must be taken from existing foreign keys. That
is, tables can only be collected in a maintenance or help view if
they are linked to one another via foreign keys.
o  Help View ( SE54): Help views are used to output additional
information when the online help system is called. When the F4
 button is pressed for a screen field, a check is first made on
whether a matchcode is defined for this field. If this is not the
case, the help view is displayed in which the check table of the
field is the primary table. Thus, for each table no more than one
help view can be created, that is, a table can only be primary table
in at most one help view.
o  Projection View: Projection views are used to suppress or mask
certain fields in a table (projection), thus minimizing the number
of interfaces. This means that only the data that is actually
required is exchanged when the database is accessed. A
projection view can draw upon only one table. Selection
conditions cannot be specified for projection views.
o Maintenance View ( SE54 ): Maintenance views enable a
business-oriented approach to looking at data, while at the same
time, making it possible to maintain the data involved. Data from
several tables can be summarized in a maintenance view and
maintained collectively via this view. That is, the data is entered
via the view and then distributed to the underlying tables by the
system.
Question 54. What Is Locking ?

When two users simultaneously attempt to access the same data record, this is
synchronised by a lock mechanism.
When dialog transactions are programmed, locks are set and released by calling
certain function modules. These function modules are generated automatically
from the definition of so-called lock objects in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. To
synchronize the access to a table by setting and removing locks, a Lock object has
to be defined in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. Activating the lock object automatically
creates #function modules for setting and removing locks. These function modules
must be included when programming interactive transactions.
Lock Mechanism: To set locks, a lock object must be defined in the ABAP/4
Dictionary. In this lock object, those tables in which data records are to be locked
by calling a lock are determined. All tables included in a lock object must be
connected to each other via foreign keys. The key fields of the tables in a lock
object form the Lock arguments for the tables. The lock arguments are the basis
for formulating the logical condition for identifying the records to be locked. When
activating this lock object, two function modulesB with the namesENQUEUE_ and
DEQUEUE_ are generated.
Question 55. What Is Database Utility ?

Database utility is the interface between the ABAP/4 Dictionary and the underlying
the SAP system. The database utility is the interface between the ABAP/4
Dictionary and the relational database underlying the SAP system. You can call the
database utility from the initial screen of the ABAP/4 Dictionary with Utilities
Database utility. The database utility allows you to create, delete and convert
objects from the ABAP/4 Dictionary in the database.
Question 56. How Can One Distinguish Between Different Kinds Of Parameters?

o Input parameters are used to pass data to subroutines.

o Output parameters are used to pass data from subroutines.
o
Question 57. What Are The Types Of Subroutines?

o Internal Subroutines: The source code of the internal subroutines

will be in the same ABAP/4 program as the calling procedure
(internal call).
o External Subroutines: The source code of the external subroutines
will be in an ABAP/4 program other than the calling procedure.

Question 58. What are the layers of SAP System in R/3?

 The external layer.

 The ABAP/4 layer.
 The database layer.

Question 59. What is TABLE MAINTENANCE GENERATOR in Dictionary?

Ans: Table Maintenance Generator is a tool used to customize the tables created by

end users and can be changed as required, such as making an entry to that table,
deleting an entry etc.

Transaction Codes

SE54: Generate Table Maintenance Dialog

SE55: Table view maintenance DDIC call

SE56: Table view display DDIC call

SE57: Deletion of Table Maintenance

SM30: Maintenance Table Views:

Authorization Group : If the table needs to be maintained by only particular group
of people, then the Authorization group needs to be filled otherwise fill it as NC. To
maintain the authorization group refer to SU21.

Function group is the name to which the generated maintenance modules will
belong to.

Generally Function Group name can be same as table name.

Maintenance screens:  Maintenance can be done in 2 ways

1. Maintenance and Overview both on one screen

2. Maintenance on one screen and Overview on another screen.

Modifications Available in Table Maintenance

Screen Alterations

Go To Environment -> Modification ->  Maintenance Screens

Table Maintenance Events

Q60. List of Events available in Table maintenance

01         Before saving the data in the database

02         After saving the data in the database

03         Before deleting the data displayed

04         After deleting the data displayed

05         Creating a new entry

06         After completely performing the function 'Get original'

07         Before correcting the contents of a selected field

08         After correcting the contents of a selected field

09         After getting the original of an entry

10         After creating the header entries for the change task (E071)

11         After changing a key entry for the change task (E071K)

12         After changing the key entries for the change task (E071K)

13         Exit editing (exit main function module)

14         After lock/unlock in the main function module

15         Before retrieving deleted entries

16         After retrieving deleted entries

17         Do not use. Before print: Event 26

18         After checking whether the data has changed

19         After initializing global variables, field symbols, etc.

20         after input in date sub screen (time-dep. tab. /views)

21         Fill hidden fields

22         Go to long text maintenance for other languages

23         Before calling address maintenance screen

24         After restricting an entry (time-dep. tab./views)

25         Individual authorization checks

26         Before creating a list

27         After creation or copying a GUID (not a key field)

28         After entering a date restriction for time-dep. views

AA        Instead of the standard data read routine

AB        Instead of the standard database change routine

AC        Instead of the standard 'Get original' routine

AD       Instead of the standard RO field read routine

AE        Instead of standard positioning coding

AF        Instead of reading texts in other languages

AG       Instead of 'Get original' for texts in other languages

AH        Instead of DB change for texts in other languages

ST        GUI menu main program name

AI         Internal use only

Environment ->  Modification -> Events

Q61. What are the Types in Data Dictionary?

Ans: User-defined data types can be stored for all programs in the ABAP Dictionary.
User-defined types provide the same functionality as the local types that can be
defined in ABAP programs with TYPES

There are three different type categories:

 Data elements (elementary types and reference types).

 Structures (structured types):

A structure consists of components that also have a type, that is they refer to a type.

 Table types:

A table type describes the structure and functional attributes of an internal table. A
special case is the ranges table types.

Q62. How do you Transporting Table entries from one server to another?
Ans: Go to transaction SE10. Click on Create.

Select Workbench request. (If the table is customizing table, then select customizing
request)

Provide a short description to the request.

Now double-click on the request,

Go to change mode, and enter the following details:

Now click on the key button available under the name “Function” (As shown in the
screenshot above). Following screen appears. Double-click on the first empty line.

Select the third radio button “Table contents specified by current key”.

Click on Save. A warning message would appear.

SAP issues a warning message when an application table is used. Following is the
SAP help that would appear when we click on the message:

Ignore the warning message and click on Save.

Now transport this request to transport the data to any other system.

Q63. What are the Packages in SAP ?

Existing development classes are simply containers for development objects with a
transport layer that determines how the objects will be transported. Packages extend
the concept of development classes with the addition of new attributes: nesting,
interfaces, visibility, and use accesses.
·  Nesting allows you to embed packages in other packages.
·  Visibility is a property of package elements.

Packages use interfaces and visibility to make their services known to other
packages. All the visible elements in a package can, potentially, be sued by other
packages. In contrast, invisible elements cannot be used by other packages as well.

Q64. What is Buffering and Buffering Types?

Types of buffering?
There are three types of buffering which is a function of “n” keys fields as:
1) Full buffering: n = 0 (Where clause independent)
2) Generic buffering: 0 < n < number of key fields (Where clause with few
keys)
3) Single record buffering: n = number of key fields (Where clause with all

primary keys) Q65. What is Text Table in SAP?

Ans: You create text tables when you want to store explanatory text in several
languages. It is not advisable to store such texts in your primary table. You can make
a text table that must comprise the key of the primary table (for more information,
see the example below). Every text table must also have an additional language key
field (field of data type LANG).

Q66. What is Logging?

Ans: Using the logging flag you can define whether changes to the data records of a
table are logged. If you switch on the logging, each change to an existing data record
(with UPDATE, DELETE) by the user or application program is recorded in the
database in a log table (DBTABPRT).

Q67. What are Indexes in Data Dictionary?

Ans: We use indexes to speed up searching a table for data records that satisfy
certain search criteria.
The primary index contains the key fields of the table and a pointer to the non-key
fields of the table. The system creates the primary index automatically when the
table is created in the database.

You can also create further indexes on a table in the ABAP Dictionary. These are
called secondary indexes. This is necessary if the table is frequently accessed in a
way that does not take advantage of the sorting of the primary index for the access.