EDC @ + Gas ,haP —= i i ae IR region 5 GahsP :- Wisille region 5 ae mass is tve near the bottom ef the C8: c L 7 sy change in temp, Ge o T by 51%, Si obg 7S me te Do(da) - Ge be (de) be > lp- a Dp t 5 PbO = p'lo) e fte y ms A* SA oe ae > E=Bxv ; Wee eb da thi (te >, Rabe t ned ? yh rie 27 Mn = op Rul, Ma= £5 => Fee ob a ah . Ll expotment bgt et cavviens, Hayness - choked ~> F(E= wer Bey 3 om = INN exp (-£%) ( KT > R= Ne exp -( Eat Ee) 3 b= NW exp - (Ee=fy ) > Ne 2( anmt eT? on eo | 2m KT 2 ar mal €r 4 ( he ) — Fe Getty, 2 +1 tn (Me) > Ee -Ey = kT dn (MY) 1 poctgpe Fount: devel = Ee Ee 2 kt tn (Me) r-ctiyfe Fernie awl ce > Ee - En = kt In (Nat) = - kT Ln (Se) i ; = UK Na N, te Sp (tet = Ee if EE hye 5 = YMA Xe) — amnbinuity 2 Ap = - be (PE) + Dp SE. > Hall co- efficient: - extrinsic - independant intrinsic - temp PD, Rud | Ry = Pp- dn + fea intimate | PU Mp thn) 5 Na” Xpo = Na* Xno= —> In case ot Fie, current is due te doupts di, RB, cwrort is due sto dutt ‘by viv, > T= Ani? ( a “er je “4) 7 ty is a 4 of tempe 4er Si dGe and 4" severe biased voltage for Si- — > Fer increase im ’ocel= o7Th 4£ jo°C = 27 reo ay -25mv/%C — fer -abupt pur, w (Vp+ Vo} 2 Simearly graded junk, wh & (Vj) a Cr ot V5 2 4 for Lnearl grodedl Cp ey 46s f= ot Ey (ev)= 4128 » &¢ xT dv Ta Vr ( — R= ly = ument (To) , 2) Responsinity, se a = Quantum efficiency, a = Nasag quvdans (pj Novop incisert, ~ (F/iv) # Pt fac = (Vee Zn 72 — &= — Voc = An (#+:) — Light i R ' Voc» Le, / “rteraiky in photocell & No. of caviar pot — dV Zona . ro or Hove emp" co-efficient Yall spn > We 55 breakolown oT 1 fer Avalanche Multiptication@ Tpe ae e ernie injection efficiemey, (Y)= The + Tee a > As BY + B= Transpet factor PF Te Ags Ie--t Aoles trae Pe | Te + diffusion Bane rent dehends dupen : a) ewount due 40 And e” — (meglectea vaualty) by diffrusion es fe —> fie 2 > Tr = Wer 27 Tee 2Dp aioees Se Co Mey (06 Ye abt peccadhy C8! Haku is due t3 avalanche Me 4 3 BVero = BVec0 fF | Yea Fee Veo. = 0:52 Beso — Fee pnp 4% Ve = 4 Np (Nate) tN ) We? 2€ Nas Co). Dvee Ret (ptt) Re ah ate = (Rot RTE OB (p (Ra+ (Art) Re) oh Sy Res BS B(e+f) Hew Ew: OTm Vm ab Re tR®e 2Im om (oe @ peak factor — Vax _ 9 G Varn @v- Lam 424 0.483 | e |@ Pr 40:5 e4 100% > Voge ni- Vou © % Regulation me A eae ve 2V @ Av oe © Foun factor > Tams <4:57 en 1c © frrge of 180-20 360-40 " 8 | ( TOF 01286 5 Vocpe) for practical .= Ye, i Mr 2 —> Polde) = Vin :R Min? ° Pre, xO OF Ve > Vo(po for Ewe 2V¥m ave “Tt for Bridge 2m 2V, Bridge - do- 2 Ln cre V2 0-483 e2 pl00% - Vm nae—> C-filter 5 vs 4 507 AKL for HW. 2B fo ORL AL For oy oe e Fw = Kye si JS fe CR mee VY Tae | The 2N8 2agfe — Hite > Vrippte r + r = de LW de fer Few cept = Bic eltbw # Tae “> Mpe = Vm ~ Veibpe 2 — Inductor fitren, - 2 BEML aed for Hw w 4 Re per FW ws — Lc filter > RE = 4°19 — W- filter 5 af = I Xe1: Xe2 . . Xe Rp — Cubical inductance sL, = Ru BWo > Fee minm conductivity in extrinsic Sec: N= nj | 58 pe ae. 7 Se = 290) Sin He 5s AE etiun semp™, nap » fermi Lwel at coritre of gP — Phetacunrent js a dript cvrent- t, 5 Tl= Aelar cwre = In selan cell, Voc = Vz dm|at Ze) 2 Tac Tac SiC: Cwm > Efficiency . Max. Power obtained Of pretties TW OT Gg Ve a 21h 2876 Lert > Gals > TR Light , GadsP > orange, yellow GaP > gum, Rod » = ep t- nat >Hal: Fee te te ad cate y _———————— aei ~ 5 FET behaves Like constant owoent source am 4.46 - Y > i Mpo = intern mo = WNo® 5 a= thickness , f° internal tae , ip = external pi Mnch~ 7 ot > Vp = Vpo -Vo 6% Yo~ Veo (Aaberding. am n-type oy Po tybe) > Ty = 2b big pp Vow L — (On) = re bye Vp Cox |) (Vas- Vi Ibe Bo Cox (&) (Vas- Vi) — Vas con) NMos < Tasco MOS — Vv TN = mo + Y[ Jo, +Vea -J2%J sy ae see pita Lad =. Glee bende = EE dm | fe e ) <-ve = Accumult ni rtves depletion mo = 2hep = Imversion mode fs vetlage at metal St- 1. at 0 bos) — Vee = ens + Sher © dma - Olss dae ~ Lox Cox Cow Cox Om = change donsity in fl Qss - dams Jon ~~ change “ dim St = Ve a! dena Sat tims + 2 Sn (Ma ) ‘02 z a © Vi:~ 040 Vit) »V a Vip @V; = Vov - Vp — Ibss @® Viz Vow . Ys Von 2 2 Nee Vt @ Vie Vine vec clecrease with J im deme Teer pe FET works as voltage t dn— Lipper — Fe @ ? Yo Re IRR > Cdannpr > % tilt = ay , OV, = 2m » Taschen —> Practically , Base width Js much smaller then Aitfusion Length , We << Le —> Base Transport factor = Epe ny Tpe => Achotthey diede . metal SC juné tT = Is exp ( %/nv,) + unipolar (ordy e7) > Te = &Te + Teo Cantey Cait) = > At LE, Teag VTeo , At HF, Teeo > to : Cw: > Tepo =< Teo (a temp, independent 4 se ehe Shinet of vf) env tem — We & f 2EVeT—> veach dhrmugh ‘ Ne OL punch- thasugh velttge t/ tp — Pl)= Ap 27 */'e » pct) = AP eo cat, Ey = tunpace potential Ax off depletion foyer wi ere Ps (44 Duy + Dus?4--- ) et | rn 4, | LD po tere | > emitter imfeckon efficiency ly) - 4 d+ | ty Ne, dey xe | Ne % XE | | > 81Tin Ices R- RL@ > emhancement MOSFET “ imma af Pa eee ra cost, €Aoior fabricate id ides prpermance Ahan De -Mestet. qpoevides — anes VLST designing. ee leceuma Btak veup high Mes — channel dreaks 7 Mo = da Mex Vox = SEG Ne EBs uy x = @ Pinch -eff vettage Vas} = [Vp ]—- | Vou| % ing Mos-&k > rea > Fer dewble tuned, Bie > Thoumal resistamce, =| Tetommal — Tease Pin — Pot2 mt. Hh? wea > Hn= GH IRy| > =f Na" amo) aN, Faz) | 7 Oe Tea , (here as 9M > Continuity equation :- de. Pokey Pe £. (pe) Dp Ry = He: Pe, ita > ky te) f° Fe. nth . efficiency» = Nov eh cons (Tela) _ R(be) nov ef inciderd ~ (P/hy) 2 - We 4 0 - BY, 4 >t = We = <3 > Veo = BV cao ‘ 2p 7M 1- (Ves \" “ee VA pe =0'5 2 BVceo if ee istnP Oy - R — Stability 1+ (RE } I+ Stu Ret ee S/S 2 8Ge. | whe oy OVee ~ Ra + (B+) Re | "2 9Te (Retee)Te | s'2 Te: s S= Sie _ (Ro + Re) Te whiny ~> aR f (Re+ (Bti)Re) a) — Vptoc) = Vm ~ Me wd 2 2Vm _ Vy (Fw) = 2Vm ~2Vy os a wT (bray) ‘ 1 0 filter sys Hw)s 5 2Gf, cr, | 45 per, Pw) = Vans Mr _ Tde (Hw) = Tae ( Fw) 213 WBC BHC — Vaibple (pp) = ie - da ( (Hw) = 54% (ew) = Vee Vip = Vi eRe \ ~~ Le yitbe,, 4ABRL = xt Saad nducter ee 3V2— Le filter: >RF = a —> oilteal inductamee, Lb as At aude temp, n=p, fermi devel in ak cont —. Im solar cedl , efhiciency = Max. fow Power. of aA — GahsP : erenge, yellow | GaP. green , red — FET behaves QiKe constant — Veo = Np a® Vo- Vv aia 2e 7 “P= Vpo- Vo or Vo - Vpo t Fa Toy = aee Np Ho Vos a Vine + VOWFee vv ~ Pied ee Bua BV = Bee Tay function Var = each - Hyreugh ot im threugh voltae | pe foce beteseen™ Sn Aber ion “Hert (pes to. 1+ Ne 1 Bw FS, pF “BE > = T Qa: pt — Te i * Lep Tse. Tray > Tee V4t) 4 Surface cur At He, <A f ENGINEERING — MATHS @ Be 4. Maumbotint “Wave — eA pha at ant Nilpotent Matrix _ a= 0 drvelstory Matrix 5 A? = T ~ ueny Sapane matrex = Sa machi + Ste! Seger. LAT=AaJ CaT= -aJ orthogonal matrix 3 A-AT- Els > Singular matrix > IAl=0 D> Cofactor. of element - ents Me > adjeint of AB = aol (AB) = ee a A adj (Al = ad (A) . A= IAl. . Pad (AN 2 gy = fa ain = yar? > A adjcay) = Lat? it SIAIM 3 ne pier. of the mat THAR AP A” “2 Wer)a- rls (@-zi (a) > dum of eigen values — trace (A) —> Product ef eigen values — 1Al THD eigen value vo} A, igen value of AT is ty. > Agen value off Aymmebuic matux ore always veal — ce value ob ce matnx are etthor or Bp: — eigen see of kymmebric amo, ae eta genol to ath other - = (x -M'/> g2 — Craussian distribution 3 f@- tie N2IT 6? rae & +Py sy ge fu-Tedhs ylo) - ated es 4 > % = i¢ q D> vmilamce (axe by) = a> varte) 4 ¥ Verly) +2ab Co-var (xy ) ‘ 3 5 4 —> Sinx Test See \ osx es pox yt xh J, aeons Se eh 2h eA eu / Annie ot 2,20. —> et = aa > Tagte's sentess $(z)2 fl2) + (e-a)$l (2) += 2) f ale, — peers elit= Mean value .Theovems | - Relle's 5 f'(e=0 ' , dag hange's mean valuer- fc) = f0b)~ Flay Ne -a 3. Cauchy's mean feo. f(b) - fla) 9” 9G)- glad ~ fem a ax Cosbx dy ~ € (a coshx + bsinbx ) - Set . a+b? Stn ax In bx dy “a (4asinby - be@sbx ) + n a fx tog dy ntl {loge — A og n41 naL Ol > Soe dx. tog tla) ‘ > [Ho Vdx = dx 2UFRT > SFOde = fF lathes Jas sine Fe oan 1 3 5 si A cose = My my ms ye yy, | nx Cos x = sale, mae ze Hh RY = ml m3 -- xB, 1 8 © in * ae * “Ayes Mr A mm ds even. — fins tos’x dy. ™-1) (m-3) (m=-5). (2 1) , 7 ae ON=") (m3) (mes. (2001) 4) (m4n-2) Unt n—a).-Qag [ & Z4t MM, 1 Ade Cat DANG & beth 448 Bina Aus sat Perot ome of ALB. exactly one of Aa» lane’) U [a'n B) neither A ny @ + Ato e! 7 Cimemial distrcbution P(Xex)e ne, Bag ; Vosiance = ney > Mean > variance — Votsten's distarbuchtons — ~A 3 PU%=x) = am j mean = variancesar . mtan = atP ‘ _(p-a) > uniform distribution: — PS “Sh 4 Wedamee SETS ° sel Matix | — m1 Ramk of a matrix: (non-trivial means non- 300) Ay PAYS Plc), thon ib has mo Solution 8-3 F(A) = Pec) , thon the aystem is consistent - HH PIAS fle) =n, then th has wrigue aol”. PIA = 00) Erm 4 thon Ut has intimite aot”. ™ Mo. of AY dndeopendont sol”. nye: ate heen Methods 1 Newton -Rabhion Method © - na 2 H- fen) 2 C4padratic- Q(2 fGq) * Regula Fela | Method ‘4 aia tin $y) 7% #4) Flay) - Fl>e;_)) Sati aca SUES ATS ite 1 Gales rated: Yas = +h Foyt) 2 Gackward's culer's method :- Gin = Yet HF la, Mia) [& Medificd ouler’s methed :— 42 = y+ © [Fbe.yedt $4) FOU gh AE (xe, Yo) 7 Ramya Kutta Methed s~ (0(45) * ve = 4 + ADR 42k + 2st Ke] whore “ky = AFOCG.Y) teh flty+ tigi &) ky fh Hyak ya te) has Atle hs yp aks)a> Taapezoidal rule > froma et (lyon) +2 (ity (0) > Stnpson's Lad rule + O(h*) ny 33 nn J Flddx = 8 (yy tyr + & ( awe a + 214. + Yat Yet TYn-> ) + dn Ae bea i i — Max. rr = 2 (ba) max [4'U8) | B faut) 12 > A DE is said to be Linear Ab the doponsent wptable f its derivative eceun in the at depo, only but are pot multiplied together dn — dependent independent Vector Cobetus — Angle between tun surface > cop. VP TY Ivol- Typ] Pdx + Q - ac _3P $ x + Me ICSE 5 ha oy Complex Vortable ee Hx ty = ¥ (0056+ tcing) = ¥ Ceos(0+ ZR) + i civ ( — Cvreen's Thearem | — 842k) ] 2 2 yn to a [ (C222) «i sin(o ate 7 — Fite) . 2rt fla) hy f_fl2) _ are (a) @-aPh Sy SL there ane no negative pewers or (2-a) thon welaked img zea te called Pemevable singularity Br. Mim Fle) oxiats finitely thm 2 9 ds removable Za = Aingubanity eee© be oe the nos of rugative hewers oF (2-0) 4s Anfinle, then (z2a) 4s called essential Aingutaritug. or 1 oi Fle) deme, Hin 2a te ennanhiall Bing - e Of hight power ve) wf Z-a) is ny) then zea 43 called tele o of eden n> 4 the co-efficient of Le t-e the residue oh flz) at 2 a Pla dz 2 on; Rus tle). . Zea 7 AH 228 en bole of ota ‘i! den ws fleyl 4 Li ant 5 leche Gay ZR, apni {@-a) Flasfh > (2). + F te) 4 224 4s a Aimple bole , thon wiidue Re f(2)= _>la) ~1 (2-a) ix cotted Zoa ye _ , . ~2/2—r Rayleigh distance 5 fy(x)= Se Be OFS 2 varuance = (2-1 < — f Sin’x de 2 29 ( z) Aga ty! nu, Sat BS te oe =O Be 4AC co Bors =o Parabolic >0 rbelic — feotx= Imlsing] : ; ftenx = dnl ace x} — fsecxe Inlaccx + tan) Sf coseex = dn |cesecx - cotx] = Jn | tan(Z) | a— Greatest Integer fumction ['3.99)=3 ,[oaraj=cPRE.> —————————— n-4 tak complement range from — (24 4) te (2 ~1) +2 complement Range fom (0-1 n- 4 ) te (2""- 4) ‘ AB+AC+ Bc = AB+AC i tT no of Boolean expression is 92”. geet Gmbinational Circuit Full adder 3 Sum=A@BOC , Cormy = A+ BC+ CA Fouls > Diff = AOBOC , Borrow -AB+ Ac +B Gong, deck Cfrste, ) ae PrOlCn Cat = Gy t Pri ly Gn = An fare 8 “2 Ere, ; n/8, n=An@86, odd POE genorator nsiats ot Ex -oR i Gerwuaker consist, Se ap a oh EX-oR 4 Ex-NoR gates.* ADC circuits an putbut = Teoete. x AT 2) Successive abproximation Crwvetsion Aime = nx 1 clock ude D Ramp Aype:- Conversion time = (2" - 4) 1 Hock oy, > Pecunacy :- Dual stope > SAR > counter type > Flash an care of SRAM, sach RAM cmalsts of- &MOS translators -©- Fam cut :- CMos > ECL > TTh se cDIL ma 25 lo 8 a Aelays ECL < TTL € DTL < cmos S) Power diese 4p. ?™ lons Borns Fons wv ° bation : Neotae — CMOS ADEOC= AMHAC =(AwHO © 2 (aoeyoc = AwOX ee 5 HOBO = (@B)OC = (ABBOT = AO UES = AOGCEc) = AGFES > For wy Jeok ahead ew addin > AND gates NY KOR gede = an > For n-bir aureus counter > n tip, 4 (n-2) AWD gato nin) > RUC - (fof fofoltF1f i => foftlofe [a] ayayr - cr = RL > TA od 1 4 sae aes > [ol4]e To] 4] a]a Jo) oo ce ce— cany Sook ahead, Sy = Pn@n ,Cati = Gn Pri Cn Gn= An: Bn | Pn = An @ bn No. of error corvuchon < (dmin -4) 2 > Reanacy + Dual slebe > SAR > counkr Hype > Flack = FAN eet: CMos > ECL > TTL > DTL 50 IS lo 8 me Prob» cabo « ECL < TTL € DTL < CMOS Dre lons 30m TOrs => Power Aissipation. CMOS 2n EXoR = A®bBOe = (~@vac Rien ee ae -@O8)OC = ~wReoc) —> AMObOC -(ASIOC = (os)@Cc = A@(8OC) > AOGGc) = ABBOT — For n-bit symchuneus courte, n $/p F @ -2) AND gotta — cary Jock ahead addon has piney mn AND gate,= abies ype = ae tpt — Wp = Wn Naas Festa tr, ts Lb 1 all ate an na ff bet of bey on peeiee Wee dao BL, kettyt Limiting, eer volue — true vale ee alae OO > Cateh( wo) = 14 CAB = hacatajt +c (AUB — Dead combensater » HPF Jog componsates LPF whee Cte ae Product toy Demgh — nh cprmn eek Maes = PS gine bm Produk of vec Dany of eres of OLTE from point ASignal and System @ ~ Unit step ie a power signal: “> EL x(at)] = € _ Tat a recursive system, eutbut uln] must be fpumction. of eutbut plus reeert al spoat ip Ub cam’ so fatwa ip ¢ futur o/P. “ w* Femtimuous 8180 stable system , position = dischete time system Alm] = son]-s[n-1] ;4[0]=0 > 209 AU) = YU), then xl) # hU-T) = 44-0 UD Fuld) 2 bat) aL > Un+a] & ulm +p] =(n+ A+B +4) u(nt+a+p) oun aries) Ff (n-no) Ah el = fib ah, then dyl fun ® oh ok ra ae 7 ult ok ul = (4 et) ey > FD Alot) 2 y (at) Tal then x (ot) = Lim 4-XC4) A> 00 leo) = Lm 4X4) 4 > Uy a(t) —s xs) > —> An LTI system is invertible ip Pity x htt) = tt) —> Time compression : Decimation 6r down Sampling x(ar) > Time -exhamsion: Imtechelation o& up sampbing: x(2) ns . “2 yln] = xt) ¥ Alm) S2tn) SEE [ytd = X(K) hin) ] > UN DET, total number of multiplication = n> addition = N(N-4) fn we _ w = dl sintwss M] 2 YP op( AL) > Lh [os (wt ta) ] = he “+ lax)« — fxtt)d stlty . My the nun ofp Hz) is of lower order hat of olen”, the system may be causal Phe, > Erase delay = — plu) » Group delag = SP = es — Recursive ane talhed TTR ayster. MO” Aeba eylen are aloo Clled FIR Aystem. > Hilbert Tharferm > fire sealing of HT. > flat) HE, sgnla) f (at) —> When the FT. the noise is constant, the noise 4s called awhite role > Pramster junction of the syetom describes He — tm fet, me: of multiplicattens »— N. fog sry additions :- Ni Jog,N > Causeh * causal = causal amticaursal ¥ amticousal = ambicansal ds sand [TE system, pose delay group delay > Elst] - Elae]s FL] ,E[Axth] = AP ECUEI) > fF. even cong = Flt + f¥ let + esdeny = £0 F*C0) - fixie) Slt) dts = xo) = Sato 8" (4-to) a = CIP x lt) > HWS:- wameforms — shitted ithe i a ty debt, value becomes Se ee ae ! of FH falt] 20 > orthogonal signals./ Segre ngmucmucn ny anne nnn nun oa celal oes = 0. true caf xia) © 2 —M Tp | ETS Aven x sa? (wy Width | ET ents or emargy algal, fer pourer 4. Gi+4) FE. T sa (2) 2- Sa(aw) ee Gy, (4) BS. sa (at) _ ) i — <= Grn (& 4. sa(aw) ___, 4 trig (4) 2 2a 4a Seat} etait (2 a —+> A(T) = be tw]? — Rp) = alm) & %ly) = X (Zz) X(z ) THLE) be 2: alle pars filter — > tb x(t) is a fporiodic function Thon Ue eT. Xl) = B ancy $(w-kwo) =~ 8 TI -j Kwot ushine Cy = + J ire JAF 3 Cy! Complex = > festa Seite 5 aot ie “eer gs pulse train : . ) re -20 ~ Maliw= ae v= X (3 (wns) > Aompling:- F s(4-%) HES w, S S(w- Kw.) cae eon Where Ws 2 2m wn $US) ba [im (4 KT) Ke -co sreconsburction :-ee FourtER TRANSFORM @ i them FT. willl > x4) Bb a real valued 4 , Th and wen oP ee amd een Imaginary ond odd Ts seal ond odd - > Agnit) ETS ro 2 ee rit —s> ult) ——» Aa $(w) — > cos(wyt) 5 mt [$(w-we) + S(w tho) J —> sin (w+) —e=z [S(w- we) + S(w+wo) ] os Lsdonas ar — =. 5 conwotablon mf 2 aime 4 ia abvonys aire hur —> Umnbpulee Buin ftis 2m ZS sw kwel ke noo ee = a “ae xt) — > jw Xlw) > - fuo de — > + Xlw) + 1 Xlo) Siw) ‘ AB. kK alt) __y aS a xXlw) 4. x at) xis) far B xXl-t) x ey 6: Xa) — ana cu} 7 Lf nur at —+ f ixtus]? dw a aa 8 x(t-b) 2 eV x) Wes boreet nerreins eS ~ whe + [Alw) phase response Way ye 9 SY xt) ds real, x* (Ww) —_s x (-w) — aenag irony, Kw) —. — x)S oe | cxponenkily —FOuRTER SERTES @ | P SS eG Ce ee 1 f xe dt Hh amy wwawefoim has HWS , then UF wilh thane Orly etd charrmenica of both sine ama cosine HE be even ayermny > & real of fe as Ko im a time furled finite no: of Maxima 4 minnir May fimiche m0: of clisconttimaniTy = flt)o aws — for wen n, Anzbne Cn=d 3 aro only odd srarymonies exist *) FIA even+ Hw neven= 0, bn = 020 > only odel fl4l— odd +HWs _, Qo = ane breven= 5 only od Seuss 2 Cn 4 Gy ane comple conpugede Ve Gack iS 2 (+=-455_=, qe 2-xl-4) —> ¢o mk 3 CAA) ——> Ce with furdamentel period of a ive + 4 A aca) jKmCe 5 uci — & (ep @=0) de e Jmok, 6: x(t) —> Cy a(t), 225. i¢% > me DHRU) —s real, Oe Cy, alt seven C2 le (Al odol ») 4 . nice Hy x(t) real 4 even, CrcCyaty 1 Cie > veal feven ,ba=0 th xl) ret fodd , Chine, ee Ce wih At pure imaginary os imaginary 4 odd, Ans ayctecd. 7 UG —»> S Crna ¢ 211) @ TW) 9 Ge j ™= 00wer em 0 — JK Wo 9. x(mJ- xtn-4] 9 & (4-8 wr Pe ‘3 Theorem :- a fiavotar = 2 il raevall’ o 3 y Sac © “Power A oo nm+t | a fle & Ci" 28 sin (m eT) “N A Oey nn * x M scaluge 2A xZ— Teens FORM . 4.la” ute) 4 -a ut-n ee a2” +H xr] we fimite duration , then (2) sl rbein .omting zZ-plane except whwre a tla a eo is degree higha or gyal to J”, dnttial theswm is nat valid - — ROC is night of of the tdghtment pole > causal t Aakt of the laftmett pele > system as atolte if ib Umndludes jo axis —> Inverse 2- Pramsform is rat unique, depends on ROC- — Minn. phase all (2) Anside- ven: phan spt alk. ges of He FO ALL bass potter pels Op —> zens @ mak: phase systems —all gores outside unit ark. > to check, digital filter ,check@ (Ow= 4 Wo Oana @O@2ws-1~ . Wee im omaleg fie Wmitial value 2% 00] = Lin Xl2) tind value, x fe] _ “be (2-4) X(2) 3 can be H(z) should not amy posible Ror et fox <0 te i He) should te ynCroperties: — - i: eke ne] —» 2™*x(2) 2+ a” bed — =X (2) 5 Roe —> 1alRz 1 Sealing SBE ny es x *(2*) # [2]. xe: foe — A & x [nr] —+ x(4) 5 Roc —> & mx] __,_5 ox Xz) Zz 7. an x(n] x (2) 3; ROC = lal R2 : mo a5 }.Don Ro, g Fre, shifting: . e xCr] Sate z) 3 Xm) * Gm) __, Xi (2)- Xyl2): Roe — RNRa Re CeemT = A [xtzd+ x*l2) J W Im Ta]. sb xl) - 12) J 23 2 Accumulation Prefrrty : - = xt) Se 1X2) Ko-w 1-2 13 7 arsesal!s Theorem, - 2x, tnd," on) = 4 = x (2) x,* [e* ‘ yet 1g, Mulhebticatlon | Xl IN) Xs lm) Se j x WM) (Jv dv we DFT > FIN] = FF op j 28 nk) ~~ Flr) = = = FCN] exp (-1 23 nk) FOP] = Foneny se xt = XEN-KI > Y APE, poles 4 sores symumatry about jv aris = — ae Mah hae 4 Scam) Ih, Sin W/p > sinter) cle), 6 -LEL = ue. Tn weK K+N/2 ® FW = -Wy -j2t_ K K+N ee Litip Ww SW 2 Ww, , WF tien im time demain + Properties of DET > amit incon in frey drain 4. x*enJ —s x *(-k) 2-xf-n] = X(-k) 2 tty: Xn] —» N [x (-K) Tmoan 4. 1m) 2% (mn) ——s ra (1K) © XyCK) J St 2 Ne 5S xt? - A Ss 1xcwl* Ko & Zoog Cm] 2 a x* Cn] gy (ntm) Up 2Cr J ae compl, N Ace 1 TUM) @ aon) —s x, Led Xp LE) 3 SP ruled xO] ; Mo > [xe a8 af OE 27 Fase) fe ae . xia |= i a | x4) 1 “1 10 -4 f[ fate jo-1 -j J Lx endem Varialele > 4H) eu(x)e 2 F-? eu fe Je ax > AO = Lente (2 > Fre = ftw. 2 : Transformation of Rv. > ACF = Efe actos fac alts TIdt = Rey (7) Poeprertion or AcE:- mes PRev(e) = Reyl-T) 2+ Rexlo) = ECU] > MSV 2 dim Ree) 2 R? 3 Up signal us shifted by to, there is no change dnACF — ACE Reve) FT gy PSD (w-domen) —> Kx(+) Ler, K2 Su cw)— ELy(H] = Eley] - fAltcode > Rey les Rex (et) © Wie) > Sy (w) = Sxx (9) TH (w) 1: > Fra nar band nolse , erwelep Ce hes pd awhile Oe has uniform taf: > wad p > te for RC = & for R-L. Se 4L oF Tits = (mo. ot inet) (no: off distinct J — Meene ZTE. 1-a2' cose 2 te I : > arsinne 2:7, Vo Far eoses ee = an coshne _2-T ania aaa —s 1-azwsht A d2az'coshd 4002? 7a sinhno 2T aslonho “A-2azlosho +a°2 > DTFT preterties »— 4 x(n- = PEELS eS x(w) 2 zimmer dg x wwe) Se x(-n) —— _ X(-w) 4 mx — j Hw 5 Xm) xm) +» x,(w) X,(w) Ee 6 ln) x, (@) ——> x, (wl) * se = st (x, 8)x, (w-e)ee "Energy = = bx)? __pteT, $5 Fixed a jw) X> (judd teh llameharal’s rebtim Of UN abe st J xsl 2b : 4 vied) ds OE rly (m= + Jute Ye new \—> other of putteruoedh LPF INS deg. fol, (©) po ey in ti (zy)i sult * ult) = Gey act ~ utara * utntp] = 3 iret eth t8) ulm tarp ~ et ult) Rul = (4-2 Sy ute) > f ato Mtb at 2 Ey” alte) se HWwe:e wavehoun shifted dy. To/a. , elther sdght o Dot, it becomes -ve of “peppers ane? —> Ympule twin ETS 20 SF 4 (w- kw) Keo MS £4 cree, +2aQ) 285, Bw a atl A) > x4 -w) — aa T sa (wt) — salaw) EET, 1 gal: Da > salen) ——+ 4 trial) 2a sald) —> ow! er +A : » then ids aku ey ah xlal ds periodic aya 1e gaue d at xlw) = Z. amet, Glw-Kwe) > Cee a eo 5 6 of poriamageben| puectamgulor pulse ra < amy pot Cone pube TZ svo-teved To thas HWS, phan Lb will have. — OE TE ASI, a sine ond atin — Hh x) ds ewer > Ce —s veal tay da ode tyr, Ce > magne Gy “eG a bin we Morbi conjugate 2 CE Ce Gn > xl-th — CK LO CX — al: X(t] —> = Co Dic-m — x Ox, Ut ee Ce Dg — fa} -afm-1) —> & G- oe - — a __f * 3 cel pt ¥$. x 2A . 2 | AA tte Olas sec poe —> ale 75 Xta) * Ve — aan —R _, tay —> x2 UE pion ies) > atoy —> Xe about — In APF, nb genus ane poe joy a CDF) : J KAM kK kan K LtK Wy = Wy + Wy = © —> agt(n) BET, x*(-K) — epr= Be fie de r Ox) = b ere (4) > Wy = Wy > — bw- R We Ef 2 Be Re) = A (Rede) — Plamcherst's relation « i Law, at aie Patios S wlads gla) = He fe IN (e 5 daw Nero — [Xe Ao dot 4 % (0) x4) ftom ot acd) XQ) J 7 far “1 4 -4 a2) x3) 1 4 +4 4 acs)Control | Control system é > Feedback zonkbrol system is asicalll ¢ 4 tous pase 4elle > Aignol How proph Year Se sad te hupussedt only fimean system: n — Im a minnimum phase pean ane = svell as genes ane im debt side of the plane Time Aesponse Sunt -+ fi-e2 abs 4 oe a fg | * Delay time 3 ty we LEOTE (0<€<4) * Rise Aime, £, _ ic. ae i-€2 ai Aes ee Wn f4-~er * Gok time 4 on Thee content= w . Peak overshoot My, = Ae "8/fre? [For unit atop A=1] . i ‘ toy, cntteian c 41 Cor RONG Mewes Bae Sa ota = a 443s be vutaion Een , ei. dim) St RL) 4—>o ~ 4720 1+ Gla) kp = Lim Gla) S20 a Ay = Aim 4: G(s) tye dim 4 G4) 4A>o b>o TO oT called de~ gain 8 Fer tare a — Ami X i palue Fre Carn “fom 40% 0 30% of Tre. final O% to 400% oh the tmal Systems OP> Type of system P — evs > stabilisation | @ Glad. ech “agptaras cones eta estat ® clued trop syste Arecornes, > H two Act order Ayskerm sical, eg Aeevecttl . : a ROOT Locus B38 etd Prather them te cl i, ——=. + Locus 24pal to The nov of sramches of the toot ov cider ef the characteristic — Beharote Loti = No of ‘epen Aevp Liss — Frc axis = nor Ahet on =F (24 +1) K2o0 TN-m fo shane slebe of mag. rzoboue us 9 t Cyr fo. K* Ehpects of Load compamsastor> - @ 5 Phase margin sulatine) stability improved e) a Mytit Het Yor abubite £ rclative stability, arullysia) ONS PZ Nimo eH cow valmul enthial por P Fee Ze — feu finite GM: phot cut" ove Biel PM. plot shewld inborsert teniky, chee - aos combectlabitity gy (ese te .- roars over Wty Cet ater @ver => Cseplols I+ 0a7g Cramp (0) = (4 cama) k eclate - =H Ginn __*K ; SUitsty(tesy) 7 7” Fe y 1% — A oi ep tolerance, ta = boy (0) “za — Reet Lora, oy K (84a) 7 Salar BA te with - —_ Cendre (-a.0) radius Java > value fk flor root Aouss = Product of vector lumgth of pabt OLTe pow A _ ecker ro. fe tat ob 38 of2 peles 1» -40dB/dec = -12 dB /edtawe D ae eV Areqpeney » oda [G(jw) H(jw) |= 4 ie on * Phase cress ever frequency , J Glin) Hijwy 2 . GM = 20 Leg 4 2 90 4 7 PM = Ago y G (jw) Hw) I@Giw) HU jw) 1 los = tan? 2§ i. SOM APM = te, we cus 45% | 2 unstable > GM = py — a ‘ Atalble = A eget Compensators COMPENSA TORS 3° Read compensator 57 Lovtrol_Ayaterns S Ci) et RVAL 52 4 2 EWy B+ Ope @ Due ts wnit atop a Hive 4 coda s fot iedannhad_( 5° °) Craries bjs 0 402) z a- @ Fe aeprem (OSES 4) cv mp sin.yt 20). p BP OBS ce= 4) ~ unt & ont (ara fost Bary >) in fA) F (TT LEE evendontdl As abe )PT | © 6 b) Fer unit ampulee eapower An Clb) = Wa Sinwat o> A antraetgey 3) For cdtical damped system Cll = wet fons cl) + 4) For overdamped Aystem CUl= ($055 «ag (RL ee (EMn ORD clt) Bein unCom vinvnication Ly stem ® = 4 em Signal, tm) is non-sinusoidal amd conkains Phe ms es ists fe ttm 5 fe t fim » fet fms > uy bua er Plamaubar,sttr= fot), fe + finzele ge Srolbule: ee Ramat] cos 2fe 4 > BW = 2F,, a fe AZ > Psp, = Ad Ke « fe pe 2k re > Ps Amex - Amin Amer + Rmin + Amex = he C44 I “7 Nigh Level modulation it alee -kmaven os collection modulation - —> Aquare daw medilation Ramla) <2 TR eeeid dngenet thing ke Flame > Pre- envelob : %plare uley + jxty Natural envelop: Ire ple) | Crwelobs— xp tty eect —> Hilbert Devnet domain to time domain | but) { t90° HF WK -30° 4 wo Hw) = {+3 ae al Wwro y= a1) ® 4 3 oa ets - jsqntw) > alt) and XUN are erthegonal Fo each ethor al) LAT. Say 2 ee att) Batt) LT ty 4 -x fe Aefrm cos (2n Heeitol ea ae . ss6- so — Notse = Ny Cos, t — Ne sin t COS OT (fe ft7 -s Beth psare 4 PSeSC Ahheded by ONE, Scho Mw —> Power saved In DSB combed to AM, = 25 2 Leaf — frwer Saved in SSB compared Jo AM, = 4¢ p> eerpr > FM a -Sey e A, ws [wet +B Sinwet 5 B= Aw AS (Olma = Ke Am Om Win — PM as SU = AL cs Lart.t + & Cos What J Aba Kp Am — fower for NBEM = fe (a+ 2) (P Ymedulation = Af. 100% pats cok Is ~> Deviation Ratin = (Af) mx (Fre Vanax 1]. Re ac Fasqs discrimimada Phase discriminator uy Le Me fouighuite Ainge Abebe Aralanced of 7 aoke dor. ole 4d Cau] amit) oo so peg i, FM = 3 p>. 3 RP Ame a =P 2 sR 5 SNE), ey ba? | — PM= Fom . + et 5 SNR), py ot — AM =A | psa tsseet — 33 4 pM Joy 4748 FM is hantiong better owise Jernmunndy xhen — &- solegs eo Mine fe +2:TF — Yroge aejecton rotio , f fsi 4 = 5 . ‘s st Yrnage Areqpomeg. seein se GO ms ad of chumed cbt is don by 9R cbt- > Smage chammal Artocion is done at ph stl 20 amethed Y geecnds Laparitor —> Capacitancos or Lo- > Cmax (= -25LF \ Grin Fimin + TF —> Pom:- BWe nfm t (m-1) fo, 1 Ok sees SSB -sce smodlulation te ‘ 3 Lob Je used im bebhene RL —> Quantization srr = + a - on ; onde, ? Geceritcatti, ape oie s oe Te mean sapere vale - — > SNR dim case of POM: Ad uml d) ds alnusetdal 2/4 ENR eZ. 76 + bm)ds 2 Ap alt) ts Hinarny signal :- SNR = a4 3° 8h mA) is uniformly dicted distribubed SNR =Uf| 7 . fA sp -, @ 4. rs tea, (+) » erbopy = =hs fogs (F ) bub gmt —> Ynber vate = 7 XH ial ate 5 — Capture range of PLL < Lock range > Gherity , C= B49. (16S) Cy = Sy 1-44 > 62 = Ee] “Cetxg}* — Meam= arlene = np L Potsson's distribution, —> Mean snp, Verrance anpy Binsmial Listoiboutin, — ECXYJ = E&I ELYT © beth Rv: are Independent * Statistical Avouge : Kaleulation of average off a « Time average - Calculation annenage ef a codon | parameter at ave poder "her at at bitty - emer ' hit Ay) ace Line oe chownai | | 4 Goa ere same, then it is called Regular . R.?. [rae i Process im selected ronse }— Uy avg . | demp” add DAA, Choma “A oa vat hy ty and i Ay oe Bore, Ub is at drovers Ue on db a : he dime Sper rete pie at 4s cabled dam Abiick Aense - i> roca | Time avg = atetishal [7 ante stetionary process - mean and autor — Theumal mee = kTB 4 Vn (netse voltage = akre R owl Rag = Fy4 Eat fat CR a fas met > Capivalent net ped gure aE aoe) mnotse temp™ > Teqy= (€-4)T. — Tet power of whit nein: AM 4 DsBs-N= 2NoW ss@ 4 mag 2 - N= Now. 2 2 > Nen- uniform quantization, SNR= be BB eine bo UH -bO-T tin Cita Pe 44,5 A, are of different sizes, thon Nate, Wan {Ac 42. +A xt 2 * 2 \2 » =5 fer alee cvertoad, [sz PAts pew we fb > Buawetization noire in DMs 22, Mwbls qe, Sa. 1 > CNR = 3 (En)? ME rapt Bef ti = Granular noise power 2 4718-0) oo BF, diagram 1s always eapal te Jes: > Bandwidth of BPSK = 2 Cuanp] = Bet mT DOT, — Bw: of M- any. Fsk ,8w = Boar ids) > Bw. f Ask = 28, - gw of BPSK | — Bw OPSK = 2x Bw of BPSK | > GW of BAM=lPsk aAskKl = =. 7 > Bw of PAM 2 Rp (ite 2 begsM —> MSK: CPFSK: condition fer uncorrelation in | count FSK Offa) = Bs te Be ° b 2%. 2 - Distance bw 2msg pent in QPSK = BPSK=2VE — successive phase bjw 2 point = 20 M — tuclidian disturwe (disturce lw 2 points) ; = 2fEe sin| > BW @ Pics. Phciemey f= Re. 0 “Cw any PSE = 50%, (BPSK =lo0% (QPsk) > BW efficieny, P for Moray Fsxofe Quer = 25% (Br SK) // -.1 en d_ Al a If —> Pim tvums of distance => © b-( sam) (sem, ) A. distance blw 2 mig points 4 — Pe = ; 2 . — fe (min) = @ Ee fey a fs -s.J S gererel fornita ad fee o — (BPSK) = 2 exte c= 8 Zoe = oe > Pe (BFSK)= 4 erte Ee. _ a Ee - 1 = 3 te foes non A = Exp (- Ge) nen- i No i i i i i Fe(Desk) > P. (epck) | BPSK Buperior to ovthegonal BESK by 248 . " “ omen- erthegonal 4 2-2 4B amd ee Ke for M-any PSIK = Se ne sindZ ) = exte [Ee (apsx) inet caletated for BPSK Symbol one pe for Mary Fei = (Ma) @ » Coherent Siz) b(=£2 ) *. ten - coherent — fer Ten - Aynchrorised BPSK 2Ne ~ SN e 2 | SNR T fey R= Eb cap bo detection > Sask , x PSK, x FSIK QNE 3 VFSK, JASK, J PSK yXDPSK > SER -Q [ZA as 1 OPAM > Oh samples Aeemamitted albuectly. (mn net giver) be. Bw=~ en > Bessel's Function'- 442 A SE Tn( P) C08 (we + Wend > @ Ta[B)i mt Bessel wo-efficiont , B= mod. index - j(a sino - 2 4 Jin sind -no) AZ. Ty tals 2 fe ae » Power if FH = Bis sleK(ee)aT Ui B)20, Sayed Te (OL a Sent — Ty) = tf TnGa- — Pr rm 10 fer deceit or hartley Code Lemar = Moreh bits ina code - Eni pla) > avg. Coding APiclemey sn 2 (min oH Cone Demnegtn i) Le = PCYJ= PCxI. PLL] , rlxy9 = PCy PLY = noe. SHES J sacyy L KCL] + ate) > mukual inf FOUYI = WCx- HH (£) 2 ev) - ALY) - > channel efficiency Me Eee, : & — Fe drimany tape by yptom = TO%4) = Ly) + plogsp +(1-p) doa, (1-p) Se = 14 plore + (Ip) dog, p : > Kinton Beck code. fax tom CFim = Ie Clem Cod = CT pF] Kem 3, Pani, PAR matux (Hu) = CP, Tae] 5 GH 20 = uke ™ Ove) LBe can dated ubto 't! onror proud (Dd Comet oy YI . sDrin> 949 Dann !- Smallest hamming weght of non- Bere code min > £41.i > Sains mine ne of rows of HT that tum dr a0» oS | <= Syndrome "eosatly + 1=C@4, C= 7O2e, e ee a = yeceued code awed, a Ca transmithet ee errmr pattern- Syndrome (s)= erHT- — ne. of non- Bre ayndrrmes Lane as 24. Hamming bound (m,k), LAC Cam coved tusto t errors 4 2S > ZG, {ro —> Matched figter + (make S max ) HUL= s*C4) edanen SAUD = at (4) - a ‘ | ) cane = a E> energy ef 4,(41. ~ Beak o/p of matched filter = energy of AP aMgnot ~ BER = Ple)-e(L) # p(1)-P (2) ° rT): > (Bea) a [ear ter > without matched filter: afi Tan (7B) =#88 = @( ez) EL nergy op dif: of 5145 > To clutate yl) = dilay amd group delay :- compar with phase . cosk (4-49) cos [wel t~ 6) ] ait reoding 1s uted to Imovase ta info 4, rabe Eos ene mee pio ea eeresee ge ity off = condition freeing hallps inn detection 4 correction dy © fe mmo mst LE et n/q,)= plo) e ushre plo) is Area unde PCF) — Sf) = dt B Eur 4) - Qdloal sampling /- 4 ne. — lh = x4 ® Ae yp =4sqni) — ower saved in DSB zormpared fo AM= 2 gn fower saved in esp, compared Ao Ay. pane 7 PLL~ ofp x ple (HI amit) aaah SNR) 4 nd. sd gp i = ENVoeu ica eas FoM= > B [SNR oom % — FoM of AM> 4+ ,DsB 4856-4 eM a howing * etl dormant Gods — as , moire 4 47dB > Quality factor of tuned kt is dena Arg o/h ct => image thamnel rejection is dene vt —aeltor avd RF, > capture PLL = Dock narge — Mean = Sater tt.F 2 Poisson's dis pributron Meam= np, Vvariame = npy » Bimornial Aistrribetion —> Nen- unifsern guanh zation, SNR = BU gorn-wy An Cu+ wot> —» Quantization noise in DM = AP, = @ = mena > (SNR = te? tea Gunilan nese power = ANCEW) | im 3s agit > BW oof Mam FSK > BWe 2 (&) > BW. of ASK = 2% = BW ety BSIK BiWs PAM = Pe kite , = oy ete: 5 MSK:CPFSK! condition A < cohort FSR» (F,-f2) = a? see — Distance b/w 2 msg peint am Oss7 : = N. 50%. (00% > Bis offyicieneg » fat op esk = B= C6ése) COtsey psk = No = 25% 6FSK) 2 jor to ortho Brsk by 248: — BPSK bufenes Oe Fer ie 2-288 5 fo UDPsK) > Pe (ers) aymiet waver fe for Od PSI 5 4 ~- =< € = ee] FP sin) 2 ene Je Lg ayrel vorens fe fe Hema sks (m1) 8 JE) L FSK orwelep dokectten \ - JASK, KFSE, : Qne re SASK 7 v PSE _JESK ,% BPSK | > Bossell’s Aungtions$ SONS Ae Z_To(p)coeivermont Tn lo) = = S ai tesin 79) yg , 2 site 4 ws Fou PM, power off corush algnal Abepere 4 2pm ms is bame- _, plyd= PCxd ef He] , Pow yI= ecxa t[¥] T joint probability DTS eal tHtyd ead + WEY] > mudual dogo, Fey] = HOI-4 (2 J 2a -K(ZI — To cabuulate phase and ; Gltl = CoBk (- ty) cos oct a delay» — ae corvudton ef 20s - “4 Per zero TST 4 EB PCF - YA) = ply) where plo) ds anea under PO) inatandamesur > sChl = EZ MU Kp) MIMI“ eyMi aot ~~ Parameter, rol Sa tna Wek Ar = - Age ) Zp atie WB A ive oe I+ hoe . Way 2 Ay x Rew Az = Myx BW AL Age pe itR 7 CE hos limitation ak yng”. die to miler Cpacitances rhegh CB> ee sce > 9m = 2VRT ke Hes is 2 L Av > WF dm (% 1 | Rp) e . of = ee (tim) contig 3 > 4h5 Re, . 20 (r+ Rs (14 9m Rp J) Rp se / Av = ve ate Ro -Rp 1 A ad aes a, om ~ 22 Ry ; precont Av = dm (rai Rs) gm Ra agit _ ) "Sm (1g Ra) 4 me Ra olan, Amp —~“ 2 = Rs {] oe Te -4et e+ ety MAR oD BI Ygy (4 9m v4 a mh. % ~ Ym Ry ae he a 7 amp > Zo = Fy IRD LY Ro Btn = teens (ah) ty = 0-35 wtp = Bare > % eb eS TE x 100% » aves 8Si oppret SP he thre SD= 1+BA. © voltage ange “48 =~ 20Loq (1+ AB) vottage Series = Beries-shumt 5B Vly cwrent shut = Ahunt—sories 2 Bo yy, ampy = Uwvunt sorigs — Berto serio > B= Vo, ® Vonsnesistance amph = velitge shunt = shud shart 3 Be Se SR > dM GR >was AM, Reane = Ra UR, 2 Vo = £ Vas its Ovhn T= 1, 40, there wilh be i7f ys ee : ae 4/0 wilt be 4/7? af paot ewront | iu 2» ih Le feenent - Ben alosonce of ky P I EE eee® ke Phase eb-amp piillator we . on Rede : [Al229 f Ape Iv 445 a Vo2-TpR exb (Vi/nv,) — BPF= Ler 4 Ler 4 BSF > BPE + summa Tr riskable MV, £0, ane Commubehive ov Sheed up © Manestable Mv. Z Ca paci tow T= 0:69 RCE Cuth £77] ; = 4-4 RO Cwith 555, dimen] =Re In [i+ Vel Yast 7 ~ ac dm( e) i+| ® Astable Mv. ® Te = 2RC dn (#4) bam Pp — Cuts, bam = 138RC ere = oeaey ha airs Cwith 555 timny ~ Deady eydle = B ° © Tu Ry + Ihe loovy, Wane i ema Ue ee 2 he Bin, | a UR)” # oveatt caren gat “te —Oclaro A fewer Amp™ D= 2% = = (4- Ynin Vnin sod Fas as f 50% (4/f Coupled ) A Pro (idently 0) the gt pull amp’ reduces only even disterhow 1 Oe 8 CONS TBS Ye —> FOM 20-4 a nVle I-Vminyaes i dow c:~ Shy a\-Veinyrtooy, Feo.rs. imi > £ 4e-h Ine Lyme el. 7 renee dm Wel qn! rea Rous — FR JPET £moseet, of a a 2m (Cg +Cga) - 5p! Yas ( > 1. - Ge ea Ay) at Brasilien » al NMos ts » Cout = Cre * Con(t-g way sma . vent a te Transistor ¢ a by | AyNETWORK THEORY @ KVL - conservation of KcL ~ conservation pee RMS vale = ar: Ly dt , Avg value = +. x(t) dt ne wave das highest RMS value =i: > Mow gees a t21 Zo > ae = angle Irekwweem by current fads ot 522 +f ts taping <1, Ree -@ Fou C*) = Vans Tne 05% Pabparant (S) = Vans Lorna (va) Reactive power /Auadnatur (8) 2 VirmsTrms sinp (VAR) *. fabpanemt (S)= J PPegz Zz + 22% t 29% = A454 72% te 2a Ze = [ri Nay 2 2x 2, Za t Spt 2c ; aa Rex iXs Case 1 thon Zs a en a . Zz BF = Re - jX Y Prot cago Ris variable je X ds fixed Cae B+ Uy X_ js variate and R, is fixed 1- X= -K, = Vims => ~ Finan BR, > LPP as an indegrate Re >>T for dandegroR on) im mid = LPF Vos Vs ROKK T| —> Two PORT NETWORK | @ » heapnas Symmetrical 42 = Za fu = 220 Yi2 = Yay hihos - hizhs, =1 Aya = Fay Yu = Yoo AD-6C= 1 Su 422 - Gir $5, = 4 G2 = -F2) A =D A possive njw is always redipreel nw 4 vice-vetsg > G- factor (Quality factor). used fer inductor and Capacitor ol w, We ca 3 Wo N\N 7 KOXPX ae HX LK shelly peer pointy - . PUK Se 4 BW = w, - Wy Bw > We a P= RtS oes Ws 24% | [eevee] fas 2 |lewees Ca] Gs [92 se fees] rah vw)s LY) - v(o) J eo */T Suttching — takeo place , mC te. vU)= View) + Cv) - ve) ] e Genin> Magnetic Coupled Cdreuite ® 2 Leg = tite = Mt Lye bb aise L+4+2M Ms RJGy 4 gor oh, Q= 2¢ — Fox parallel -reoomeant ccreuit, B24 2 Eun d +Unte 0, BWH2EY > Sertes RL-c with DC conditen la- pt casplt > Sis ae = tlt)= qe 4Cne “ode be EFL be SH 45 Citta = t= (+g 4)4e ak EK 1 so Wnberdampels ttle (c, wspt +4 asinptle $=0 undarmnped iltl > (Gjcospt 4c,singtl a ees a fo = Re ¢ 25 toa “Be Da cee creer> no: of banch = ne of nodes= N-4 ® a Nede parr voltage one tf eolge = Ne, = MND, —> Resonance gondition Aer Parallel RL ARC ckh We —o77.-—$ R © — Wi J >u,-4 R= bse p= es | see eZ C VLé Ja.*- We— me 2) Kp > Zs Rs gn > % ee - ene —> p= f we 2D — Co = Ginx We? e DDp —> Relaxation vsciliater , T= Rc Mn ( a) — for Cupdal eslledor, X2 ol x ffs 2rfe! foe —> Moenestable MV T= O69RC (with t”) ater RO (with ak = RC dn|[_4 (op- arb): > Asta Mv. (x3) To BR RC Cuwith +”) = 0693 (Rar WoC (with 555) = 2RC dn (YP) (ob- amp) > clan A power amp", id Ga 7 hak FoM = 2- forex Acre distortion ° 4- Vin) 19% 5% Veo2, a > class ¢ amb’, Hye [lo Yon )uioo7e FoM= op rc > Rout (b/w cee) = ZW mI % porto resonant chk, are R L ac KR yw ~ 4 jew, B+ fat 20 , si 2° We iz 2 Wel 1 _ 4 (EC [ serio — At rermane, A= See He = ( ) , - ) me Be Tans | Gel cy lL a & > ffk ye 4 = au Pe I ee = HW B44, Utls (ye ca ett ad aU $< 4, Cltle CC coset Cosin gt | 2 a> Hp S20 lundompel} , i Utts (C, cospe cpsin pt. = ae 14 [ive Py te lee_EMeT > AX(8xc) = BlArc) — c(A»B) YAUUXKA)= VlUA)— v2A = di dpap 4 FAdgay +dza, dl = ki = dra, + ndéa, + rsinbdoag dx x + Pay + Sete +t 2a = VA = OA °8 ae ast + Ay 3A -1 u (scaler) = Lablacian jer solar Pv =v veckor : VA = V(WA) - TX LUKA) TUK WV = 0 (Curl of gradient in ger) Vi LV x8) 2107 (Auergerneg yeh eC lag tego) > vveo — Ghd = foray Vv Ss { eva) B) = $ Kidh x cl (fer harmonic field ) (divergence throm) (Cstrcke's Aheotem)= Colowmb’s Jaw -Pat &%%F. 1 ga, | 4 e, s anes FS Pp see t_ @ 2 _ 4 Sv = i} oe pa 4M&e ¥2 ane, 43 A > Ve -Vaa f Bae B = Uedbic Aid dure to infinite Line charge ee: = ho Oe ara re Tee ¥ Se ee ee ee chase he Pong “Se 2 +270 7 Y= $p-ds=0 = fiy.nav Fa ARK . | — Potential Aue to Ne -Va = Cdue to cular ring’) =a bh 4) QTE, Te =z Ara » 0 7 26, fartze . aJ A — Werk deme , Vg - Va = Y(VYe-Va) = y f edt — fotontink emery U = <4 a 2) Co-mobr) 2 did is ~@ 4040) to +pedipole , y= Al cost : va 4ney* 7 YMn. ater: of dielectric after dectteny ds dlscommedcted @, dD, Y wilh remain comstenrt. ore URE) dinided Joy A Hmes . e=ke. > Chacitance eff co-axial able, On Get An(b7a) abhuiicall eabacdhr, 0 4rre, hed (% Ti! fate «mtu SO BS, Caprpetenbatl weface ae charge 6 a te Atluated al distamea 6d? bre ef a A>bhoical lpia: mod.ius ‘a’ (acd, ar > Cobculetian ot fil ) + % 4) Anbimite soing dime , a“ smicate , we | b) finite sine, a) B= Jer (ose ey ieee t CosB, ) on Ade (eapall telyaon), B= Hen Ment sin (2) a) ) drcwlan Loot, 8 - Meck, az “7 " Ay coment de spe aera ath, doves, wilh be tore’ Cinkinit bine) “Laue /vagting 1% Bo— Undudamce aly selenoul/ Torvid, L = Nei _ ae — Lz Pet In( 2) aah = = hs. 2 bn (A) y porated conductor (d. >>) . Bendany conditions, — Sr = Fay £ Dy aes bs dn genmrad 2D, = 4am 04 ey evn Oy0 t Ee © Magnekic i ‘ tel 2 tHir Hor) xay = & ton, tan 6, _ ‘. “ene, = Ap. ~ View) = p, ‘ \ 4 1 Aomogernsous vv =o Bape oq” ~ 's ae DvBD-~ ¥, <> §Das =f pidy (Grass daw) YVE =o <* £8 4s Lo (Grau Faw) “ae oe es fal =-2 (eas ( i OS <—> $uat. “Jo apts than ot > Hy UP ig im 2- dyn, er Stee 2 2 ane Ys By BL te 1 a. Os of Viet ler joes UE g aieiniet a as “TR ery SLE ( tyood cledilatn Late (adh 25) P= wo] AE [ae Ett SWS Re (hood dieleut = JB (Good conductor 2 Corkect conductor (ozo). 9 > a. So no chance of oo : ysl ~ a abe E. aie ines IE = NB LOq. angle Ap which Ex Jeads Ay Hy or Fy lable a) For -perpect clelectrire m= fps Qn genet 1) = wee b) doe general case:- tan& = ne Jor good dielectric , tan, Se mle Ga Sear ©) good conducker Le 7 - mM (2 Cl+j) , 6,2 4575 Bh pas —> toss tangent tone = [Tel 2 (Jol We 6 is che fia ongle displacement cnnent vty lends Pe el aon density « — tun 26, - tan Oe ioe f. | P= 26, shin dokth, $= 4. [2 fh ao lage 7 OA TF aw = 5 Re [EsxHF ] > tossters dielectric - ie oe? cos (8,)a, > lossy diclectric sal 2InI —~=£ : > eee Me VL Reblection cw- efficiert Ete "2+ 14 r Cmplex - — Hr. V-%) |B = Er io. BER Wi aq, Ee Be a ty agit, > fer ee oa he (eR > S= Em . 1+ ITI ~ 2 rian magnetic > ak Homes top perat Lert, elect Fl ge cimatation betiveen phase de is A= 2r. ax th a Fa ORE ie ell tn Ag. Mine Ret ay) & 7 je et tomd, 9. 486 . . west = O . —> Znax = ZH xVSwR fn tee — VSWR in care VSWR vewRe Re Se resistive trad, Re ay SSF » ih R Return fess = 20 bos || Re —> Attenuctten in core of Thr dime, ol = In/ 3 ~ SNe = Bisa 3s \ 3 Ye TRE G+ (=) for TET ns aati © SP = Y =0 5 Qramescent p k=, B= ES, a FP — p= w Jae fa 1 TE 4™ ; 7 "\nex JE / a- (Ej 4 ree [Se [et — Demimant med: ry UE 83 Celnentonl, TE10 (vect ), > Xr At 7M, = Ye” + = r A Jt- (4) Vi ey 4 =! e}2 sean x, O08 ap, VCE) go etage : ce (Re penal plete i/o guided avave C oT, bsPo cn Ayer mt values ot man, dp due modes howe a wut peg)”, out ont tied diskrthidien Shon Cote Pee Poin as Meqoncnt ae > bra/2 , TE1O bcal2 3 TEI < TE20K¢ TEDL TELA A re -% >, ae t ge > Ogi? ho ‘ — fan Jpeld xt 2 Near kidd a => Eg ass > Eg = 1207 Tmal SF 4g [En linay = SOR TmaL 2A a = = | Tay : @ de = Get)x & genet st ce > Fer contre fel, Ry =son*| te)" = 2007 (F)". base - fed, Rea tox (AV. > Hy medium is changed , charges toy JHE. > Fidd distibution , Hy - olan pos ee (A Aield > &y (M2) = 73-2 (dipole), by (A/a) 2365 tnonebel > soe: far- field —> 062 fas én ce » fresnab - zone (shot - file) 062 | 92: Reactwe near field - AEms = LECT Pe alee 5 : : 4 ame (Al, Aipels) > Radration at V(6,b)- Totol Power U(0,>) = Foy x4 agF 5 fuaage value of QT, cue, hone fat > Prod = ffUlOib) sine do ag — Dredwe gain ,Gy- Ul, 6) _ 4 ulo,e) anxla ere Pra Pred > Direduity ymax value oh diretive gai, LO, Ome For heatsian ee See _ 40 SlSsinre — Da “ia fe > a= rad _ = Ge Pin on Gp Pay = 2 + Fas ER a Ta Ces temp! oon —> Dinectwity Parulretic 4 oy veftectr , 3. a (ok Ape 6( — Pie ed, Py = ha. G, (=y- —> Fath Inte = 32-5 + 20 4eg} ¢ 20dey = WEN = 2xHPBW , Do 4r A1253 -— ag 2 ) >|» >|s Be x04 Of KO — We Pdoosp +8 E,J= 2 as yrs: BF (¥). Arg 208 ( 2 — Broad side antenmna:— for maxima +: 390°,270° 7, BWEN = ee 2 Munna » COSh= m> zy) RK Le UN-a)d > Deuctivty =) Da 24 f — &nd~ ative ong , q =o0°, BWFN = Ses w Diaedity, Da ce = (N-A)d- a a iia[ Aa eee ak fy distance from Doma! mE) aed * (Be) aeet I ae _> Ax(B¥c) = Bl Arc) — c(A+B) _, taplaciam Apr vector: WA = 9luA)—7¥ (xh - VK VV =e 4 VA) =O, 3 gn ids = f COA) AV ( divergence thesrom) = foe ds = ‘ph do ( g4reke!a dhoorern ) _, Rhitrie fit due to Dina chorge 6 = A 4. ¢: me ak - mas — = 3e, (Ba)? ( dite to cruularn ring) Potential due te infinite Dine charge “Va - A Ve-Va = aie dn i) = Aa Coredlar 24 2 & Jar+2> 7 mee) _ value of potential Aue to dipole, vo 8 Seas? AIT Eo¥ 5 when didlechre ts ne jt sg — Soe wl seman ns ve, sine rided Jy K dimes, cle KC: TN canaatts daw Ape tenea ee — pot (az a) circular Deoh, 8 Usk (az) inn, ion both 4 oan an, Howie oe )Torqe Moment, C= TxP . w=oINa@? ,M= Nm = NTUA Ke) self inductance, [= ~ By magnetic field - Inductance of en) iene wa pales — t= pet pb) 1 erculan ee [te conductor = Ha. dn (2) h es UPW 4s ab ing in z-die Ye pe Cex 7 ey oF He Se 4 Oe pee — Ve J jw lersee ae BUR a EAE ea LES (good cond) ZOn » angle ay tehich ade by | Hy or y deads Une - — trae temo | Bs am] — Paasg = + Re Des xustd - E,2 -2hz pe CB(On) az 2 — r= | ri? eh £ Pre (41717) ee Me ‘ ee fal we ot Mt BM ne rel is rmaximum ‘ 2 cos Oi_— 1 cos Ot n > 1 4Felwugation, Evo _ — Elo Hx cosBi + Hq cos Oe [17 Polerigation, Ere 1, cosO, =m) casi Evo i cos +73 ces OvAb = Ee bane > Replection wo- efficient dn ty Line kU yieke [Mteruation Un Kase A Np = 2686 ae Thm Line ya L= fnlth) na oe eee LTE 47M a mock: Cen coma res), ae er Ae ; 1-(fe\~ i. Te Faye — br af elo < TEDL < TENS ee 0 Power mag tu Aendling cof. » P= 67x ey a (de/ag) )xio% 7 aa? 3a ap pag re “ss 20H ndl SIND (olnae = LG 2TA RA — Radiakian vesistance y Re = gon? (4t)* eelI; _, de = (=) J [ __, Fou conbe - fed Rx base - feet, Q, = jon (|4/- |e Re [A/a = 722 Cdupole) 5 Re (2/4) = 969 (omonefole) i 042 fev <2 » fetnal- zone ( short fied] A = Bor ° (Ae? - = 2or 14) — Erm = L907, P= 72 ei a = RT. Lue) = Totet fewer | u(o,6) = Raw xv” —> frerage value of RT = farach — Prat = [ful8d) sind ddd | — Dieedive gain bys ULE) dar ULB Arcxbone” ZU(O;)> Prod Pras > Blwetioity © max: value of directive gain = U(6.e) . Uo. y> — For Awtrcian aera iS See — Da Ap Ae . ae ig) ; Tr Dheacivity af foraabic anffecter,De m [| & (af. — BWFN s2xKHP BW ; Pe 4tas3 Barb. OexOy — = Pd cosd +S 5 (Ei P = Paces + 7 LEY = 2008 (2) 1 AiP22 cos (ast) —> Basad- side antenna: for moxima = 90270. BWFN = _2x87/3" Drediotly 92 -atpy, . Clad —= end- fire coray , bao BW FNS oxs7:3" Js Direcdwity d= 46, Le (N-LId