The Passive - Personal/Impetsonal construction - Causative form (have something done) Ie Passive We form the passive with the verb to be and the past participle of the main verb. Verb Tense/Form Active Present Simple | They mend watches here. Passive | Watches are mended here. Frasont Conus | They are mending my wath [Thay mended iy watch yostrday. Past Simpic T fay waich fe being mended | My watch was mended yesterday. Past Continuous | They were ment | atrived ny watch when | ] My waich was being mended when | | artved. ~T They will mend my watch tomorrow. My watch will be mended tomorrow. Present Perfect | They have mended my watch. | My watch has been mended, Past Perfect ~T They had mended my watch by six ] My waich had been mended by six | o'clock | o'clock Future Perfect ] They will have mended my watch by | My watch will have been mended by | Tuesday. Present Infinitve | They can mend my watch. Tuesday. My watch can be mended. Perfect Infinitive T ‘They must have mended my watch by | My waich must have been mended by | now. now. Jing form ] Tinsisted on them mending my watch. | | insisted on my watch being mended, # The present perfect continuous, the future continuous, the past perfect continuous and the future perfect continuous are not normally used in the passive. * We can use the verb to get instead of the verb to be in everyday speech when we talk about things that happen by accident or unexpectedly He got injured while he was fixing the rool. (= ‘ho was injured) We use the passive: * when the person who does the action is unknown (My purse was stolen on the train.) unimportant (These tables are made in Bali), ot ‘obvious from the context (My house was painted two weeks ago,) ‘© when the action itself is more important than the person who does it, as in news headlines, newspaper articles, formal notices, advertisements, instructions, processes, etc. The Fine Arts Museum will be opened t0 the public on November 14th, (formal notice) The seeds are planted months before the year’s wheat is harvested. (process) ACTIVE My sister Modals + be > pp_| Thay should mend my watch immediately. | My walch should be mended immediately © when we want to avoid taking responsibilty for an action or when we refer to an unpleasant ‘event and we do not want to say who or what is to blame. The window has been smashed. {instead of You have smashed the window. ) Changing from active into passive: ‘the object of the active sentence becomes the ‘subject in the passive sentence © the active verb remains in the same tense but changes into a passive form the subject of the active sentence becomes the agent, and is. either introduced with the preposition by or is omitted Subject Verb was driving Object the car. PASSIVE The car was being driven by my sister. Subject Verb AgentThe Passive - PerscndlInipersonal active: Carol washed the clothes. (transitive verb) passive: The clothes were washed by Carol. But; They five on the fifth floor. Note: Some transitive verbs such as have, fit, suit, resemble, etc., cannot be changed into the Nick resembles his grandfather. (Not: * By + agent is used to say who or what carries The apple tart was baked by Charlie. With + instrument/material/ingredient is used to say what the agent used. The walls were covered with posters. The dish was made with eggs, onions and mayonnaise. ‘© The agent can be omitted when the subject of words: people, one, someone/somebody, they. he. etc. ‘Somebody locked the front door = The front © The agent is not omitted when it is @ specific or This dress was designed by my mother. This novel was written by Leo Tolstoy. ‘Measures to reduce unemployment have been introduced by the government. When we want fo find out who or what did something, the passive question form is: Who/What ... by? Who was the Eifel Tower bul by? What was the shop destroyed by? With verbs which take two objects such as bring, tell, send, show, teach, promise, buy, sell, read, offer, give, lend, etc., we can form ‘wo different passive sentences. active: Lou sent me a postcard. passive: { was sent a postcard by Lou. (more usual) A postcard was sent to me by Lou. (less usual) Inthe passive, the preposition that follows a verb ’s placed immeciately ater the verb active: They accused Tony of stealing the money. passive: Tony was accused of stealing the money. ‘The verbs hear, help, see and make are followed by the bare infinitive in the active lout by the to-infntive in the passive. active: They heard her call for help passive: She was heard to call for helo. But: hear, see, watch, + ing form (active and passive) They saw him swimming across the take, passive: He was seen swimming across the ‘ake. Let becomes be allowed to in the passive. active: He lets me drive his car. passive: | am allowed to drive his car. active: Personal/impersonal Construction ‘© The verbs think, believe, say, report, know, expect, consider, understand, etc, are used in the {following passive patterns in personal and impersonal constructions, active: People think he has inherited a fortune. passive: a) itis thought (that) he has inhented a fortune. b) He is thought to have inherited a fortune. active: They expect her to win first prize. passive: a) It is expected (that) she will win rst prize. 'b) She Is expected to win fist prize. constuction - Casas fun dave someting dane £% i‘The Passive - Personel Imaeisonal constuction - Causative form ‘have something done) us, The past participle has a passive meaning. Causative form (have something dene) We use have + object + past participle to say thet we have arranged for someone to do something for, ‘She had her kitchen redesigned by an interior designer. (She afin’ redesign it herself. The interior designer redesigned it for her.) © Questions and negations of the verb have are formed with do/does (present simple) or did (past simple). Does he have his suits cleaned every week? She didn't have her nails painted yesterday. '* We also use have something done to talk about an unpleasant experience somebody had. ‘Mary had her car broken into while she was shopping. (= Mary's car was broken into.) ‘© We can use the verb get instead of have in informal conversation. slim must get his phone fixed soon. Present Simple She cleans the curtains. Present Continuous She is cleaning the curtains. Past Simple She cleaned the curtains. Past Continuous She was cleaning the curtains. Future Simple ‘She will clean the curtains. Future Continuous She will be cleaning the curtains. Present Perfect She has cleaned the curtains Present Perfect She has been cleaning the curtains. Continuous Past Perfect ‘She had cleaned the curtains. Past Perfect ‘She had been cleaning the curtains. Continuous. Infinitive She must clean the curtains. -ing for {t's worth cleaning the curtains. ‘She has the cunains cleaned. ‘She Is having the curtains cleaned. She had the curtains cleaned. ‘She was having the curtains cleaned. ‘She will have the curtains cleaned. She will be having the curtains cleaned. ‘She has had the curtains cleaned, She has been having the curtains cleaned. She had had the curtains cleaned. ‘She had been having the curtains cleaned. ‘She must have the curtains cleaned. Is worth having the curtains cleaned. 2 The Passive . 1 Rewrite the sentences in the passive, where 7 possible. 8 1 Mary hasn't written the postcards yet. 9 2. Paul/ goss Bowiing with his ends on Fricays. 3 Te mechanic wi tepair our car'on Saturday." 4 Susan enjoys cooking oriental food " 5 Had Jack ordered the pizza? " 13 They saw a man running out of the bank. Thave a shower every moming, ‘um is making dinner at the moment. The Smiths will be cruising in the Caribbean next week. ‘The children walk to school every day. He didn' collect the dry cleaning yesterday ‘The shop won't deliver our furniture until This dress fits you portectiy. Monday.The Passive -Pesonal/inperonelcnsuctan - Gustine fr have someting doe) Hite 2 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive 1A: Ithink i's dangerous when cyclists don't wear helmets. B: I know. They (shoulditine) if they don't 2 A: Let's play basketball 8: | can’t. My teacher told us that our science PrOIECS ns _ (mustihand in) by Friday and haven't even started mine yet. :. Have you ordered your wedding invitations? I didn't have to. They .. .. (make) ‘by my cousin who is an artist. 4k: Where did you get that beautiful jumper? BE It sro (knit) by my grandmother years ago. : Your house is a mes: t. the cleaning lady. 6 A; Have the police found the person who broke into your shop? a> p> (clean) tomorrow by B: A young man ..nn (see) running down the street after the alarm went off but he {nottfind) yet. 7 A; You look very tired. What happens B: I went to bed late lastnight, My students’ tests (have to/correct) so | went to bed at 2 am. . (contracts /type) yet, Fiona? B: Yes, Mr Peters. They're on your desk. 9. A: The new public library «reno {elready/open) to the publ Yes, | heard. It sessnesne (OPM) by the mayor yesterday. 10 A: | have to buy a birthday present for my wife. B: Go to the jewellery shop on Lexington Avenue, The pieces of jewel tat (design) there 2 are unique. 10 1" 12 13 4 15 Fill in the blanks with by or with. ‘This sauce was made fresh tomatoes, Tommy was bitten .. during the night. ‘The old table was covered amosquito tablecloth. The hall was decorated ... pink and purple balloons, His suit was made ... his mother. Iwas frightened sooo @ Strange NOISE ‘coming from the attic. The beautiful poem was written my best friend This pie is Made... Spinach and cheese. Rewrite the sentences in the passive. Omit the agent where possible. They publish the news journal every month Clare faxed me the report this morning. People must protect the environment at all costs. ‘The police will have questioned all the suspects by tomorrow. Someone has turned the heating off. Who broke the window? Tinsist on David writing the report Picasso painted Guernica. Has Mr Hunter approved the apication yet? She made me tell hor the news, A tamous designer is going to make her wedding, dress. People Saw him steal the woman's 62g. ‘don't like people shouting at me My parents let me slay out late on Saturdays. The Minister of Education is making an announcement at the moment. 8eu Ihe ossve- Petsonanmesonn caisunin Cause arm shove someting con) 5. Putthe verbs in brackets into the correct passive or active tense, as in the example. Chocolate 1)... (be) @ food that 2) nennsnnnes (MAKE) trom cocoa beans. It can 3) va (@at) OF 4) (drink). The cocoa plant §) ... (first/grow) by the Mayas, Toltecs and Aztecs more than 3,000 years ago. They 6) (prepare) a drink from the beans and often 7) (use) the beans as currency instead of money. ColumbUS fist 8) ....nrneuen (take) the beans to Spain in 1502 and Hernan Cortés later 9) (introduce) the bitter cocoa-bean drink there, too. There, it 10) .. (sweeten) and 1) coon flavour) with cinnamon and vanilla and 12) (serve) hot. This drink 13) vs sssesseee (F@Main) a Spanish secret for almost a hundred years before it 14) .. vs (introduce) to France, In 1657, a Frenchman 15) (open) ‘a shop in London selling solid chocolate. Soon, more shops opened in other European capitals. During the 1700s, the English 16) . (improve) chocolate by adding milk. Sweet eating chocolate 17) vm (PFOduCe) for the first time in 1847 by the English frm Fry and Sons. 6 Rewrite in the passive. Last week, the Mayor of Croftside opened a new school, The new headmistress, Mrs Anderson, gave him a tour of the new building, Mrs Anderson showed him the large sports hall which the children will use for indoor sports. Then, a reporter from the local newspaper interviewed the mayor. A photographer took some photographs of him with Mrs Anderson in front of the new school. A car arrived at the school at 3pm and took the Mayor to his next appointment. 4 Personal/Impersonal construction 7 Rewrite the following sentences in the passive, 28 in the example. 1 They say she has moved to Europe. She is said fo have moved to Europe. Itis said that she has moved to Eurapa. 2 They expect him to run for mayor 3 They" think Mr Collins has left the cunt. 4 They report she is wiling to make a statement. 5 They believe he had been forced to lie. 6 They know she is a karate expert. Causative form (have something done) 8 Rewrite the sentence using have something done. 1 The hairdresser is cutting my hair on Tuesday. I'm having my hair cut by the hairdresser on Tuesday. 2. Did a professional make the cake for you? 3. Somebody stole my car last weekend. 4. An electrician fited the new lights tor Sandra 5 The woman had asked the waiter to bring the bill to the lable to fit the shower. 6 They employed a plum 7. Have you asked the secretary to fax the contract to Mr Oakwood? 8 Alan's mum washes all his clothes. 9 The mechanic at the garage serviced their car. 10. He fold the student to clean the blackboard" 2 10 10 10 The Passive -Personal/{mpersanal constuction - Caustive form (have something done) J Somebody washes my car once a month. Mr Norton told his assistant to write the report. Rewrite the following sentences using have something done, as in the example. My windows are cleaned twice a month. Ihave my windows cleaned twice a month. ‘The star's latest film has just been released. Their swimming pool will be drained. The carpets must be laid in our flat by Monday. ‘The brakes on my bioycle have been oiled. ‘Our desks are being painted at the moment. Her bookcase was delivered last week. ‘A new computer has been ordered for me. Annie's sculptures are going to be exhibited tomorrow. A skateboard was being made for Tim, Correct the mistakes, as in the example. .be. The new regulations will bea announced in September. Do they have their dogs walking every day? ‘She has the piano tune twice a year The letters are be posted first thing tomorrow morning, so When Mr Cobert arrived at the office, he realised his computer has been stolen. The photographs will already been developed It's worth having the car servicing. ene She is expects to win the November election. They are having their garage painted when | called. Your teeth is be checked every six months. EE tseoiinin | Key Word Tronsformation 10 a4 12 13 ‘Study the examples. The second sentence has a similar meaning to the first sentence. have to finish the book report by Friday. ished The book report has to be finished by Friday. Valentino designed the dress she is wearing, was The dress she is wearing was| designed by Valentino. People boliovo that he has committed the crime. is He is believed to have committed the crime. 1t is known that the fire was caused by faulty wiring. have The fire is known to have been| caused by faulty wiring. hate people telling me what to do. being —_ I hate being told what to do. People expect that prices will go up soon. ‘expected. It is expected that prices will go up| soon, ‘They made me give them the money. was | was made to give them the money. David's father doesn't let him borrow the car. allowed David is not allowed to borrow the! car. You mustn't smoke in the lounge. forbidden tis forbidden to smoke in the lounge We hired a plumber to fx the leaking pipe. fixed We had the leaking pipe fixed by a plumber, Someone stole his wallet yesterday had He had his wallet stolen yesterday. ‘The hairdresser cut my hair before the wedding, got got my hair cut before the wedding, ‘Our carpets were fitted yesterday. had We had our carpets fitted yosterday. "1 Complete each sentence with two to five words, Including the word in bold. Dickens wrote the book she is reading. was The book she is reading «unr seni Dickens, You mustn't eat in the library. forbidden It... in the library. 5£4 The Passive -etsonltmmesnnteousueion- Causative orm have someting done} 3 10 " 2 13 Itis known that the accident was caused by thick The accident is known «by thick fog. He made me pay for the damage. WAS V vrnnnnannnn for the damage They don't let us use this phone. allowed We oer nnsnun . this phone. T have to type the proposal by this evening typed The proposal by this evening. The tailor made my suit before the interviow. GON vmninnnnnn before the interview. | hate people interrupting me when I'm talking. BOING Le rcrnnnnnnnnansenn when Im talking We hires a gaener toy the garden tidied We se annnneaeae by @ gardener, People believe that they have made a deal. are They a deal ‘Someone stole his briefcase last week. had He... last week My coat is dry-cleaned twice a year have | sn twice & year. Poople expect thatthe factory wil close soon. expected Ii factory will cose soon. Phrasal Verbs be/get carried away: carry on with: carry out: beiget excited continue fulfil (a threat, promise, plan, etc.) carry sth through: complete (often in spite of ditticuttios) 56 2 1 Fillin the correct particle. They may carry don't do as they say. Thoy got so carried that they didn't realise the time Cary your work while | answer the telephone. He is determined to carry the project nse despite the problems involved. the threat if you with the game Prepositions ‘on 9th March (date) remind sb of sth search for sb/sth throw sth at sb/sth (in| order to hit) throw sth to sb (in| ‘order to catch) lin September (month) in the streets 13 Fill in the correct preposition. 1. We always eat lunch noon, 2. Mark reminds me my father. 3. First, combine the flour the beaten eggs. 4 He throw the ball. John, who caught it 5 | usually go to bed snoneewe ight © The sauce was a delicious combination chocolate and cream. 7 I's my birthday 27th July 8 He threw a ball. the coconut and won a prize. 9 The race takes place .. every year He is searching problem. They will compete ..... another college. The people celebrated by dancing ..... the streets, October solution to the " students from, 12 14 Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold, 1 He didn't fulfil his threat. carry He. his threat 2 The children got vory excited at the party got The children at the party. 3. I'm trying to find my gloves. | don’t know where they are. for tm | don't know where they are. 4. Ater the meeting, I continued correcting the essays. carried After the meeting, I... corracting the essays 5. They couldn't complete the mission —it was too dangerous. carry They couldn't. “twas too dangerous.The Passive -Pasonlinetsonlcoshucian - Cousin ere someting fone ey 15 Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold, ‘Word Formation 1. Our computers will be installed tomorrow. Nouns referring to people have We tomorrow. © verb + erjor/ar 2 He continued his work after the lunch break eg build - builder, act - actor, burgle - burglar with He von nniuisnsinmnnnnan Work | ® nouniverb/adjective + ist after the lunch break eg guitar - guitarist, type - typist, natural - naturalist 3 She paid a boy to shovel the snow off he drive. | © verb + anvent shovelled mea pate ‘eg assist - assistant, correspond - correspondent e drive By a Boy. © noun + an/ian one ed men the foot by winter eg Europe - European, music - musician by winter ‘© verb + ee (passive meaning) 5 Someone broke into their cottage last night. eg employ - employee had They - into last night. 17 Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets, 6 Renoir painted this picture was This picture _ Renoir. 7 hate people giving me orders. being 1 orders. 8 He made me write the composition again. was V comnnnnsn the composition again, 9 They consider him to be the best actor of the decade, considered HE so nrmmnewrnnn ss the best acior of the decade 40 People saw the two boys breaking the window. seen The two boys... the window. 1 We hired @ (paint) to paint the house i 2TH sree (republic) are expected tio Corection to win the elections ° BA crn (motor) was injured in an 46 Cross out the unnecessary word. accident this morning. 4. My grandfather was a (sail) 1. This parcel was being delivered this morning. when he was young. 2. Mr Jones he is expected to artive tomorrow. 5 The (magic) entertained the 3 The jewellery was disappeared from the safe last children at the party. night. 6 The two svnnewe (GORt@St) fought hard 4 The manager is said that to have decided to to win the competition, employ more staf 7 There are lots of (beg) in this 5. The man was seen to getting into a black car. part of the city. 6 The scientist is thought to have been invented a 8 He isn't qualified yet — he’s still a time machine. (train). 7. They made him to reveal the secret plans. 9 Thousands of (tour) visit this 8 Did you have had the house decorated by a monument every year. professional? Onna .-- (environmental) warn that 9 [had my sister to help me with the preparations Severat species are close to becoming extinct for the treasure hunt. 11 She's a (study) at the moment 10 We have been had new locks installed. and she works parttime. 57