Microbiology Study Guide Lecture Test 3 re Z Chapter 8 | Segments of DNA that code for functional products. | Function Enzymes An organism's genetic makeup. Information that codes for all the particular characteristics of the organism. The genotype represents potential properties, but not the properties themselves. | Actual expressed properties of the organism, such as the | organism's ability to perform a particular chemical reaction.In a | sense the phenotype is a collection of proteins. | Ribozyme- RNA enzyme that removes introns and splices | exons together | Photolyse- uses visible light energy to separate UV induced | pyridimine dimers DNA gyrase- relaxes supercoiling ahead of replication fork Transeri Enzymes ‘An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template in reverse transcription RNA primase- attaches RNA primers to replicating strands DNA polymerase- brings nucleotides and creates daughter strand; also proofreads bases to make sure they are correct. | Exonuclease- finds and removes RNA primers DNA ligase- adds the phosphate backbone; joins 3° end of DNA that replaces primer to rest of leading strands and joins ‘okazaki fragments of lagging strand Primase- synthesizes RNA primer Repressible operon The structural genes are transcribed until they are turned off.ot Te rae necepeans poids hs PO ZY Aah as = tre © repress inact, pero on. When he luce tons idReplication Transcription: A strand of mRNA is synthesized using a specific portion of the cell's DNA as a template. Replication: one parental double stranded DNA molecule is converted into two identical offspring DNA. Each new strand of DNA includes one original strand and one synthesized strand. | | ‘Always happens starting at the original strands 3° end | (attaches a 5') to the original strands 5' end. DNA polymerase can only add new nucleotides to 3° end thus creating the | | leading and lagging strand. The leading strand is the one that | | can be synthesized starting at the original strand’s 3’ end and | continuously made. The lagging strand creates okazaki fragments by starting with an RNA primer, primase, in many | places along the strand. The DNA polymerase extends this | primer creating a longer strand. It then goes back and digests __ | the primer and replaces it with DNA. DNA ligase then joins the | fragments. | | | DNA polymerase proofreads each base pairing and excises | | ones that fit improperly and replace them. | Transcription } Translation | Transcription is the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template. This strand is typically messenger RNA or mRNA. Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at a site called a promoter (TATA box). One strand serves as the template, synthesized 5' to 3’ so the original strand was 3' to 5'. RNA synthesis continues until RNA polymerase reaches a site called a terminator. bia | Sense codons- code for amino acids | Nonsense codons- do not code for amino acids. Signal the end | of protein molecule’s synthesis. STOP codon | ‘Synthesis of proteins based on sets of 3 base pairs called codons. Codons call for specific amino acids. Start codon | AUG, which also code for an amino acid, allows the reading to | begin in the right frame. Translation happens in the ribosome | | where tRNA molecules recognize the specific codons and transport required amino acids. Each tRNA has an anticodon sequence that codes for a specific codon's bases. The ribosomes make sure that the right tRNA is binding at the right time t match the mRNA strandStart: AUG STOP: UAG- U Go Away UAA. U are away UAG- U Are Gone DNA is copied by DNA polymerase 5’ to 3. Initiated by an RNA primer. Leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in Okazaki fragments. Lagging strand requires more primers. Primers are removed and Okazaki fragments are joined by a DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.Lactose) Operon —_| Operon- a group of genes that transcribed together and (inducible operon) _| controlled by one promoter. The lac operon consists of three lac structural genes and the adjoining control regions. The lac | operon is an inducible operon meaning it can be tumed off or | ‘on by a gene. In the absence of lactose , the repressor binds to the operator site, thus preventing transcription. If lactose is | present, the repressor binds a metabolite of lactose instead of the operator, and lactose digesting enzymes are transcribed. | This process also depends on the absence of glucose. If | glucose is not available cAMP binds to allosteric site of CAP (catabolic activator protein) causing it to bind with the lac | promoter to make it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to the | promoter acting as an inducer. | | Mutations should be able to differentiate Sense codons code for amino acids Nonsense codons (stop codons) do not. Nonsene, Missense, Nonsense codons- UAA, UAG, UGA signal the end of the | | frame shift, base protein molecule's synthesis before the protein is supposed to | substitution ‘stop being made. Nonsense always makes nonfunctional | proteins | Missense mutation- result in change in amino acid. Can form | functioning proteins or non-functioning proteins. Functioning proteins will not be the ones they are supposed to be. This | type of mutation is responsible for sickle cell anemia. | | Base substitution or point mutation- change in one base | Frameshift mutation- insertion or deletion of one or more | | nucleotide pairs. The shifts the translational reading frame and | almost always result in a long stretch of altered amino acids | | and the production of an inactive protein. | | | Spontaneous Mutation- base shift mutation or frameshift | | mutation cause by occasional mistakes during replication. | | Apparently occur in the absence of any mutation causing | | agents. Mutagens ‘Agents in the environment, such as certain chemicals and radiation, that directly or indirectly bring mutations EX: nitrous acid alters adenine with the result that it pairs with | cytosine rather than thymine (base pair mutagen) | | Ames Test | Positive (direct) selection detects mutant cells because they | Including + and - grow or appear different Selection | Negative (indirect) selection detects mutant cells because they | do not grow. They use replica plating in this in which sterile| velvet is pressed on a master plate then pressed on a plate | with histidine and a plate without histidine. The colony that is | grown on the plate with histidine and not on the plate that is | doesn't have histidine is the colony that they will choose. This test is negative selection because it looks for the colonies that | do not grow when no suspected mutagen is added but do grow | when the suspected mutagen is added. | Ames Test: use bacteria to test for carcinogens (mutagens that ‘cause cancer). It tests the reversions of histidine auxotrophs Salmonella. The mutagen and mutant bacteria are incubated together in rat liver extract because of its high concentration of activation enzymes. If the substance being tested is mutagenic | twill cause the reversion of histidine - bacteria to histidine + bacteria at a rate higher than the spontaneous reversion rate. | | The number of observed revertants observed indicates the degree to which a substance is mutagenic and therefore possibly carcinogenicESSAY — Negative Selection RE: Ames Test Transformation Transduction and Conjuganation Transformation- genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as a “naked” DNA in solution. Conjugation- requires contact between living cells. Transfers genes. Cells must be of opposite “mating type’. Single strand of plasmid DNA is transferred and recipient cell makes complementary strand Transduction- Transfer of DNA from donor to a recipient call by a bacteriophage Chapter 9 Recombinate Cells Gene of interest Know Players: Negative selection Genetic Recombination refers to the exchange between DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes on chromosome Negative Selection plate for Ampicilln - resistance (know this)| Nucleotides DNA Polymase DNA polymerase proofreads new molecules of DNA and Plasmids removes mismatched bases before continuing DNA synthesis. Polymers Enzymes Plasmids are self replicating circular molecules of DNA carrying genes that are not usually essential for the cells | | survival | i Restriction Enzymes | Recognize an AATCC sequence and every time they see this | and functions | they will cut the DNA (AATCC just an example). | -Cut specific sequences of DNA -Destroy bacteriophage DNA in bacterial cells, | -Cannot digest (host) DNA with methylated cytosine | Cleaves the DNA into fragments and creates sticky ends, used to isolate gene of interest Polymerase Chain To make multiple copies of a piece of DNA Reaction enzymatically-makes copies of DNA samples. Used to: | -Clone DNA for recombination, amplify DNA to detectable |Ievels- done at crime scenes so you can do tests to match | | DNA -Sequence DNA Diagnose genetic disease and detect pathogens. | Carry new DNA to the desired cell, Shuttle vectors can exist in | several different species, Plasmids and viruses can be used as vectors. The markers allow us to know what is in the cell and whether the introduction of the gene into the plasmid is successful. | How DNA Plasmid & | cut DNA material | |Introns & Exons | Exons: stretches of DNA that code for protein.Introns: intervening stretches of DNA that do not code for ‘| protein. | To synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) from an mRNA Reverse | Transcriptase | template. | = a |ESSAY: Blue and | To show that you have the recombinant cell. White screening | - Must not be ampicillin resistant | method - Cannot use beta galactose The sticky ends of the gene of interest will attach to the plasmid | When you do the plate the first thing that can happen is you have the recipient cells that are not recombinant cells they will not grow because it is ampicillin sensitive and they will die. ‘What happens if the recipient cell becomes a recombinant cell | and gets the plasmid but not the recombinant plasmid (gene of | teres) grows because thas te ermplcllin resistant gene: | | but is a blue cell (can break down beta galactose and are | ampicillin resistant). White cells are ampicillin resistant but | | cannot break down beta galactose. | Recipient cell, recombinant cell, and recombinant call that got, | the plasmid. | Vertical- occurs during reproduction, between generation of horizontal gene | cells | transfer | horizontal - transfer of genes between cells of the same. generation Chapter 10 Domains only (No Hierarchy) Not on TEST - Final TEST ONLY! Archaea: , Bacteria, Eukarya | Not on test but maybe for final | Phage Typing Scientific study of serum and other bodily fluids. | | | T | Biochemical Test | Bacteriophage live cells plaques area of colony | | | | | SerologyDNA DNA Generally used to determine the genetic distance between 2 hybridization organisms. Hybridization or binding of 70% or more bases AKA nucleic acid indicates 2 organisms belong to the same species. hybridization TEST: Gram + Rod shape with chains Classify Bacteria 1) Gram stain, 2) endospore, 3) shape, 4) aerobic or what we use anaerobic. Gram + rod have endospore - run endospore stain Streptococcus How is it possible to streptococcus to live in the presence of ‘oxygen with being catalase +? Have Chapter 11 Streptomyces Why it is important? Medical: They Produce most of commercial antibiotics. Mycobacterium TB - acid fast, Gram Positive Pseudomonas Where do you see pseudomonas? Catheters (UTI), Respiratory Tract, Wounds. (Multi-organism)Ea I |Rhizobium (Gram | Agriculture - Bacteria that fix nitrogen to for plants. | | Negative Bacteria) Clostridium Gram positive, endospore formation, anaerobic Yersinia Gram negative, small rod, found in europe, caused 1500's Black Plague. ae ee eee ea a | Examples of Gram negative, facultative, e-coli, enterobacter, salmonella, Enterobacteriales _ shigella | Bacillus | Gram positive, rod shape, aerobic | Ifyou havea gram | Endospore test because gram positive rods can form Positive rod, what _| endospores. (bacillus and clostridium) test would you run | next? | Normally a Escherichia coli commensal in the human intestine, this | bacterium became pathogenic after acquiring a toxic gene from a Shigella bacterium. Lac operon ‘An operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in E coli and many | other bacteria. The operon consists of the promotor and the operator sites and structural | | genes that code for the proteins. The operon is regulated by the product of the regulatory | gene. The repressor protein binds with the operator, preventing transcription from the ‘operon. When the inducer allolactose binds to the repressor protein, the inactivated | repressor can no longer block transcription. The structural genes are transcribed, | ultimately resulting in the production of the enzymes needed for lactose catabolism. This process also depends on the absence of glucose. If glucose is not available cAMP binds to allosteric site of CAP (catabolic activator protein) causing it to bind with the lac | promoter to make it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter acting as an inducer. Lo| eubacteria and archaea | | A:Archaea- cell wall- no peptidoglycan Eubacteria- peptidoglycan Archeae- not sensitive to antibiotics E- sensitive First amino acid in all protein for A- methionine and E- formyimethionine | Viruses A: 1. viruses are acellular particles- they are not made of living cells- and consist of a central core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat 2. They lack the properties of living things. | -Viruses cannot reproduce independently and require a host cell to replicate ~The have no energy metabolism | “They do not grow | They produce no waste products | -They do not respond to stimuli What would UV rai ion Target A CTTTGA will be most likely because UV light is known to break DNA and cause | Thymine- Thymine dimers. All bacteria are not killed because some have capsules and | endospores for protection while other have the ability to fix the dimers created to restore their DNA through light repair or nucleotide excisions. | Transformation Pr | ple (a) Living encapsulated bacteria caused disease and death when injected into a mouse. (b) Living nonencapsulated bacteria are readily destroyed by the phagocytic defenses of the host of the host, so the mouse remained healthy after injection. | (c) After being killed by heat, encapsulated bacteria lost the ability to cause disease. (d) However, the combination of living nonencapsulated bacteria and heat-killed | encapsulated bacteria (neither of which alone causes disease) did cause disease. | Somehow, the live nonencapsulated bacteria were transformed by the dead encapsulated bacteria so that they acquired the ability to form capsules and therefore cause disease, Subsequent experiments proved the transforming factor to be DNA. | L os | ‘Blue-White Screeningplasmid has the genes for lactose hydrolysis (the JacZ gene encodes the enzyme beta-galactosidase) and ampicillin resistance. | 2. Foreign DNA will insert into the /acZ gene. The bacterium receiving the plasmid | vector will not produce the enzyme beta-galactosidase if foreign DNA has been inserted into the plasmid. 3. The recombinant plasmid is introduced into a bacterium, which becomes ampicillin resistant. | 4. All treated bacteria are spread on a nutrient agar plate containing ampicillin and a | | beta-galactosidase substrate and incubated. The beta-galactosidase substrate is called | | X-gal. | 5. Only bacteria that picked up the plasmid will grow in the presence of ampicillin. | | | Bacteria that hydrolyze X-gal produce galactose and an indigo compound. The indigo | | tums the colonies blue. Bacteria that cannot hydrolyze X-gal produce white colonies. | ‘A: 1. Plasmid DNA and foreign DNA are both cut with the same restriction enzyme. The | AMES TEST | A:Many known mutagens have been found to be carcinogens, substances that cause | cancer in animals, including humans. The Ames test is a faster less expensive procedure for the preliminary screening of potential carcinogens. It uses bacteria as carcinogen | | indicators. It is based on the observation that exposure of mutant bacteria to mutagenic | substances may cause new mutations that reverse the effect of the original mutation.Microbiology Chapter 11 Study Guide Lecture Test 3 x Name of Bacteria Shape & Medical/Industrial/ Important Info & Disease if Indicated Characteristics Agriculture The Alphaproteobacteria ‘Asa group, the alphaproteobacteria includes most of the proteobacteria that are capable of growth with very low levels of nutrients. Some have unusual morphology, including protrusions such as stalks or buds known as prosthecae. The alphaproteobacteria also include agriculturally important bacteria capable of | nitrogen fixation in symbiosis with plants, and several plant and human pathogens. Rickettsia rod-shaped, or ‘Agriculture/Medical Obligate intracellular parasites, they are transmitted to humans by insect and tick bites. The rickettsias are responsible for several diseases known as the spotted fever group. © Typhus, caused by Rickettsia prowazekii and transmitted by lice + Murine typhus, caused by R. typhi and transmitted by rat fleas. Rocky Mountain spotted fever, caused by R. rickettsii and transmitted by ticks. In humans, rickettsial infections damage the permea of blood capillaries, which results in a characteristic spotted rast - — ‘© The Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium are the more important genera of a group of agriculturally important bacteria that specifically infect the roots of leguminous plants, such as beans, peas, or & Agrobacterium clover. The presence of rhizot the roots leads | | to formation of nodules in which the rhizobia and plant form a symbiotic relationship, resulting in the fixation of nitrogen from the air for use by the plant. © Agrobacterium can invade plants. However, these bacteria do not induce root nodules or fix nitrogen. coccoba Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium = (These bacteria are known by the common | sporulating rods name of rhizobia) |Microbiology Chapter 11 Study Guide Lecture Test 3 This is a plant pathogen that causes a disease | called crown gall; the crown is the area of the plant, where the roots and stem merge. The tumorlike gall is induced when A. tumefaciens inserts a | | | plasmid containing bacterial genetic information {to the plant’s chromosomal DNA for this reason, microbial geneticists are very interested in this organism. Plasmids are the most common vector that scientists use to carry new genes into a plant cell because the thick wall of plants is difficult to penetrate. — ~—“Rerobis, baclilus” ~~ Medical~causes.~=~=~S**«Ca-scratch disease — the bacterium can inhabit the disease interior of some cat red blood cells. It is connected to the exterior of the cell and to the surrounding extracellular fluid by a pore. ‘* The primary mode of transmission is by the scratch of a cat; it is uncertain whether bites of cats or of cat fleas transmit the disease to humans. Wolbachia | cocci, comma shaped | Medical - Aedes ‘* the most common infectious bacterial genus in the cells, bacillus and aegypti mosquitoes world. chain forms being released to they live only inside the cells of their hosts, usual prevent spread of Zika | insects. | Virus, Chikungunya, ‘® Insome insects, Wolbachia destroys males of its | and Dengue Viruses. host species. Wolbachia can turn males into females by interfering with the male hormone. See Diagram: This type of reproduction, called parthenogenesis, is seen in a variety of insects and | | Ll in some amphibians and reptiles. ~~ the betaproteobacteria often use nutrient substances that diffuse away from areas of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter, such as hydrogen gas, ammonia, and methane. Several important _ pathogenic bacteria are found in this group. helical or spiral shape. | | © Found in fresh water. large, aerobi bacteria | Motile, polar flagella.Microbiology Chapter 11 Study Guide Lecture Test 3 _ - _ _ jrodshape.SC*S*S*”*”*”:”S” Ths pathogen is the cause of pertussis, or Bordetella (Bordetella pertussis) “aerobic, rod shape. whooping cough. Neisseria aerobic, cocci shape. | Medical-causes | © Pathogenic: species include the gonococcus 7 bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of gonorrhea. | N:meningitidis, the agent of meningococcal ‘meningitis, with polysaccharide capsule that is important to its virulence. disease The gammaproteobacteria constitute the largest subgroup of the proteobacteria and include a great variety of physiological types. ‘The Gammaproteobacteria isa genus of small, pleomorphic bacteria that grow Francisella rod-shaped Medical — causes coccobacillus, an disease only on complex media enriched with blood or aerobic bacterium | tissue extracts. | ee ao __# Francisella tularensis causes the disease tularemia. Pseudomoadales Members of the order Pseudomonadales are gram-negative aerobic rods or cocci. The most important genus in this group is Pseudomonas. The order also includes Azotobacter, Azomonas, Moraxella, and Acinetobacter. Pseudomonas aerobic, rod shape. _| Medical causes ‘* Pseudomonads are very common in soil and other Matile by polar ‘disease natural environments. agella, either single | — —forintufts fo — Legionellales ‘The genera Legionella and Coxiella are closely associated in the second edition of Bergey's Manual, where both are placed in the same order, Legionellales. Because the Coxiella share an intracellular lifestyle with the rickettsial bacteria, they were previously considered rickettsial in nature and grouped with them. Legionella bacteria grow readily on suitable artificial media. _ - - a Legionella ‘non-spore forming, | Medical — causes ‘* Legionella pneumophila ~ Potentially fatal | rod-shaped bacteria disease pneumonia. «Microbes of this genus are common in streams, and they colonize such habitats as warm-water supply lines in hospitals and water in the cooling towers of air conditioning systems. ‘© Anability to survive and reproduce within aquatic amebae often makes them difficult to eradicate in water systems.Microbiology Chapter 11 Study Guide Lecture Test 3 Vibrionales Enterobacteriales Escherichia — (E.Coli) Salmonella Anaerobic, rod shape. Vibrio species are rod shape and slightly curved. The members of the order Enterobacteriales are facultativel motile, peritrichously flagellated. Morphologically, the rods are straight. Thi Medical — causes disease (One important pathogen is Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. Found in aquatic habitats. iy anaerobic, gram-negative rods that are, if an important bacterial group, ‘often commonly called enterics. This reflects the fact that they inhabit the intestinal tracts of humans and ‘other animals. Most enterics are active fermenters of glucose and other carbohydrates. Enterics have fimbriae that help them adhere to surfaces or mucous membranes. Specialized sex pili aid in the exchange of genetic information between cells, which often includes antibiotic resistance. Enterics, like many bacteria, produce proteins called bacteriocins that cause the lysis of closely related species of bacteria. Bacteriocins may help maintain the ecological balance of various enterics in the intestines. Important genera of the order include Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Serratia, Proteus, Yersinia, Erwinia, Enterobacter, and facultatively anaerobic, rod shape motile, peritrichously flagellated. rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacteria non-spore forming, ‘Medical - causes disease Medical - causes | disease Medical, causes disease Cronobacter. ‘common inhabitants of the human intestinal tract presence in water or food is an indication of fecal contamination. can be a cause of urinary tract infections, and certain strains produce enterotoxins that cause traveler's diarrhea and occasionally cause very serious foodborne disease (see E. coli 0157:H7) _ ‘Salmonellae are common inhabitants of the intestinal tracts of many animals, especially poultry and cattle. Under unsanitary conditions, they can contaminate food. Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella typhi (TI-f8), is the most severe illness caused by any member of the genus Salmonella. Alless severe gastrointestinal disease caused by other salmonellae is called salmonellosis. is one of the most common forms of foodborne illness. _ responsible for a disease called bacillary dysentery, or shigellosis.Microbiology Chapter 11 Study Guide Lecture Test 3 Serratia Proteus Yersinia non-motile, | encapsulated, lactose- | fermenting, | facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium motile, short rod- shaped, facultative anaerobe bacterium facultatively | anaerobic, rod-shaped _ bacterium ovoid- or rod-shaped bacteria, facultative anaerobes, capable of surviving in both aerobic and anaerobic environments Agriculture, nitrogen? Medical, causes disease Medical, causes urinary and respiratory infections. ‘Medical, cause disease causes disease ‘© Unlike salmonellae, they are found only in humans. Some strains of Shigella can cause life-threatening _dysentery. ‘© are commonly found in soil or water. Many isolates are capable of fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere, which has been proposed as being a nutritional advantage in isolated populations with little protein nitrogen in their diet. © The species Klebsiella pneumoniae occasionally causes a serious form of pneumonia in humans. ‘© Classified as an opportunistic pathogen. * isa bacterial species distinguished by its production of red pigment. «In hospital situations, the organism can be found ‘on catheters, in saline irrigation solutions, and in other supposedly sterile solutions. Such contamination is probably the cause of many _urinary and respiratory tract infections in hospitals. * Colonies of Proteus bacteria growing on agar exhibit a swarming type of growth. © Swarmer cells with many flagella move outward on the edges of the colony and then revert to normal cells with only a few flagella and reduced motility. Asa result, a Proteus colony has the distinctive appearance of a series of concentric rings © This genus of bacteria is implicated in many infections of the urinary tract and in wounds. ‘= causes plague, the Black Death of medieval Europe «Urban rats in some parts of the world and ground squirrels in the American Southwest carry these bacteria. Fleas usually transmit the organisms among animals and to humans, although contact, with respiratory droplets from infected animals and people can be involved in transmission,Microbiology Chapter 11 Study Guide Lecture Test 3 Erwinia Enterobacter Cronobacter Pasteurellales Pasteurella ‘The Deltaproteobacteria Bdellovibro Trod-shapedbacteria | Agriculture rod-shaped bacteria, Medical, causes facultative anaerobes, | disease capable of surviving in both aerobic and anaerobic environments facultatively anaerobic, oxidase- | negative, catalase- positive, rod-shaped | | bacteria | | Medical, causes ] disease « Two Enterobacter 5 ‘species, E. cloacae, and E. aerogenes, can cause urinary tract ir fections and hospital-acquired infections. They are widely distributed in humans and animals, as well as in water, sewage, and soil. ‘© This organism can cause meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants. It is widespread in a range of environments and foods. Most cases occur in adults, although the most publicized outbreaks have been associated with contaminated infant formulas. “The bacteria in the order Pasteurellales are nonmotile; they are best known as human and animal pathogens. | Agriculture, only | | rod-shaped bacteria effects domestic | animals. a known as a pathogen of domestic animals. It causes sepsis in cattle, fowl cholera in chickens and other fowl, and pneumonia in several types of animals. © The best-known species is Pasteurella multocida, which can be transmitted to humans by dog and cat bites. The deltaproteobacteria are distinctive in that they include some bacteria that are predators on other bacteria. Bacteria in this group are also important contributors to the sulfur cycle. Form a structure [ called a bdelloplast. This bdelloplast is | created as the host | cell is modified to become spherical in shape. Inside the bdelloplast, the gular large | | flagellum of the | predatory Bdellovibrio | ‘© It attacks other gram-negative bacteria. It attaches tightly, and after penetrating the outer layer of gram-negative bacteria, it reproduces within the periplasm. There, the cell elongates into a tight spiral, which then fragments almost simultaneously into several al flagellated cells, The host cell then lyses, releasing the Bdellovibrio cells.Microbiology Chapter 11 Study Guide Lecture Test 3 The epsilonproteobacteria are slender grat important genera, both of whi Campylobacter spiral-shaped, “S’- | Medical, causes | shaped, orcurved, | disease rod-shaped bacteria | Helicobacter - Microaerophilic Medical, causes curved rods with disease multiple flagella Helical or spiral shape and has 6-8 flagella at one end. The size of the organism measures about 2-4 um x 0.5-1.0 um Chlamydiae T Members of the phylum Chlamydiae are gr peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Chlamydia Ovoid in shape and Medical — causes nonmotile. Obligate intract | disease ich are motile by means of m-negative rods that are helical or curved. We will discuss the two igella and are microaeropt vibrios; each cell has one polar microaeropl flagellum. One species, C. fetus, causes spontaneous abortion in domestic animals. Another species, C. jejuni, isa leading cause of outbreaks of foodborne intestinal _ disease. —_ | The species Helicobacter pylori has been identified as the most common cause of peptic ulcers in humans and a cause of stomach cancer. iy similar bacteria that do not contain rouped with other genetical They are transmitted to humans by interpersonal contact or by airborne respiratory routes. The chlamydias can be cultivated in laboratory animals, in cell cultures, or in the yolk sac of embryonated chicken eggs. __ lular parasites. _ _ _ Chlamydophila Is an obligate, Medical - causes intracellular, occur as disease a parasite in eukaryotic cel cells are coccoid and non-matile, with sizes ranging from 0.2-1.5 m. The cylamydial cel envelope lacks ‘They are transmitted to humans by interpersonal contact or by airborne respiratory routes, The chlamydias can be cultivated in laboratory animals, in cell cultures, or in the yolk sac of embryonated chicken eggs.Microbiology Chapter 11 Study Guide Lecture Test 3 Spirochaetes Treponema Borrellia Leptospira peptidoglycan, but instead has an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide and a cytoplasmic membrane bilayer. - i The spirochetes have a coiled morphology, resembling a metal spring; some are more tightly coiled than others. The most distinctive characteristic of this order, however, is the cells! method of motility, which makes use of two or more axial filaments (or endofiagella) enclosed in the space between an outer sheath and the body of the cell. One end of each axial filament is attached near one of the cells. By rotating its axial lament, the cell rotates in the opposite direction, like a corkscrew, which is very efficient in moving the organism through liquids. The shape of T. pallidum is flat and wavy, unlike the other spirochetes, which are helical, helical shaped | spirochete bacterium. The spirochetes include a number of important pathogenic bacteria. The best known is the genus Treponema, which includes Treponema pallidum, the cause of syphilis Medical, causes disease | Members of the genus Borrelia cause relapsing fever and Lyme disease, serious diseases that are usually Medical, causes disease ‘transmitted by It has an inner and outer membrane as well as a flexible membranes is the protoplasm, which, due to the spiral shape of the bacteria, is long and cylindrical. | A flexible, spiral- shaped, Gram- negative spirochete with internal flagella. Leptospira interrogans has many serovars | Leptospirosis is a disease usually spread to humans by water contaminated by the Leptospira species. The bacteria are excreted in the urine of dogs, rats, and swine, so domestic dogs and cats are routinely immunized against leptospirosis. Medical, causes diseaseMicrobiology Chapter 11 Study Guide Lecture Test 3 based on cell surface antigens. Firmicutes (Low G = C Gram Po: Bacteria) Low G + C gram-positive bacteria are endospore-forming bacteria such as the genera Clostridium and Ba ‘assigned to the phylum Firmicutes. This group includes important lus. Also of extreme importance in medical microbiology are the genera Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus. In industrial microbiology, the genus Lactobacillus, which produces lactic acid, is well known. The mycoplasma, which do not Clostridiales Clost C. tetanus, C. botulinum, C, perfringens, Obligate anaerobe Rod-shaped cells with endospores Rod shaped with endospores. Common in soil Staphylococcus Grapelike clusters S. aureus Yellow-pigmented colonies. | Facultative anaerobes. | Growth: high osmotic pressure & low moisture. Present in nostrils & skin. Obligate anaerobe Rod shaped | Acid tolerant Lactobacillus sess a cell wall, are also found in this phylum. Important to medicine & food industry due its heat/ chemical resistance common cause of foodborne diarrhea. Its commonly found in the normal intestinal tract- after antibiotic treatment IT can allow overgrowth of C. difficile Commonly affects the elderly \ Medical importance: ‘Causes anthrax: cattle, horse & sheep disease that affects several produce humans. antibiotics. B. cereus: causes food poising, affecting starchy foods like rice. agent. B. thuringien: L pathogen - - | Medical: common | Enters the body through damage skin. Causes toxic shock syndrome: for example, improper tampon usage that causes high fever & vomiting. Enterotoxin: food poising surgical wound ifections in hospital | settings Can be antibiotic resistant Does not cause disease, rather protects the human body against potential invasions by pathogens. Industrial: production of sauerkraut, pickles, buttermilk & yogurt | (orabioticl,Microbiology Chapter 11 Study Guide Lecture Test 3 _— a | Lactic acid | Medical: help treat fermentation diarrhea, vaginal Location: vagina, infections & eczema intestinal tract & oral | | Streptococcus Spherical Industri Causative agent of most disease than other group of Chains Nonpathogenic species bacteria. Destroy phagocytic cells, spread infections by used in production of digesting connective tissue. Also digest fibrin of blood ___ dairy products __clots- spreading infection. - | Beta-hemolytic streptococci | Grown on blood agar: Medical: antibody Group A: Causes scarlet fever, pharyngitis, erysipelas, S. pyogenes forms clear zone therapy & genome impetigo, & rheumatic fever. | — i editing | | Group B: neonatal sepsis _ Enterococcus Facultative anaerobe Medical: antibiotic —- Most common hospital infection, affecting surgical E. faecium Found in: Gl. Tract, resistant | wounds & urinary tract infection (catheters) vagina, oral cavity & | feces _ — Listeria Facultative anaerobe | | Affects pregnant women which can cause stillbirth or L. monocytogenes | Can grow at | serious damage to fetus. | refrigeration temps. Affects dairy products | _ — —_ | Mycoplasmatales (Tenericutes) Lack cell wall Medical: common Causes common mild form of pneumonia Mycoplasma Can alter their shape, laboratory M. pneumoniae & have fungi looking contaminant laments size: 0.1-.0.25 _ micrometers _ | Acinobacteria (High G+CGram-Positive | These bacteria are | highly pleomorphic, | often branching filaments Bacteria) TT | oe __| Se SS Mycobacterium ‘Aerobic, non- Medical, causes Causes T.B and leprosy M. tuberculosis endospore forming _ disease Slow growing causes: wound infection M. leprae rods. Nonpathogenic: found in soil and water May display filamentous growth Acid fast Drug resistant Mycolic acid layerMicrobiology Chapter 11 Study Guide Lecture Test 3 — Drying resistant imino acid, | Causes diphtheria: infection of the nose & throat Corynebacterium Club shaped C. diphtheria | Pleomorphic nucleotides & enzyme depending on age production. Cheese | | | aging & steroid | production. Medical: antibiotic & | | antitumor agent. oe =| Streptomyces ' Produce spores Medical: produce most nonpathogenic but can cause mycetoma Have soil odor: of commercial (cutaneous fistulized nodules) geosmin gas antibiotics Strict aerobes oo Diversity within the Archaea oe | Prokaryotes cel Halophiles: thrive in Halobacterium: found in Great Salt Lake & solar high salt conc. evaporating ponds. cenvironment L - a 4 Rods, cocci, helices & unusual shapes __| Thermophiles: | | Extreme temp. higher | than 80°C or higher ‘Sulfolobus: optimal pH is above 2 and optimal temp. more ‘Some gram +/ gram - ‘Acidophil below 0 & high temps ___ than 70°C i - Binary fission, fragmentation or budding | Methanogens: Economic: used in Normal part of the microbiota of colon, vagina and mouth. division, | anaerobic, produce —_ sewage treatment- few lack cell walls | methane digest sludge none are pathogenic Microbial Diversity Epolupiscium _ Giant bacteria Thiomargarita namibiensis Spherical Large as 570 micrometers Carsonella ruddii ‘Small genomes Lives symbiotically _with incent host