Persian Empire

The Persian Empire, also known as the Achaemenid Empire, lasted from approximately 559
B.C.E. to 331 B.C.E. At its height, it encompassed the areas of modern-day Iran, Egypt, Turkey,
and parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan.

The Persians were the fi rst people to establish regular routes of communication
between three continents—Africa, Asia and Europe. They built many new roads and
developed the world’s fi rst postal service.

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/persian-empire/
https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-middle-east/persian-empire
https://www.ancient.eu/

Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was one of the greatest and most infl uential civilizations in world
history. It began in the city of Rome in 753 BC and lasted for well over 1000 years.
During that time Rome grew to rule much of Europe, Western Asia, and Northern
Africa.

Apartment complexes (known as `insula), public toilets, locks and keys, newspapers,
even socks all were developed by the Romans as were shoes, a postal system
(modeled after the Persians), cosmetics, the magnifying glass, and the concept of
satire in literature. During the time of the empire, signifi cant developments were also
advanced in the fi elds of medicine, law, religion, government, and warfare.

https://www.ducksters.com/history/ancient_rome_timeline.php
https://www.ancient.eu/Roman_Empire/
Arab Empire
(632 - 1258)

One of the most significant events in history happened in the early seventh century in the deep
interior of the Arabian Peninsula. The introduction of a new religion, Islam, to the world by the
Prophet Mohammed united numerous warring Arab tribes. With their new found religious
fervor, Arab armies march forth to spread the word of Islam. Arab invasions of surrounding
lands resulted in the establishment of one of the largest empires in history, the Arab Empire.

Prosperity birthed a new profession of banking and business management that reached a level
of sophistication in Islam that would not be attained by the West for over 300 years. Medicine,
writing, mathematics, art, architecture, philosophy and more all expanded to new heights
unknown to the rest of the world. Arab scholars absorbed ancient Greek writings, philosophy,
medicine and mathematics and dramatically enhanced and expanded this knowledge.
Magnificent mosques, Muslim places of worship, were erected across the Empire, brilliantly
decorated to celebrate submission to Allah.

https://www.historybits.com/arab-empire.htm
https://www.lcps.org/cms/lib/VA01000195/Centricity/Domain/10599/Islamic%20Empire.pdf

British Empire
The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and
other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It
began with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late
16th and early 18th centuries.

There is a lot of disagreement about when the empire began. Some historians say it was as early
as the 12th century, when the Normans moved into Ireland. Others say the start date should be
the 1490s, while other historians date the empire from the early 1600s. The end of the empire
came in the years after World War 2, with most of Britain's colonies ruling themselves
independently by the late 1960s.

https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/empire/intro/overview3.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire
Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire (1206-1368 CE) eventually dominated Asia from the Black Sea to the
Korean peninsula following the initial conquests of its founder Genghis Khan (aka Chinggis, r.
1206-1227 CE), the first Great Khan or 'universal ruler' of the Mongol peoples. Genghis forged
the empire by uniting the nomadic tribes of the Asian steppe and creating a devastatingly
effective army based on fast, light, and highly coordinated cavalry. Expert horsemen and
archers, the Mongols proved unstoppable, defeating armies in Iran, Russia, Eastern Europe,
China, and many other places.

https://www.ancient.eu/Mongol_Empire/
https://www.britannica.com/place/Mongol-empire