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    aptitude

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    13 views15 pages

    BL

    Uploaded by

    Krishna Shetty
    aptitude

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 15
    ‘Sesion (01 Bosean Logic @ 3’ me ‘Session 3: 03 Nenber Sytem 2 ‘Session 4: L04 Gre! Reasoning ‘Session 5: LOS erst Sersion 7: L07 Petceiages Session 9: L09 Protand Loss ‘Session 1: L10 NenVertl eSeonag Sesion 1: U1 Permutations and Seernane Session 12 L12Prebabity1 © Session 13: L13 Prebabaty2 © epson oa ‘Season 5: 46 Oma iicpren ‘Session 16: L16 Verbal ReSeonag ‘Session 17: L17 Data Suticeney epson 1 L18 Tine, Speed & Beas? be epson ip Lone, sess Seieng? 0 ana epson 24, Shed Example Beciahgs rete KLE TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES PROFESSIONAL APTITUDE AND LOGICAL REASONING (aes Pose Br lnersion Ute Tig Ser, Bag 07 grin Boole: Log ws © tasornsions United Tiining Seices Vtharap Baagsve 260097 Phone #91 961119122 + Ue omnpponin ans Ia hater You Team use sentences as opie gates 1 Selve puzzles using lgial truth tables |_—_Selve puzzles using Bolean algebra “There are only 10 types of pecple nthe world: Those wha undertand brary, ond that sam Lagcisbsedon Gage ark ra Boom ayracsyauaeo cferky wea Ta Fae fener ordeal ar Lage _preimaaa og Werte he flair tres teins Pe » Grerdetin age Fy Paradox ‘A poradox Ie an apparently true statement or group of stotements that seena to lead to « contrdiction or to situation that Gefiesintition. Typical, ether the stoterents in question donot really Imply the conradition: othe puzalig result isnot really cortredietion or the premises themaehes are not al really true er, comot all be true together) The recognition of ambiguities, equvections, ord unstated essumprions underying krown paradoxes has often led to significant stharces in science, philosophy and mathematics ‘Common themes in porodoxes include direct and indirect self- reference, infinity, circular definitions, and confusion of levels of recsoning, Poradones which are not based on o hidden error generally happen at the fringes of content or languge, ond require extending the context (or langunge preci quay ‘The Lior Poradox {nphosephy ond lg, the lor parodox encompasses porodancal statements ach os: "Tom ying now.” “This stotement i flee." ‘To oid having sentence directly refer ta ite awn truth vale, one con oo construct the prado follows ‘Statement 1 - The follwing sentence is tue. Stotement 2 - The preceding sentence is false ‘The cldest version of the lor poradox is attributed to the Greek philosopher Eubuldes of Miletus who lved in the fourth century B.C. Eubuldes reportedly sad "A man says that he is ying. Ts what he says true or false?” Epimenides was a sixth century BC phlosopher-poet, Heel « Cretan, he reportedly "The Cretans are always lors" (Bible, NT, Titus 12) ALR Content Powered by 1 Training Service ans ‘The problem of the poredex is tha it seams to show that our most cherished cc bout truth and folaty actually lead te contradiction Sentences con be constricted that Inaccord with grenmar and emantic rules that cant consistently be asigned a truth value: ‘Conder the simplest version of the paradox, the sentence “Thi statement i fl ‘thatthe statement ie true, everything asserted init mist be tri. However. becaue the sto ‘that i elf flee, it must be fue. So aseuning that It true leads to the contredition tard fale. OK, con we aazure that it ie flee? No, that acsunption also leade to contac stotement is folee, then nhat it soyscbout itself is not true. Tt says that it i false, 50 the ‘rue. Hence, ti tue. Unde ether assumption, we end up corcludig thatthe statement is {alee But it hae tobe either true or foe (orzo aur conan ifutions lead us to think), hene tobe a conrodietion ot the heat of ou beliefs about truth ond flay. ‘The Barber Paradox ‘The Barber paradox ls «paradox that relates to mathematical logic and set ther. The porad ‘oun wth a mele barber who shaves daily every man who dees rat shove himzlf, and ro one ele Ef the borber doesnot shave himself, he mut abide by the rule and shove heel he does shove himself, according tthe rule he wil ct shave himself ‘Thus the rule result nan impossible situation. Contradiction rood speaking, o contradiction is when two or mare statements, dese, or ection Incomptibe. One + ez |foear reject atleast one eae tutight. Tn log, S \s defined specifically, use Simultoneous sat a ‘wmen youre dang wth he principe of contradiction there a ic aesleetar Indeed ary ie room let or Sucunalon- neers te ol nd in dlectial methodology, the werd Yeontradieton’ has o completely different meaning leg Proof by contradiction Tn deductive lagi (nd thu, eto, in mathematics) contradition ig usually taken assign t has gone wrong, that you need to retrace the steps of your reasoning and "check your premi been used to great effect in mathematics though the method of proaf by contradiction ( Incirect proof) Lesical Fallacy Ajclfllacy i an eror in oicl argument which is independent ofthe truth of th lee flow inthe structure of en argument as eppaced to an eror inte premise. When there le rgumert i's sad tebe ili The presence of a logical fallacy in an argument does m imply onything cbout the angument's premiges or Me conclusion, Both may actualy be rgumert ie sil imvlid Becasse the conclusion doce not follow from the premises using Principles of the argument, By extension, on argument can havea logical fallacy even if the arg ALR Content Powered by 1 Training Service ans purely logical or: for instance an argument that incorrectly applies principles of probability o be said to have olagicafllcy Inthe etnctest sence, alagica fallacy isthe incorrect application ofa valid logical principle or of en nnexietent panei Some ats of king huran beings are legal nthe state ‘Some act of fling human being ae illegel in thi tate ‘Therefore some acts of kiling human beirgs ore beth lego od illegal in his state “hss fallacious. Indeed, there sno lgieal pnp which states For some x, Px) For some y, Q\y). Then for some 2,P(2) and Q(2). “The easiest way to show the above inference i valid i by using Venn dagrams. [Now lev's try 10 seve a puzzle based onthe Bclean Logie met two natives on an island - Benny end Lenny. They are either @ right or iar eights elays tell the truth, are cinays ie ond. bres between truth and lie. They tell me thie Benny " We ere both of the same Type. Leny : Tam a brave, Bemy : Lenny isa lar. A eight then tells we what Lemy is What they were, What are Benny ond Now, if Es tld that Ley was a kight ght TT wae told that Lenny isa kzve then Bern could etl bee lar ora ave, 20 that en becouse the puzale stots that Twas abl to determine whet Benny i by kncwing what le Ley 1 Twas told that Lemyy wos a lar, then Benny's second starement i true. This means his firs {elze as he camot be alien, zo he cn nly bea rave "While the etarementselone alow for more thor one possibility for their types, beirg tld that {s the only woy that Fam able to determine whet Benny is ‘So the onswer is: T wae told that Lanny was @ liar and T worked cut that Benny wet o hae The bint of end tay star ny ett ith 0 Teves, neo Wich ge de a aye fe s Sonny Ware ming on pam ed cman fon Ma the iors ak, Peer on ane fe sone qtson “Which pth wl Theme oe Max: Erever sek to sages. Tanne tase ars Soe: am nan 0 Ma’ oso Pe rare: an mare Tore, Take he at poh Winch pt Sry Water ote reich he on? Toa Scot coined Solution: Let us nw solve this problem. Since ane would seckdinections oly if one ls @

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