ISSN 2319-8885

Vol.06,Issue.11
March-2017,
Pages:2120-2127
www.ijsetr.com

Self Curing for High Strength Concrete

MIRIYALA ANIL KUMAR1, CH. VENKATA RAMANA2
1
PG Scholar, Dept of Structural Engineering, Rise Krishna Sai Prakasam Group of Institutions, Prakasam(Dt), AP, India,
E-mail: anilkumarrmiriyala1993@gmail.com.
2
Assistant Professor, Dept of Structural Engineering, Rise Krishna Sai Prakasam Group of Institutions, Prakasam(Dt), AP, India,
E-mail: kvr.kokkilagadda@gmail.com.

Abstract: In this project the mechanical and durability properties of Roller compacted concrete using GGBS as mineral
admixture was investigated. The study was done to compare Roller compacted concrete and Normal conventional concrete.
Development of RCC and its use is studied and explained. RCC is different kind of concrete which has zero slumps, high
strength, workability, low water cement ratio. Now a day’s roller compacted concrete is developed for construction of roads,
dams and some other yards and parking places. RCC material behaves like granular soil used in pavement construction as sub
grade material. Mix proportioning of RCCP is done with soil compaction principles. ACI 211.3R guide lines have been followed
for the mix design of RCC. The cementitious material content used in the experimental investigation was 298Kg/m3. In the mix
design of RCC coarse aggregates of nominal maximum size of 19mm and fine aggregate of natural river sand and dust were
used. After establishing the control mix, effect of mineral admixture i.e Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag on strength
properties (Compression, Flexure, Split tensile strength), compaction characteristics (OMC and MDD) and Ultra sonic Pulse
velocities through NDT was studied by replacing the cement with GGBS at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% by weight
respectively. Also durability of RCC was studied in terms of Abrasion Resistance (Cantabro loss). All tests were conducted
based on relavant IS specifications. OMC values for different mix combinations is increased with increased with increase in
GGBS content, where as MDD values are increased up to 30% replacement level and decreased afterwards. Compressive
strength, Flexural strength and Split tensile strength values are increased up to 50% level of replacement of GGBS. The cantabro
loss (%) results are showing satisfactory performance in all mixtures (less than 20% at 300 revolutions). The ultrasonic pulse
velocities are also encouraging and ranging between 4000m/s to 5000m/s, which shows that concrete of good quality. From the
experimental investigations, it was concluded that GGBS can be used in Roller Compacted Concrete as pavement material for
the construction of low volume roads in India.

Keywords: Roller Compacted Concrete Pavement, Compressive Strength, Modulus of Rupture, Split Tensile Strength, Abrasion
Resistance.

I. INTRODUCTION which they can be safely overtopped. Because it contains a

The use of RCC for pavements is relatively a new
technology and is still under development. Roller compacted
concrete is a zero-slump, highly compacted concrete which is
placed by equipment similar to that used in asphalt pavement
construction. RCC is used for the construction of dams and
pavements. RCC for pavements is a relatively stiff mixture of
aggregates, water, and cementitious materials. RCC is placed
by pavers and compacted by vibratory rollers and hardened
into concrete. It is transported, placed, and compacted using
construction equipment. Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) is
the most important technique developed in construction of
concrete dam and pavement technology. With the use of RCC
many new dams have become economically feasible due to
the reduced cost realized from the rapid construction method.
It also provides design engineers to economically rehabilitate
existing concrete dams with problems of stability and need
buttressing. It has also helped in improving embankment
dams with inadequate spillway capacity by providing a means
relatively small amount of water, it is not possible to be
placed by the same methods used for conventional Portland
cement concrete (PCC). For pavement applications, RCC is
usually placed with an paver, and density is achieved through
compaction with a vibratory roller.
The resulting pavement surface is not as smooth as
conventional pavement, so a common use of RCC is to
construct pavements in industrial areas where traffic speeds
are slower and there is a requirement for a durable, tough
pavement. The low water-cement ratio (usually ranging from
0.30 to 0.40) provides for very high strengths. Common
design unconfined compressive strengths for pavements are in
the range of 35 to 55MPa in 28 days. RCC for pavements is
placed without forms, surface texturing, or finishing.
Therefore, RCC pavements can be constructed more rapidly
and with less labour than traditional concrete. Due to the low
water content used in the RCC mixture and resulting low

Copyright @ 2017 IJSETR. All rights reserved.

 MIRIYALA ANIL KUMAR, CH. VENKATA RAMANA
water-binder ratio, RCC usually has strengths similar to, or
greater than, conventional concrete. In exchange for the
economy of construction, smoothness and the surface quality
of the RCC pavement suffers.
A. Applications
As a result, its major application is for heavy-duty or
industrial pavements such as log-yards, tank parking areas,
port facilities, and other similar applications where minor
surface deficiencies are not an issue. Some other applications
for RCC are manufacturing plants, warehouses, public
highways, road sub-base, truck lane inlays, overlays (white-
topping), intersection inlays, arterial roads, bridge decks, liner materials, aggregates, and water are typically mixed in a pug
for evaporation/drying beds, sludge drying basins. The other
innovative applications are:
 Industrial access roads and parking areas
 Shipping yards and ports
 Truck and freight terminals and distribution centers
 Bulk commodity storage and compost areas
 Aircraft parking areas
 Urban, rural and park roadways
 Large commercial parking lots
B. Advantages
RCCP will have the following advantages when compared
with the traditional pavements.
 It has high flexural strength
 Reduced time of construction
 Easy construction
 Maintenance costs
 Better resistance for high temperature
 Durability and resistance to chemical attack
 High freeze-thaw durability
 Reduced cracking and shrinking
 Resists abrasion even under heavy traffic loads and
volume
C. Limitations
While the benefits of RCC it is important to understand
there are also some limitations to the use of roller compacted
concrete. For example the production of large quantities of
RCC requires specialized equipment. While a transit mix
truck can mix RCC the mixing time is significantly longer
than conventional concrete and the amount of RCC can be
mixed in the truck is reduced because the dryness of the RCC
mix. Also the surface of RCC may not be suitable for high
speed traffic without diamond grinding. Other limitations of
RCC
 Adjacent slabs and multiple horizontal lifts must be place
within an hour to ensure good bonding unless a cold joint
is planned.
 Pavement edges are more difficult to compact causing
most specification to require 96% modified proctor
density on cold joints.
 Admixture usage on RCC may be higher than traditional
concrete because of the dryness of the material.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.06, IssueNo.11, March-2017, Pages: 2120-2127
 RCC paving in hot weather requires extra attention to
reduce the possibility of water loss and evaporation.
 When considering the versatility of RCC, its ease of
application in comparison to conventional concrete and
its durability as compared to asphalt it becomes clear the
roller compacted concrete is a suitable paving substitute.
When considering the rising cost of oil and petroleum
based products such as asphalt it becomes clear that RCC
is likely the paving material of the future.
D. RCC Construction for Pavements
Mixing and Transporting. The desired blend of cementitious
mill, or some other type of mixer (including horizontal shaft
mixers and rotary drum mixers) that can provide good,
homogeneous blending of all the materials. The mixed
material is transported to the paver in dump trucks that are
covered to reduce moisture loss during the haul to the site.
The material is placed in the paver as soon as possible, since
specifications normally call for placement and compaction to
be completed within 1 hour of mixing (unless set retarders or
weather conditions allow for a longer time period). Placing
and Compacting. Before placing RCC the sub grade should be
graded and compacted so that a good, stable platform is
available for paving. A stone sub base is often used to provide
additional support for the concrete slab and reduce the
chances of pumping occurring in the future. RCC is usually
placed with an x paver, with the concrete placed in the paver
by dump trucks. Either high-density or conventional pavers
can be used. High-density pavers have oscillating tamping
bars located inside the paver that consolidate the concrete a
substantial amount during placement. The density of the mix
after paving will be about 90% - 95% of maximum with the
high-density pavers, compared with 80% - 85% of maximum
with conventional paving equipment. Typical specifications
for RCC call for 96% - 98% of maximum density, so
compaction after paving is necessary to meet density
requirements. Smooth-wheel vibrating rollers are used to
achieve compaction, with some contractors preferring to use
pneumatic-tire rollers for finish rolling.
A test strip is essential at the beginning of the project to
determine the behavior of the RCC mix during placing and
compaction, and to verify that the contractor’s equipment and
rolling pattern can achieve the required density. Construction
joints can be considered to be “fresh” if adjacent material is
placed within 1 hour. For fresh joints, the contractor’s rolling
pattern should provide for both sides of the joint to be
uncompacted before kneading them together to ensure proper
blending and compaction. Sometimes water or evaporation
retarder is sprayed on the open face of a fresh joint to reduce
drying before placement of the adjacent material. If adjacent
material is placed after 1 hour, then a cold joint should be
constructed. The face of the cold joint should be trimmed so
that a vertical face exists and any slumped material is
removed. Grout should be brushed on the face of the cold
joint immediately ahead of the paver to provide better
bonding at the joint. Curing. Curing of RCC is essential for a
 Self Curing for High Strength Concrete
quality final product. The surface of the RCC should never be  Wearing of tack Coat
allowed to dry. After rolling, the surface should be kept moist
(through the use of a water truck or sprinkler system) for 7
days. Conventional concrete curing compounds can be used,
however, because of the more open texture of RCC,
application rates of 1.5 – 2.0 times that used with
conventional concrete may be required. If the RCC is going to
be surfaced with asphalt, the bituminous prime coat can be
used as a curing compound and be placed at any time after
compaction.

Cracks will develop in an RCC pavement slab as a

natural result of the shrinkage process during curing. These Fig.1. Cross Section of the Cement Concrete Pavement.
cracks will normally occur on a random basis every 9 – 21
meters (30 – 70 ft.) Because there is no bleed water in RCC, Cross-section of the Flexible Pavement:
there is less shrinkage cracking than that which occurs with
conventional concrete. The shrinkage cracks that occur in
RCC pavements are usually small (less than 3 mm [1/8 in.])
and very good load transfer exists across the crack through
aggregate interlock. This aggregate interlock is enhanced
through the use of the dense-graded aggregates that are
specified for RCC mixes. Long-term performance studies of
RCC pavements (Piggott 1999) have shown almost no
evidence of crack faulting (the vertical displacement of the
pavement slab at the crack), which provides further indication
of the load transfer provided by aggregate interlock. To
improve the appearance of the final RCC product, control Fig.2. Cross Section of the Flexible Pavement.
joints can be sawn every 8 – 12 meters (20 – 40 ft.) to
Construction procedure of Roller Compacted Concrete
eliminate most of the random shrinkage cracking. Early-entry
Pavement: Various steps for the construction of Roller
saw cutting can be performed on RCC usually within a few
Compacted concrete Pavements:
hours of compaction. Because of the load transfer provided by
 Preparation of Sub-grade and Sub-base (DLCC)
aggregate interlock, dowel bars are not used at control joints.
 Placing of forms
E. Types of Pavements  Batching of material and Mixing in Pug Mill
 Rigid Pavement  Placing of Concrete
 Flexible Pavement  Compaction(Vibratory Roller) and Finishing
 Roller Compacted Concrete Pavement  Brooming and Edging
 Curing of Cement concrete
Construction Procedure of Rigid Pavement: Various steps
for the construction of concrete pavements: Cross-Section of the Roller Compacted Concrete
 Preparation of Sub-grade and Sub-base Pavement:
 Placing of forms
 Batching of material and Mixing
 Transporting and Placing of Concrete
 Compaction and Finishing
 Floating and Straight Edging
 Brooming and Edging
 Curing of Cement concrete

Cross Section of the Rigid Pavement:

Construction procedure of the Flexible Pavement: Various
steps for the construction of Flexiblepavements:
 Preparation of Sub-grade and Sub-base
 Batching of material and Mixing
 Transporting and Placing of GSB, WMM, BM,
SDBC as per MORT&H
 Compaction and Finishing
 Wearing of Prime Coat
Fig.3 Cross-Section of the Roller Compacted Concrete
Pavement.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Efficiency of GGBS on Concrete K.Ganesh Babu1,
V.Sree Rama Kumar2 Cement and Concrete Research
The present paper investigate revealed that the effect of
GGBS on the 28days compressive strength of concrete at
various percentage levels. The percentage levels of GGBS are

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research

Volume.06, IssueNo.11, March-2017, Pages: 2120-2127
 MIRIYALA ANIL KUMAR, CH. VENKATA RAMANA
from the 0% to 80% replacement to the cement. The cement
used in this paper as per ASTM type I is (283-391m2/kg).
The conclusions shows that replacement levels in the concrete
varied from 10% to 80% and the strengths were calculated at
28days. The efficiency factor for 28 days is 1.29 to 0.70 for
replacement from 10% to 80%.
B. High Performance of Concrete with GGBS and ROBO
SANDVenuMalagaveli
The present paper investigates that the characteristics of
M30 concrete with partial replacement of GGBS and sand
with Robo Sand. It shows that the strength increase in the
increase in the GGBS and Robo Sand content. The
replacement level of GGBS is from 0% to 30% of sand with
Robo sand and 40% to 60% of cement with GGBS. The paper
concludes that the compressive strength of concrete increases
by using admixtures. The strength is optimum at 7days and 28
days at the replacement of 50% of GGBS and 25% of Robo
Sand.
C. Properties of Concrete containing GGBS at elevated
temperaturesRafat Siddique1, Deepindu Kaur2
The study deals that the mechanical properties of concrete
replaced with GGBS to the temperature up to 3500c. The
replacement level of GGBS is from 20%, 40% and 60% and
the compressive strength recommended is 34N/mm2. The
study concludes that there is a reduction in the strengths lower
than 40% after the temperature of 3500c. At the 20% of the
replacement the strength reduction is shown compared to the
40% and 60% replacement.
theoretical maximum tensile stress reached in the bottom fibre
of a standard test beam is often referred to as the modulus of
rupture, the magnitude of which depends on the dimensions
of the beam and the type of loading. IS 516 – 1959 specifies
two point loading. The details of specimen and testing
procedure are as follows. The specimens of 100 x 100 x 500
mm were cast and used for testing under two point load to
determine the flexural strength of SCC mixes. The specimen
was placed in the flexural testing machine in such a manner
that the load was applied to the upper most surface as cast in
the mould. Load was applied without shock and was
increased gradually at a rate such that the extreme fibre stress
increases at approximately 0.70 kg/sq.cm/min, i.e.at 180
kg/min for 100 mm specimens. The load was increased until
the specimen failed and maximum load at which failure
occurred was recorded. The flexural strength of concrete was
calculated using the formula fcr = PL/bd2 ,fcr = 3Pa/bd2
when a >110 mm but <133 mm for 100 mm size specimens,
If a < than 110 mm the test results are discarded. Where P-
maximum load at failure point (N), b-width & d-depth of
specimen at the point of failure (mm) L- length of span on
which the specimen was supported (mm) a - the distance
between the line of fracture and the nearer support, measured
on the center line of the tensile side of the specimen.

D. Estimation of GGBS and HVFA strength efficiencies in

concrete with ageK. Suvarna Latha1, M.V.Seshagiri Rao2,
Srinivasa Reddy3
The present paper is effort to gives the strength efficiencies
of concrete with the GGBS and HVFA. The present study
reports the study on the result of an experimental study and
replacement levels from (0% - 70%) and HVFA from (0%-
70%).The replacement of the cement by various percentages
of ground granulated blast furnace slag and HVFA for M20,
Fig.4.Casting of Beams.
M40 & M60 grade of concrete at different ages. The
conclusion shows that particle size of GGBS is less than the
ordinary port land cement. The efficiency factor (K) for all
mixes are found to be 1.25 to 2.85 for GGBS and 1.45 to 2.14
for HVFA. The conclusion revealed that there is an increase
in the compressive strength for different ages due to the high
reactivity of GGBS & HVFA.

III. MIX DESIGN, FLEXURAL STRENGTHS AND

CONTROL MIX
After obtaining O.M.C and M.D.D casting has to be done to
get targeted flexural strengths .So mix design is based on
A.C.I 211.3R So model calculations are done as per
guidelines and mix design for all cementetious material are
obtained .After this beams are casted 28 days curing is done .

A. Flexural Strength
The flexural strength of concrete is determined by subjecting
a plain concrete beam to flexure under transverse loads. The Fig.5.Flexural Strength Testing.

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research

Volume.06, IssueNo.11, March-2017, Pages: 2120-2127
 Self Curing for High Strength Concrete
B. Control Mix
Mix design as per ACI committee 211.3R-02:
Step-1: Combine dry coarse and fine aggregate to produce a
grading within the limits of following table.
TABLE I: Gradation of Aggregates
Step-2: According to the flexural strength the cementitious
materials are selected according to clause A.3.7.5 of ACI
211.3R.
Specified flexural strength for RCC pavements are
4Mpa-12%
5Mpa-14%
6Mpa-16% of cementitious materials by mass of dry
aggregate
Step-3: The optimum moisture content of RCCP is
determined by using the combined aggregate and the selected
cementitious materials
Step-4: By construct moisture/density curve with modified
proctor test results the moisture content is determined
Flexural Strength Results:
Fig.6. Flexural strength Vs % Cement Content.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.06, IssueNo.11, March-2017, Pages: 2120-2127
From the above Fig.6 for specified strength of 5.0
N/mm2, the cement was 14.5%. Hence the mix proportions
are calculated based on 14.5% content.
Recalculation of Mix Proportions: Calculation of mix
proportion per 1m3 of concrete
TABLE II: Mix Proportion Per 1m3 of Concrete
Mix Proportion of Control Mix is 1:2.74:4.62
W/C Ratio = 0.317
Mix Proportions:
TABLE III: Mix Proportions for GRCC
C. Mix Designs of RCC Mixtures after Substituting GGBS
Now GGBS with every 10% increase in proportion from
45 to 95 is incorporated. Each % of GGBS with control mix is
conducted with modified proctor test from which finally we
can know O.M.C and M.D.D. after plotting the graph. The
amount of water is known from O.M.C. value as per ACI-
211.3R. In same way up to 95 modified proctor tests from
which O.M.C., M.D.D. values are known.
D. Mix Designs
Various proportions of GGBS are substituted by soil
substitution method into RCC mixtures and mix designs are
calculated based on ACI211.3R. Strength abrasion properties
are tested for curing ages 3, 7, 28, 56 and 90 days. Stress
strain relations of RCC Mixtures are studied.
E. Casting of Specimens
After testing for slump cone for each mix, the mix was
placed, filled in 10 beam, 10 cylinder and 10 cube moulds,
allowed to flow and settle itself in the moulds. Excess
concrete was removed with trowel.
F. Tests For Flexural, Compression And Split Tension
Compression Test: Generally the maximum size of coarse
aggregate used is of 20 mm, and cubes of 150 X 150 X 150
 MIRIYALA ANIL KUMAR, CH. VENKATA RAMANA
mm are used to determine compressive strength of concrete. When the load was applied along the generatrix, an element
But in this investigation maximum size of aggregate used was on the vertical diameter of the cylinder is subjected to a
only 10mm; hence cubes of smaller size 100 x 100 x 100 mm vertical compressive stress and horizontal stress. The
were used to find the compressive strength of the mixes. The horizontal stress = 2P/π LD Where P- the compressive load
specimens were tested in accordance with IS 516-1959. on the cylinder, L-length and D-diameter of the cylinder. In
Testing was done on a 1000 kN capacity compression testing order to reduce the magnitude of high compressive stress near
machine by the following procedure. The specimens were the points of application of the load, narrow packing strips of
taken out of the curing tank after the required period of suitable material such as ply wood are placed between the
curing, wiped off the moisture to make the specimens’ surface specimen and the loading platens of the testing machine.
dry. Later it was placed on the compression testing machine
(CTM) in such a way that its face perpendicular to the Flexure Test: The flexural strength of concrete is determined
direction of compaction was on the bearing surfaces and load by subjecting a plain concrete beam to flexure under
was applied centrally. The load was applied at the uniform transverse loads. The theoretical maximum tensile stress
rate of 140 kg/sq.cm per minute until specimens are failed. reached in the bottom fibre of a standard test beam is often
The maximum load at which failure occurred was noted. The referred to as the modulus of rupture, the magnitude of which
test was repeated for three specimens and the average value depends on the dimensions of the beam and the type of
was taken as the mean strength. loading. IS 516 – 1959 specifies two point loading. The
details of specimen and testing procedure are as follows. The
specimens of 100 x 100 x 500 mm were cast and used for
testing under two point load to determine the flexural strength
of SCC mixes. The specimen was placed in the flexural
testing machine in such a manner that the load was applied to
the upper most surface as cast in the mould. Load was applied
without shock and was increased gradually at a rate such that
the extreme fibre stress increases at approximately 0.70
kg/sq.cm/min, i.e.at 180 kg/min for 100 mm specimens. The
load was increased until the specimen failed and maximum
load at which failure occurred was recorded. The flexural
strength of concrete was calculated using the formula fcr =
PL/bd2 ,fcr = 3Pa/bd2 when a >110 mm but <133 mm for 100
mm size specimens, If a < than 110 mm the test results are
discarded. Where P-maximum load at failure point (N), b-
width & d-depth of specimen at the point of failure (mm) L-
length of span on which the specimen was supported (mm) a -
the distance between the line of fracture and the nearer
Fig.7. Compressive Strength Testing After failure. support, measured on the center line of the tensile side of the
specimen.
Split Tension Test: The test was carried out by placing a
cylindrical specimen of diameter 150 mm and 300 mm long
horizontally between the loading surfaces of a compression
testing machine and load was applied until failure of the
specimen.

Fig.8. Compressive Strength testing After failure. Fig.9.Flexural Strength Testing.

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research

Volume.06, IssueNo.11, March-2017, Pages: 2120-2127
 Self Curing for High Strength Concrete

Fig.10.Measuring Crack Distance.

Fig. 12. Variation of Split tensile strength with % GGBS.
IV. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
TABLE IV: Compressive Strength Results (MPa) TABLE VI: Flexural Strength Results (MPa)

Fig.11. Variation of Compressive strength with % GGBS.

TABLE V: Splitting Tensile Strength8 Results (MPa) Fig.13. Variation of flexural strength with % GGBS.

V. CONCLUSION
From the experimental work, following conclusions were
drawn:
 From the above work it is concluded that RCCP mixes
can be proportioned using soil compaction method.
 The Optimum moisture content of the GGBS mixtures is
increased with increase in GGBS content when compared
to those of control mixtures, this was due to the fact that
the differences between the specific gravities and
fineness of cement and GGBS.

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research

Volume.06, IssueNo.11, March-2017, Pages: 2120-2127
 MIRIYALA ANIL KUMAR, CH. VENKATA RAMANA
 The maximum dry density is increased with increase in Engineering properties of Portland cement systems”. “Journal
GGBS content up to 30% replacement level. But beyond of Advanced concrete technology”, Vol-10 (2012), 74-85
40% level the MDD values are decreased when compared [10] S. Krishna Rao, P. Sarika, P. Sravana, T.Chandra
with control mix. SekharaRao. “Evaluation of properties of roller compacted
 When cement was partially replaced with GGBS, concrete pavement (RCCP). “IJEAR” Vol-4, Jan-June-2014,
strength values were increased with increase in GGBS 88-90.
content at 28 days and 90 days of curing. At early ages of [11] S. Krishna Rao, P. Sravana, T.ChandraSekharaRao.
3 days, 7 days these strength values are lower than “Investigation of pozzolanic effect of fly ash in Roller
control mix due to the slow pozzolanic reaction of GGBS compacted concrete pavement.” “IRACST- Engineering
at younger age of concrete. Science and Technology”, Vol-5, April-2015.
 Flexural Strength increases with increase in cement
content. At 14%-14.5% of cement content a flexural
strength of 4.5 M Pa- 5.0 M Pa was observed which is
suitable for rigid pavement construction in India.
 Based on the cost analysis the roller compacted concrete
pavement is economical.
 The abrasion resistance property is enhanced by
increasing the GGBS content.
 As expected that the compressive strength and abrasion
resistance increases with decrease in the w/b ratio. The
change in the w/b ratio is more effective on compression
strength than the abrasion.
 From the rebound hammer test it concludes that the
strength is optimum at the 50% replacement.

VI. REFERENCES
[1]Babu, K. Ganesh, and V. Sree Rama Kumar. "Efficiency of
GGBS in concrete."Cement and Concrete Research 30.7
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[2] VenuMalagaveli. “High Performance of Concrete with
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[3]Rafat Siddique1, Deepindu Kaur2. “Properties of Concrete
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[4]K.Suvarna Latha1, M.V.Seshagiri Rao2, Srinivasa Reddy3.
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[7] P.Dinakar1, Kali Prasanna Sethy2, Umesh C Sahoo3.
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[9] Xiangming Zhou, Joel R. Slater, Stuart E.Wavell,
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International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research

Volume.06, IssueNo.11, March-2017, Pages: 2120-2127