Arie alo 1 bape jenrbens ‘InucatioatSournal af Current esearch Yo tse 5 gp JODIE gst 280. SFR ISSN: 0975-833% RESEARCH ARTICLE APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) ININDUSTRIAL LAND CAPABILITY INDEX MAPPING OF A DEVELOPING COUNTRY. A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU AREA, SOUTH-EASTERN NIGERIA. Onunkwe-A, AY", Uzoije, A. P2and Onyekuru, 5.07 “2epartment of Geosciences Federal University of Technology, Qwerr, South East Nigeria, "Department af Environmental Enginooring, Fedoral University of Technology Owerr! South East ARTICLE INFO “ABSTRACT Artiete Mery ocean 8 by, 2911 Reged aera fom He fis, 2001 ‘ccc 18* ay. 2011 Pais cline 3 Asgua, 2018 1 yas posed Hu he popalition of Exagu aca will grow a approximately 30% by the yest 2000. The infomation further rengtbcoed by the projected 3.257.298 population figure of be farce. This implies that thee is the expeattion of overpopuitioa Of Ub area tn fue. Unemployment and lowerig of pexples stat of ling are alwigs asciaed with over ‘opaitoe. I therefore, becomes pESSSMY Ns Mp ELA 08 sublease aod sk ‘BARE (ar the sighing of indonties to cenploy the feesing population Las capably idan nmappicg esing Gcographis Information Syse= (GIS) principles was used fo this sudy. The stuly was underken wing Are View 32a acadenc, Excel sats vac ed au card sofa af GIS. tna of 12 lua we detcrmiaees were selec a demas ata ners and bse ict infucieing the choice of inkasral a we. Sod characteris a poology were apr ints the thematis mupé Ws fillate the weighting ofthe tase deersmons. The emis layer: were welgMed O0 sce of UR 1G094 and 0-2 iclsive, using the entra ‘blkined fen ld werk and abortory investigation The themsic Byers were abjected ‘vecay using are odow soll ware overty code builder. The opcation yziied x layer of freired indus land usc options ina map fora. 3 areas of varyeg sae (tea 7 and ‘S)elted fn thisoperuion Ares T ocopies 106 a Us en ala for indus ld tus ogans; aren 8 aneupies WM in hat Sow Suabity fr nda land use while area 9 ‘ctupies 20260 te lind wit emsuiable for indi land ws, apy age UCR TOL, atomic uma, re eared INTRODUCTION Population oxplosion in developing world his gonsrted acute ‘uncasloyment and low standard of living. Theres the need 19 stablah indusries © employ the weming populaion. 1 is necessary to make effecive use of tbe available lands pecially in developing eoustries bere land temute ad populuon impose land scarcity. Enugu, the ara under sty 1s within the heart of Ibe community of soubesste Nigeria, where land is searee duc to over popula and land teaure sytem (Duta and Hober, 1988). Unemployment in Enugu ‘of Nigeria was projected to increase about 300% bythe year 7020. They is firloer suengibened by the projecied 3217201 population figure of Baga state of Niger. Going by this ba state of afi, tre ia an urgent ced to locate eas oh ost stainable basis for the establishment of industries to employ the tecming population. *Corresponding author: patueoneyabo. coma Goograpiée lafurmtion System (GIS) is one of the best ppconches for this type of project, since its application bas teen widely asclaimed to fariliae efficient devsion making and planning (Holland and Senith, 2003). GIS consists of a set tf computerized tools and procedures that can be used to effetively store, reriew overlay comelatc, manipalatc, smalyte , ebeplay ane disseminate Jan related information (Kang 2002). Decree snd Tuer (1990), observed that Uunplicned Land development has resulted in severe ‘environmental damage and declining quality of Wie for many people. Dimitri und Crymine (2003), observed that the seveloaaeat of any land area for indstrial set up requires detailed geological and enginocring studies as wo ascertain the ‘expubiity of the jand fer tbe parpose, Landuse planning is shal through the wse of a varity of factors. These Tors can be divided aio four ewegorien a= pysical {Geolopical and topography), esanomis, soci and political acts (Chapin 1965}. According 19 Arthur aad win, 1982),“> versions Sua of Caen Resear ¥ok 3 us AIDS st 201 casial buildings should be Toeaed im am aca that will simnize the negative impacts on the atu envizooment. dict favtaes to be eonsideted include slope, flood plainy urface and ground water resource, and soil factor and peostructurd instabilities MATERIALS AND METHODS ‘escetption uf Study area “The study area {s located between latudes 6° 16 N and 6° I'M and Longitude 7° 20° E and 7° 41° B covering an ares ‘exteat of about 630krw Fig 1. It is abso focated within the finforest-belt of Nigeda and hus annual rainfall of aboot Tiddmm s yeur, (lacie 1981}. The mast striking feature ‘within the Sudy orea is Enugu ~Awgs eseupment, ‘The ‘Secarpment wis fornied by Be sesisant sandstones of Man Formation, Druinags aysiem i eoatrlled by the escarpmcat, fviich fares the mest important watcr shed separaring, the (ross river dniinage system (0 the east from w network of Streams Mowing west towards Anambrs deaingge busin (Oferta, 1985), Kgboia, (1995) described the drains basin ‘ss dentitic. Goologisally the study tea les im Anamben basin ‘of Soutl-eastera Nigeva. The basin is ofrctaveows to tetany faze (Reyméat, 1965, Maru, 1972). Five formations undedle the area nainely Ezeaku Formation (Iuroaian), Avign Naiabo ‘hile (Santonisny Nxporo Formation (Campanian — ‘Maastrichiian) Mama Forauation (siddle Maastrchion) and ‘Ajiki sandstone (ate Maasvichton). The stratigraphic ‘Secession aad geology of the area is shown in Table L and ig 1: Topographical map of Enugu and Environs ‘The byelrogeology ofthe area indicates st the major woter bearing unit is Ajall sandstone that underlies areas to ths west ‘ith deep static water table ef abuut 30m %0 40m (Nwankwor ef aly 1988), Egboka, (1993) observed the ocsurenss, of ‘Squifer within Mam Foststioa, while aquitards eecur within ‘Niporo Formation / Enugu shale. These amuitands are fiacured and awe tapped by hand dug wells that show high coliform counts (Ezeanyimy, 1948), The main soll spe in the farsa ace ferulitic, frrathie, hydromorphic and Lithosoits Figs ae te ae ie fp SHIIMap ofthe Sty Area. ‘Thew soils weit derived fiom Enugu sbale aod Ajai fandsione (Ogbekags, 1976), The soil deive. ror Eauge fulesate expansiveand haveycraulic conductivity valucs of ‘Bout 10° ris (Egboka and Onyeboeke, 1999) making hen pane constuction material, ‘Sampling Techniques aud Analytical Methods Soil samples were collected al Owa, Nava, Ugwuslay, Aga tind Enugy Tewaship from pits dug at 2 depth of 3 metres fusing auger. They were placed in polythene tags, and tmansporied to Inbocalory for analysis, Meod of random sampling was adopted in which 6 (sx) soil samples covering the entire soil types of the arce were coiccted, The gotleted soil samples were subjected to the folowing analysis using, Specified methods and equipments: rtorberg limit tes ( ting Cassagrande spparuius and Hammer mcthods) partisle Size distribution ( using Buiiish cletsic shaker machine), porosity amd permeability ( using falling head. method ad 9 Cousolidation test was performed using fomyolitarneter. Sbear strengih was carticd-ost using, aia! shear bosand finally cemspeessive strength,Averatonl Rou ef Corman esearch, Hk 3s & patna alysis was dane using ASTNE D, 31858 (2000) ond STM, "1985 Standard ypeciications, “AM "analytical graces are shown in (Robert, 2001) Twelve (12) theraie ‘Hips ofthe laaduse deteredoants wikia Bagu arca obtained form iffeqntscurees were emnplojed as landuse Toerminicts,Thede include slope map, elevation map, Soil “Gqpih imap. soil class mag. geologic map, draiage: map, fulfage water mop, dept fo water tale map, aol erosion sy Food landslide np, fall map and escarpment map These fips ace the esac data lajers for GIS operation. The ouspmenss used for GIS analysis include integrate land ed Hier afoemation systorn (vis) ago view 3.28 wade, rogopiic poaoning system (GPS eerex 76), excel eral sof ‘wire, auzocud soft ware and gcocal. The thematic eps were coavered to GIS compatiie frat by sealing, Sgizaion, —georefnencing, rejections pulygonzation and eoversion To common seal of 10,000. ‘The thematic layers mer saved i diferent layer in endings oe, ereveabiity and porosity of hyrumorpi sil menue 1.97 To? emfage and 0.31 that of ferric sol measured 1.895 TO" emvaee aod 30, Ths fraltls and ydvemorptic sos fave 192 x 10% 31 apd 1.97 x 10%, 31. The laboratory Hrwexigatons of Arter tints employing ASTMD, 4318- 98 (2000) standard methods show thi forse soil as Tigusd mit 26.06% plastic Umit 19-75%, play index 0516, Hyromorphi soil bas guid Tit 48.5% plastic Tinie 1.89%, plusticiy index 26.46%, female coil bs Tou mit 39.8%, pase init 14.70% and plasty ides 25:14, while Itbovol has liquid sit 8.06%, plist 2OASH and plastic inkex of 761. Theron clowly shows tht the Tigud mit and plasty indices for ydromorphic tnd Felli sols ar Kigh inating sn iaerest swelling pei of thesis (Se et a, 1962, Ola, 1961. Expansive Clays arcknown tobe problematic In building indus (Atco, {941), Tae cocotaation result fr time defurasion acing hows tht fr eyromorpbi si, be vol msi fo) was oe GIS analysis, lax Pr alles IF cal ad cl cal hc Wag Orety | [wok | [apont pat or |_| Seer | ind tnd at Seer L ac Figs Creay Model for Jeeta Land Tas RESULTS AND DISCUSSION “The rewits of laboratory field and litera studies are shown jn Tale 2, The lable is 4 reference guide in taking a decision in the rating of the basic determinants of Tnduse Thotors From the tab, while the forraidbic sui fs poorly graded the hhydromorghic and feralithie soils are well graded. Forralithic ‘and lidosoil Sie towards sandy clay wis that of felis fd hydroospbie soils alt towards sky clay. Soils chat tl onwards sand have high shear and compressive strength wile hase filling towards silt ave hiph attzauative power in handing waste effluents ( Gauley and Keone, 1986, Krynine and Judd, 1957). The result shows that while the clay fusion (of hydromorghic sell is 13% that of ferlithic soil is 13.39%, ‘Foun these, aad employing the relation Activity if elay (§) = PLpt...-1) Liquidity of Clay LI = wa... AD bere pl is Plasticity Index w, natural moisture canta aod PL. is plastic limit. The activity indices of erratic and ‘hydromonphie soils were calculate to be 1.86 and 2.04, while ‘heir iquidty indices were calculated at - 023 and -0.40. the result of this calculution indioaes that the 4wo soils hnytromorphi and fecalthic soils are expansive and weak ‘hecefore unsuitable for industrial buildings ( Robert et al 2001). Permeability and porosity resuk show that while ‘rune 1 Ganerallan Seinenary Segue: ln eebemtera Niger ‘ater, Reyes 2) Timo eb Sanat Wi ‘rosteaing ier ecu of fate ey na au ‘hae wih al sas Bayle yey tae ah ly teams ch gy tle am Pomucon ——claylems Terni ne ew Lake ‘nus witely ant Feeewion sane eas —_—— EE calculated 2s 0,92, while the coefficient of volume setieracat! Consobdatica (ev) gave 1.12. For femalithic and feraithic sil, the void ratio € Jan coeffisient of volume ‘onsolidation (Cy) are 0.934, 13 and 0:94, 0.63. From these rroulls he soilemnt readjustment of feralithic sis smaller indicating soil beat suited for indusisial buildings (Ole , 1981), "The suear strony of the sols were calculated wing the relation according t Chapin 1965. r= c+énmnd mo} ‘Where is Shear Streagih, © = Cobesion, Gi = eifbctive sves300n soil end @ = ictal angle based a ttl stressHb Insrnasoas doar Care Ressrch, Vol 3 Bue 400185, dg 2017 Table 2: Summary of Laboratory, Field and Literature ‘Tabled: Orgnaatiomof bemare dat pert fr intial andes HUF PaCS ROT WTAE Tae a Teruevcs Fu ra soreruee iow Pos : Gcasmasia vo sone tava 2 Fe i icputat fi he ny St 3 ty 0 Be muvarion o 1 ama ot ey import aw Thea 2 age th dodge De ian) ey Soper ii 1 ap 2 Ferdep __ ftaion meas 2 ep : ‘tena (LAYER3) 3 ‘sallow 1 eae Grate 20 > Aum : ciey ipa io ‘renee 2 tie i fran sg Aor Cree 5 Rate se t ioe ase ‘ae 4 KepenaiAeaine | ‘Sion of tae say 3 Seow i tedednoce we tical ‘dai, NaF Boe Sleds Rte vee Siena paansags a 1 Mente 1 ee cua et te Thies 1 Mee 1 ‘ewig one havens {ae 2 Sales « 1 Sidygrat forsns)§——sal ephenentonctae TeME® 2 Gayejums i Gaocmycinarenied aang ro) a : Bysmdine 5 Silay Femi suace * Les 2 gsr sore oar waren oi i a cexven DEE TO WATER 10h 1 YepStatlon alk digo soi mt Table bg ‘jms tenis Thames 3 sed env eps soe cava te, inosiow 18 surrexco ‘Seta oft ant HEME 1 ACE ° scoala eounang diam 2 Row kere 8 acai BCANRENT sap ° Stop ins EME cer ‘ ceva) : Be 2 miooeD /LAND $8 1 surname aa ati encase supe 2 kee a oteca a ham G8 ane 1 NON Aer a ‘irs too umn Cave pauur ™ Lure frets nly md ibs Tine 2 2 heuva ° cr ieape Bur =o caren) on neve 8 Gn4 Ininatoss our f Crm eearch al 3 Baa, yg 100185, Ap, 2808 sin, Eraploying equation 3 und perameters ( and tan 8 comm graph of shear vecrus Rona) sess, the shear strength ‘or hydsomorphic, formlithic, feralinic and Tihosails ore 85.50KMin? , 9609 KN'ar, S7.SDKNim! and 88.36KNix Fespectively. “The shear strength of bysromorphic and Tecofiti soils ve lower than foralithic and lithosolls also the angle of interaal fricion 1 bigh for focralithic “soils indicating 4 high shear steagh. (Ana 2008). Hydromorphic wind ferrallthic sails show high cobecion thor is Hkelthood of | Sheu Eilure when subjectod to loud. Hike industrial buildings ‘Snoo saturated clays fil 3f eubjected to vibration ( Bram, 1988). The result of compasssive srengih shows that ‘igi Welghed Overlay apfor Endure Landa ficralile soil has ive strength af 9.1OKNIu with test liad of L4A3KN/n, Lemaithie soll 2 LOKNan? test load O16 KN Hydromorphic soil 2.176 KN test load! $6.0 KNin#, while ehoauil bas 3.24KNin? with test load of 21.34 KMiu? . Earlier, Terzaghi and Peck (1967) observed: that any rock or soil mast Wish compressive strength between ‘2KN/ mi and TKN is weak, while those above these values are stteng, Hised on this, furalithic soil is straager, Tne moisture-demsity curve indicates optimum moisiure content of [02% and! maximum dry density of 1.51" foe Ferralithic, soil , tht af hycrosboephte soil has 13.01 and [S2kwlar while fonralthic soil as 44) and 1,90 Forrlihic soil salisGied conditions far accommodating heavy odusteia] buildings ("Teszayhi and Pesk, 1967), The tawer dry donsity and higher dvisture content of the hydromorpi sta female soils indicated higher afliaity for water wbich rales thera expansive and weak Aria, 2003), The result oF foils enginccring classification, employing grain size and ‘Auterbsrg Himit result asing united soil classification system (USCS) shows that feraithic sil is classified as Ml-el (sit? and, poocly grad ) hyomoephis sail Spl (silty caly ant ‘poorly prada), fercalithic soil ix Swel (sity caly and woll raced) while Eithesol fs silty and poodly graded The above Feoulis ae relevant guides ia tating of landuse cermin. 12 theeatie maps of the Tunduse determinants obtained, tom different sources were aamployed for GIS opemtion. These fnelude slope snap, elevation map, sail deplh map, soil class map, geolony map, drainage map, surface water map, dep to ‘water table map, erasion map, flooded f land side mop, fault Tap and escarpment mup, These maps are the themutic data layers for GIS operation. Th thematic lnyers were organized ta miput data necessary for over lay operation, Table 3, ‘The peteenage Soluence which aids up w 100% signifies the TeSsor of importance ofthe Were 10 (he lod dtorminant ‘futon, The uble isa computer ssinent where eae values rae wlocid based op the cults of Isbraory utd ft Trades, of Rig 2 arc the eapsbity stings assigned to each fevironewcia factor basal on acaleof 02 iclsive making ‘up three classes of suituble @2), low sultability () ond trsuiabity (0). The sult af overly eperation fg yielded a layer of industrial landuse- moup fig 5. The map shows Srtious orcas oF sitabliios designated ress 7, 8 und 9 Tespectively, Area 7 eccupics 10% of de study aren suitable for indusiriol Landuse, area 8 occupies 70% and hus low Stub foc Enos Ice, while area acoupies 20% of th ete ste unitabe foc industrial lands, ‘Evaluation and Conclusion “The study shows tha high proportion of Enugu land unit bas Jo stay for industrial land uses, The few areas that ore sultable are located witbia the westera segments and tom small fextent the east Some of the available Lands ste unstitable due to faully crosioa, lndlide ooiny and to: some catent the Stamp face of the escagpment. Arcus t dhe wes, soul West feed south east ate highly favoured for industsial Landuye ‘pions. Comparison of the results ofthe study against ths frising Ianduse clearly exposcd to lindtations ofthe lundace Of the area. Adherence to this rexarch woeld minimize the fcourrenoe of material hazands, hence the quality af Bives of the greater number of Enaga tesidents wold. be raised in the oat cost effective manner possible. REFERENCES ‘aviur DAHL an Irvin, 1982. Goslogy in ensitonmenta "panning Grav-Hol In, N.Y. 320350. ‘Avia WE. 2003, Pensiles of Gectectics env. Prot Service Canada 24-30 ASTM, 1988 Annual Baok.af ASTM Sundacds Philadephia, des, Copy sights, American Sasi fr testing and materia 1916, Raoe Street Philadephia PA 19102 repeined with permission po 420-528 ASTM D 4318-98 (2008) ASTM Suandurd Vol, 0.08 rork and Sol Standard test fr guid Tama plastic Limit end plastic index of scils, West Consbabacken PA. pp 546558 "ASTM D. 4767-95 (2000), Annual book of ASTM Standards ‘Vol O408 rock sl sil Stannard No 4767-95 Standard est mctiod for cocsoideled undrined “Compression tee for eohesive soils, West Cooshohoeken FA. ppaba-89 CChagia P1965, Urban landise planning, Maas Univesity Press ilnais USA, PP 34-18 Dee LV. and Hober R (1096), iaury Forest and Land over, Bal Proceedings On iniecatoesl gemscenoss tau reco sensing sympotium USA PP 25.35 init, P und Keynine, W (2003), Principles of Engineering eulogy and goolschalss SK. Jala, for Cbe Publishers fo isaator, New Debi pp 11-422. BCE, 1993, Woter resources probleo inthe Eas fea of Emuga State Nigeria. Joural of Mining geology wol20 po 14, pgpoks , BCE and Onysbuile, FO. 199% Acite Hydregeologiea problems vis = vis plasting sdInarsesonl Jounal of Curent Resear yo 6 pt O70 ager 2011 Tumgenmnt af dsveoping esuooniy A case sty of Eougy ates, Nigeria wp 10-12 Eeoanyan, EC. 1988. Hyxropeotouy “cyeirans » unpabliated M.S thes ‘Nauka pe 34-00. Gm DD. and Krous, RIB. Sol Mame 8 5, Seer 1 a ayacrm, Univesity of Califenia, Beksly Ci fownia Sera] Report no 6607 pp 120-131 Hee Da cad Sa, $1. 2005, the oer of Cones Macy st tn exeation ef Laser Scanners Dig Surtace i Gan Compuation Oxford Unveaty Brest PP 50-200. oc NP 1p. A ew _gsourapy of Niger (toe Ne ge) Publi in Got iain by Wiliam ‘Clowes (Beccles) Lad, Laan pp 85-120, kang VC, 2002. Inuoduction 1 ystems , Tams MC. ‘Hew Dettl pp 20:25 ego, DP and fude WR. 1952 ‘Geology und Geotectaiques, MC Company pp-47-60. wee TGra, Stasgrnhy ond Paleogenaraghy SF vad Lower Tertiary in Soutkern Nigetiy es Genogy, Ibadan University Press pe 251-266- of Bougy area and Univerity of Nigeria jo information ‘Craw Hil Publishing Company. Lit Pincipes of Engineesing GrawlBi Book Sait, G1, Obske 0,0. and Abiarwemn A 2994 len cine dex Mapping of Eng amet 3 anions for residential Tend options, Avene Soo scienors vol 2 No 1 Cage Pulishens ‘otenations $5, 27 Aocny-Stecet, Owerl p64 fonts, GEK 1985. Techical separ on silty sua of a almeabiiy areas in te eastern pat of Nei [Ethiope Publishing Howse Benin pp 34-37 cua ROT ort: Cootechieal ropes of 98, tS FS nal Joureal on Engioaring Gelany USA Vol pp 28 ee ay, and Tura RAK, 1990. Boones of nat Se i envivsumns harvest whet sheaf Leon pp 2128 Pear, 1965 Aspaot fhe goiogy OF Ness Teadon ‘University Pres pp 25-38, “poo yD Krehs yD sea Richart DW, 2004, Gh Ty Seen MG. Gra Hal Book Company, New York PP ana ‘Sead, FLB, Wood W. and ‘Swelling potential foe pp 537 er an ugh Pook BLD. 1957. Soil Mectanes > TS Tate Ge 2° Ba, ohn Wiley and Sons Pablsbers, New “York pp 35-50. Re ‘andagen, RJ. 1962. Predietion of Compacted Clays ASCE. J Soil