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    CRUDEOILDISTRIBUTIONKINETICS (1)

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    14 views10 pages

    CRUDEOILDISTRIBUTIONKINETICS

    Uploaded by

    ChristianJayValdez
    btyhgefrgg

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    a International Journal of Chemical Bugingering Research ISSN 0975 ~ 6442 Volume 2, Number 3 (2010), pp. 279-288 © Research India Publications http-liwww.ripublication.comifijeher. htm. Crude Oil Distribution Kinetics on the Soils of Niger Delta Southern Nigeria Atulegwu Patrick Uzoije', J.C Agunwamba? aud FO Ademuli ‘Environmental Technology Department, Federal University af Technology, Owerr? ?4Civil Engineering Department, University of Nigeria Neukka Abstract ‘Over several decades, soils of Niger delta, southem Nigeria have been ‘encountering oil pollution due to the historical oil exploitation, ruptured erude oil pipes occasioned by age, sabotage and accidents, It is therefore important to investigate the distribution pattern of the spilled crude oil samples through the soil matrix. In this regard four soil samples of known organic matter, organic carbon, Yéclay, silt, ond %sand collected form different parts of Niger delta were in tum sufficiently spiked with three different crude cil samples of known characteristics ie each crude oil samples for the four soil samples, and allowed for sorption process to take place. Samples of the spike soil were collected at 1 momth interval of sorption period for 12 months for hydrocarbou(HC} analysis using chromatographic methods. The amounts of HC obtained for each soil were used to compute the distribution coefficient(Kd) of various soil samples. The results indicated Ke values suongly influenced by the motecular composition of the crude ail samples, characteristics of the soil samples and sorption time, Kel values were highest for soil D and lowest for soil C, There was a decrease in the distribution of the soil samples betwecn the tenth and the twelveth month periods after a positive linear relationship had been observed between the first and the nineth month periods. Also, high level of significance at 5% confidence level for ail samples A and B applied on all the soil samples except soil C was observed for the correlation between Kd and organic carbon, Similarly low significant levels were observed on virtually all the soil samples but soil sample B showed higher significant level. The determined Kd values are useful for modeling of ail pollution in the study arca. Keywords: Ka, soil propeiés, crude oil, Niger Delta, oil pollution, a 280 Austegwa Patrick Uzoije et al Contaminants on the sail are subjected to transport and remediation mechanisms, Benson and others (1994) enumerated the transport mechanisms as advection. diffusion, dispersion etc. As the contaminants move through the porous media, they experience hydrodynamic dispersion(Raddall and Sunada 1997 ),This implies that the contaminants spread to different co-ordinates of the soil matrix fiom their normal course, with decrease in concentration values. This phenomenon works under the guiding principle of advective hydraulic of the flow system which is highly dependent on physio-chemical and geotechnical properties of the soil matrix under study (Benson and others 1994), Randell and others (1995) expressed the mobility of the Contaminants in a soil in terms of retardation factors as R=1KK, fy eee (1) Where R is the retardation factor , X., = soil water partition coefficient @ = Volumetric moisture eontent pdry density. In relation to the above observation, michael and others (2005) attributed the movement of the cortaminants into ground water as being controlled by the distribution coefficient of the sail . In the study of somption of pesticides by the soil, Dolan (1998) made the following observatio That the distribution coefficient (X., ) of the soil is a measure of the interaction between the pesticide and the constituents of the soil which was expressed as a5 ie Q Where X,= distribution coefficient $= Amount of pesticide retained in the soil C= Amount of water absorbed by the water. ~ That ainount of pesticides absorbed and distributed by the soil was a direct function of the organic carbon eantent of the soil and expressed mathematically as Ke Kuh fu Ee ‘Where K.. = the organie carbon — water distribution coefficient And f,. is the fraction of organic carbon ina given soil type. In a similar study, Nudclman and others (2002) equally observed that dispersion of ctude oil contaminant on soil media is a function of mainly its Engineering property. In this study, the distribution coefficient of Nigerian crude oils in the Niger Delia soils was examined with respect to the following, + the type of crude oil applied and - the soil types, Crude Oil Distribution Kinetics on the Sails of Niger 281 Materials and Methods The study area was divided into four different study locations which was designated as locations A, B,C aad D, Techniques of random sampling was adopted to. collect soil samples fram each study location. Crude oil samples were also collected from three different oil wells of Qua-iboe, brass and Bonny light and they were designated as A,B and C. Textural characteristics of the soil samples were determined by analysis of the particle size distribution and the uniform coeffivient which categorized the soil samples based on the percentage mixture of clay, silt and sand particles using SB sieve . ‘Also, analyzed were the porosity, bulk density and the percentage organic matter using standard methods, Fractions of organic carbon of various soil samples Were computed by assuming that 0.58 fraction of organie matter consists of organic carbon (Dolan, 1998). Table 1 summarizes the results of the soil analysis, ‘The total hydrocarbon content of the crude oil samples were also analyzed using chromatographic method. Density, API° and viscosity of the crude oil samples were also determined using ASTM methods, The results of the analysis are displayed on table 2, The various soil samples analyzed were polluted by a crude oil sample say sample (A). After 1 month, the concentrations of crude oil retained in the various soil samples were determined using the chromatographic method described by Dolan (1998). The"subsequent crude oil determination was camied out at regular intervals of 1 months for the period of twelve months, The experiment was repeated with the two other oil samples B and C, Calculation of the distribution coefficient of crude oil samples on various soils. Concentrations of crude oil samples adsorbed on various soil samples was calculated with the equations presented by Lindsay (2007) O-c X50 A) Where. Sis the value of the adsorbed hydrocarbon on the soil samples. C; represents the initial amount of crude oil samples before the test. Cis the amount of crude oil samples remaining after the test. Mai is the mags of soil used and $0ml represents volume of the solvent used during the chromatographic process, with the values of $ calculated, the distribution coefficient of the hydrocarbon Ke was determined by taking the ratio of the amount of various crude oil samples adsorbed on the soil and the amount of crude oil retained in the solvent which was expressed as. Ke sic pee) i>. 282 Atulegwau Patrick Uzoie et al Results and Discussion Results of the soil sample classification was shown in table 1. Soil sample D has the highest clay percentage value and the least value of percentage of sand. The percentages of clay, silt and sand present in all the soil samples increased in this order; C= A< BK D, C

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