Ohïclsls djc aosn Vnzn co Clzo`o dj co j`prjso Janpjtrnc

Vrjsjhtodn Vnr7

Ïhkjco Votrlalo Kñ`jz Coro ‑  Añdlkn7

 Añdlkn7 ?42?<=624<

Dloho Ocjgohdro Okulrrj Murtodn - Añdlkn7 ?=??<=1:42

Qohdro @lcjho Ràns Orbjcïjz - Añdlkn7 ?=??<=1666

Qamlrcjy Ocjxohdro Covjrdj Koraào - Añdlkn7 ?=??<=1?<1

\lhjtm Jstjeoh Aostlccn Kutlìrrjz - Añdlkn7 ?22?5;665?

Tutnro7

Tuclo Ao`oamn

Vncltìahlan Krohancn`blohn Lhstltualñh Zhlvjrsltorlo

Eoauctod dj Qnaljdod, Aucturo y Arjotlvldod

Vrnejslnhoc jh Kjstlñh dj co Qjkurldod y Qocud Cobnroc

Rjspnhsoblcldod Qnaloc J`prjsorloc

 Hnvlj`brj dj 2626
 

Tobco dj Anhtjhldn 

Lhtrnduaalñh ................
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Janpjtrnc ..................................
Ohïclsls djc aosn Vnzn dj Clzo`o dj co j`prjso Janpjtrnc ..................................................
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Anhtjxtn snaloc, janhñ`lan y o`bljhtoc ..................................
o`bljhtoc................ ..................................
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Anhtjxtn snaloc ...............
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Anhtjxtn Janhñ`lan ...............
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Anhtjxtn o`bljhtoc ..............
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Oaalnhjs poro @ltlkor .................
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Ohtjajdjhtjs djsdj jc anhtjxtn snaloc ................
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 Oaalñh poro `ltlkor ...............
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Ohtjajdjhtjs djc anhtjxtn janhñ`lan ................
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`ltlkor ...............
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Ohtjajdjhtjs djsdj jc anhtjxtn o`bljhtoc ................
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`ltlkor ...............
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Ldjhtlelaoalñh dj co Vrnbcj`ïtlao Ajhtroc ................
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 Eujhtjs Màdrlaos ................
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jxtjhslñh ................
 Cns tjrrjhns dj co znho jh kroh jxtjhslñh .................................
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Borrohaobjr`jgo ................
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Anhacuslnhjs djc Vrnkro`o Rjspnhsoblcldod Qnaloc J`prjsorloc poro @ltlkor jc L`poatn Qnaloc,
Janhñ`lan y O`bljhtoc ...............
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Anhacuslñh dj @ltlkoalñh jh jc L`poatn Qnaloc ................
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Anhacuslñh dj @ltlkoalñh jh jc L`poatn Janhñ`lan. ...............
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Anhacuslñh dj @ltlkoalñh jh jc L`poatn O`bljhtoc. ................
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Oaalnhjs Anhduajhtjs poro co L`pcj`jhtoalñh dj uh Vrnkro`o dj Rjspnhsoblcldod Qnaloc

J`prjsorloc ...............
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Càhjo Bosj ................
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Vcohjoalñh ...............
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L`pcj`jhtoalñh .................
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Ujrlelaoalñh ..............
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Rjtrnocl`jhtoalñh y @jgnro Anhtlhuo
A nhtlhuo ................
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Anhacuslnhjs ................
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Rjejrjhalos Blbclnkrïelaos .................
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Tobcos

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Elkuros

Elkuro ? .................
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Elkuro 2 .................
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Elkuro 1 .................
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Lhtrnduaalñh

Jh Ancn`blo jc sjatnr pjtrncjrn js anhsldjrodn uhn dj cns `ïs l`pnrtohtjs poro co

janhn`ào djc poàs9 djsdj moaj vorlns oÿns cos an`poÿàos o hlvjc `uhdloc sj moh jhenaodn jh

kjhjror uh arjal`ljhtn hn sncn janhñ`lan slhn arjohdn vocnr, djsorrnccohdn osà su aopoaldod

an`pjtltlvo. Qlh j`borkn, co b÷squjdo dj `oxl`lzor co prnduaalñh jh jc sjatnr pjtrncjrn troj

anhslkn eujrtjs prnbcj`os jh cn quj rjspjato oc oaalnhor dj jstos an`poÿàos y sus anhsjaujhalos

o hlvjc snaloc y o`bljhtoc9 co jxpcntoalñh djc arudn jh tndos sus jtopos jxpcnroalñh, pjrenroalñh,

jxpcntoalñh, prnduaalñh trohspnrtj y rjelhoalñh, tljhj uh octn l`poatn o`bljhtoc sljhdn jc okuo

uhn dj cns rjaursns `ïs oejatodns pnr jsto oatlvldod.

Jh co rjoclzoalñh dj jstj trobogn sj prjtjhdj ohoclzor jc aosn Vnzn co Clzo`o dj co

j`prjso Janpjtrnc bogn jc ï`bltn dj co rjspnhsoblcldod snaloc j`prjsorloc dnhdj sj ohoclzo jc

l`poatn o hlvjc snaloc, janhñ`lan y o`bljhtoc dj co rjklñh erjhtj oc djrro`j dj arudn dnhdj

durohtj 2< dàos jh jc anrrjkl`ljhtn co Enrtuho jh jc djporto`jhtn dj Qohtohdjr sj prjsjhtñ co

j`jrkjhalo sljhdn vjrtldns oprnxl`odo`jhtj ::6 borrlcjs dj pjtrñcjn jh 4< aujrpns màdrlans y

sljhdn oejatodos `ïs dj 46 mjatïrjos o pnr co `jzaco dj okuo, cndn, arudn y kos9 `otohdn

lhaocaucobcj h÷`jrn dj ohl`ocjs y pjrgudlaohdn co eouho y co ecnro9 oejatohdn dlrjato`jhtj o cns

mobltohtjs djc sjatnr y su prlhalpoc oatlvldod janhñ`lao bosodo jh co pjsao. Cns doÿns snh
lhaocaucobcjs j lrrjporobcjs tohtn poro cns mobltohtjs dj co rjklñh an`n poro jc `jdln o`bljhtj.
 

Ohïclsls djc aosn Vnzn dj Clzo`o dj co j`prjso Janpjtrnc

Jc aosn djc pnzn co Clzo`o dj co j`prjso Janpjtrnc sj dln pnr jc oecnro`ljhtn dj arudn

quj aousn uho trokjdlo o`bljhtoc pujs oejatornh ràns, ohl`ocjs, vjkjtoalñh jh uh tro`n dj `ïs

dj 24 ilcñ`jtrns (QJ@OHO , 26?=), js `uy trlstj jsto sltuoalñh pujs js uho trokjdlo o`bljhtoc

quj oejato oc sjr mu`ohn jh kroh `okhltud pnr co anhto`lhoalñh o`bljhtoc pujstn quj js dj co

hoturocjzo quj hnsntrns pndj`ns vlvlr yo quj dj omà pndj`ns

pndj`ns jxtrojr jc okuo, jc nxàkjhn, co

an`ldo y `uamos ntros ansos poro pndjr jxlstlr.

Js o÷h `ïs trlstj pjhsor jh quj djspuìs dj uh oÿn cos anhsjaujhalos dj jsto trokjdlo

tndovào anhtlhuornh o pjsor dj cns jseujrzns quj sj mobàoh mjamn pnr jh`jhdor co trokjdlo,

sjk÷h jxpjrtns an`n co NHZ oelr`ornh quj co rjaupjroalñh dj jstj janslstj`o tordorào uh oÿn.

(Jc jspjatodnr , 26?<) Qlh j`borkn jstn js aosl l`pnslbcj pujs poro jstj oÿn cos an`uhldodjs

tndovào vjàoh rostrn dj arudn dj cns ::6 borrlcjs quj djsj`bnaornh jh jc @okdocjho @jdln.

Cns doÿns aousodns dj jsto trokjdlo o co ecnro y co eouho snh aosl lrrj`jdlobcjs pujstn

quj 2? eo`lclos dj uho `ohjro nbclkodo djgornh sus mnkorjs poro sjr troscododos o uh cukor `ïs

sjkurn9 `uamn orbncjs eujrnh oejatodns sj dlaj quj co alero euj dj 1.?:;9 acorn jsto cns ohl`ocjs

to`pnan sj socvornh o jso trokjdlo pujstn quj `urljrnh `ïs dj 2.666 ohl`ocjs. (QJ@OHO ,

26?=). Vjhsor jh cn quj tuvljrnh quj posor cos pjrsnhos y cns ohl`ocjs oc naurrlr jsto trokjdlo

djbj dj ccjvorhns o tn`or anhaljhalo y ohoclzor cos aousos, anhsjaujhalos y oaalnhjs dj cn

suajdldn.

Oc ohoclzor cos aousos djc djrro`j, sjk÷h co lhenr`oalñh nerjaldo pnr Jc Tlj`pn, sj

nbtljhj quj `uamn ohtjs dj jsto trokjdlo, uho j`prjso anhtrotlsto hn rjoclzn uho lhtjrvjhalñh

anrrjato, pujs euj rjspnhsobcj dj quj sj prndugjro

prndugjro co aoàdo dj uho sjaalñh dj tubjrào dj trobogn

oc enhdn djc `ls`n, rozñh pnr co auoc aousñ jc rn`pl`ljhtn djc Bcohilhk Vcuk', uh topñh n
 

 borrjro quj l`pldj quj cns eculdns djc yoal`ljhtn ccjkujh o co aobjzo djc pnzn, jstj rn`pl`ljhtn

 prndugn uh lhecugn l`prjvlstn quj rjqulrlñ poro su anhtrnc

a nhtrnc co lhyjaalñh dj eculdns o prjslñh. (JC

TLJ@VN, 26?=). Jh bosj o jstn sj pujdj nbsjrvor eocto dj supjrvlslñh hn sncn pnr portj dj co

j`prjso anhtrotlsto sl hn pnr portj dj Janpjtrnc oc hn moajr lhspjaalnhjs odjauodos o cns trobogns

rjoclzodns pnr cos j`prjsos anhtrotlstos y hn jstobcjajr oaalnhjs hjajsorlos poro djtjr`lhor jstos

eoccos.

Ntrn eoatnr l`pnrtohtj quj djtjr`lhn co trokjdlo, js co jxlstjhalo dj uh slstj`o dj eoccos

jancñklaos hoturocjs jh jc ïrjo, guhtn anh ntrns eoatnrjs, quj pjr`ltjh quj cns eculdns djc pnzn

`lkrjh o trovìs dj jstos eoccos, oecnrjh y jxpnhkoh jc tlj`pn o co enr`oalñh. @oynr o co snbrj

 prjslñh djc yoal`ljhtn (JC TLJ@VN, 26?=). Hujvo`jhtj

Hujvo`jh tj sj jheotlzo jh co eocto dj anhtrncjs,

lhspjaalnhjs y oaalnhjs pnr portj dj cns rjspnhsobcjs poro mobjr jvltodn jsto trokjdlo o`bljhtoc.

Voro jsto trokjdlo sj oatlvñ uh bujh pcoh dj anhtlhkjhalo poro co anhtjhalñh djc sujcn y

oajltj jh cos eujhtjs dj okuo oejatodos dj co znho9 co kjstlñh snaloc tn`o jh aujhto co jvocuoalñh

dj cos vàatl`os, jc jstodn dj socud, co ublaoalñh eo`lclor y cns su`lhlstrns9 y prntjaalñh

o`bljhtoc y rjublaoalñh dj ohl`ocjs y pcohtos oejatodns, tndn jstn euj pnslbcj anh co oyudo dj

=66 pjrsnhos, jhtrj jccos 516 y ?5: pjsaodnrjs dj co an`uhldod, to`blìh anh co ccjkodo dj uho

j`prjso dj Jstodns Zhldns quljh utlclzn uh jqulpn dj octo tjahncnkào jspjaloc poro jstj tlpn dj

trokjdlos. (Vobnh, 26?<)

To`blìh sj mlaljrnh krohdjs jseujrzns pnr portj dj Janpjtrnc poro co rjstouroalñh dj cns

janslstj`os oejatodns, poro jstn sj utlclzornh sjls dlqujs y sjls plsalhos jh jc ïrjo dj

oecnro`ljhtn y sj enrtocjaljrnh cns jqulpns dj anhtjhalñh y jvoauoalñh odj`ïs sj rjoclzñ uh

`nhltnrjn anhtlhun an`n prjaoualñh(Vobnh, 26?<)

 

To`blìh poro jvltor quj jstj jvjhtn sj vujcvo o prjsjhtor Janpjtrnc lhstocn uh j`poquj y

topnhjs dj sjkurldod dj aj`jhtn jh jc pnzn poro jvltor quj sj prjsjhtjh hujvo`jhtj

oecnro`ljhtns jh co supjrelalj. (Vobnh, 26?<). Qj pudj nbsjrvor quj o pjsor cns jseujrzns pnr

trotor dj rj`jdlor co trokjdlo naurrldo hn js pnslbcj rj`jdlor jc l`poatn snaloc, o`bljhtoc y

janhñ`lan quj djgn jsto j`jrkjhalo pujs l`poatn cns `jdlns dj vldo dj cos an`uhldodjs an`n

co pjsao, co okrlaucturo, co kohodjrào eo`lclor, y o cns pjqujÿns an`jralohtjs.

Anhtjxtn snaloc, janhñ`lan y o`bljhtoc

Co j`jrkjhalo kjhjrodo pnr co j`prjso Janpjtrnc jh jc oecnro`ljhtn oaaldjhtoc djc Vnzn

Co Clzo`o ?:=, naoslnhñ dlejrjhtjs vorlobcjs dj oejatoalñh djsdj jc anhtjxtn snaloc, janhñ`lan
y o`bljhtoc poro jc anrrjkl`ljhtn Co Enrtuho ublaodn jh jc djporto`jhtn dj Qohtohdjr.

Anhtjxtn snaloc

An`n prl`jr l`poatn erjhtj o co an`uhldod, jsto j`jrkjhalo kjhjrñ co l`pnslblcldod dj

2? eo`lclos (lhaculdns hlÿns y oductns `oynrjs) ocjdoÿos oc djrro`j anhtlhuor mobltohdn co znho,

 pnr cn quj sj djblñ rjoclzor uh djspcozo`ljhtn

dj spcozo`ljhtn y rjublaoalñh dj co pnbcoalñh o puhtns sjkurns

ocjgodns dj cns rljskns kjhjrodns pnr co prjsjhalo djc mldrnaorburn. Tjhljhdn jh aujhto jc
l`poatn janhñ`lan kjhjrodn jh jsto pnbcoalñh quj sj mo vlstn oejatodo pnr jstj troscodn, yo quj

jccns sj bjhjelaloh prlhalpoc`jhtj dj co pjsao, prnduaalñh dj poc`o dj ajro, kohodjrào y

dlejrjhtjs prnduatns dj okrlaucturo.

Jc djrro`j dj arudn oejatñ prlhalpoc`jhtj cns oecujhtjs dj cos qujbrodos Co Clzo`o,

Aoÿn @ujrtn y jc Ràn Qnko`nsn, oecujhtjs quj eujrnh oejatodns ocrjdjdnr dj 24 ilcñ`jtrns dj

tro`n pnr co kroh aohtldod dj arudn quj sj `jzacñ anh cos okuos cl`plos y arlstoclhos prnplos djc
 

<

cukor, kjhjrohdn co l`pntoblcldod y doÿn lrrjporobcj jh jstj rjaursn pnr cns octns vocnrjs

 prjsjhtjs djc mldrnaorburn, anh

a nh uh pohnro`o djsncodnr y ocjgodn djc cukor ccjhn dj vldo quj sj

tjhào ohtjs dj co j`jrkjhalo. Jc tlj`pn dj rjaupjroalñh poro cns oecujhtjs sj jstl`o jh dìaodos

 poro ccjkor hujvo`jhtj oc jstodn lhlaloc. (Iorjh soco`ohao obrlc 26?=/sj`oho)

26?=/sj`oho )

Anhtjxtn Janhñ`lan

Jc l`poatn janhñ`lan kjhjrodn anh jc djrro`j djc pnzn Co Clzo`o ?:= js jcjvodn, hn

sncn sj prjsjhto pnr co oejatoalñh dj co pnbcoalñh y `jdln o`bljhtj, slhn quj to`blìh oejato dj

enr`o hjkotlvo jc lhkrjsn dj turlstos oc cukor, jstns polsogjs snh rjaurrjhtj`jhtj vlsltodns

durohtj tndos cos tj`pnrodos djc oÿn, lhacuyjhdn vlsltohtjs djc jxtjrlnr.

Co pnbcoalñh jh kjhjroc vlvàoh dj co pjsao y pnr jc l`poatn quj aousn jc djrro`j dj

arudn jh co znho eujrnh oejatodns oc jstor cns ràns anhto`lhodns pnr jc arudn, jstn oejatn co

rjoclzoalñh dj sus oatlvldodjs dj pjsao pnr quj co prnduaalñh dj pjsaodn bogn y co aocldod djc

 pjsaodn yo hn euj co `ls`o, anh sus pjsaos

pj saos yo cns an`prodnrjs hn anhelo
anheloboh
boh poro rjoclzor sus

an`pros. Jstn cjs suajdlñ to`blìh o cns elhqujrns pnr yo hn anhtoboh anh okuo pntobcj poro jccns

y sus ohl`ocjs, hn cjs jro eïalc oaajdjr o postns oatns poro ancnaor o postor dj su kohodn, o jstos

 pnbcoalnhjs cjs ao`bln co vldo y ouh jh co oatuocldod vlvjh anh `uamos eocjhalos.
eo cjhalos.

Anhtjxtn o`bljhtoc

Co eouho y ecnro suerlñ anhsjaujhalos djvostodnros, co `nrtocldod dj ohl`ocjs euj jcjvodo

djbldn o cns vocnrjs y aohtldod jcjvodo dj arudn quj tuvn anhtoatn anh jccns ocrjdjdnr dj 2.666

 pjrdldos, cos jspjaljs `ïs oejatodos

oe jatodos eujrnh ohelblns, pjajs y rjptlcjs, oc lk
lkuoc
uoc quj dlejrjhtjs

`o`àejrns quj pjrdljrnh sus puhtns dj mldrotoalñh y mobltod, co eouho snbrjvlvljhtj sj

djsanhto`lhñ y sj rjoclzñ su rjublaoalñh (?.42<). Cns vjrdjs postns, vjkjtoalñh y auctlvns sj

 

?6

sjaornh y `urljrnh jh su `oynrào, sj vljrnh oejatodns 1.?:; ïrbncjs. Cns quj anhtlh÷oh jh plj

 prjsjhtoh kroh pnslblcldod dj pjrdjrsj

pjrdjr sj o pjsor djc troto`ljhtn y cl`pljzo pnr portj dj co j`prjso

Janpjtrnc. (Iorjh Qoco`ohao obrlc 26?=/QJ@OHO) 

Oaalnhjs poro @ltlkor

Qjk÷h co lhenr`oalñh prnpnralnhodo pnr jc –Tlj`pn‐ y jc prjsldjhtj dj co –ZQN‐ Zhlñh

Qlhdlaoc Nbrjro Aìsor Cnzo, jxlstlñ uh obohdnhn dj pnzn eoatnr prjdjtjr`lhohtj poro quj jsto

trokjdlo naurrljro.

Ohtjajdjhtjs djsdj jc anhtjxtn snaloc

Lhdlsautlbcj`jhtj co j`jrkjhalo oejatodo prndugn uho oejatoalñh dlrjato o co pnbcoalñh

ajraoho oc ïrjo, sjÿocodo an`n pnbcoalñh do`hlelaodo y o co pnbcoalñh quj sj jhanhtrobo jh uh

rohkn `oynr o ?: `jtrns djc ïrjo dj j`jrkjhalo sjÿocodo an`n pnbcoalñh oejatodo.

Janpjtrnc djspcjkñ jqulpns dj otjhalñh poro ldjhtlelaor co pnbcoalñh do`hlelaodo y

oejatodo, `nrodnrjs, okrlauctnrjs, pjsaodnrjs, jta. Jhtrj cos oaalnhjs, l`pcj`jhtornh

rjublaoalnhjs tj`pnrocjs, otjhalñh pjr`ohjhtj o jstos eo`lclos (brlkodos dj socud, otjhalñh o

hjajsldodjs, qujgos, jta.), lhenr`oalñh dj prjvjhalñh y otjhalñh o j`jrkjhalos, jhtrjko dj

oyudos, jhtrj ntros.

 O aall ñh poro `l tl kor  

 Oaa

Ql bljh sj djspcjkornh jqulpns dj otjhalñh, co An`poÿào djbjrào anhtor, djhtrn djc pcoh

dj rjspujsto o j`jrkjhalos jspjaàelan poro aodo ïrjo, co ldjhtlelaoalñh y oatuoclzoalñh dj cns

krupns dj pnbcoalñh y an`uhldod ocjdoÿns o aodo ïrjo, jstobcjaljhdn acoro`jhtj dlstohalos oc

 puhtn dj rljskn (ïrjo dj npjroalñh)

npj roalñh) j ldjhtlelaohdn cns pnslbcjs rljskns j l`poatns pnslbcjs y cos
 

??

oaalnhjs dj `ltlkoalñh o odjcohtor jh aosn dj naurrjhalo. Dj co `ls`o enr`o djbj lhaculr co

oatuoclzoalñh dj lhenr`oalñh dj jhtldodjs kubjrho`jhtocjs, dj otjhalñh o j`jrkjhalos,

o`bljhtocjs o cos quj sj djbo lhenr`or.

Jsto ldjhtlelaoalñh dj co lhenr`oalñh oatuoclzodo djhtrn djc pcoh dj rjspujsto o

j`jrkjhalos, pjr`ltj rjoaalnhor ohtj uh jvjhtn lhjspjrodn dj enr`o acoro, rïpldo y jejatlvo y

`ohtjhjr jc anhtrnc dj co sltuoalñh.

Ohtjajdjhtjs djc anhtjxtn janhñ`lan

Qjk÷h co Zhlñh Qlhdlaoc Nbrjro –Jh 26?; Janpjtrnc lhenr`ñ o co Okjhalo Hoalnhoc dj

Mldrnaorburns quj jc pnzn Clzo`o ?:= rjqujrào uhns rjaursns poro pndjr moajrcj jc

`ohtjhl`ljhtn quj rjqujrào. Janpjtrnc od`ltj jh jsj lhenr`j quj cns rjaursns hn eujrnh
oslkhodns, pnr tohtn, jc pnzn hn sj pujdj pnhjr jh prnduaalñh. Jsn hns pjr`ltj ldjhtlelaor quj jc

 pnzn rjqujrào uhos npjroalnhjs

npj roalnhjs poro pnhjrcn jh prndua
prnduaalñh,
alñh, n poro prnajdjr o obohdnhorcn

tìahlao`jhtj, toc an`n cn dj`ohdo co hnr`o. \o sjo uh obohdnhn djelhltlvn n uh sjcco`ljhtn

tj`pnroc, cos npjroalnhjs tìahlaos hn sj rjoclzornh‐ (Cnzo 26?=)

 Oaa hjss poro `l tl kor  

 O aall nhj

Ql sj mubljsjh dlspujstn cns rjaursns hjajsorlns poro dlamn `ohtjhl`ljhtn, auocquljro dj

cns dns jvjhtns pnslbcjs quj sj prjsjhtornh jh su `n`jhtn quj jro mobjrcn pujstn jh

euhalnho`ljhtn n prnajdjr o su sjcco`ljhtn sjk÷h cos cjyjs dlspujstos anh jstj tlpn dj pnzns, js

`uy sjkurn quj jsto j`jrkjhalo sj mobrào pndldn jvltor.

Vrjvlhljhdn dj jsto `ohjro co oejatoalñh janhñ`lao poro tndo co pnbcoalñh djc

anrrjkl`ljhtn Co Enrtuho ublaodo jh jc djporto`jhtn dj Qohtohdjr, co auoc sj bjhjelalo

 

?2

 prlhalpoc`jhtj dj co pjsao, prnduaalñh dj poc`o dj ajro, kohodjrào jhtrj ntrns prnduatns dj

okrlaucturo.

Ohtjajdjhtjs djsdj jc anhtjxtn o`bljhtoc

Qlh cukor o dudos jc doÿn o`bljhtoc kjhjrodn pnr jc djrro`o`ljhtn dj arudn jc pnzn
Clzo`o euj dj kroh `okhltud oejatohdn jsto znho, dj kroh rlqujzo okràanco y kohodjro7 cns

ao`pjslhns dj co rjklñh jstl`oh quj uhos ?5.666 aobjzos dj kohodn djpjhdàoh dj jstos eujhtjs

dj okuo, sjk÷h aleros nelalocjs sj anhelr`ornh co `ujrtj dj 2.442 ohl`ocjs, co oejatoalñh dj

:.:6; ïrbncjs y rjublaoalñh dj ajrao 2? eo`lclos.

 Oaa
 O aall nhj
hjss poro `ltlk
ltlkoor  

L`pcj`jhtor `jdldos dj rjsaotj dj eouho djhtrn dj co znho, poro su pnstjrlnr rjublaoalñh

jh jc mobltod hoturoc, korohtlzohdn anh pjrsnhoc aopoaltodn su anrrjatn auldodn y ocl`jhtoalñh,

 pnr ntrn codn, rjoclzor dlejrjhtjs

dlejrj htjs prnajdl`ljhtns dj cl`pljzo y dj rjaupjroalñh anh cns ::6;

ïrbncjs oejatodns. Elhoc`jhtj, jgjautor anhstohtj`jhtj `nhltnrjn jh co aocldod djc okuo, djc olrj

y dj cns sujcns quj pnslbcj`jhtj pujdoh anhtrlbulr o uh hujvn djrro`j dj arudn jh co znho.

Ldjhtlelaoalñh dj co Vrnbcj`ïtlao Ajhtroc

Jc prlhalpoc prnbcj`o quj oejato o co an`uhldod

an`uhldod ocjdoÿo pnr jc oecnro`ljhtn dj arudn jh

jc pnzn Clzo`o ?:= prjsjhtodn jc 2 dj `orzn dj 26?=, js dj aorïatjr snaloc, yo quj jstj lhaldjhtj

rjpjrautlñ dlrjato`jhtj snbrj co pnbcoalñh, aousohdn uho sjrlj dj anhsjaujhalos quj djs`jgnroh

su aocldod dj vldo. 
vldo. 

An`n sjaujcos dj dlamn lhaldjhtj, pndj`ns jhuhalor jc ou`jhtn djc djsj`pcjn, yo quj

 poro co an`uhldod jspjaàelao, co prlhalpoc eujhtj janhñ`lao jro co pjsao, ppnr

nr ntrn codn sus
 

?1

ocrjdjdnrjs to`blìh sj vljrnh oejatodns djbldn oc l`poatn, pujs sus oatlvldodjs an`n co

kohodjrào, okrlaucturo, djbljrnh jhtror jh rjajsns pnr cns doÿns naoslnhodns oc `jdln

o`bljhtj9 kjhjrïhdncjs dlelauctod poro jc oaajsn dj ocl`jhtns. Jsto oejatoalñh oaobn anh uho

sjrlj dj jspjaljs jh co eouho y co ecnro, l`prjsalhdlbcjs jh co aodjho ocl`jhtlalo9 ntro

anhsjaujhalo l`pnrtohtj jh rjsoctor js co

co jsaosjz dj okuo, yo quj pnr jc krodn dj anhto`lhoalñh

dj cos qujbrodos y ràns alrauhdohtjs, mlaljrnh l`pnslbcj su anhsu`n poro cns mobltohtjs dlrjato

n lhdlrjato`jhtj9 cn quj jh djelhltlvo djgo o jstos eo`lclos jh anhdlalñh dj vuchjroblcldod oc

jstor prlvodns dj cns rjaursns bïslans dj subslstjhalos.

Voro sustjhtor tndn cn ohtjrlnr sj rjoclzo uh rjsu`jh dj cns doÿns aousodns pnr jstj

djrro`j.

E uj
ujht
htj
js M à dr l aos
aos 

An`n js dj anhnal`ljhtn, poro tndo co pnbcoalñh jc anhsu`n dj okuo js uho dj cos

hjajsldodjs dj prl`jr nrdjh poro auocquljr sjr vlvn, js dj vltoc l`pnrtohalo poro su

supjrvlvjhalo, y dj oaujrdn o co oejatoalñh kjhjrodo pnr dlamn djrro`o`ljhtn, sj oelr`o quj

oc `jhns ::6 borrlcjs dj arudn mobràoh ocaohzodn o ccjkor o cns aujrpns dj okuos, an`n aoÿn

Clzo`o j lhacusn jc rln Qnko`nsn‐. Vnr ntrn codn sl sj tljhj jh aujhto jc

`ujrtn, co qujbrodo co Clzo`o

 prnajsn hoturoc poro prndualrsj

pr ndualrsj cos ccuvlos, posoro ock÷h tlj`pn poro rjaupjror
rjaupjro r jstos eujhtjs

màdrlaos, y jstn slh anhtor anh co oejatoalñh quj sj cj naoslnho oc janslstj`o, pujs anh co

anhto`lhoalñh dj dlamos eujhtjs, uho kroh aohtldod dj ohl`ocjs `nrlrïh.

 

?4

Elkuro ?. Lcustro cos plsalhos lhstocodos poro jsaurrlr `jzaco dj arudn, okuo, borrn y pocns quj
euj rjankldo dj cos eujhtjs màdrlaos. Eujhtj (Iorjh Qoco`ohao/QJ@OHO)

C ns tjr
tjrrr jhn
jhnss dj co zn
znho
ho jh kr oh jxtj
jxtjhsl
hslñh
ñh 

Ntrn jcj`jhtn l`pnrtohtj poro jc djsorrnccn dj uho rjklñh, snh prlhalpoc`jhtj sus

tjrrjhns, cns auocjs jhtrj `ïs eìrtlcjs sjoh `jgnr sjrï co janhn`ào dj cos rjklnhjs, pujs opnrtoh

oc djsorrnccn djsdj dlejrjhtjs ïhkucns, okrnpjauorln, enrjstoc y kohodjrn9 anh dlamn l`poatn jh

jc `jdln o`bljhtj, sj vljrnh oejatodns jh kroh `jdldo cns tjrrjhns, djbldn o quj jstj oaobn

anh portj dj co
co vjkjtoalñh, djgohdn tjrrjhns lheìrtlcjs y sn`bràns. Tjhljhdn jh aujhto tndos cos

cjyjs quj jvltoh co anhto`lhoalñh djc `jdln o`bljhtj an`n co djenrjstoalñh, pndj`ns oelr`or

quj anh sncn jsto eocco, sj jstï otjhtohdn anh vorlns prlhalplns euhdo`jhtocjs j lhau`pcljhdn
 

?:

anh co prntjaalñh lhtjkroc oc `jdln o`bljhtj, jc auoc hns prnpnralnho jh kroh `jdldo

hujstro subslstjhalo.

Elkuro 2. Lcustro jc djsncodnr pohnro`o quj aousn jc lhaldjhtj djc pnzn co Clzo`o snbrj co
vjkjtoalñh. Eujhtj (Iorjh Qoco`ohao/QJ@OHO)

V nb
nbcoal
coalñh
ñh d
dj
jBBorr
orr ohao
ohaob
bjr `j
`jgg o 

Qlh djsanhnajr co l`pnrtohalo dj cns jcj`jhtns ohtjrlnr`jhtj `jhalnhodns, pndj`ns

djalr quj uho dj cos oejatoalnhjs prlhalpocjs, rjaoj snbrj co pnbcoalñh dj jstos cnaocldodjs,
djbldn o quj oprnxl`odo`jhtj :6 eo`lclo moh sldn
sldn oejatodos dlrjato`jhtj, y cn auoc aodo uhn

dj cns eoatnrjs quj ssjj moh octjrodn, lhecuyj acoro`jhtj snbrj su antldlohldod9 sl sn`ns

anhsaljhtjs, jsto prnbcj`ïtlao hn sjrï rjsujcto jh cn lh`jdlotn.

lh`jdlotn. Co ecnro, co eouho, cos eujtjs

màdrlaos y jc janslstj`o jh kjhjroc, snh jc `jdln dj subslstjhalos dj jstns mnkorjs quj mny sj

 prjkuhtoh quj cjs jspjro, jc doÿn aousodn js lrrjvjrslbcj9

lrr jvjrslbcj9 djbj`ns tjhjr prjsjhtj quj cns sjrjs

mu`ohns tjhj`ns enr`os dlejrjhtjs dj oernhtor cos dlelauctodjs, y jstn jh kroh `jdldo oejato oc
 

?5

sjr mu`ohn, su jstodn j`nalnhoc, su socud `jhtoc, y `ïs o÷h auohdn su jhtnrhn suerj jstos

octjroalnhjs dj enr`o brusao, slh l`pnrtor

l`pnrtor co `ohjro jh quj sj oernhtj jstos dlelauctodjs
dlelauctodjs djsdj

aodo mnkor, jstn js uh oanhtjal`

oanhtjal`ljhtn
ljhtn quj `orao y djgo prjajdjhtjs poro tndo co vvldo.
ldo.

Elkuro 1. Lcustro co rjslkhoalñh dj co pnbcoalñh erjhtj oc lhaldjhtj. Eujhtj (Iorjh

Qoco`ohao/QJ@OHO)
 

?;

Anhacuslnhjs djc Vrnkro`o Rjspnhsoblcldod Qnaloc J`prjsorloc poro @ltlkor jc L`poatn

Qnaloc, Janhñ`lan y O`bljhtoc

Anhacuslñh dj @ltlkoalñh jh jc L`poatn Qnaloc

Janpjtrnc, co j`prjso pjtrncjro `ïs krohdj djc poàs js octo`jhtj rjanhnaldo pnr su
an`prn`lsn ìtlan y jgjaualñh dj prnkro`os lhtjkrocjs dj rjspnhsoblcldod snaloc. Vjrn to`blìh

sj aoroatjrlzo pnrquj su npjroalñh sj jstobcjaj jh znhos ocjgodos dnhdj su pnbcoalñh js

vuchjrobcj y dnhdj moy pnao prjsjhalo y anhtrnc pnr portj djc jstodn, lhecuyjhdn dlrjato`jhtj jh

co anhdlalñh janhñ`lao y snaloc dj co an`uhldod9 jh jc trohsaursn dj co j`jrkjhalo sj jvldjhaln

quj hn jxlstj uh pcoh dj anhtlhkjhalo hl uh prntnancn o sjkulr poro dor prnhto rjspujsto oc

lhaldjhtj.

Jh jc `n`jhtn dj co j`jrkjhalo jh prl`jro lhstohalo Janpjtrnc anhtrotn o cns mobltohtjs

djc sjatnr oejatodns pnr jc lhaldjhtj poro cos cobnrjs lhlalocjs dj cl`pljzo. Qjk÷h vorlns ajhsns

rjoclzodns pnr co pjrsnhjrào `uhlalpoc, Janpjtrnc y sjarjtorlo djc `jdln o`bljhtj dljrnh an`n

rjsuctodn := eo`lclos dlrjato`jhtj oejatodos pnr co j`jrkjhalo, dj cos auocjs 22 tuvljrnh quj sjr

rjublaodos jh su tntocldod djbldn o co krovjdod, oejatoalñh y anhtoatn dlrjatn anh jc arudn. Jh jc

sjatnr oejatodn, jc obostjal`ljhtn dj okuo poro co pnbcoalñh js o trovìs dj okuos ccuvlos n dj

 pnzns ortjsohocjs. Co oatlvldod janhñ`lao djc anrrjkl`ljhtn co Enrtuho sj boso prlhalpoc`jhtj

jh co pjsao, co okrlaucturo y co lhdustrlo, cns auocjs sj vljrnh oejatodns pnr jc djrro`j dj arudn9

jc djsostrj o`bljhtoc l`poatn dlrjato`jhtj co pjsao, pjrgudlaohdn hn sncn o cos eo`lclos sljhdn

jsto su prlhalpoc eujhtj dj ocl`jhtn, slhn acoro`jhtj o cns pjsaodnrjs y su aodjho dj prnduaalñh7

an`jralohtjs y rjstourohtjs.

Ql sj tljhjh prntnancns dj prjvjhalñh y oaalñh poro jstj tlpn dj j`jrkjhalos jc doÿn

hntnrlo`jhtj pujdj ccjkor o sjr `àhl`n9 cns pcohjs dj anhtlhkjhalo djbjh jstor jstlpucodns y
 

?=

acoro`jhtj djelhldns djsdj jc lhlaln dj co jxpcntoalñh dj uh pnzn, tjhljhdn jh aujhto jc l`poatn

o`bljhtoc, snaloc y janhñ`lan quj jstj pujdo tjhjr jh jc jhtnrhn dnhdj sj jhaujhtro.

Co j`prjso Janpjtrnc oelr`o quj js l`pnslbcj quj sj rjplto uh djsostrj dj jstos

aoroatjràstlaos, yo quj sj djtjr`lhñ jstj suajsn an`n otàplan9 odj`ïs oelr`oh quj oatuoc`jhtj
aujhtoh anh uh pcoh dj oatlvldodjs dj `nhltnrjn jh cns pnzns sjccodns poro korohtlzor quj jstj

tlpn dj lhaldjhtjs hn vujcvo o naurrlr.

Anhacuslñh dj @ltlkoalñh jh jc L`poatn Janhñ`lan.

Dj oaujrdn oc l`poatn snaloc y janhñ`lan quj suerlñ co pnbcoalñh jh jc aosn djc djsostrj

o`bljhtoc jh jc pnzn co Clz

Clzo`o,
o`o, Janpjtrnc sj an`prn`jtlñ anh co an`uhldod jh lhvjrtlr

rjaursns jh = sjatnrjs, an`n jduaoalñh, kosnduatns, vàos, lherojstruaturo vloc, prnyjatns

 prnduatlvns, janslstj`os jstrotìklans, anhsjrvoalñh
a nhsjrvoalñh djc rjaursn màdrlan
màdrla n y anh co socud. Jstj

 prnyjatn cn vlhaucornh o 5 `uhlalplns dj Qohtohdjr (Borrohaobjr`jgo, Qoh Ulajhtj, Qoboho dj

dj

Tnrrjs, Vujrtn [lcamjs, Ujtuclo, y Klrñh).

Janpjtrnc sj an`prn`jtlñ y nerjalñ o jstns pujbcns, 2; prnyjatns dj lhvjrslñh snaloc y

to`blìh o`bljhtoc pnr uh vocnr dj 26.6?;.666.666, cns auocjs oyudorïh o co janhn`ào dj jstos

 pnbcoalnhjs dnhdj sj vjrïh bjhjelalodns

bj hjelalodns anh bljhjstor y djsorrnccn an`uhltorln, dlho`lzoalñh
dj co pjsao y su oatlvldod. Jstj prnyjatn sj jhenao jh jc bljhjstor y djsorrnccn dj co pnbcoalñh

dohdn lhlaln o co aoroatjrlzoalñh, rjublaoalñh prjvjhtlvo y jc rjtnrhn dj cos 5= eo`lclos quj sj

vljrnh oejatodos.

An`jhzornh anh brlkodos dj otjhalñh `ìdlao y pslancñklao o co an`uhldod lhacuyjhdn o

cns pjsaodnrjs, cjs dljrnh prnvlslnhjs ocl`jhtlalos, to`blìh cjs dljrnh vlklcohalo o cos vlvljhdos

y sus jhajrjs jh jc pjrlndn quj jstuvljrnh rjublaodns, oslstljrnh o cns ohl`ocjs anh otjhalñh y
 

?<

ocl`jhtoalñh, to`blìh rjkrjsornh o acosjs 55 jstudlohtjs, dnhdj sj cjs prnpnralnhn dns rutos

jsancorjs.

Janpjtrnc lhacuyn djhtrn dj jstj prnyjatn o cos 22 osnaloalnhjs dj pjsaodnrjs dj co

rjklñh dnhdj cjs nerjaj : anhtrotns anh nrkohlzoalnhjs pjsqujros y eujrnh anhtrotodos sus `ntns
aohnos y aohnos pocjros, to`blìh eujrnh anhtrotodns 25: pjsaodnrjs y jhtrornh o uh prnkro`o

cco`odn ajhtlhjcos djc rln, to`blìh arjornh uho ao`poÿo cco`odo quj bujh pjsaodn poro

`jgnror co l`okjh djc prnduatn quj jstos pjrsnhos tljhjh poro sus vjhto y quj su

an`jraloclzoalñh y su anhsu`n sjo anhelobcj poro sus an`prodnrjs.

Anhacuslñh dj @ltlkoalñh jh jc L`poatn O`bljhtoc.

Jc prnpñsltn euhdo`jhtoc dj uh prnkro`o dj rjspnhsoblcldod snaloc j`prjsorloc, js quj co

j`prjso quj cn jstobcjaj sjo rjanhnaldo pnr l`pcj`jhtor prïatlaos dj djsorrnccn snstjhlbcj

 bjhjelalohdn oc `jdln o`bljhtj y o co snaljdod, arjohdn

arjohd n uh anhguhtn dj `jaohls`ns, oaalnhjs y

jseujrzns poro `lhl`lzor jc l`poatn naoslnhodn oc jhtnrhn jh co rjoclzoalñh dj su oatlvldod

janhñ`lao anhtrlbuyjhdn dj jsto `ohjro oc auldodn y prntjaalñh djc `jdln o`bljhtj jh jc quj

npjro. Qlh j`borkn, co prïatlao dj jsto djelhlalñh sj aujstlnho erjhtj oc prnajdjr dj co j`prjso

Janpjtrnc jh oc `ohjgn dj co j`jrkjhalo jh jc pnzn co Clzo`o ?:=.

Auohdn sj prjsjhto uh djrro`j dj arudn js lhdlspjhsobcj anhtor anh uh pcoh dj oaalñh

odjauodn, oanrdj o co hjajsldod y `okhltud dj co j`jrkjhalo jh jc aosn puhtuoc djc pnzn dj

Clzo`o hn sj anhtobo anh uh prnkro`o dj prjvjhalñh pnr cn tohtn jh jc `n`jhtn jh jc quj sj

 prjsjhtñ co j`jrkjhalo hn jxlstào uh pcoh dj oaalñh oprnplodn

o prnplodn poro otjhdjr uh djrro`j dj jsto

dl`jhslñh.
 

26

Janpjtrnc an`prn`jtldn anh co rjspnhsoblcldod snaloc j`prjsorloc dlsjÿo uh pcoh dj

anhtlhkjhalo poro `ltlkor jc doÿn aousodn durohtj co pìrdldo dj arudn, pjrn djbldn o quj co

j`prjso jh prl`jro lhstohalo lhenr`o quj jc djrro`j js `àhl`n cos oaalnhjs poro anhtjhjrcn

eujrnh pjqujÿos. Tros aosl dljz dàos dj co j`jrkjhalo sj j`pjzornh o tn`or oaalnhjs rjocjs y

hjajsorlos erjhtj o co `okhltud djc djsostrj cjvohtohdn borrjros poro jvltor quj jc arudn ccjkuj o

cos aujhaos màdrlaos, sj rjeujrzo anh dlqujs jc puhtn djc djrro`j dj pjtrñcjn, sj lhstocoh plsalhos

 poro anhtjhjr jc arudn,

arudn , pjrn pjsj o cns jseujrzns jc doÿn jjss lhaocaucobcj. Zho vjz anhtrncodn jc

djrro`j dj pjtrñcjn sj lhlalo uh prnkro`o dj rjstouroalñh djc sjatnr, jh jc auoc sj djbj cl`plor jc

rostrn dj arudn tohtn jh cos aujhaos màdrlaos an`n jh cos mjatïrjos dj tljrro oejatodos, sjkuldn dj

co rjaupjroalñh dj eouho y ecnro, jc mobltod dj cos jspjaljs y jc rjpnbco`ljhtn dj cos `ls`os9

vorlns prnejslnhocjs djbjh trobogoh jh anhguhtn poro supjror co j`jrkjhalo o`bljhtoc. O `ïs dj

dns oÿns y `jdln dj co trokjdlo y o pjsor dj co orduo cobnr dj co an`uhldod, cos jhtldodjs

anrrjspnhdljhtjs y o co arjoalñh dj VRO Vcoh dj Rjaupjroalñh O`bljhtoc9 prnkro`o euhdodn

 poro co rjaupjroalñh dj cns aujrpns

a ujrpns màdrlans oejatodns. Co an`uhldod jh kjhjroc `ohleljsto quj

jc doÿn ouh js cotjhtj.

Oaalnhjs Anhduajhtjs poro co L`pcj`jhtoalñh dj uh Vrnkro`o dj Rjspnhsoblcldod Qnaloc

J`prjsorloc

Càhjo Bosj

Ohoclzohdn jc aosn ohtjrlnr sj prnpnhj djsdj co pjrspjatlvo djc sjatnr janhñ`lan jh co

jstl`oalñh dj co càhjo bosj co auoc js co bosj `ïs l`pnrtohtj poro co rjoclzoalñh dj uh prnkro`o

an`pcjtn dj RQJ. (Vncltjahlan Krohancn`blohn, 2626). Anh bosj o jstn, jh co j`prjso

 

2?

Janpjtrnc sj djelhj quj poro co opclaoalñh y prïatlao dj Rjspnhsoblcldod Qnaloc J`prjsorloc jh jc

sjatnr janhñ`lan cns krupns dj lhtjrìs sjrloh7

sjrloh7

  Lhtjrhns7 j`pcjodns, anhtrotlstos

  Jxtjrhns7 prnvjjdnrjs, acljhtjs y an`uhldod.

Co j`prjso Janpjtrnc tljhj `uamn quj vjr anh jstns krupns dj lhtjrìs, pujs sjk÷h co

 prnbcj`ïtlao quj sj dln, sj pudn jvldjhalor an`n cns j`pcjodns y anhtrotlstos eujrnh jh kroh

 portj rjspnhsobcjs pnr co j`jrkjhalo

j`j rkjhalo quj sj dln, pnr eo
eocto
cto dj vjrlelaoalñh jh cns prnajsns,

to`blìh sj pudn nbsjrvor an`n cns acljhtjs y co an`uhldod sj vljrnh jh kroh `ohjro oejatodns

janhñ`lao`jhtj pnr pjrdjr sus prnpljdodjs y kroh aohtldod dj dlhjrn.

Vcohjoalñh

\o djspuìs dj mobjr rjoclzodn jc ohïclsls dj cos jhaujstos y cos vorlobcjs nbgjtn dj

jstudln guhtn anh jc jstudln rjoclzodn djc aosn, sj poso o moajr co pcohjoalñh jc auoc djelhj jc

enrtocjal`ljhtn djc `ndjcn dj RQJ.

Voro jstn sj prnpnhj rjoclzo uho @otrlz jstrotìklao DNEO dnhdj sj pujdj ldjhtlelaor cos

djblcldodjs, npnrtuhldodjs, enrtocjzos y o`jhozos. Jsto `otrlz pujdj rjsuctor `uy ÷tlc pujstn

quj ohoclzo cns eoatnrjs lhtjrhns y jxtjrhns dj co prnbcj`ïtlao jstl`ohdn anhtrncjs y moaljhdn

sjkul`ljhtn quj jh jstj aosn sjrào oc sjatnr janhñ`lan.

A nhac
nhacusl
usl ñh dj co pr
prnb
nbcj`ï
cj`ïtl
tlao
ao p
prr jsj
jsjhtod
htodo
ojjh
h jc aosn d
djc
jc pn
pnzn
zn co C
Cll zo`o
zo`o..

Oatuoc`jhtj jh co prnbcj`ïtlao prjsjhtodo, sj vljrnh `uamns eoatnrjs oejatodns, jhtrj jccns jc

`ïs lhvncuarodn, jc eoatnr janhñ`lan9 pujs sj vljrnh lhvncuarodns cns turlstos, cns pjsaodnrjs y

cns elhqujrns. Jc ohïclsls rjoclzodn `otrlz DNEO, pjr`ltj dor lhlaln

lhlaln oc prnkro`o dj RQJ jh

tndn cn rjcoalnhodn anh jc sjatnr janhñ`lan

 

22

Djspuìs dj cn ohoclzodn jh co @otlz DNEO sj poso o moajr uh arnhnkro`o dj oatlvldodjs

dnhdj sj ldjhtlelquj aodo uho dj cos oaalnhjs y su sjkul`ljhtn.

 

Tobco ?
 @otrlz DNEO

Janpjtrnc Npnrtuhldodjs  O`jhozos  

N? Opnyn dj uho j`prjso rjanhnaldo poro O?7 Co eocto dj octjrhotlvos dj hjknaloalñh anh
snbrjpnhjr cns anstns oejatodns o co pnbcoalñh jh co dlejrjhtjs prnvjjdnrjs.
znho (JANVJTRNC) O27 Hn au`pcl`ljhtn jh prnajsns y pcozns dj ecugn
N2 Npnrtuhldodjs dj hjknaloalñh anh j`prjso dj rjaursns.
rjanhnaldo dj mldrnaorburns O17 Ajhtroclzoalñh jh co tn`o dj djalslnhjs
N17 Npnrtuhldodjs dj hjknaloalñh anh cos znho
vuchjrobcj.
Djblcldodjs   Jstrotjklos DN  Jstrotjklos DO 

D?. Hn sj oslkhoh cns rjaursns hjajsorlns poro jc
`jgnro`ljhtn dj co aocldod dj vldo jh co znho  
D27 Hn sj aujhto anh uh slstj`o dj anstns.
D17 Eocto dnau`jhtor y snaloclzor cns prnajsns.
Enrtocjzos   Jstrotjklos EN
D?, D2, D1, N?, N2, N17 Enr`ucor uho hujvo D?, O?, O2, O17 Djsorrnccor jc pcoh dj
pncàtlao lhtjkroc
lhtjkroc poro enrtocjajr
enrtocjajr jc slstj`o dj `jgnro`ljhtnn aanhtlhun
`jgnro`ljht nhtlhun dj oaujrdn oc alacn bosodn
kjstlñh lhtjkroc dj co HTA LQN <66? Aocldod, jh jc `jgnro`ljhtn janhñ`lan djc sjatnr
tn`ohdn an`n bosj co prnbcj`ïtlao prjsjhtodo anh
jc elh dj `jgnror jc slstj`o janhñ`lan.
D?, D2, D1, D4, N27 L`pcj`jhtor uh slstj`o y
ohïclsls dj anstns poro co nrkohlzoalñh.
nrkohlzoalñh.
Jstrotjklos EO 

E?7 Vrnvlslñh dj rjaursns poro co vloblcldod djc N?, N2, E?, E27 Dlsjÿor j l`pcj`jhtor uh pcoh dj E?, E2, O27 Dlsjÿor j l`pcj`jhtor uh prnkro`o dj
euhalnho`ljhtnn dj co j`prjso y djsorrn
euhalnho`ljht djsorrnccn
ccn o rjhnvoalñh j lhhnvoalñh tjahncñklao. jduaoalñh, enr`oalñh y auoclelaoalñh poro jc
euturn. Rjhtoblcldod.
Rjhtoblcldod. E2, E;, N17 Dlsjÿor uh prnkro`o dj sjhslblclzoalñh  pjrsnhoc vjhjrobcj
vjhjrobcj
E27 @nhltnrjn anhtlhun dj lhdlaodnrjs jh co  poro co eldjclzoalñh
eldjclzoalñh djc acljhtj
acljhtj lhtjrhn (pcoh dj
kjstlñh elhohaljro. lhajhtlvns - vocldoalñh djc trobogn - rjanhnal`ljhtn
E17 Jxlstj uho jstruaturo dj lhenr`oalñh elhohaljro socorloc).
odjauodo.
 Hnto7 co
tobco `ujstro cos Djblcldodjs, Npnrtuhldodjs, Enrtocjzos y O`jhozos quj tuvn co j`prjso Janpjtrnc erjhtj oc lhaldjhtj djc oecnro`ljhtn djc Vnzn co
Clzo`o

L`pcj`jhtoalñh

Voro jstj puhtn sj prnpnhj jh bosj oc rjsuctodn ohtjrlnr jgjautor cns anhtrncjs y cn

 prnpujstn jh co pcohjoalñh moaljhdn sjkul`ljhtn

sj kul`ljhtn oc arnhnkro`o y djgohdn tndn dnau`jhtodn.

An`n co ldjo js `jgnror jc sjatnr janhñ`lan jspjaloc`jhtj

jspj aloc`jhtj o cns quj sj vljrnh `ï
`ïss oejatodns

jhtrj jccns cns turlstos, cns pjsaodnrjs y cns elhqujrns sj djbj trobogor `uamn anh jccns moaljhdn

ao`poÿos dj snaloblclzoalñh y jxpnhlìhdncjs cos `jdldos quj sj voh o tn`or poro `jgnror jc

sjatnr janhñ`lan.
 

Tobco 2
Arnhnkro`o dj Oatlvldodjs

Oatlvldod Lhlaln Elh Jhj Ejb @or Obr @oy Guh Guc Okn Qjp Nat Hnv Dla

Opclaor jhaujstos o co pnbcoalñh vuchjrobcj oejatodo ?/6?/262? 16/6?/262? x

janhñ`lao`jhtj
Dlsjÿor j l`pcj`jhtor uh pcoh dj rjhnvoalñh j ?/62/262? 16/64/262? x x x
lhhnvoalñh tjahncñklao, anh jc elh dj `jgnror jc
slstj`o janhñ`lan.
Enr`ucor uho hujvo pncàtlao lhtjkroc poro enrtocjajr ?/62/262? 16/64/262? x x x
jc slstj`o dj kjstlñh lhtjkroc dj co HTA LQN <66?
Aocldod, tn`ohdn an`n bosj co prnbcj`ïtlao
 prjsjhtodo anh jc elh dj `jgnror jc slstj`o
janhñ`lan.
Dlsjÿor uh prnkro`o dj sjhslblclzoalñh poro co ?/6:/262? 16/65/262? x x
eldjclzoalñh djc acljhtj lhtjrhn (pcoh dj lhajhtlvns -
vocldoalñh
vocldoalñh djc trobogn - rjanhnal`ljhtn
rjanhnal`ljhtn socorloc).
L`pcj`jhtor uh slstj`o y ohïclsls dj anstns poro co ?/6:/262? 16/65/26? x x
nrkohlzoalñh.
Dlsjÿor j l`pcj`jhtor uh prnkro`o dj jduaoalñh, ?/6;/262? 16/6=/262? x x
enr`oalñh y auoclelaoalñh poro jc pjrsnhoc vjhjrobcj
Djsorrnccor jc pcoh dj `jgnro`ljhtn anhtlhun dj ?/6</262? 16/?6/26? x x
oaujrdn oc alacn bosodn jh jc `jgnro`ljhtn
`jgnro`ljht n
 janhñ`lan djc sjatnr
 Hnto7 Co
tobco `ujstro cos oatlvldodjs pcohlelaodos o djsorrnccor durohtj jc oÿn 262?

Ujrlelaoalñh

Voro jsto eosj sj prnpnhj jstobcjajr cos `jdldos dj an`prnboalñh jh jc au`pcl`ljhtn dj

quj cn pcohjodn jh jc prnkro`o dj Rjspnhsoblcldod Qnaloc J`prjsorloc sj jstï ccjvohdn o aobn, y

uho dj cos `jdldos acovjs quj hns pjr`ltj ldjhtlelaor jc krodn dj au`pcl`ljhtn, js co

l`pcj`jhtoalñh dj uho clsto dj amjqujn n amjaiclst dj aodo uho dj cos oatlvldodjs pcohjodos o

djsorrnccor jh aodo uhn dj cns anhtjxtns, Qnaloc, Janhñ`lan y O`bljhtoc.

Rjtrnocl`jhtoalñh y @jgnro Anhtlhuo

An`n anhsjaujhalo dj co vjrlelaoalñh dj cn pcohjodn jh jc djsorrnccn djc Vrnkro`o dj

RQJ, sj prnpnhj rjoclzor y/n rjenrzor aopoaltoalnhjs oc pjrsnhoc rjspnhsobcj, poro korohtlzor co

lhtjrlnrlzoalñh djc nbgjtlvn prlhalpoc dj dlamn prnkro`o, odj`ïs dj jvocuor pjrlñdlao`jhtj y jh

anrtns pcozns quj cns moccozkns j lhanhslstjhalos jhanhtrodos sj anrrlgoh jh cn lh`jdlotn,

dls`lhuyjhdn cns rljskns pntjhalocjs quj pujdoh aousor doÿns y pìrdldos jh tndns cns anhtjxtns.
 

2;

Anhacuslnhjs

Oc anhaculr jstj trobogn sj pujdj jvldjhalor  cos `ocos prïatlaos hn sncn jh co jxtroaalñh

djc pjtrñcjn slhn jh jc `oc prnajdjr yo sjo poro jc obohdnhn djelhltlvn n jc sjcco`ljhtn tj`pnroc
dj uh pnzn. \o quj, sl Janpjtrnc mubljsj ccjvodn o aobn jc anrrjatn anhtrnc djc pnzn sj mobrào

korohtlzodn jc odjauodn sjcco`ljhtn n obohdnhn dj jstj jvltohdn osà co snbrjprjslñh quj

elhoc`jhtj ccjvn o jstj djvostodnr lhaldjhtj o hlvjc snaloc, janhñ`lan y o`bljhtoc.

O cn corkn dj co lhvjstlkoalñh dj jstj trobogn sj jvldjhalo jc pnan anhtrnc y dìblc

aopoaldod dj rjspujsto erjhtj o cns djrro`js dj arudn jh jc poàs sljhdn cos an`uhldodjs y jc

`jdln o`bljhtj cns `oynr`jhtj oejatodns hn sncn pnr cns djrro`js oaaldjhtocjs slhn pnr co
 pjrenroalñh jh sà y cns dlejrjhtjs prnajsns
pr najsns lhvncuarodns poro prndualr
pr ndualr jc arudn. Cos eujhtjs

màdrlaos snh cos dlrjato`jhtj oejatodos jh jstj prnajsn yo quj durohtj co jxpcntoalñh djc arudn

sj `ndlelao su an`pnslalñh quà`lao y sj ao`blo jc aursn subtjrrïhjn dj cos okuos aousohdn uh

l`poatn dlrjatn jh co aodjho ocl`jhtlalo y jc janslstj`o jh kjhjroc.

Odj`ïs djc lh`jhsn j lrrjporobcj doÿn oc `jdln o`bljhtj co an`uhldod sj vj

eujrtj`jhtj oejatodo yo quj oc naurrlr uh djsostrj dj jstos dl`jhslnhjs sj l`poato su prlhalpoc

oatlvldod janhñ`lao y eujhtj dj ocl`jhtn7 co pjsao, co socud sj djtjrlnro, oc hn mobjr okuo

 pntobcj cns hlÿns hn pujdjh oslstlr

o slstlr o cos jsaujcos `uamos eo`lclos tuvljrnh quj sjr rjublaodos oc

 pjrdjr sus ansjamos

ansjam os y oc qujdor sus aosos an`pcjto`jhtj l`prjkhodos djc arudn.
a rudn.

O pjsor dj co orduo cobnr pnr portj dj euhdoalnhjs y djc pcoh dj rjaupjroalñh o`bljhtoc
  pnr portj dj Janpjtrnc oprnbodn
oprnbo dn pnr OHCO mny o `ïs dj dns oÿns y `jdln djc djsostrj sj slkuj

trobogohdn jh co rjaupjroalñh dj eujhtjs màdrlaos y bnsqujs9 slh j`borkn o÷h sj jvldjhalo

 prjsjhalo djc arudn jh co nrlcco dj cos aujhaos

auj haos màdrlaos pnr cn tohtn o÷h
o ÷h moy anhto`lhoalñh jh jc

okuo y jh cns pjajs, cns auocjs snh pnans y cns quj sj cnkroh nbtjhjr hn snh optns poro jc

2=

anhsu`n mu`ohn yo quj sobjh o arudn. Qj arjornh prnyjatns dj lhvjrslñh snaloc y o`bljhtoc jh

cns auocjs o÷h sj jstïh trobogohdn poro jc bljhjstor y rjaupjroalñh snaloc janhñ`lao y o`bljhtoc.
 

2<

Rjejrjhalos Blbclnkrïelaos

O`bljhtj, R.@. (Gucln dj 26?=). Jc Jspjatodnr. Oejatoalnh djc djrro`j djc Vnzn co Clzo`o euj

dj mttps7//www.jcjspjatodnr.an`/hntlalos/`jdln-
Bogo, sjk÷h co NHZ. Rjaupjrodn dj 
o`bljhtj/oejatoalnh-djc-djrro`j-djc-pnzn-co-clzo`o-euj-bogo-sjkuh-co-nhu/ 

O`bljhtj. (@orzn dj 26?=). Qj`oho. "Co o`jhozo jstï jcl`lhodo"7 @lhO`bljhtj snbrj jc

djrro`j djc pnzn Co Clzo`o. Rjaupjrodn dj

mttps7//www.sj`oho.an`/hoalnh/ortlaucn/djrro`j-dj-pjtrncjn-jh-jc-pnzn-co-clzo`o-o`jhozo-

jcl`lhodo/:526=1/ 

Jc Jspjatodnr . (2 dj 61 dj 26?<). Jc Jspjatodnr  . Co trokjdlo slkuj vlvo7 uh oÿn djspuìs dj co

j`jrkjhalo Clzo`o ?:=. Rjaupjrodn dj

mttps7//www.jcjspjatodnr.an`/hntlalos/hoalnhoc/co-trokjdlo-slkuj-vlvo-uh-ohn-djspujs-

dj-co-j`jrkjhalo-clzo`o-?:=/  
dj-co-j`jrkjhalo-clzo`o-?:=/

Jc Tlj`pn. (?< dj 6; dj 26?=). Jc Tlj`pn. Janpjtrnc prjsjhtñ lhenr`j snbrj aousos dj djrro`j

djc pnzn Clso`o ?:=. Rjaupjrodn dj mttps7//www.jctlj`pn.an`/ancn`blo/ntros-

aludodjs/janpjtrnc-prjsjhtn-lhenr`j-snbrj-aousos-dj-djrro`j-djc-pnzn-clso`o-?:=-
24::=6  
24::=6

Entnkroeàos dj Iorjh Qoco`oao. (Obrlc dj 26?=). Oramlvns Entnkroelans dj co Rjvlsto Qj`oho. Jc

trlstj pohnro`o quj djgñ jc djrro`j dj pjtrñcjn jh jc pnzn Co Clzo`o. Rjaupjrodn dj

mttps7//www.sj`oho.an`/hoalnh/ortlaucn/djrro`j-dj-pjtrncjn-pnzn-co-clzo`o-
 janpjtrnc/:52?:6/  
janpjtrnc/:52?:6/

16

Cnzo A, (26?=) Djrro`j dj pjtrñcjn jh Qohtohdjr sj pudn jvltor. Jhtrjvlsto anh jc prjsldjhtj dj

co ZQN. Rjaupjrodn dj mttps7//olc.jhs.nrk.an/jhtrjvlstos/djrro`j-dj-pjtrncjn-jh-

sohtohdjr-sj-pudn-jvltor-jhtrjvlsto-anh-jc-prjsldjhtj-dj-co-usn/  
@nknccnh , V. C (26?=) Co jxpclaoalñh djc djrro`j dj pjtrñcjn jh Co Clzo`o sjk÷h Janpjtrnc.

Rjaupjrodn dj 
dj mttps7//www.jcjspjatodnr.an`/hntlalos/`jdln-o`bljhtj/co-jxpclaoalnh-

djc-djrro`j-dj-pjtrncjn-jh-co-clzo`o-sjkuh-janpjtrnc/povnh  
djc-djrro`j-dj-pjtrncjn-jh-co-clzo`o-sjkuh-janpjtrnc/povnh

Vovñh, Q. (Obrlc dj 26?<). Qj`oho. Djsostrj o`bljhtoc co Clzo`o uh oÿn djspuìs. Rjaupjrodn

dj mttps7//26?=/bncjtlhjs-26?=/Janpjtrnc-anhtrnco-oecnro`ljhtn-dj-arudn-cndns-y-kos-jh-
dj 

co-enrtuho-borrohaobjr`jgo  
co-enrtuho-borrohaobjr`jgo

Vovñh, Q. (Obrlc dj 26?<). Qj`oho. Arudn Trohsporjhtj. Rjaupjrodn dj

mttps7//arudntrohsporjhtj.an`/26?</64/24/djsostrj-o`bljhtoc-co-clso`o-uh-ohn-djspujs/  

Vobñh, Q. (Obrlc dj 26?<). Arudn Trohsporjhtj. Djsostrj O`bljhtoc co Clzo`o, uho oÿn djspuìs.

Rjaupjrodn dj 
dj mttps7//arudntrohsporjhtj.an`/26?</64/24/djsostrj-o`bljhtoc-co-clso`o-uh-

ohn-

djspujs/#7~7tjxt0Jc%262%26dj%26`orzn%26dj%2626?=%2A%26o%26cos%26?2%1O?6,qujbr

odo%26Co%26Clzo`o%2A%26Ao%A1%B?n%26j 

Vncltìahlan Krohancn`blohn (Hnvlj`brj ?? dj 2626). Jstruaturoalñh dj uh Vrnkro`o dj RQJ.

Rjaupjrodn dj 
dj mttps7//pncl.lhstruaturj.an`/anursjs/?;;?4/krodjs
mttps7//pncl.lhstruaturj.an`/anursjs/?;;?4/krodjs  
Qoco`ohao, i. (Obrlc dj 26?=). Qj`oho. Jc trlstj pohnro`o quj djgñ jc djrro`j dj pjtrñcjn jh jc

 pnzn Co Clzo`o. Rjaupjrodn dj 

dj  mttps7//www.sj`oho.an`/hoalnh/ortlaucn/djrro`j-dj-

 pjtrncjn-pnzn-co-clzo`o-janpjtrnc/:52?:6/  
 pjtrncjn-pnzn-co-clzo`o-janpjtrnc/:52?:6/