Flash Cards Phylogenetics Systematics

5/24/2021 Printable Flash Cards
Term 1 Definition 1
Phylogeny refers to the

evolutionary history or pattern of
Define phylogeny and give the descent of a group of organisms.
name of the branching diagram
that represents phylogeny. A phylogeny is visually
represtented in the form of a
cladogram
Term 2 Definition 2
Phylogenetic systematics, or
cladistics, is that branch of
What is phylogenetic
systematics concerned with
systematics and what are its
inferring phylogeny. Its primary
goals?
goal is the determination of life’s
history of descent.
Term 3 Definition 3
The lines of a cladogram are

known as lineages, often
What are the lines of a referred to simply as “branches.”
cladogram called and what do Lineages represent the sequence
they represent? of ancestral-descendant
populations through time,
ultimately denoting descent.
https://www.flashcardmachine.com/print/?topic_id=1212027 1/8
Term 4 Definition 4
A split represents lineage

divergence or diversification, the
formation of two separate
lineages from one common
What does a split, from one
ancestor. (The two lineages
lineage to two, represent?
could diverge into what would be
designated separate species, the
process of forming two species
from one termed speciation.)
Term 5 Definition 5
Preexisting feature: ancestral

Name the term for both a (also called plesiomorphic or
preexisting feature and a new primitive) condition. New feature:
feature. derived (also called apomorphic
or advanced) condition.
Term 6 Definition 6
An autapomorphy occurs within

What is the difference between
a single lineage. A
an autapomorphy and a
synapomorphy unites two or
synapomorphy?
more lineages.
Term 7 Definition 7
Topology is the structure of the

branching diagram, i.e., how
lineages, including those
What does topology refer to and
terminating in taxa, are
what is its significance in
connected together. Cladograms
displaying cladograms?
can be displayed in different
ways, yet still have the same
topology.
Term 8 Definition 8
The term phylogram is often

used for a cladogram that has an
What is a “phylogram” and how
absolute time scale, such that
does it differ from a typical
nodes and branch lengths are
cladogram?
calibrated and correspond more
closely to real elapsed time.
Term 9 Definition 9
What names are given to both Group as a whole: ingroup.

the group as a whole and the Individual components:
individual component taxa in a operational taxonomic units
cladistic analysis? (OTUs).
Term 10 Definition 10
At a minimum, OTUs must be

well-circumscribed and delimited
from one another, and the study
group itself should be large
What precautions must be taken enough so that all probable
in taxon selection? closely related OTUs are
included in the analysis. More
specifically, both OTUs and
ingroup should be deemed
monophyletic before the analysis
Term 11
i Definition
b 11
Generally, characters and their

states should be: (1) genetically
determined and heritable (termed
What criteria are used in the
“intrinsic”), (2) relatively
selection and definition of
invariable within an OTU, and (3)
characters and character states?
denote clear discontinuities from
other similar characters and
character states.
Character states should be

discrete or discontinuous from
one another because
phylogenetic systematics entails
Why and how are characters the recognition of an
assessed for character state evolutionary transformation from
discreteness? one state discrete state to
another.
Molecular characters and their
states are usually discrete,
lth h l hi f
Characters may be correlated if

what are defined as separate
characters are actually
How might characters be components of a common
correlated, and what should be structure, the manifestation of a
done in a cladistic analysis if single evolutionary novelty.
they are? If characters are deemed to be
correlated, they should either be
combined into a single character
or scaled, such that each
Term 14
t h
Definition 14
t t
Homology is similarity resulting

from common ancestry.
Homology is generally
hypothesized based on some
What is homology and how may evidence of similarity, either
it be assessed? direct similarity (e.g., of
structure, position, or
development) or similarity via a
gradation series (e.g.,
intermediate forms between
Term 15
h Definition
t t15 t )
Homoplasy is similarity that is

What is homoplasy?
not the result of homology.
1) Convergence is the
independent evolution of a
similar feature in two or more
Name and define the two types
lineages.
of homoplasy and give an
2) Reversal is the loss of a
example of each.
derived feature with the
reestablishment of an ancestral
feature.
The hypothesized sequence of

evolutionary change, from one
What is a transformation series
character state to another, in
or morphocline?
terms of direction and
probability.
What is character state polarity Polarity is the designation of

and what is the most common relative ancestry to the character
method for establishing polarity? states of a morphocline.
An unordered transformation
series allows for each character
state to evolve into every other
Name, define, and discuss the character state with equal
rationale for the two basic types probability, i.e., in a single
of transformation series. evolutionary step.
An ordered transformation series
places the character states in a
predetermined sequence.
Character weighting is the

assignment of greater or lesser
taxonomic importance to certain
characters over other characters
What is character weighting? in determining phylogenetic
Scaling? Why is either done? relationships. Characters may be
given greater weight in cases for
which the designation of
homology is considered
relatively certain.
Term 21
Ch t li i
Definition 21
i t
a) A listing of character states in

a top row and left column;
intersecting numbers within the
matrix indicate the number of
What is a character step matrix? steps required, going from states
A character x taxon matrix? in the left column to states in the
top row.
b) A tabulation of taxa and their
corresponding characters and
character states, in numerical
f
STOPPED AT 21 OF 55 REVIEW
QUESTIONS!
I am assuming we do not need to

know the rest since we did not cover
them in lecture (and they are
EXTREMELY boring).

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5/24/2021 Printable Flash Cards

Phylogeny refers to the

The lines of a cladogram are

A split represents lineage

Preexisting feature: ancestral

An autapomorphy occurs within

Topology is the structure of the

The term phylogram is often

What names are given to both Group as a whole: ingroup.

At a minimum, OTUs must be

Generally, characters and their

Character states should be

Characters may be correlated if

Homology is similarity resulting

Homoplasy is similarity that is

The hypothesized sequence of

What is character state polarity Polarity is the designation of

Character weighting is the

a) A listing of character states in

I am assuming we do not need to

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