Thermodynamics and Chemical Equilibrium

Enthalpy – internal of energy of a system kj/mol

If delta h<0, it has forward enthalpy drive, i.e. exothermic

If delta H>0, the reaction has backward enthalpy drive, i..e these reactions are endothermic

Entropy –

 Absolute entropy is always positive and it can be measured

 The change in entropy can be +ve. Negative i.e. products – reactants
 Delta S >0, then the reaction has forward entropy drive
 Delta S<0, then the reaction has backward/reverse entropy drive

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: States if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system,
then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

First Law of Thermodynamics: energy movement into or out of a system is in accordance with the law of
conservation of energy

Second law of thermodynamics: states that the entropy of an isolated system NOT AT EQUILIBRIUM will
increase overtime, approaching a maximum value at equilibrium.

Third Law of thermodynamicsL states that the entropy of a system decreases, as temperature approaches
zero.

Combustion

Burning of a substance, has negative enthalpy (energy is released), exothermic process that goes to
completion.

Generally combustion reactions will have forward entropy drive

Initially when the flame/heat is provided the water will be gaseous, but as it cools it will be condensed. It
is gaseous because the flame is higher than the boiling point of water.

Photosynthesis:

- Get down photosynthesis reaction

- It is endothermic, +ve enthalpy change and energy is being absorbed from the surroundings
- It will have negative entropy change
- A continuous supply of energy in the form of sunlight is required to drive this reaction in plants