Factors Affecting Tourism Industry and Its Impacts On Global Economy of The World

Factors Affecting Tourism Industry and Its Impacts on Global Economy of the World
Dr. Naushad Khan
Institute of Development Studies, The University of Agriculture Peshawar
Absar Ul Hassan
Ph.D Rural Development Student, Institute of Development Studies, The University of Agriculture
Peshawar
Shah Fahad
Department of Rural Sociology, The University of Agriculture Peshawar
Mahnoor Naushad
Student of B.Sc(Hons) Agriculture , The University of Agriculture Peshawar
ABSTRACT
Tourism industry play great role in the development of a world and it positively and negatively
correlated with the economic growth of the global economy. Seeing to its importance the present study was
arranged since 23, March, 2020. The universe of the study was the world. The major objective of the study
was to examine the factors which affect tourism industry positively and negatively while also study its
impact on the global economy of the world. Secondary data were used and total 18 articles were downloaded
from the net and read many times and analyzed the situation. The analysis indicates that tourism industry
keep tight correlation with the economic growth of the global economy while there are so many factors
which affect the tourism industry positively and negatively which in the long run or short run affect the
global economy of the world negatively and positively. Among these factors culture, peace, security,
developed infrastructure of the world, visa facilities, natural beautification, attitude of the people, tourist
number, Quarantine, World population, Education, Income level, Price level of different commodities in the
world, different languages and fare of hotel etc are the well known factors which affect the tourism industry
positively and negatively in the world. Similarly on one side these factors push the tourism industry in the
short and long run positively and negatively while on the other side affect the economic growth of the global
economy of the world negatively and positively. Recently due to bad quarantine the corona virus spread into
the whole world which has now closed all sectors of the world economies and the government have banned
people from social contacts from one another in the world and the government told to them to stay at your
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

home and through this methodology which was applied by China will be escaped from this virus pandemics.
So tourism is link with every sector of the economy. More money is earned by governments in the world.
The people enjoy the time very well while they were charged by government which increase the revenue of
the government and generate new employment in the countries of the world which improve socioeconomic
condition of the world community and give prosperity to them. There are so many problems which affect to
this industry negatively while few are mentioned here for explanation: Terrorism decrease the number of
tourist in the world; Visa problems and flight problems also decrease the number of tourist in the world; Bad
transportation also affect the tourism industry negatively; Hotel and transportation high fare also decrease the
number of tourist in the world; Bad attitude of the country also affect the tourism industry negatively in the
world. On the basis of problems the study recommend that to provide tight security to tourism spot in the
world; Decrease fare of the hotel and transportation in the world; Easy Visa and Transportation should be
provided to tourist in the world; Clean food should be provided on the tourism spot to tourist in the world;
Good and tight quarantine should be provided at the entry and out point in the world; Tourist should be
behaved in a good manner and never used abused words to them; Always give honor to tourist in the world
on the tourism spot. Good and honest staff should be appointed in the tourism industry for running the
system. By all world government good policy should be prepared for tourism enhancement.
Key Words:- Factors, Tourism Industry, Impacts, Global Economy of the World
1. INTRODUCTION
Tourism is the process where people from one place to another go for enjoyment and spend
the time. It play great role for the development of a country. Through tourism demand of different
commodities increasing and different cultures of the world are homogenized in one culture. On one
side development occurred but on the other side different diseases are transferred from one country to
another in the world. In real sense the tourism industry is link with every sector of the economy in the
world which positively and negatively affects the GDP of the country. Through tourism industry
many employments were generated which play great role in poverty reduction and socioeconomic
improvement of the world. Tourism improves the trade of the country and also boosts the industrial
sector of the world. There are so many factors which attract the visitors to their country which push
the tourism industry in the world. Among these factors natural beautification and historical places
play great role in tourism industry development. Similarly security and peace also play great role in
this sector development. Recently tourism was highly damaged by militancy in Pakistan in 2008 and
2009. Due to terror the foreigner never entered to Pakistan because every time people were killed by

militant and they have spread terror everywhere in the country. Such type panics were also present in
Afghanistan and Sirilanka. So tourism industry need complete peace and without peace tourism
industry development is impossible. Every country of the world try to develop tourism for economic
improvement of the country. Recently corona virus has created great problem for tourism
development. All world countries have imposed emergency and no one is allow to go to another
country due to corona virus spreading. They have sealed their boundaries and also people have lock
down at their home and no one cannot come out from their home because of this presently tourism
industry has totally damaged the global economy. Tourism multiplies the vision of the people
because they carried new idea to other countries of the world which play great role in the
development of a country. Tourism mostly improves socioeconomic condition of the rural people.
For natural scene the tourist come while they purchase different commodities of that area on high
price and through this way their area cottage industries have been developed and the people earn
more money through tourism. So tourism on one side improves socioeconomic condition of the world
while on the other side their privacy have been leaked which is transferred to other countries of the
world. Similarly one country disease spread from one country to the whole world such like corona
virus which was spread from Wuhan China to the whole world countries which have now crashed the
global economy and no world economy has been escaped from corona virus. China has huge business
and it is connected to the whole world business trade. Now by this virus all sectors have been closed
for solution of this problem. Similarly the oil price goes down in the world and now other cracked
down possibility is also possible. So tourism gives benefit to the world community while sometime
create panic in the world and crash the world economy. Seeing to its importance the present study
was arranged to examine the factors which affect the tourism industry in the world and to know its
impact on the global economy of the world.
2. METHODS AND MATERIAL

The universe of the study is the whole world. Total 18 articles were downloaded from the net and
read many times in depth and analyzed the situation what factors affect the tourism industry in the
world and how tourism industry affect the global economy negatively and positively in the world.
The major variables which affect the tourism are as Peace, Natural Beautification, Transportation
facilities, Hospitality, Good attitude, Historical places etc.
3. LITERATURE OF THE PAST ABOUT TOURISM INDUSTRY
 Ohlan (2017) analyzed that tourism and economic growth has great relationship in short and in long
run, So tourism play great role in the development of a country. It is necessary for government to

promote tourism and provide favorable environment to tourism because it play great role in
employment generation in the country. Tourism further improve socioeconomic condition of the
country.
 Kreag (2001) explained that tourism growth increase the interest of the community which further
increase tourism value in the country.Successful tourism industry create economic activities in the
country which further push the income level of the country and give prosperity to the nation because
it generate employment in the country. It is a goose which not only lays a golden egg, but also fouls
in its own nest. (Hawkins, 1982) http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/tourism/pdfs/ImpactsTourism.pdf
 Adrain (2017) told that tourism has close relationship with other branches of economy because
tourism increase the demand of the commodities through foreigner population which further push the
industrial development in the country and solve the problems of the employment. So tourism
industries not only develop the other industries but also spread their goods in the world and increase
the demand of these good. Through this way not only industries are multiplied in the country while
culture homogenization also occurred in the world. One culture diffused in the other cultures which
sometime also give loss to the communities. So tourism on one side improve the socioeconomic
condition while on other side create social changes in the communities may be positive or negative.
 Businesses and public organizations are increasingly interested in the economic impacts of tourism at
national, state, and local levels. One regularly hears claims that tourism supports X jobs in an area or
that a festival or special event generated Y million dollars in sales or income in a community.
“Multiplier effects” are often cited to capture secondary effects of tourism spending and show the
wide range of sectors in a community that may benefit from tourism. Tourism’s economic benefits
are touted by the industry for a variety of reasons. Claims of tourism’s economic significance give the
industry greater respect among the business community, public officials, and the public in general.
This often translates into decisions or public policies that are favorable to tourism. Community
support is important for tourism, as it is an activity that affects the entire community. Tourism
businesses depend extensively on each other as well as on other businesses, government and residents
of the local community. Economic benefits and costs of tourism reach virtually everyone in the
region in one way or another. Economic impact analyses provide tangible estimates of these
economic interdependencies and a better understanding of the role and importance of tourism in a
region’s economy. Tourism activity also involves economic costs, including the direct costs incurred
by tourism businesses, government costs for infrastructure to better serve tourists, as well as

congestion and related costs borne by individuals in the community. Community decisions over
tourism often involve debates between industry proponents touting tourism’s economic impacts
(benefits) and detractors emphasizing tourism’s costs. Sound decisions rest on a balanced and
objective assessment of both benefits and costs and an understanding of who benefits from tourism
and who pays for it. Tourism’s economic impacts are therefore an important consideration in state,
regional and community planning and economic development. Economic impacts are also important
factors in marketing and management decisions. Communities therefore need to understand the
relative importance of tourism to their region, including tourism’s contribution to economic activity
in the area. A variety of methods, ranging from pure guesswork to complex mathematical models, are
used to estimate tourism’s economic impacts. Studies vary extensively in quality and accuracy, as
well as which aspects of tourism are included. Technical reports often are filled with economic terms
and methods that non-economists do not understand. On the other hand, media coverage of these
studies tend to oversimplify and frequently misinterpret the results, leaving decision makers and the
general public with a sometimes distorted and incomplete understanding of tourism’s economic
effects. How can the average person understand these studies sufficiently to separate good studies
from bad ones and make informed choices? The purpose of this bulletin is to present a systematic
introduction to economic impact concepts and methods. The presentation is written for tourism
industry analysts and public officials, who would like to better understand, evaluate, or possibly
conduct an economic impact assessment. The bulletin is organized around ten basic questions that
either are asked or should be asked about the economic impacts of tourism. This report is an analysis
of the effects of the global economic crisis on the employment of poor and vulnerable groups in the
tourism sector. The 2008–2009 global economic crisis has severely impacted on international
tourism, causing a decline of 4% in international tourist arrivals and a decrease of international
tourism revenues by 6% in 2009. Since tourism has become a major economic engine at a global
level, this deterioration had important impacts on various countries, and in particular in developing
countries, where the sector has become an increasingly relevant source of income and employment.
During the last two decades, international tourism has been of rising importance particularly among
lower income countries, where tourism exports have become a growing source of external income
compared to other exporting sectors. According to UNWTO data, tourism accounted for 45% of the
exports of services of least developed countries (LDCs) in 2009. In the same year, emerging
economies received 410 million international tourist arrivals, a 47% share of the global volume, and
US$ 306 billion in international tourism receipts equaling 36% of the global volume. Growing
international tourism receipts have strongly contributed to the global growth of GDP per capita.

Tourism’s economic development potential is advocated for its foreign exchange earnings,
government revenues, as well as the incorporation of local suppliers. Furthermore, due to its labour
intensive nature, tourism offers employment and income opportunities, both directly and indirectly,
for poor and vulnerable groups such as youth, women, low-skilled and low-wage workers and
migrant workers. In consequence, tourism has been recognized as a main lever for poverty alleviation
and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Based on these preconditions,
the study at hand investigates how the decrease in tourism demand in 2009 resulting from the global
economic crisis impacted on employment, income opportunities and the livelihood of poor and
vulnerable groups, as well as on the capacity of households to cope with such shocks. This evaluation
allows an insight into the ramifications of the crisis for the everyday life of people. Reflecting the
basic objective of the RIVAF programme, the present study combines a comparative large-N macro-
economic analysis with three country case studies on the Maldives, Costa Rica and Tanzania. The
purpose of the country case studies is to gain insights into the impact of the global crisis on
employment levels/opportunities and household incomes of low- and unskilled tourism employees.
The macro-economic analysis reveals that international tourism within advanced economies has been
much more affected than in emerging economies. Growth of international tourist arrivals turned
negative during 2009 across the globe with the exception of low income countries. Apart from Africa,
where growth rates remained on a positive level, all regions experienced a negative growth of
international tourist arrivals in 2009. Countries with strong links to the European and North American
source markets were the most negatively affected. Countries with more diversified source market
basis have been comparatively less affected by the decrease in international tourism during the global
economic crisis. In terms of tourism segments, business travel suffered the most. Compared to other
economic sectors, employment in hotels and restaurants was less impacted by the global economic
crisis. On average, growth of employment in the first quarters of 2009 was still positive, Negative
growth of employment in hotels and restaurants has been observed only among advanced economies,
and by region in Europe and the Americas. The most common policy responses to the crisis across
regions and income groups have been marketing, public/private partnerships and a combination of
fiscal and monetary measures. Policy measures in the field of marketing and promotional efforts
directed at European and North American source markets have been the most effective short-term
instrument for coping with the negative effects of the global economic crisis on international tourism.
While specific policy measures aimed at poor and vulnerable groups within the tourism sector have
rarely been implemented during the recent economic crisis, a number of policy actions targeting
international tourism demand hint at indirect effects on these social groups. Long term policies

intended to further improve destinations’ global competitiveness, as well as to make the sector more
resilient to shocks are the most promising instruments for absorbing the potential negative effects of
similar crises in the future. The three case studies demonstrate that the crisis had a particularly
negative impact on poor and vulnerable groups. The case studies Findings from the case studies
carried out in Costa Rica, the Maldives and Tanzania reveal that the decrease in visitor numbers as a
result of the global economic crisis had different impacts. Each of the countries had to cope with a
decrease of international tourist arrivals in 2009, ranging from 4% for the Maldives to 5% for
Tanzania and 9% for Costa Rica. The decrease in tourism receipts was even higher (8% for the
Maldives, 9% for Tanzania and 10% for Costa Rica), as arrivals, especially from high spending
source markets dropped (e.g. United States of America and United Kingdom), and tourists tended to
be more cost conscious and spend less time in the country. The impact of such declines on the
livelihoods of poor and vulnerable groups, as well as the mitigation measure adopted also varied by
country: In Costa Rica, the majority of large chain hotels and domestic tour operators promptly
reacted by implementing a number of crisis-mitigating measures in order to reduce fixed costs,
including layoffs, reduced working hours and the enforcement of unpaid leave for two to three
months. Social insurance data show that 3% of the employees working in hotels and restaurants in
Costa Rica lost their jobs in 2009 and the overall tourism related work force declined by around 4.5%
(over 5,000 jobs). In addition, the remaining employees saw their purchasing power reduced by an
estimated 12% due to increased prices. Women and low-skilled workers were comparatively more
exposed to the negative effects of the crisis than qualified personnel and male employees. The ability
of vulnerable groups to cope with the crisis was quite limited. Savings, support from neighbors and
the establishment of micro and small businesses helped to face the difficult times, since most of the
low-skilled people had problems finding a new job during the economic downturn. The decline in
tourism demand and spending in the Maldives forced operators in the accommodation industry to
adopt cost-reduction strategies which significantly impacted on the labour market. Research showed
that 1,477 foreign employees (44% of the foreign workforce in hotels and resorts), most of them low-
skilled workers from Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka or the Philippines, lost their jobs during the crisis.
Furthermore, an estimated 10% of the domestic labour force in hotels and resorts (1,200 employees)
was made redundant. In addition, reduced tourists’ spending resulted in a significant decrease in the
service charge, which is an important part of the income for low-skilled workers, causing income
losses of about 20 to 30% for approximately 7,000 Maldivian tourism employees with low-skilled
positions. Their purchasing power further diminished due to an inflation of 17% between 2008 and
2009. With an average household size of 6 to 7 persons, research estimates that approximately 19%

of the Maldivian population, and most of them belonging to poor and vulnerable groups, got affected
through job losses or income decreases in the tourism sector, resulting in a significant reduction in
purchasing power. The case study in Tanzania focused on Mount Kilimanjaro and the Northern
Safari Circuit. Research showed that tour operation in these areas was less affected by the crisis.
Numbers declined by 2% in Kilimanjaro and by 9% in the Northern Safari Circuit, most operators
and hotels managed to increase package prices and room rates throughout the crisis. Job losses have
been more relevant for skilled and managerial workers, yet there has still been a significant negative
impact on unskilled labour, especially seasonal workers. This decline is most likely due to the
increase in the minimum wages in January 2008, and many employers might have used the crisis as
an excuse to reduce the number of unskilled workers and alter permanent contracts into short-term or
seasonal contracts. One group that saw their annual incomes significantly decline between 2008 and
2010 were the Kilimanjaro porters. Attracted by the higher salaries per expedition and limited job
opportunities in other sectors, the number of porters rose from 12,204 in 2008 to 20,590 in 2010.
Together with a lower number of porters hired per expedition this resulted in a sharp decline in the
number of trips made per porter and their annual income decreased by 50%. The final group to have
been impacted by the crisis was the small stall owners and workers, a group of approximately 28,000
people, which showed a decrease in revenue of around 25% throughout the crisis. Crisis mitigation
measures. The report’s overall recommendations deal with the public policy and business measures
undertaken to mitigate the impacts of the crisis. Possible crisis mitigating measures are distinguished
with regard to emphasizing: The need to advance the generation of tourism and employment data and
indicators, in particular short term data, in order to achieve a more effective crisis monitoring. This
implies the expansion of basic tourism statistics at national level, the development of the Tourism
Satellite Account (TSA) and, in particular, the creation of short term indicators of tourism
performance and employment to serve as early warning indicators. These could be derived from
sources such as credit card records or tourism booking trends (airlines, hotels). Such indicators could
inform governments on the performance of the sector and provide useful information to develop
adequate and timely policy responses. In sum, particular attention should be given to: a) early
warning systems; b) short-term performance indicators of tourism’s industries’ turn-over and
employment derived from administrative, fiscal or social security records; and c) business cycle
indicators derived from business confidence surveys. Thereby, the study reveals that the system of
tourism and employment statistics needs to be accelerated in order to achieve more effective crisis
monitoring. The introduction of Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA) and a more complete and credible
System of Tourism Statistics (STS) are crucial steps in this regard. Measures to improve the

resilience of the tourism sector and accelerate the recovery from decreases in tourism demand are
essential to minimize pressure on tourism related labour markets. Increased marketing activities,
combined with efforts to diversify market segments, including the development of the domestic
market, would help strengthen the sector. Infrastructural improvements, easing of visa regulations
and reducing bottlenecks for air access can also help facilitate tourism growth and recovery.
Measures to improve the resilience of the sector should be based on active communication,
consultation and collaboration between the public, private sector and local communities. Specific
measures should be taken to mitigate the impact of potential crises on poor and vulnerable groups
living from the tourism sector. Options to be further studied include granting tourism companies
additional liquidity to outbalance a crisis-induced decrease of revenues in the short term and link
credit conditions employee retention schemes. As tourism SMEs (small and medium sized
enterprises) provide a large number of jobs to poor and vulnerable groups, they should be given
priority access to economic recovery schemes offered by governments during crises situations. In
times of crisis, extra emphasis can be given to training, in particular for youth, women Copyright ©
2013, World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and International Labour Organization (ILO)
UNWTO, 28 May 2013, for International Labour Organization, for internal use, only. and lower-
skilled workers, as they generally have a higher risk to become unemployed. In order to minimize
shocks on low-income households, governments can also pay particular attention to promoting equal
distribution of tourism revenue, e.g. from national parks, to improving working conditions of
unskilled and low-skilled employees, and to exploring possibilities to introduce and improve social
insurance schemes. Furthermore, communication between public and private sector should be
improved in order to advance crisis monitoring and coordinate crisis reaction plans. Measures that
impact indirectly on the tourism labour markets by improving the overall crisis resilience of the
tourism sector and by accelerating recovery from decreases in tourism demand are also strongly
encouraged. Specifically, measures intended to diversify the generating markets and segments appear
to be a promising means to reduce risks. Increasing marketing efforts, strengthening public and
private sector partnerships, implementing the measures advocated by UNWTO Roadmap for
Recovery, including the protection and support of SMEs, infrastructural development, travel
facilitation including easing of visa regulations, reducing bottlenecks on air access and increasing
promotion of domestic tourism can help stabilize and enhance future tourism demand. Finally, on the
implementation of measures intended to directly impact on poor and vulnerable groups the report
focuses on issues such as the evaluation of tourism related taxes, as well as ways to facilitate the
granting of loans as tools to further release pressure on the sector and mitigate crisis impacts on the

levels of employment. Additional education and vocational training programmes, especially for the
youth and women, and the implementation of social insurance schemes are identified as ways that
would likely increase the capacities and assets of poor and vulnerable groups to cope with external
shocks, thus substantially reducing their vulnerability to poverty. In this context, the Tanzanian case
study revealed that increased development and promotional activity for pro-poor tourism products
may significantly help poor and vulnerable groups to overcome crisis.
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---
sector/documents/publication/wcms_214576.pdf
 Irish et. al (2014) documented the effects of global trends at the level of macro-environment, the
trends that affect further structural changes in the tourist demand market are the following:
Demographic changes and related trends are apparent through the specific tourist movements
according to the criteria of direction, intensity, and frequency of visits to a destination throughout the
year, hence the need for innovative tourist products by the criteria of program, i.e. services and
prices. Since mass market is individualized, all service providers will have to offer specific and
acceptable program for market groups. Within these groups, i.e. sub-segments of market niches,
consumers will show similar preferences and a tendency for specific and homogenous behavior while
requiring a certain level of product quality. To track changes in the natural environment the following
procedures for monitoring development indicators should be implemented in the analysis: monitor
correlation between variables of eco awareness and urban planning, monitor the level of exploited
natural resources per unit of GDP with the possibility to use alternative, substitute resources and
energy-generating products, which directly boosts innovations. The mass concentration of tourists in
certain areas in the time-determined, short periods throughout the year results in the excessive use of
space which challenges its development continuity. The concept of sustainable development becomes
an integral part of strategic planning in tourism. Marketing activities in a destination must incorporate
specific spatial features as they are a prerequisite to competitiveness of a destination and they foster
efficient placement. Along with the continuity of sustainable development, the issues that should be
taken into account are rational use of resources, their optimal combining, harmonization of space
according to the appeal and acceptability of ambiance, active implementation of land management
policies, and environmental preservation. Cultural changes leave trace at the level of confronting
global cultural identity and specific interest of potential consumers. In the tourist market there is a
visible shift in preferences from standard products based on genuine natural elements in the
destination (sea, sand, sun) to specific tourist products, with additional efforts invested in activities
that are concentrated around anthropogenic factors in the destination. European Scientific Journal

August 2014 /SPECIAL/ edition ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 118 Political
changes and disasters caused by human factors result in uncertainty which makes a destination less
appealing to potential tourists. Studies show that safety represents one of key factors by which
tourists choose a destination. Bearing in mind that today’s companies operate in the circumstances of
the so-called global competitiveness, still it is impossible to define a global tourist product due to
different demographic features of tourists, fluctuation in the number of trips throughout the year,
different levels of experiences gained during the trip, and uneven quality of provided services that
partially contribute to the overall competitiveness of a destination. Globalization is largely possible
owing to technological changes. ICT is a catalyst of changes in the environment and has a strong
impact on tourist movements. ICT contributes to spatial , temporal convergence. Innovative approach
and new business techniques implemented by entities in tourism particularly come to the fore in the
creation, distribution, and information on tourist products.
 Bird and Thomlinson (2012) reported that globalization can be defined in several ways. One broad
definition is:“A complex web of social processes that intensify and expand worldwide economic,
cultural, political and technological exchanges and connections.”Globalization can also be simply
described as the movement of goods, ideas, values, and people around the world. The term was first
used in the early 1950s to recognize the increasing interdependence of economies and societies
around the world. Globalization, however, has existed for centuries by way of evolving trade routes,
including the slave trade, colonization, and immigration. Today, we are divided into
separate countries, each looking out for its own national self-interest. At the same time, other entities
such as multinational corporations cross borders, which leads to global economic and political
integration. Many benefits can result from global integration and interdependence, but we also need
to heed its negative effects. We shall explore the topic of globalization and how it relates to tourism,
and then examines trends that have arisen as a result. We can assess the impact of globalization on
tourism from a number of perspectives. Here, we will discuss five examples: global mobility and ease
of travel; population and demographic trends; terrorism, safety, and security; increased awareness of
new destinations; and poverty. The advances made in transportation that have enabled global
mobility are particularly significant. Modern aircraft, cruise ships, trains, and other modes of
transport allow people to move quickly and relatively cheaply. Aircraft such as the Boeing 787
Dream liner have opened new routes by creating an aircraft capable of flying “long haul” distances
with a larger passenger load. Fast trains, road systems, and even city bike rental programs enable
people to move, tour, and explore the world. These changes have allowed more people to travel more
often in less time. Ease of travel has also helped to overcome the barriers of fear, frustration, and

expense. For example, an international banking system allows access to money almost anywhere in
the world. Multinational corporations, which provide flights, local transportation,
and accommodation and food, have allowed for “one-stop shopping” for travel bookings. Handheld
devices have also changed the nature of travel in terms of what travelers do and how they interact
with a destination, making it easier to, for example, select a restaurant, navigate a big city, or
translate a foreign language. As a result, there are fewer unexplored places in the world anymore.
According to the United Nations Population Fund (2015), the world population reached 7 billion in
2011 and is projected to exceed 9 billion by 2050. The population continues to increase, but not
uniformly across the world. Birth and death rates are vastly different between developed and
developing nations (Population Reference Bureau, 2013). In the developed world, there are
more older citizens (over 60 years old) than there are children (under 14). This ratio, which first tilted
in favour of older people in the late 1990s, is increasing (Business Insider, 2014). In contrast, in the
developing world, this is not expected to occur until the middle of this century. This demographic
divide is expected to widen between the richer and poorer countries of the world in the near future
before possibly trending together in 40 or 50 years. Other critical population trends affecting global
development and tourism include the following (UNPF, 2015; World Tourism Organization, 2010;
York, 2014): There are approximately 1.8 billion young people in the world (between 10 and 24
years), which is the largest that this group has ever been. They have tremendous opportunity for
economic and social progress, resulting in a “youth dividend” for countries that embrace this
demographic and their youthful vitality. This group is also travelling more than ever before in history.
By the end of this century, approximately 40% of the world’s population is expected to be African.
While birth rates are tending to fall around the world, they are still higher across Africa than in most
other parts of the globe. This could result in a youth dividend or further exacerbate problems on the
African continent. More people are migrating than ever before, with 232 million recent migrants
compared with about 175 million in 2000. The top five destinations are the United States, the Russian
Federation, Germany, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. More than half of the global
population is urban, and the urbanization trend is expected to continue as people search for more
jobs, more services, and more activities. Not everyone benefits equally though, as housing and other
infrastructure struggles to keep up with the growing urban population. To keep up with all of these
changes in demographics, destinations will need to provide products and services to suit the older,
culturally diverse, multi-generational travelers as well as the adventurous youth. Additionally, hiring
and retaining staff will require a rethinking of human resource policies and procedures,
compensation, and other aspects for the changing population of employees. Terrorist attacks and

political unrest globally have certainly disrupted tourism, but not halted it. The areas most affected,
of course, are those where unrest has occurred and has been the focus of extensive media attention. A
global terrorism index produced by the Vision of Humanity organization shows a fivefold increase in
terrorist fatalities since 9/11 (MacAskill, 2014). The Islamic State (ISIS), Boko Haram, the Taliban,
and al-Qaida are groups responsible for many of the 18,000 terrorism-related deaths in 2013, which
represented an increase of 60% over the previous year. While safety and security may not be the
driving reasons for tourists selecting a particular destination, certainly a lack of safety and security
often eliminates a location from travelers’ “wish lists.”Safety and security for travelers is becoming
more important as countries move to protect their citizens. Government agencies around the world
produce advisories and warnings for their citizens to stay away from dangerous locations and
political unrest. Travel advisories serve as warning systems for people from specific countries to
avoid particular destinations because of actual or potential threats to citizens. The focus on safety and
security has had several impacts on travelers. Most notably, security at most airports has been
increased in an effort to protect people and planes (Flight Global, 2015). Screening procedures can
take longer and some items are no longer allowed on board. Other security requirements, such as
showing passports and providing fingerprints, have been implemented for entry into some countries.
While all acts of terrorism cannot be stopped, the tourism industry is attempting to provide as much
safety and security as it can. Another influence of globalization on tourism is a greater awareness of
destinations and the range of leisure activities, sites, and cultures to visit around the world.
Generating knowledge of a destination is obviously a key first step in marketing a destination, and
this is achieved by way of travel shows, films, blogs, and other forms of communication. The
competition to attract visitors is fierce considering the sheer number of places available for travel; it
can be easy to get lost in the noise of global competition. Globalization has contributed to increased
demand for goods and services and overall economic growth, with the result of global poverty having
decreased over the years. However, at the same time, the gap between the richest and poorest has
expanded. A significant portion of the world’s population is simply unable to participate in, or benefit
from, tourism. The economic gains from a tourism economy in a developing country such as
Honduras versus a developed country such as Canada is unequal. Simply put, not everyone has the
same opportunities to profit. Environmental costs are also unevenly distributed in the world, with
poor countries lacking the resources to adapt to impacts (such as droughts, increased disease, soil
erosion), and shouldering the majority of the repercussions of phenomena such as global warming.
Another way to analyze the interplay between tourism and globalization is to consider the reverse
view: the impact of tourism on globalization. In this section, we will look at tourism as a global force

for peace, for cultural homogenization, for co modifying cultures, and for shaping the way we see
the world. In the 1980s, a popular hypothesis was that tourism supported global peace by allowing
travelers to learn about other cultures and meet people from other nations, as well as offering benefits
accrued from international business. Peace is an obvious requirement for tourism if the industry is to
be robust and sustainable. However, to date, there is little empirical evidence to support the claim that
tourism fosters peace, however attractive as the idea may be. Nevertheless, tourism does offer the
opportunity to teach people about how to respect other cultures. Some argue that globalization has
a homogenizing effect on cultures, as Western values are spread through music, fashion, film, and
food, rendering one culture indistinguishable from the next. Some beliefs and values, such as
embracing equality and diversity, or the need to protect children from harm, should be shared around
the world. In the context of tourism and travel, these two issues are significant. For instance,
companies need to ensure that their human resource practices are consistent and fair throughout the
world. Exploiting children for sex is illegal, punishable in both the country visited and the home
country of the tourist; some airlines and hotels are actively involved in supporting the prohibition of
child sex tourism. Travelers are expected not to deface heritage sites or take rare or endangered
natural or cultural objects as souvenirs. Such regulations speak to the universality of certain values
and beliefs, which we all are required to follow as global citizens. Another possible influence of
tourism on globalization is the process of cultural commoditization, which refers to the drive toward
putting a monetary value on every aspect of culture, from buying a sculpture stolen from an ancient
temple, to buying endangered objects such as ivory and coral. This trend results in the degradation or
devaluing of cultural values and beliefs. As one of the world’s largest industries, tourism impacts
local, regional, and global economies. Resorts dot coastlines around the world and offer a welcome
respite from colder climates to anyone wishing to experience a tropical beach, as well as the local
culture and nature. While benefit comes to the community in the form of jobs, more often than not
the larger share of the wealth leaks offshore. In response, local entrepreneurs and aid organizations
have helped with initiatives that embrace local ownership in order for the wealth generated from
tourism to stay in country. Community-based tourism, responsible tourism, and social
entrepreneurship all aim to bring greater benefit to local communities. Tourism is also a major
influence in how we see and understand the world. Keith Hollingshead (2006) refers to it as tourism
world-making, or the way in which a place or culture is marketed and/or presented to tourists. Unlike
local people, travelers experience a place for a few days, with limited knowledge of the culture and
local way of life. Some visitors rely on available tourist information to make the most of the
experience and to see the highlights. Others turn away and attempt to “go local” in search of the

authentic experience with the belief that they can truly understand a place by avoiding the tourist
sites. If tourists stay in their resort in a given country, their only interaction with a local culture may
be the staff at the hotel. In many cases, visitors experience a place in a fragmented, disconnected way,
seeing only a portion of a place. How much can be gained from such short and transient experiences?
This debate leads to one of the often discussed, if not hotly debated, topics in tourism, that
of authenticity of experience. In 1976, Dean MacCannell released his book The Tourist: A New
Theory of the Leisure Class, in which he argued that even those events that seem to be authentic are
in some way staged for the visitor (Drumond, 2013). In 1988, Dean O’Rourke shot a documentary
profiling the experiences of jet-set travelers as they encountered locals in Papua New Guinea. The
movie highlights the challenges that happen when visitors meet with “the other,” in that their
expectations shape the behaviors of the locals. The movie features interviews with the locals as well
as tourists. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has produced irrefutable
evidence that climate change is human-made. We are already witnessing significant shifts in weather
patterns, and climatic events such as tornadoes, drought, and flooding are occurring with greater
frequency and impact. Yet dependence on a global economy fuelled by population growth and ever-
increasing demand for consumer goods has led to significant debate as to how to respond to climate
change, although action is clearly required. From a tourism and travel perspective, we have seen
examples of how climate change is impacting tourism. In the transportation sector, drastic
temperature changes from sudden ice thaws to heat wave conditions affect highways and runways,
landslides close road systems, and rising sea levels threaten infrastructure such as airports and cruise
ship wharves. In the accommodations sector, coastal storms impact resorts, summer water shortages
put pressure on resort communities, and unpredictable snowfalls close ski resorts. Food and beverage
operators are facing increased food costs as drought conditions make growing certain crops more and
more expensive. In the recreation and entertainment sector, both natural and built attractions are
threatened by unpredictable weather patterns. And travel services providers struggle to stay abreast of
the effects of super storms and polar vortexes. The question here is the extent to which we can
globally respond to these impacts by adapting and mitigating climate change to foster more resilient
forms of economic growth, of which tourism is a part. Does this mean less air travel?
Possibly. The challenge for tourism is that our economic interdependence requires far-reaching
transportation routes, be it by air, sea, or land. Like most other industrial sectors, tourism is affected
by global economic trends. Tourism was initially negatively impacted after the global financial crisis
of 2007-2008, with international tourism arrivals dropping globally. However, the industry was
quick to rebound, with the number of travelers increasing by 2010, surpassing the 1 billion mark in

2012 (UNWTO, 2014). Economic uncertainties for the tourism industry have persisted, however,
leading many industry insiders to monitor several economic trends, including collaborative
consumption, shifts in emerging economies, and conscious consumerism. Although the phenomenon
of collaborative consumption, also known as the sharing economy, began before the global financial
crisis, it gained strength as a result of it. Collaborative consumption is a blend of economy,
technology, and a social movement where access to goods and skills is more important than
ownership. Airbnb was one of the first, and arguably most well known, examples of the tourism
sharing marketplace, but several other companies have joined it, including Zipcar, Uber, and Couch
surfing. According to Nielsen, more than two-thirds of global respondents to a poll are interested in
joining this revolution. The impacts on the tourism industry are still to be determined, although young
travelers, budget-conscious families, and tourists seeking authentic local experiences seem to be
drawn to these services. This is one trend that is likely to persist for some time into the future. In
2001, a new acronym was introduced into the economic world — BRIC. This refers to the growing
economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China (Northam, 2014). These turbo-charged emerging
economies were growing fast and looking to be the new powerhouses in global economic circles,
even forming political and economic alliances. South Africa joined the group in 2010 and they
became known as the BRICS. With this growth came travelers looking for new destinations to
visit. Outbound tourism development from China has been especially energetic, with numbers
increasing from 58 million in 2010 to almost 100 million in 2013 (Flannery, 2014). But all has not
gone well for these emerging economies and only China has maintained the pace of expansion. Other
countries have since joined the race, creating another new acronym — MINTS — for the countries of
Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey, and South Korea. Time will tell where new tourism growth and
opportunities arise in the frenetic global economy, and who will be the next powerhouse to watch.
Conscious consumerism, or socially conscious consumer behavior, is another economic trend with
implications for the tourism industry. This term refers to consumers who are using their purchasing
power to shape the world according to their values and beliefs, leading organizations to project a
more ethical or responsible image. This socially and environmentally responsible purchasing by
many consumers (Freestone & McGoldrick, 2008) can direct travelers to more sustainable services
and products. Destinations and businesses interested in pursuing this market need to be acutely aware
of social and environmental issues, potentially ranging from organic produce and animal welfare to
human rights (Shaw, Grehan, Shiu, Hassan, & Thomson, 2005). Some of the key principles for
consideration by the tourism industry include an assumption that the traditional industrial model is
not working and needs to be replaced, that awareness of the issues require a different mindset, and

that change will come from the grassroots rather than from above (Pollack, 2012). This is a shift that
has profitability and culture change firmly in its sights (Nielsen, 2014b). Defining culture as “a way
of life” brings us to consider the implications of globalization as a defining influence in how we live
and, therefore, who we are as individuals. Some argue that globalization has created a culture crisis,
with values, beliefs, and identity all made secondary to economic interests and the pervasive and
ever-growing nature of technology in our lives. Below are three cultural trends, followed by two
societal trends. Some people are motivated to travel as a form of escape from the pressures of the
globally interconnected world. Unplugging, where a hotel or resort offers no technological access in
the form of Wi-Fi, television, or phones, is certainly one way to get people to slow down and,
perhaps ironically, reconnect with themselves and loved ones. Biking, walking, small sailboat cruises,
rural tourism, as well as the slow food movement are examples of experiences that simplify life in
order to better appreciate and enjoy it. Visiting friends and relatives, known in the industry simply
as VFR, is a common and important subset of tourism demand worldwide. With their busy lives,
people are seeking a moment, place, and activity to share with family or friends. In addition to the
growing VFR trend is the increasing popularity of group travel, as exemplified in the sports tourism
sector with sports clubs and teams who travel together, and associations that bring together people
with shared interests in cuisine, walking, bird watching, or other a vocations. Certainly a trend in
globalization is the significant movement of people around the world. Implications for the tourism
industry include a growing need to address the challenges of a multicultural workforce,
including preconceptions related to customer service and management. It’s important for diverse
teams to be able to work well together and to communicate well with visitors and guests. For many
years, technology has been strongly tied to tourism as the industry has looked to take advantage of
developments and changes, opening destinations and providing new products and services. From the
early days of Thomas Cook’s first recognized tours, offering train rides to the seaside, to the adoption
of mobile technology today, tourism and hospitality has incorporated technological advances into all
aspects of the industry. Two key technology trends affecting tourism and hospitality today and into
the foreseeable future are mobile technology and access. Mobile technology and wireless connections
affect many aspects of the tourism industry on a global scale. Mobile technology allows people
increased freedom to negotiate their day-to-day lives while staying connected. Online user-generated
content, whether through social media (e.g., Facebook, Snapchat) or travel-rating sites (e.g.,
TripAdvisor, Zagat), is shaping where people go, where they stay and eat, and the types of activities
they engage in. Smartphone’s and applications (or apps) provide access to information and the ability
for tourists to shape their travel en route, affecting tourism travel decisions and behaviors in a more

fluid way than ever before. Travelers can book hotels instantly, searching for the best deals
available. Mobile apps are replacing the hotel concierge by providing up-to-date information, along
with maps and directions, for many of the desired activities at destinations. Wireless technology has
also given rise to location-based advertising, allowing product or service providers to market
themselves when travelers are in the general area. Attraction alerts and special offers, often triggered
by applications, provoke the user’s attention to elicit an immediate response. Internet access has
become a standard requirement for accommodations, ahead of other amenities such as in-house
restaurants or pools. The importance of mobile technology and applications is expected to increase as
travelers become more independent and less reliant on packaged options. Proponents of technology
suggest that traditional ways of providing tourism and hospitality information will disappear as
mobile technology becomes even more prevalent. Technological advances in transportation are
affecting not only how people travel to and within destinations, but also the impacts that those forms
of transportation are having on the environment. Transportation is one of the largest consumers of
fossil fuels, and tourism is one of the biggest contributors to that consumption; consequently
the tourism industry is taking steps to improve sustainability and reduce impacts. For example, newer
planes, such as the Boeing 787 Dream liner, use less fuel, generate less noise, and produce fewer
emissions than previous models. Efforts are also being made to offer alternatives for tourism
transportation (World Economic Forum, 2011), including increases in the number of electric cars
available through rental agencies. Transportation advances are also opening more access to the world
for more people. In adjusted dollars, the cost of flights per mile has fallen by about 50% in the past
30 years (Thompson, 2013), allowing more people to travel. There are now even new vehicles for
outer space that have created opportunities for people to begin to explore “the last frontier.” The cost
of these flights is still prohibitively expensive for most people (approximately $20 million), but with
continued advances in technology, this futuristic travel could eventually become commonplace.
 Globalization as a process had brought about significant changes in all spheres of social, political and
economic life. Global economy, as a result of the globalization impact, has also led to certain
changes that can be seen primarily in the liberalization of international trade, free movement of
capital, workforce and goods, as well as the provision of services breaking down the barriers.
Tourism is an industry that can be considered an increasingly important industry within the global
economy, especially mass tourism. We can also conclude that the globalization processes, which
have initiated changes in the field of transport, communications, new technologies and the Internet,
exert a strong impact on tourism development. This influence can be observed in a constant rise in
the number of tourists and travels, as well as in constantly rising revenues in the tourism industry

with continuous reduction of costs, through industries following tourism. It can be concluded that
globalization processes which have been causing changes in the global economy, especially in
tourism-related industries, have severely affected tourism development, principally mass tourism.
The development and progress of tourism also produce certain changes that exert a strong impact on
related industries. In that sense, the view of tourism as a consequence of economic development has
evolved into a new view of tourism as a factor of economic development. A conclusion like this is
grounded on the fact that tourism cross connects certain industries so that their interdependence
becomes greater and the dependence on tourism development. The economic activity of tourism has
direct and indirect effects on economic development which are increasingly visible in time so the fact
that tourism influences economic development and not vice versa cannot be ignored anymore.
Foreign direct investments are an important factor of tourism development dynamics, especially in
developing countries. However, there are many methodological problems of quantifying the effect
of FDI on tourism development in this field, and thus new models are being developed to overcome
this issue. So far, the accepted models used to define the quantification of the effect of FDI on the
development of tourism are: the TSI model and “Oli” model. According to the UNCTAD classifi
cation, there are eleven service industries in the statistical database. Tourism assumes the seventh
place according to the number and value of green field projects.
 Manzoor et. al (2019) told that in the global economy, tourism is one of the most noticeable and
growing sectors. This sector plays an important role in boosting a nation’s economy. An increase in
tourism flow can bring positive economic outcomes to the nations, especially in gross domestic
product (GDP) and employment opportunities. In South Asian countries, the tourism industry is an
engine of economic development and GDP growth. This study investigates the impact of tourism on
Pakistan’s economic growth and employment. The period under study was from 1990 to 2015. To
check whether the variables under study were stationary, augmented Dickey–Fuller and Phillips–
Perron unit root tests were applied. A regression technique and Johansen co integration approach
were employed for the analysis of data. The key finding of this study shows that there is a positive
and significant impact of tourism on Pakistan’s economic growth as well as employment sector and
there is also a long-run relationship among the variables under study. This study suggests that
legislators should focus on the policies with special emphasis on the promotion of tourism due to its
great potential throughout the country. Policy implications of this recent study and future research
suggestions are also mentioned.

 Dwyer (2015) study reveal that Globalization in tourism is an important area of promise and of
concern. This paper first highlights the main drivers of globalization, distinguishing between
economic, technological, social, demographic, environmental and political drivers. It then addresses
several of the important effects of globalization in the context of tourism. These effects include
economic development, employment opportunities, the spread of technical knowledge, the
development of new markets and products, new consumer values, environmental and socio-cultural
changes. The paper concludes that tourism managers need to respond pro-actively to the challenges
of globalization, playing an advocacy role if they are to achieve and maintain sustainability in their
operations.
 Goryakin (2015) told that anecdotal and descriptive evidence has led to the claim that globalization
plays a major role in inducing overweight and obesity in developing countries, but robust quantitative
evidence is scarce. We undertook extensive econometric analyses of several data sets, using a series
of new proxies for different dimensions of globalization potentially affecting overweight in up to
887,000 women aged 15–49 living in 56 countries between 1991 and 2009. After controlling for
relevant individual and country level factors, globalization as a whole is substantially and
significantly associated with an increase in the individual propensity to be overweight among women.
Surprisingly, political and social globalization dominate the influence of the economic dimension.
Hence, more consideration needs to be given to the forms of governance required to shape a more
health-oriented globalization process.
 Kim et al (2018) told that Since the 2008 global financial crisis and resulting recession, many
countries have been following unconventional monetary policies. Little information is known on how
these policies may influence tourism demand. This study starts to fill this gap by investigating the
impact of the Japanese economic policy known as Abenomics on South Koreans’ travel to Japan, the
largest inbound market for Japan. Per capita gross domestic product, relative prices, and exchange
rates are significant determinants of Japanese inbound tourism. As these variables have been
influenced by Abenomics, one can infer that Abenomics is associated with a significant increase in
tourist arrivals from South Korea. Findings highlight the importance of government economic policy
in stimulating international tourism demand through its impact on the economy.
https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080%2F13683500.2016.1198307
 Podhorodecka (2018) told that the article is a comparative study of islands’ reactions to the global
financial crisis. The main aim is to identify conditions which influence how the effects of the crisis in

the tourism sector differed between selected island territories. Seventeen island territories which rely
on tourism were selected for analysis. Each reacted differently to the global financial crisis,
especially with regard to changes in tourist movement, employment in tourism, and expenditure by
foreign tourists. The factors analyzed are: length of time as an independent state or dependent
territory, degree of dependence on tourism, the diversity of the mix of foreign markets from which
tourists arrive, level of dominance of the main foreign market, level of dependence on European and
North- and South American markets, duration of flights from the main market, level of economic
development, quality of life of the island area’s residents, tourist expenditure, and changes in
government expenditure on tourism. The statistical analysis was conducted using both the Spearman
and the Kendall rank correlation coefficients.
 Honey and Gilpin (2009) concluded that tourism is a thriving global industry with the power to
shape developing countries in both positive and negative ways. The tourism sector has remained
robust despite the transnational challenges posed by terrorism, health pandemics, and the global
financial crisis. In 2007, international tourist arrivals passed 900 million; the United Nations predicts
they will reach the 1 billion mark by 2010-26 It is up to developing nations to seize the economic
opportunities that foreign visitors present, and some countries have proved more adept than others at
doing so. Kenya has developed a lucrative tourism sector, powered in recent years by ecotourism, and
some local communities have benefited directly through social and economic development. India’s
attempts to build a sustainable tourism sector have been undermined by lax regulations, unplanned
development, and insensitive attitudes toward host communities, many of which have not seen any
tangible benefits. In Nigeria, structural weaknesses, insecurity, and poor leadership have locked the
country out of the benefits that tourism can offer. The three case studies demonstrate that while
tourism can be a force for good—both in alleviating poverty and helping to cement peace, much
depends on the way the sector is planned and managed. Tourism can only achieve the above goals if
it respects the environment and places host communities at the center of the development process.
Responsibility lies with the governments of developing nations to ensure that tourism grows in a
sustainable manner. But, as the case study of Kenya shows, individual tourists also have a part to
play. As the driving force behind the ecotourism movement, they have shown that the choices they
make as consumers can determine whether tourism takes a path that helps or hinders development in
poorer countries.https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/tourism_developing_world_sr233_0.pdf
 Israr et al (2009) conducted study during 2006 to evaluate the potential and opportunities of Eco-
tourism and the problems faced by the stakeholders (tourists, tour operators and tourist’s guides) in

the Northern Areas of Pakistan. For this purpose these stakeholders with the sample size of 10, 12
and 48, in three villages of upper Hunza were purposively selected. The data were collected through
pre-tested interview schedule. The study revealed that 69% of the sample respondents were not
satisfied with the existing policies and steps of government for tourism development. Thirty seven
percent of the sample respondents described the role of NGO's as average in promotion of eco-
tourism. The Karakoram high way was thought to be a source of attraction by the 53% of the sample
respondents. Rivers and streams were also thought to be a major source of attraction by 74% of
sample respondents, as for mountains 84% of respondents strongly agreed, moreover 63% of the
respondents agreed that biodiversity of mountains is a source of attraction. Fifty six percent of the
sample respondents agreed that climbing is the source of attraction in the area. Policy formulation
and implementation was thought to be a major obstacle in the way of promoting eco-tourism in the
study area as, 77% of the sample respondents strongly agreed. Most of the respondents (57%) agreed
that the poor infrastructure is an obstacle, 81% of the sample respondents strongly agreed that
security is also an obstacle. Moreover visa problem, flight problem and religious extremisms are also
the major obstacle in promotion of eco-tourism in the area which should be addressed through its
own decentralized tourism policy formation mechanism. Moreover visa extension facility,
establishment of tourism training institute and the improvement in poor infrastructure especially the
communication, transportation, operation of direct foreign flights to Gilgit and Skardu should be
made available at minimum tolerable costs.
 Pulido et al (2011) analyzed the growing importance of tourism as a global phenomenon. Despite the
intense debate that has arisen in the last decade on tourism's role in a globalized world, the
information that has been examined in this paper shows that, since the 1950s, both the production and
the consumption of tourism have been characterized not only by a growth of flows and receipts, but
also by their own steady process of globalization which now affects all the world's regions and most
of its countries. The data provided by UNWTO on future prospects confirm that the globalization of
tourism will be even more marked in the coming years, since the greatest future growth rates are
expected in regions of the world that currently have only minor shares of the market. In this
burgeoning process of globalization, tourism is facing a new scenario of global change that will
condition all of its patterns of production and consumption. The impact will be very different
depending on the type of destination and the sector of the industry concerned. It seems clear therefore
that a key factor for success in the management of tourism destinations will be to identify and analyze
these impacts, and to have the capacity to foresee the behavior of many of the phenomena that affect
the sector. In this context, sustainability emerges as one of the great challenges for the development

of tourism worldwide. With the expected horizon of continued growth and expansion into all regions
and countries, tourism could well become in itself a serious global threat if it is not managed
holistically and proactively. Principally, there is a need for new management models to cope with the
conditions of stability, instability, and even chaos that every tourism destination may find itself
subjected to. It is urgent, therefore, that international agencies and institutions, governments, and the
major multinational tourism companies commit themselves to leading this process of transition
towards sustainability by adjusting their policies and actions to the now generally accepted principles
of sustainable development. It will be important to avoid the mistake of the purely environmentalist
orientation that has mostly been followed up till now. Its results have been at best sparse and
incomplete, and the policies have generally been characterized by a proliferation of measures with
considerable duplication, overlap, and unnecessary complexity.
 Since the beginning of time, people have dreamed of flying. This dream has become a reality for a
growing number of us. Air transport is an innovative and environmentally-responsible industry that
drives economic and social progress. It has become one of the greatest contributors to the
advancement of modern-day society and is the consumer’s preferred mode of transportation. This
new ATAG brochure confirms air transport’s enormous economic and social benefits by providing an
update to reliable findings at both worldwide and regional levels. The information provided is
essential in order for governments and industry to take sound decisions and responsible actions,
working in close partnership. The air transport industry has responded to the growing demand for
mobility, by investing regularly in: new technologies; safety and security improvements; quieter and
more fuel-efficient aircraft; infrastructure modernization and adaptation; and business
simplification, improved services and facilitation for its customers. The air transport industry’s
efforts must be matched by government action and investment. Governments are urged to: further
liberalise aviation markets without micro-managing the industry nor over-taxing it; provide a
suitable framework for a mass transportation system without perpetuating nationalistic rules nor
distorting competition through subsidies; and support infrastructure improvements – through new and
shorter air routes, increased airport capacity and improved ground access to airports – without
imposing unreasonable conditions nor restricting the industry’s sustainable
https://www.icao.int/meetings/wrdss2011/documents/jointworkshop2005/atag_socialbenefitsairtransp
ort.pdf
 Dentons reported (11, March ,2020) that Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 or coronavirus) was
first detected in December 2019 by health authorities in Wuhan City in the People’s Republic of

China. Since that time, more than 118,000 cases have been confirmed worldwide, and the virus has
spread to more than 114 countries across 6 continents, causing over 4,200 deaths to date, according to
the World Health Organization (WHO). Spread of the coronavirus is causing a global emergency. It
has been characterized as an “epidemic” by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) and the WHO has just raised the status to that of a “pandemic”—an infectious disease that is
able to infect people easily and spread from "person to person in an efficient and sustained way,"
according to the CDC. In addition to significant health concerns, the spread of the coronavirus will
impact the global economy. Just-in-time supply chains, many of which originate in China, are
particularly vulnerable to disruption caused by COVID-19. In January 2020, Chinese officials
mandated factory shutdowns across most of the country’s provinces in order to stem transmission of
the coronavirus. Despite expectations of their reopening in early February, many have remain
shuttered. These factories make everything from medicines to car parts to electronics, and their
shutdown has interrupted the work routine of roughly 60 million Chinese workers, according to Dun
& Bradstreet. Many analyses compare the coronavirus with the 2002-03 SARS epidemic. But this
comparison is misleading as the relative importance of China in the worldwide economy has
increased tremendously in the past 18 years. China has more than doubled its share of trade with the
rest of the world in that time, and many more industries are now heavily dependent on its economy.
As a result, the coronavirus has caused almost every Fortune 1000 company to experience an
interruption of their routine business operations. Across nearly every industry, multinational
companies are confronting the stark reality that business will not go on as usual. Further, economists
have warned that the coronavirus outbreak could cost the global economy an estimated $1.1 trillion in
lost income. Some predict that the epidemic's after-effects will cause the global economy to shrink
this quarter—for the first time since the end of 2008, when a shock to the financial sector caused
turmoil for businesses around the world. Many countries plan to implement stimulus packages to
mitigate coronavirus impact. On March 3, 2020, the Federal Reserve slashed interest rates by half a
percentage point; the first unscheduled, emergency rate cut since 2008, and the largest one-time cut
since then. The International Monetary Fund has announced it will provide additional support to
poorer countries by way of grants and debt relief. But such efforts cannot save certain businesses and
industries from the substantial losses that will inevitably result from a pandemic. Specifically, experts
expect that technology companies, apparel makers and industrial-equipment manufacturers, as well as
shipping companies, hospitality chains, airlines and the luxury goods sector will be among those
hardest hit by the coronavirus. The economic slowdown could also derail US plans to increase
exports of farm produce, energy and manufactured goods to China, delaying any real recovery in the

distressed farm and rust belts and other areas of the US economy that rely on the US-China trade
relationship. Below is an overview of those industries we expect will be hardest hit by the
coronavirus outbreak. A very large portion of the world’s electronics come from Chinese factories. A
long suspension of production will negatively impact overall supply. Many technology companies
have warned that they will not meet their quarterly estimates because of factory closures. They also
anticipate delays in the production and shipment of existing models, and introduction of next-
generation models. Other electronics producers have been forced to increase prices on products such
as refrigerators, air conditioners, microwave ovens, washing machines and televisions due to short
supplies related to the coronavirus. Many countries continue to curtail inbound tourism, especially
from countries with a high number of coronavirus cases. The European Union’s industry chief
estimates €1 billion losses per month in the tourism sector due to the virus’s impact. One of the
largest losses, felt globally, stems from a decline in visitors from China, who represent a lucrative
market for tourism and a large population of luxury goods purchasers. Cruise operators expect a
bigger hit than initially anticipated, as a result of trip cancellations in Asia. If suspension of
operations in Asia lasts through the end of April, losses will easily amount to $385 million to $445
million. Operators not cancelling trips have modified itineraries in response to the coronavirus.
Restaurants and the food industry will be greatly impacted. Several large chains have collectively
closed thousands of restaurants in China since the outbreak. Suppliers expect raw material and
protein prices to increase substantially. Mass entertainment venues, such as concert halls and
museums, will also be impacted. The Louvre in Paris closed its doors as a coronavirus precaution. A
major rugby match between Italy and Ireland was rescheduled. A high-profile international furniture
fair in Milan has been postponed as the country has implemented severe travel restrictions in efforts
to contain coronavirus. Some even speculate the Olympics may be cancelled. Insurers who provide
coverage for travel or business interruption can expect to be greatly impacted by travel disruptions
caused by the coronavirus. Countless cancelled flights, hotels and events for both leisure and business
travel will undoubtedly increase the claims filings and hurt profits. The US Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) requires growers and manufacturers under its jurisdiction to notify the agency
of any expected supply disruptions. According to a statement issued by the agency, at least one drug
is in short supply because of problems related to the coronavirus outbreak. However the FDA refused
to disclose its name, the manufacturer or where the product or its ingredients are made, citing
“confidential commercial information.”India’s pharmaceutical industry expects supply issues relating
to the coronavirus. The Trade Promotion Council of India estimates that 85 percent of active
pharmaceutical ingredients imported by India are from China, and notes that two-thirds of imports of

bulk drugs and drug intermediates in 2018 and 2019 were from China. The fashion industry is
particularly vulnerable. Foreign luxury brands are a natural choice for international tourists, who
spend roughly $200 billion a year on luxury goods in the US alone for instance. Luxury goods
makers projects the coronavirus will have a material negative effect on all luxury demand. Apparel
makers also expect to see revenues decline because of the outbreak. Airlines With global air travel
expected to fall for the first time in more than a decade, the International Air Transport Association
(IATA), the trade body for the global airline industry, expects falling passenger demand to result in
$29 billion in lost revenues this year alone. In response to canceled flights to and from China, certain
major airlines have announced plans to cut expenses, cancel some pipeline projects and offer
voluntary, unpaid leave to employees. In 2003, because of the SARS outbreak, airlines in North
America lost about $1 billion as revenue passenger kilometers (a standard metric for air traffic
volume) dropped 3.7 percent of international traffic, according to the International Air Transport
Association. The IATA expects the coronavirus to outpace the SARS numbers. Some US based
airlines have announced they will not resume normal service to mainland China until at least April
24, 2020, almost a month later than originally planned. Airliner manufacturers are also impacted due
to the shutdown of factories in China that produce parts and finishing facilities. Auto sales are down
by 92 percent in China, and Asian and European auto plants are running short on parts. Some US
manufacturers could face parts shortages in one to two weeks, if they haven’t already. Asian
automakers have closed factories due to the short supply of Chinese components, British and
European automakers have also warned that they may close plants due to shortages. The global
construction industry is bracing for slowing economic growth in the near term. Singapore, Canada
and the US are already expecting supply chain interruptions with materials ranging from solar panels
to electrical and plumbing fixtures to concrete boards and flooring tiles. Singapore is especially
vulnerable because it depends on Chinese construction contractors to meet its significant labor needs.
Delays in construction schedules for development projects can result in significant cost overruns. The
global shipping market has been significantly affected by the coronavirus epidemic and slowed
shipments to and from China. Container-ship operators have canceled over 40 sailings previously set
to arrive at the Port of Los Angeles between mid-February and April 1, 2020, resulting in a 25
percent drop in container volumes. Elsewhere, pileups and backlogs continue to build. While shippers
and charterers may invoke force majeure clauses, such clauses are not available to certain owners
who control their own vessels .Containership operators have already cancelled a significant number
of sailings from China. Companies should review their material business contracts to determine how
their rights, obligations and business relationships will be impacted by the coronavirus. We expect an

uptick in litigation related to material adverse change provisions and force majeure clauses, as well as
other legal bases for nonperformance under commercial contracts, such as frustration of purpose.
Companies should be aware of the notice provisions in their contracts relating to those clauses and
others, including liquidated damages clauses and extension-of-time clauses. In addition, public
companies will be subject to proper-disclosure requirements regarding the impact of the outbreak on
their performance .Insurers and policyholders should assess policies for relevant coverage and
exclusions related to business interruption, travel, event cancellation and workers’ compensation
policies. Employers have a general duty to provide employees with safe workplace conditions that are
free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm. It
is important for employers to consider preventative measures to maintain safety and protect their
employees during the coronavirus outbreak. This strategy should also consider flexible work
arrangements and paid leaves of absence to span any gaps not within the scope of sick-leave policies.
Although it is difficult to determine the exact impact the coronavirus will have on the world’s
economy, it is clear the impact will be substantial and pervasive. And it appears the worst is yet to
come. Investors worldwide are closely watching the coronavirus’s impact on world markets. The US
stock market has shown substantial volatility, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average suffering its
worst single-day losses since the 2008 financial crisis. Even if the tide turns quickly and the virus’s
spread is curtailed, its impact will likely be long-lasting. Some entities with thin margins and weak
balance sheets will have been driven out of business. Others may need to consider bankruptcy
protection to address liquidity issues, or supply chain or vendor disruptions.
https://www.dentons.com/en/insights/alerts/2020/march/11/covid-19-and-its-impact-on-the-global-
economy
 Malcolm et. al (12 Feb, 2020) told that “the coronavirus, now officially designated as Covid-19, is
not just a short-term hiccup, and no vaccine can solve longer-term corporate issues it has revealed.
China invested decades in building cross-border relationships in a deliberate fashion. The world’s
second-largest economy will not be off limits to future investment, but there will be wariness and
caution and businesses seeking alternatives. Everywhere we look we see the headlines and
commentators talking about the coronavirus and its impact on tourism, trade and investment between
China and the West — and China and the U.S., in particular. However, there are far-reaching effects
that have not been contemplated fully beyond the intuitive assessment. Things move slowly. China
has long been known as a country with patience, which in business language translates to longer lead
times in the transactional arena, sometimes exhaustive negotiations, and relationships are built over
time. Many of these relationships are created in the environment of trade shows, conferences,

information exchange platforms, and trade delegations. China has finely tuned this method of cross-
border introductions and it is a continuous process. Combined with this is the growth of the
multinational business presence in China. Major retailers, manufacturers, pharmaceuticals, biotech,
automotive and other sectors are firmly planted in China with technology and personnel. Now, with
the essentially closed border with China, the rest of the world waits and watches. To the business
community, this is unsettling, to say the least, because there is no accurate predictor of when a
vaccine may be found or when the world threat eradicated. Even when those pronouncements are
ultimately made by Beijing there is the inherent distrust of information disseminated by the Chinese
government. So what does all of this mean for cross-border business in the short and long term? An
aerial view reveals that the movement of people and technology and deal closure have simply come
to a halt. When the Chinese government, or other governments, or the WHO pronounce that it is safe
to travel to China again, that will not be the end of it. There has been a worldwide reaction to the
scare. The tradeshow and related cancellations have occurred not only in China but throughout Asia
and into Europe. Therefore, a wide swath of activities are upended across all business sectors. As of
this writing, there have been more than 45,000 cases of Covid-19 and over 1,100 deaths. Businesses
from cruise ships to luxury brands and air travel, as well as global markets like oil, have all been hit.
There can be no question that it will be a slow and painful process moving back to normalcy.
Professional offices remain closed indefinitely, and 90% of businesses are closed or at dramatically
reduced hours. Theaters, factories and others where people congregate are closed. The headlines
today paint Wuhan as a pariah city, in a wartime battle and in lockdown. The Chinese Chernobyl.
These characterizations will not be easily shed. We are all familiar with the recent comparisons of
coronavirus with SARS, but there is no real comparison. SARS was perceived as essentially a Hong
Kong-centric event and everyone wondered if that would be the death of the HK economy, coming a
few years after the handover. Moreover, social media and its impact on global interaction were just
launching, and China’s interaction with the world economy was in its infancy. Transparency will be
the key to short term confidence which will lead to a long-term recovery. This is despite short-term
pain and embarrassment. All governments can learn a lesson from this, but Beijing has yet to learn it.
It may very well be that Wuhan, as ground zero for the Coronavirus, never recovers. The headlines
today paint Wuhan as a pariah city, in a wartime battle and in lockdown. The Chinese Chernobyl.
These characterizations will not be easily shed. Wuhan, as the capital of Hubei province, has
positioned itself as a foreign investment hub and has developed trade, manufacturing and export and
development zones to highlight its growth and position within China. Companies will have to assess
whether or not their investments should remain in Wuhan or be moved. Considering China’s impact

on the world economy, China will not be off limits to future investment forever. Instead, there will be
wariness and unbridled caution for the foreseeable future. Businesses will seek alternatives to avoid
commercial and liability issues. In the best case, returning to normal is not a reasonable expectation
in the short term. In the long term, China must take all steps necessary to demonstrate its commitment
to transparency regarding all factors relating to the virus. In today’s economy, there are many
alternatives for trade and investment and China must recognize that its global trade partners need
regular and repeated reassurances. Additionally, China will need to inject substantial financial
incentives into the economy to balance against commercial and optical risks. In the best of
circumstances, this process will take six to nine months to see the way forward to a stable and
commercially feasible reintroduction of business, confidence and renewed investment. This will
require unrelenting adjustments as events require. There is no single action or vaccine that will erase
the impact of the coronavirus. A group of actions are needed to restore the zeal and excitement for
consumer, business, investment and tourism. Anything less will create a lingering atmosphere of
caution and distrust. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/12/why-world-economy-will-be-facing-china-
coronavirus-for-a-long-time.html
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The study concluded that tourism and economic growth has a close relationship but there are so many
factors which affect the process of tourism positively and negatively. Few number namely
transportation, Peace, Tourist number, Price of different commodities and fare of hotels, Attitude of
the population, Natural beautification, Infrastructure, education, population trend, Hills and
Greenfield, Hospitals facilities, Cottage industries, different languages are the factors which affect
the tourism industry positively. The mentioned items show that tourism industry has link with every
sectors of the economy. Any one miss happening create problems in the tourism industry while
tourism industry failure also affect the global economy in the world. The present corona virus has
damaged the tourism industry severally. Now due to this virus all sectors of the world economy are
closed and no one can come out from the house to start their business, so in one month billion $ were
lost in the world economy. China, America, India, Japan are the big four economies of the world .
Now all sectors are closed and all business activities there are banned by government due to corona
virus terror. Every country try how to solve the problems, So the discussion indicates that tourism
play great role for development of a country. It homogenized the culture of the world and improve
socioeconomic condition of the people and bring prosperity in the world while sometime transfer
different attitude from one country to other country in the world and diffused one technology into

others, So sometime instead of benefits give loss to the community. Tourism also play great role in
poverty alleviation in the world. It generated the employment and increase the income level of the
people and increase their expenditure and saving in the world which further increase the investment
in the world which play great role in employment generation while there are so many factors which
create hurdles to tourism industry. Among these Visa problems, Flight problems, high price,
Terrorism and languages are well problems to tourism industry in the world. On the basis of problems
the study recommends different suggestions for its solution. Visa price should be reduced; Security
should be provided to tourist in the world; Hotel fares should be reduced; Hospitality should be
provided by government in the world; Hospitals facilities should be provided to tourist in the world;
All natural and historical places should be decorated by government for tourist attraction; All
transportation facilities should be improved in the world for tourism multiplication; Less price should
be charged by business community from the tourist community in the world; Tight quarantine should
be imposed at the place of air port for transferring diseases from one region to other region of the
world.
5. AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS
Dr.Naushad Khan created the idea and downloaded data from the net and read many times the articles
and set the paper structure while remaining authors help in abstract setting, proofreading and
downloading the data.
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Factors Affecting Tourism Industry and Its Impacts on Global Economy of the World

Dr. Naushad Khan

Institute of Development Studies, The University of Agriculture Peshawar

Department of Rural Sociology, The University of Agriculture Peshawar

Student of B.Sc(Hons) Agriculture , The University of Agriculture Peshawar

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

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2. METHODS AND MATERIAL

3. LITERATURE OF THE PAST ABOUT TOURISM INDUSTRY

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Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

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4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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[3]. Čerović S., P.Vukadinović, M.Knežević (2020)

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3559353

[12]. Kreag G.,(2001). The Impacts of Tourism.

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