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For an air conditioning system to operate with economy, the refrigerant must be used
repeatedly. For this reason, all air conditioners use the same cycle of compression,
condensation, expansion, and evaporation in a closed circuit. The same refrigerant is used to
move the heat from one area, to cool this area, and to expel this heat in another area.
The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is compressed and
then moves out of the compressor as a high-pressure gas.
The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off
its heat to the outside air.
The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts
the flow of the fluid, and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve.
The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is
absorbed and changes it from a liquid to a gas.
As a hot low-pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire
cycle is repeated.
Note that the four-part cycle is divided at the center into a high side and a low side This refers to
the pressures of the refrigerant in each side of the system
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POSTED ONAPRIL 24, 2013 BY SHMA
b) Rowan plan
c) Emerson plan
d) Bedeaux plan
a) Halsey plan: under Halsey plan minimum wages are guaranteed to every worker. A
standard time is fixed for the workers. If the workers finish the work before standard
time they are given bonus. But no penalty if they fails to do that.
b) Rowan plan: it is the modification of the Halsey plan it also guarantees the minimum
wages and does not penalize the slow workers. Standard time is fixed and the bonus is
paid on the basis of time saved
c) Emerson plan: in this plan minimum wages are guaranteed to the workers
efficiency is measured on the basis of the comparison of actual performance with the
standard fixed. Under this method if the efficiency is 100% the bonus would be paid at
20% and above 100% bonus at 30% would be paid. Thus efficient workers will be
rewarded at an increasing rate with the increase in saving time.
d) Bedeaux plan: under this minute is the time unit described as the standard minute.
The standard time for each job is fixed after undertaking time and motion study
expressed in terms of B. the standard time for a job is the number of B’s allowed to
complete it. Generally the bonus paid to the worker is 75% of the wages for time saved.
The rest 25% goes to the foreman.
=Rs10
=6*10+75/100*10
=Rs67.5
The above discussed wage payment methods were based on the time while the wage
payment methods based on the productivity are going to be discussed below:
Under the production based incentive plan a standard output is fixed and the workers
are paid on the basis of the production. They are given incentive if they produced more
number of units than the standard fixed. it includes the
a) Taylor plan
b) Merrick plan
c) Gantt plan
a) Taylor’s differential piece rate system: in this plan, Taylor did not give minimum
guarantee to each worker. As per his statement it is possible to calculate standard
workload for every worker on the basis of time and motion studies. He gave two piece
rates for the workers. The lower rate for average and less efficient workers who produce
less than the standard production and the higher piece rate for the above average or
efficient workers. So the efficient workers are paid more than the inefficient workers.
If the worker produces 40 units in a day he will be paid 40* 70= rs 280
If the worker produces 30 units in a day he will be paid 30* 60 = rs 180
As only those who give standard output or more will be paid at rs 70 and rest will be
paid at rs 60 only.
Thus in this method inefficient workers are penalized. Workers are treated like
machines and there is no guarantee of minimum wages in this method.
b) Merrick’s multiple piece rate plan: under this plan there are three grade piece rate
rather than two given by Taylor.
Workers who produce Less than 83% are paid basic piece rate
Workers who produce between 83%- 100% are paid 110% of basic piece rate
Thus this system is improvement over the Taylor’s plan. But this system also does not
give guarantee minimum wages to the workers. All the workers producing between 1 to
82% of standard output are considered same and paid at the same piece rate.
c) Gantt’s bonus plan: under this method minimum wages are guaranteed. If the
worker fails to complete the task within the standard time he receives only the wages for
actual time spent at the specified rate. But if he completes the task within time he gets
extra wages.
If the worker finishes his job within 8 hours he will get rs 80 plus 25% of the day’s wages
i.e. 80*25%=20 that means total rs 80+20= rs 100 so he will get bonus for 8 hours work.
2) Group incentive plan: under this method group bonus is given instead of individual
bonus. The bonus is distributed among all the employees of the organization on the
different basis which are as follows:
a) Priestman’s plan: under this method Bonus is increased in proportion to increase in
output.
b) Profit sharing method: under this method increased profit is shared among the
workers and management as agreed between both the parties.