Homework Title / No.

: _ Homework-1 Course Code : Cap517

Course Instructor : Mr. Amandeep

Date of Allotment : 17-01-2011 Date of submission : 03-01-2011

Student’s Roll No.RE37D1 Section No. : RE37D1A09

Declaration:
I declare that this assignment is my individual work. I have not copied from any other student’s work
or from any other source except where due acknowledgment is made explicitly in the text, nor has
any part been written for me by another person.

Student’s Signature : Vishal Kedia

Evaluator’s comments:
_____________________________________________________________________

Marks obtained : ___________ out of ______________________

Content of Homework should start from this page only:

PART –A

1. Why do we need MAN ? How it was evolved ? Give suitable examples to support your
answer.

Ans: A computer network can be divided into a small segments called Local Area Network (LAN),
networking between computers in a building of a office, medium sized networks (MAN),
communication between two offices in a city and wide area networks (WAN) networking between
the computers, one is locally placed and the other can be thousands of miles away in another city or
another country in the world.

WAN connectivity is achieved by a device known as “Router”. The internet is the world’s largest
WAN, where millions of computers from all over the globe and connected with each other.

A few examples include: military solders in the field; sensors scattered throughout a city for
biological detection; an infrastructure less network of notebook computers in a conference or campus
setting; the forestry or lumber industry; rare animal tracking; space exploration; undersea operations;
and temporary offices such as campaign headquarters.

2. How 2.5G Mobile systems are better than second generation mobile systems ? Justify
your statements by giving examples.
Sol: In the past, many telecommunication service providers moved to 2.5G networks before entering
into 3G networks. It is already understood that 2.5G technology was much more advanced and faster
than 1G and 2G and at the same time, it was much cheaper to upgrade to 3G from 2.5G. The 2.5
generation of mobile phones offered extended features and additional capacity that was more than 2G
networks. These new features were High Speed Circuit Switched or HSCSD, General Packet Radio
System or GPRS, EDGE or Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution, IS- and IS-136B 95Bm. The
European and U.S network carriers moved to 2.5G in 2001 while Japan got straight from 2G to 3G in
2001. Every transformation from 1G to 2G, 2G to 2.5G, and 2.5G to 3G networks helped in
communicating better and better.

2.5G" is an informal term, invented solely for marketing purposes, unlike "2G" or "3G" which are
officially defined standards based on those defined by the International Telecommunication (ITU).
The term "2.5G" usually describes a 2G cellular system combined with General Packet Radio
Services (GPRS), or other services not generally found in 2G or 1G networks.

Wireless telecommunication technology like CDMA200 1x-RTT, Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
Evolution (EDGE) or Enhanced General Packet Radio Service (EGPRS), since they have data
transmission rates of 144 kbps or higher, may qualify as 3G technology. However, they are usually
classified as 2.5G technology because they have slower network speeds than most 3G services.

GPRS is a service commonly associated with 2.5G technology. It has data transmission rates of 28
kbps or higher. GPRS came after the development of the Global System for Mobile (GSM) service,
which is classified as 2G technology, and it was succeeded by the development of the Universal
Mobile Telecommunication Service (UMTS), which is classified as 3G technology.

A 2.5G system may make use of 2G system infrastructure, but it implements a packet-switched
network domain in addition to a circuit-switched domain. This does not necessarily give 2.5G an
advantage over 2G in terms of network speed, because bundling of timeslots is also used for circuit-
switched data services (HSCSD).

Q3.Differentiate between BSC and MSC in GSM . Elaborate the architecture of GSM in detail.

Sol: Base Station Controller (BSC) controls multiple BTSs and manages radio channel setup, and
handovers. The BSC is the connection between the Mobile Station and Mobile Switching Center

Each Base Station Controller (BSC) control the magnitude of several hundred BTSs. The BSC takes
care of a number of different procedures regarding call setup, location update and handover for each
MS. The handover control procedures will come especially into focus in this thesis. It is the BSC that
decides when handover is necessary. This is accomplished by analyzing the measurement results that
are sent from the MS during a call and ordering the MS to perform handover if this is necessary. The
continous analyzing of measurements from many MSs requires considerable computational power.
This put strong constraints on the design of the BSC.

The Mobile Switching Centre is a normal ISDN-switch with extended functionality to handle
mobile subscribers. The basic function of the MSC is to switch speech and data connections between
BSCs, other MSCs, other GSM-networks and external non-mobile-networks. The MSC also handles
a number of functions assosiated with mobile subscribers, among others registration, location
updating and handover. There will normally exist only a few BSCs per MSC, due to the large number
of BTSs connected to the BSC. The MSC and BSCs are connected via the highly standardized A-
interface [10]. However, due to the lack of standardization on Operation and Mangement protocols,
network providers usually choose BSCs, MSCs and Location Registers from one manufacturer.

A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose functions and interfaces are
defined.

The GSM network can be divided into three broad parts. The Mobile Station is carried by the
subscriber, the Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link with the Mobile Station. The Network
Subsystem, the main part of which is the Mobile services Switching Center, performs the switching
of calls between the mobile and other fixed or mobile network users, as well as management of
mobile services, such as authentication. Not shown is the Operations and Maintenance center, which
oversees the proper operation and setup of the network. The Mobile Station and the Base Station
Subsystem communicate across the Um interface, also known as the air interface or radio link. The
Base Station Subsystem communicates with the Mobile service Switching Center across the A
interface.

PART-B

1. How GPRS is used as data overlay over the voice based GSM ? Draw architecture of
GSM.

Sol: GPRS stands for General Packet Radio System. GPRS provides packet radio access for
mobile Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and time-division multiple access
(TDMA) users. GPRS is important as a migration step toward third-generation (3G) networks
and allows network operators to implement an IP-based core architecture for data
applications, which will continue to be used and expanded for 3G services for integrated voice
and data applications. GPRS is a new bearer service for GSM that greatly improves and
simplifies wireless access to packet data networks, e.g., to the Internet. It applies a packet
radio principle to transfer user data packets in an efficient way between GSM mobile stations
and external packet data networks. Packets can be directly routed from the GPRS mobile
stations to packet switched networks.

Networks based on the Internet Protocol (IP) (e.g., the global Internet or private/corporate
intranets) and X.25 networks are also supported in the current versions of GPRS
2. Why do we need PCS ? Delineate the architecture of WLAN with an Ethernet wired
backbone.

Sol: PCS (personal communications service) is a wireless phone service similar to cellular
telephone service but emphasizing personal service and extended mobility. It's sometimes
referred to as digital cellular (although cellular systems can also be digital). Like cellular, PCS
is for mobile users and requires a number of antennas to blanket an area of coverage. As a
user moves around, the user's phone signal is picked up by the nearest antenna and then
forwarded to a base station that connects to the wired network. The phone itself is slightly
smaller than a cellular phone. According to Sprint, PCS is now available to 230 million
people.

The "personal" in PCS distinguishes this service from cellular by emphasizing that, unlike
cellular, which was designed for car phone use and coverage of highways and roads, PCS is
designed for greater user mobility. It generally requires more cell transmitters for coverage,
but has the advantage of fewer blind spots. Technically, cellular systems in the United States
operate in the 824-849 megahertz (MHz) frequency bands; PCS operates in the1850-1990
MHz bands.

Several technologies are used for PCS in the United States, including Time Division Multiple
Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and Global System for Mobile
(GSM) communication. GSM is more commonly used in Europe and elsewhere.
 Wired network of any type as LAN, or MAN requires a backbone structure of wires in order
to perform it operations. The need of the time is the mobility of devices. People all around the
world prefer smart phones, laptops and palmtops. Hence it is difficult to provide a wired
backbone to each and every location. Therefore more mobile and easily used networks are
desired like the Bluetooth technology. The limitation of supporting the wired network with
fiber optic acting at its back has put the small investors out of the business. Hence we can say
there is monopoly in the field of telecommunications. Some big names are exploiting the
various opportunities present in the market. Large telecommunication companies have
developed large fiber optic networks underground. Consequently only they are able to provide
wired internet connections such as DSL, ADSL, SDSL and cable network. Some
organizations are now replacing wired networks due to their immobility. People prefer
wireless connections because they can interact with their peers and friends wherever they are.
Wired networks also limit the use of video conferencing due to bounded network.

3. How core ,control and access networks function in UMTS. What is the role

of Packet Radio Networks ? Give suitable examples.

Sol: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is 3rd generation cellular

network and provides circuit switched & high speed packet switched services. 3GPP UMTS is
designed to fulfill high quality of service requirements for rapidly growing internet
applications and to provide higher data rates to access a full range of services and
applications.

Two new network elements are introduced in the UMTS radio access network; the radio
network controller (RNC) and Node B. The RNC in UMTS networks provides functions
equivalent to the base station controller (BSC) functions in GSM/GPRS networks. Node B in
UMTS networks is equivalent to the base transceiver station (BTS) in GSM/GPRS networks.
A UMTS network consist of three interacting domains; Core Network (CN), UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) and User Equipment (UE). The main function of
the core network is to provide switching, routing and transit for user traffic. Core network also
contains the databases and network management functions. The basic Core Network
architecture for UMTS is based on GSM network with GPRS. The UTRAN provides the air
interface access method for User Equipment. Base Station is referred as Node-B and control
equipment for Node-B's is called Radio Network Controller (RNC).
 Packet radio networks are modeled as arbitrary graphs by most researchers. We show that an
arbitrary graph is an inaccurate model of the radio networks. This is true because there exists a large
class of graphs which will not model the radio networks. Radio networks can be modeled accurately
by a restricted class of graphs called the planar point graphs. Since the radio networks can accurately
be modeled only by a restricted class of graphs, the NP-completeness results for scheduling using an
arbitrary graph as the model, do not correctly reflect the complexity of the problem. We study the
broadcast scheduling problem using the restricted class as the model. We show that the problem
remains NP-complete even in this restricted domain. We give an O(nlogn) algorithm when all the
transceivers are located on a line. We restrict our attention to static allocation in general and TDMA
in particular. However, it may be noted that the results presented are also valid for other static
allocation schemes