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    4 views12 pages

    Lab

    Uploaded by

    Samuel Martinez
    micro

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 12
    LAB EXAM #2 Experiment 21-47 Experiment 21: Le Time © Thermoduric: ability of certain organisms to survive high temperatures ¢ Thermal death time (TOT): temperature is held constant and the time of exposure is varied to determine how long an organism can survive at a given temperature ‘* Thermal death point (TDP): the time is held constant and the temperature is varied to determine the minimum temperature require to kill an organism. E.coli S.aureus B, cereus TOT 10 min-70°C-80°C 20 mins-60°C 10 mins- 60°C-80°C 10 mins-70°C-80" TDP. 70°C 70°C 60°e © 8. cereus should have the longest TOT and the highest TDP due to its ability to form endospores. Experiment 22: Effect of Osmotic Pressure (Tonicity) © Osmosis: movernent of water molecules from 2 high concentration to a lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. ‘© Isotonic: when the concentration inside and outside of the cell is equal - the movement of water into and out of the cell is equal. ‘© Hypotonic: the concentration of solute outside the cell is less than that inside the cell Hypertonic: the concentration of solute outside the cell is greater than the concentration inside of it. © Plasmolysis: water will move out of the cell by osmosis causing it to dehydrate. © Crenation: in cells that lack a cell wall, is the loss of water in a hypertonic environment. Halophiles: organisms that can survive in extreme high salt concentration Organisms used: E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus cereus Used spectrophotometer to calculate turbidity (growth) Calculation: average the 3 numbers from spectrophotometer and then use 2-log%T ‘example: 94,1494,9497,3: 286.3/3:94.4 210g(94.4): 0.02 © 5. aures it can grow in high concentration of salt @ mannitol salt is a selective media for halophiles and is also selective for staphylococcus Experiment 23: The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation Most bacteria are harmed by ultraviolet radiation, except for photosynthetic bacteria, Only wavelengths below 300 nm that are microbicidal, the most effective wavelength is ~254 nm. DNA absorbs UV light with resultant thymine-thymine dimers formed, it is this damage to the bacterial chromosome that results in lethal mutation, ~ Bacillus cereus- was the least affected by UV light = some growth was also affected by the presence of a lid ex ant 24: Te © Antibiotics: antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents © Synthetic drugs: man-made; synthesized in lab These compounds either interfere with a microbial cell's permeability or its metabolic and synthetic capabilities © Broad spectrum: agents that are active against a wide variety of microorganisms © Narrow spectrum: agents that are effective against only Gram-positive or only Gram-negative Zane af inhibition: clear zone formed ifan onanism s susceptible toa given antbotc E.coli (-) Paeruginosa (-) | S.aureus (+) E. faecalis (+) Chloramphenicol | Sensitive Resistant Sensitive Intermediate Cefoxitin Sensitive Resistant Sensitive Resistant Gentamicin Sensitive Sensitive Sensitive Resistant Penicilin Resistant Resistant Sensitive Sensitive Tetracycline Sensitive Resistant Sensitive Resistant Vancomycin Resistant Resistant Sensitive Intermediate Experiment 25: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Disinfectants and Antiseptics © Disinfectant: chemicals used on surfaces and instrumentation to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. © Antiseptics: chemicals used for disinfection of skin, mucosa or other living tissues. the modes of action of both categories are protein denaturation and altering cell membrane permeability. - Most effective antiseptic: hydrogen peroxide ~ Least effective antiseptic: listerine = Most effective disinfectant: bleach - Least effective disinfectant: pine sol Experiment 2 1 Fungi Yeast Yeasts are members of the Kingdom Fung! within the Domain Eukarya Those that are unicellular: ~ May reproduce asexually by budding ~ _ sexually by fusion of haploid spores Dimorphic: occuring in or representing two distinct forms, = unicellular phase - mycelial phase Example of Normal Flora of the human skin (Can be pathogenic, especially for immunocompromised and people with Diabetes): = Candida albicans (Monilia albicans) the etiological agent of vaginal and urinary tract infections. In labs usually plated on Sabouraud Dextrose agar (Media of choice for yeast and molds) because it has high sugar content and acidic pH (5.6), which provides optimal growth. Example Yeast: - Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S.c.)- baking and brewing yeast. - Candida albicans (C.a.) - normal human floral yeast. ym Fungi: Cultivation and Mi ‘Mold The Kingdom Fungi consists of heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms. A group consisting of yeast, mushrooms, rusts, smut and molds. The organisms absorb nutrients that have been hydrolyzed (digested) with extracellular enzymes they have secreted. Molds ar key players in the decomposition of dead plant materials (saprophytes) due to the production of cellulase, they are vital in recycling natural elements such as nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, and phosphorous. Mycoses - Fungal infection, can be superficial, subcutaneous, or systemic. ‘Mycology - The study of fungi Example Molds: - Penicilium - blue green mold, found in the soil and air, often on decaying citrus & the source of the antibiotic penicillin. = Bhizopus - bread mold, starts out white then turns black, found in the soil and air. Experiment 28: Free- Living Protozoa Pond Water and Prepared Slides Protozoa are unicellular, eukaryotic, organisms most of which are non-pathogenic (free-living). Few cause human disease (parasitic). Distinguishing characteristics include: 1 The absence of a cell wall although some protozoa may possess a thin layer supporting the cell membrane termed a pellcie. The somewhat stiff pellicle is also flexible and allows them to retain their shape and fit into tighter spaces. The ability to move during their entire life cycle or part of it by locomotor organelles (flagella;

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