INTRODUCTION

STOCK:

A stock is a certificate or security that signifies ownership in a company and represents a claim
to a part of that company's assets and earning

STOCK MARKET:

‘’Stock market is a place where people buy/sell shares of publicly listed companies.’’

It offers a platform to facilitate seamless exchange of shares. In simple terms, if A wants to sell
shares of Reliance Industries, the stock market will help him to meet the seller who is willing to
buy Reliance Industries. However, it is important to note that a person can trade in the stock
market only through a registered intermediary known as a stock broker. The buying and selling
of shares take place through electronic medium.

Stock markets are managed by stock exchanges, which accept submissions from public
companies to be listed for the public sale of their securities. In order to become listed, companies
must meet extensive qualifying thresholds, designed to safeguard traders and ensure a level of
standardization in shares across the market.

BUY AND SELL STOCKS:

Companies buy and sell stocks by:

 A direct stock plans

 A dividend reinvestment plan
 A discount or full-service broker
 A stock funds

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF STOCKS:

 Market fluctuations can cause anxiety for some investors.

 If a company fails, the investors lose money.
 If the company does well, the investors make money.
History

In 1531 The first institutions that resembled the stock market were in Belgium. It was referred to
as "Sans stock." Rather than buying or selling shares, brokers met here to deal in business,
government, and even individual debt issues

The official start of the stock market was in 1602 when The Dutch India Corporation issued the
first paper shares by which people could buy, sell and trade stocks with other shareholders and
investors

As the need for stock expanded, the demand for a marketplace to trade this stock became
essential. So, in 1773 the first stock exchange was found in London as "London Stock
Exchange."

In 1790 the Stock market was founded in the U.S.A. Twenty-four brokers signed a legal
agreement in New York, known as the "Buttonwood Agreement," below the buttonwood tree.

In 1863, the name "New York Stock and Exchange Board" was abbreviated to "New York Stock
Exchange," which stands for "NYSE," one of the world's best-known stock exchange brand had
been built.

The values for stocks started to fall in September, and early October of 1929.however, on
Monday business sector went into a free fall. Black Monday was trailed by Black Tuesday
(October 29), caused by overproduction. This stock market crash signaled the beginning of the
ten years great depression affecting most western industrialized countries

On February 4, 1971, one of the world's biggest stock exchanges was born: NASDAQ, the
"National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations. "it introduced the era of
electronic stock exchanges (trading online), but it failed to connect the buyers and sellers
actively.

In 1977, the Toronto Stock Exchange developed the world's first fully electronic trading system
known as the Computer Assisted Trading System (CATS). Several stock exchanges adopted this
technology in the 1980s.
In 1987, the biggest stock market crash, also known as "Black Monday," the stock index market
was overwhelmed with billions of dollars' sales within minutes, leading the stock markets to
crash. The Dow Jones Index lost about $500 billion or 22.6% of its value on October 19, 1987.

In September 2001, there was a terrorist attack in New York that affected the stock market
gravely. Most of the internet companies became bankrupt except for companies such as
Microsoft, Apple, etc.

Karachi Stock Exchange

Pakistan Stock Exchange Limited (PSX) (formerly: Karachi Stock Exchange) (KSE) was
established on September 18, 1947. It was incorporated on March 10, 1949. Only five companies
were initially listed with a total paid-up capital of 37 million rupees. The first index introduced in
KSE was based on fifty companies and was called KSE 50 index. Trading used to be carried out
on open out-cry system. Computerized trading system called Karachi Automated Trading System
(KATS) was introduced in 2002 with a capacity of 1.0 million trades per day and the ability to
provide connectivity to an unlimited number of users.

LAHORE STOCK EXCHANGE

In October 1970, under the Securities and Exchange Ordinance of 1969 by the Government of
Pakistan, a second stock exchange was established in Lahore in response to the needs of the
provincial metropolis of the province of Punjab. It initially had 83 members and was housed in a
rented building in the crowded Bank Square area of Lahore. The LSE was the first stock
exchange in Pakistan to use the internet.

ISLAMABAD STOCK EXCHANGE

Yet another stock exchange known as Islamabad Stock Exchange was established in Islamabad,
the capital city of Pakistan on October 25, 1989 with the main object of setting up of a trading
and settlement infrastructure, information system, skilled resources, accessibility and a fair and
orderly market place that ranks with the best in the world and to cater to the needs of less
developed areas of the northern part of Pakistan. It was licensed as a stock exchange on January
7, 1992.
 First week Reading

3 November 2020
Price of Number of Total
Company Sector Percentage
share shares investment
HBL Commercial Bank 130.99 45 5850 28.95838902
Attock Petroleum 319.62 20 6392.4 31.64335145
Jubilee Insurance 45 50 2250 11.13784193
Fauji
Fertilizer Fertilizers 104.88 50 5244 25.95859693
Technology and
PTC Communication 9.3 50 465 2.301820666
        20201.4  

Reading 1

Fauji PTC; 2.3

Fertilizer HBL;
; 25.96 28.96

Jubilee;
11.14
Attock;
31.64
 HBL

Introduction to company

HBL is Pakistan’s largest bank, was the first commercial bank to be established in
Pakistan in 1947.  HBL is shaping the future through a paradigm shift as a ‘Technology
Company with a Banking License’. The Bank’s multiple digital channels are helping it get closer
to its customers through innovative and frictionless ways. The Aga Khan Fund for Economic
Development (AKFED), S.A. is the parent company of the Bank and its registered office is in
Geneva, Switzerland.

Reason for investing in this sector

 I decided to invest in a bank because by investing in it we receive interest which
maximizes our return. and also, it is almost completely risk free. As HBL is a first commercial
bank established in Pakistan and doing great in previous years as well or there is little or no
chance of its bankruptcy

HBL
131.1

131

130.9

130.8
Price

130.7

130.6

130.5

130.4
3rd-Nov-20 5-Nov-20 10-Nov-20 12-Nov-20

Date

Reason for buying and Selling

I bought it with the intention of profit but when I saw its price did not increase I slod with
fear of further loss

Attock Petroleum Limited

Introduction to Company
Attock Petroleum Limited (APL) is the 4th Oil Marketing Company in Pakistan to be granted a
marketing license and commenced operations in February 1998.
Jointly sponsored by the Pharaon Investment Group Limited Holding s.a.l. (PIGL) and Attock
Oil Group of Companies (AOC); PIGL has diversified global interests in upstream and
downstream petroleum sector, chemicals, cement and real estate sectors. APL is the only oil
marketing company in Pakistan belonging to a fully vertically integrated group covering all
aspects of the Oil and Gas sector of Pakistan; from exploration, production and refining to
marketing of a wide range of petroleum products.
Though a relatively new entrant in the field of oil marketing, APL has managed to establish its
presence and reputation as a progressive and dynamic organization, focused on providing quality
petroleum products and services in Pakistan and abroad. Our steadily and substantially growing
market share and customer confidence are a testimony to our successful policies, proactive
endeavors and visionary outlook.
Reason for investing
All over the world, oil is known as the more crucial source of energy. Oil prices are known as the
biggest need of every country, and because of this reason prices bring an effect on the
performance of the country. Now a days, the prices of oil are as important as gold prices. The
world’s largest commodity market is known as the crude market. Different scholars proved that
crude oil impacts the economy of the countries. Oil prices have also impacted the consumption
and production of the commodity 

Trend Chart
 Attock
350

300

250

200
Price

150

100

50

0
3rd-Nov-20 5-Nov-20 10-Nov-20 12-Nov-20 17-Nov-20 19-Nov-20 24-Nov-20 26-Nov-20

Date

Reason for buying and Selling

I bought because of good will of company and obviously with the view of profit

But it price showed fluctuation and it did not give me much profit as I thought

I sold it at the end of investment to find how much I have earned

 Jubilee Life Insurance

Introduction to Company

Jubilee Life Insurance Company Limited (the Company) was incorporated in Pakistan on June
29, 1995 as a Public Limited Company under the Companies Ordinance, 1984. Its shares are
quoted on the Pakistan Stock Exchange Limited. The Company started its business on June 20,
1996. The addresses of its Registered and Principal office are 26-D, 3rd floor, Kashmir Plaza,
Jinnah Avenue, Blue Area, Islamabad and Jubilee Life Insurance Building, 74/1-A, Lalazar, M.
T. Khan Road, Karachi respectively.

The Company is engaged in life insurance, carrying on non-participating business. In accordance

with the requirements of the Insurance Ordinance, 2000, the Company has established a
Shareholders’ fund and following statutory funds in respect of each class of its life insurance
business:

 Individual Life Unit Linked

 Conventional Business

 Accident and Health

 Overseas Group Life and Health Business

 Window Takaful Operations

Reason for investing

Health insurance changes frequently to match market demand and to keep up with politics. With
these changes usually comes growth, both in existing and new companies. Insurance companies
encompass an entire network of premiums, attorneys, policies, and coverage. There are life
insurers, auto insurers, reinsurers, property and casual insurers, renter’s insurers, etc. There are
countless opportunities to diversify portfolios within this industry. Each prospect is unique with
pros and cons. Evaluating several different types of insurance before investing is important for
being profitable. Insurance companies are designed for a profitable output. They have millions of
customers paying them between a few hundred to several thousand dollars every year. Small
claims are often made, but large claims are few and far between. Each claim increases insurance
premiums, which is very good for both the company and the investors. With each policy and
risein premiums, both parties see higher profits. The one thing you always want to watch out for
when making a large investment is the risk.

Trend Chart

Jubilee Life Insurance

46.5

46

45.5

45
Price

44.5

44

43.5

43
27th-Oct-20 29-Oct-20 3-Nov-20 5-Nov-20 10-Nov-20

Date

Reason for Buying and Selling

As I saw before investment its price increased so I bought it when during investment duration its
price decreased, I sold it because I thought that will not give me further profit so I sold and
bought another one.
 Fauji Fertilizers

Introduction to Company

With a vision to acquire self – sufficiency in fertilizer production in the country, FFC was
incorporated in 1978 as a private limited company. This was a joint venture between Fauji
Foundation (a leading charitable trust in Pakistan) and Haldor Topsoe A/S of Denmark. The
initial share capital of the company was 813.9 Million Rupees. The present share capital of the
company stands above Rs. 8.48 Billion. Additionally, FFC has more than Rs. 8.3 Billion as long-
term investments which include stakes in the subsidiaries FFBL, FFCEL and associate FCCL.
FFC commenced commercial production of urea in 1982 with annual capacity of 570,000 metric
tons. Through De-Bottle Necking (DBN) program, the production capacity of the existing plant
increased to 695,000 metric tons per year. Production capacity was enhanced by establishing a
second plant in 1993 with annual capacity of 635,000 metric tons of urea.

Reason for investing

Being primarily an agrarian state, Pakistan's growth is heavily dependent on the fertilizer
industry. According to reports, Pakistan's fertilizer demand has always remained higher than its
supply. However, with the advancement of technology and increased number of players in the
industry, production capacity has increased to over 6 million tons per year, which has
consistently been surpassing the national demand over the last few years. Furthermore, the
consumption of fertilizer has increased manifold due to heightened awareness among farmers
that its usage in good quantity is fruitful for higher yields and a significant increase in their
income as the commodity is provided them on subsidized rates.
Trend Chart

Fauji Fertilizer

111

109

107
Price

105

103

101
3rd-Nov- 5-Nov- 10-Nov- 12-Nov- 17-Nov- 19-Nov- 24-Nov- 26-Nov-
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Date

Reason for buying and Selling

I bought it due to intention of profit and sold it at the end of investment just to find the total gain
yield
 PTC

Introduction to Company

Pakistan Telecommunication Company is the largest integrated Information Communication

Technology (ICT) company of Pakistan. With a humble start from a telephone and telegraph
department in 1947, it has evolved to offer latest digital and telecommunication technologies
today. With the largest fixed line network of the country, PTCL offers products and services like
high-speed Broadband internet, CharJi wireless internet, Smart TV (IPTV) service, over-the-top
(OTT) applications like Smart Link App, Smart TV App and Touch App, and world class digital
content like Netflix, iflix and icflix. PTCL’s enterprise grade platforms like Smart Cloud, Tier-3
Certified Data Centers, Managed Services and Satellite Services are meeting the connectivity
needs of organizations and enabling businesses to operate more efficiently. It acts as the
communication backbone for the country with largest fiber cable network that spans from
Khyber to Karachi and submarine cables connecting Pakistan to the world.

Reason for investing

Technological innovation is progressing faster than ever and technology itself is becoming more
integral to the private and public spheres. In terms of running a successful business, you’ll need
to be aware of developments within all areas of tech; from artificial intelligence and the ‘internet
of things’ to 3D printing, renewable energy, and remote working potential. If your company isn’t
up to speed on the latest developments in these areas, you risk falling behind the pack. The all-
encompassing integration of the internet into quotidian life, enhanced connectivity across the
world and increased smartphone usage have completely altered the way we live, work and play.
A 2018 report from GSMA (the trade body representing interests of mobile operators worldwide)
revealed that while in 2016 mobile technologies and services generated 5.2% of gross domestic
product (GDP) in Asia Pacific ($1.3 trillion of economic value), by 2020, this will have
increased to $1.6 trillion, or 5.4% of GDP in the region.

Trend Chart
 PTC
10
9
8
7
6
Price

5
4
3
2
1
0
3rd-Nov-20 5-Nov-20 10-Nov-20 12-Nov-20 17-Nov-20 19-Nov-20 24-Nov-20

Date

Reason for buying and Selling

I bought it because of profit but it gave me loss till the end of my investment. When I faced loss,
I sold these shares immediately. And bought another one these shares were not suitable for me
although I bought it for earning profit but its price decreased inn every reading gave me loss too
 Reading Number 2 of first week

Reading 2
5-Nov-20
Price of Number of Total
Company Sector Percentage
share shares investment
28.9541387
HBL Commercial Bank 130.8 45 5886 3
31.4245377
Attock Petroleum 319.41 20 6388.2 2
11.3140535
Jubilee Insurance 46 50 2300 3
Fauji 25.9903486
Fertilizer Fertilizers 105.67 50 5283.5 2
Technology and 2.31692139
PTC Communication 9.42 50 471 7
        20328.7  

Reading 2

2.32

25.99 28.95

11.31

31.42

HBL Attock Jubilee Fauji Fertilizer PTC

 3rd Reading

Reading 3
10-Nov-20
Price of Number of Total
Company Sector Percentage
share shares investment
28.6764060
HBL Commercial Bank 130.6 45 5877 1
32.1222589
Attock Petroleum 329.16 20 6583.2 8
Adamjee 11.3885879
Insurance Insurance 38.9 60 2334 9
25.5730889
Fauji Fertilizer Fertilizers 104.82 50 5241 7
Technology and
PTC Communication 9.18 50 459 2.23965805
        20494.2  
 Reading 3

PTC
2%
Fauji HBL
Fertilizer 29%
26%
Adamjee
Insurance
11%
Attock
32%

HBL Attock Adamjee Insurance

Fauji Fertilizer PTC

Selling Jubilee Insurance Shares

Number of shares 50 price of Shares 45 2250
Buying Adamjee Insurance Shares
Number of shares 60 price of Shares 38.9 2334
 Adamjee Insurance Company Limited:

Introduction to Company

Adamjee Insurance Company Limited (AICL) is the largest general insurance company in
Pakistan, incorporated as a Public Limited Company on 28 September 1960 and is listed on
Pakistan Stock Exchange Limited. AICL has a unique advantage of having regional presence in
United Arab Emirates (UAE) and maintains its standing through an unwavering commitment to
its corporate philosophy. AICL’s competitive advantage is achieved by having the largest paid-
up capital and reserves, and a well-diversified business portfolio.

Reason of investing

I decided to invest a small amount in an insurance company as insurance company is the

indicator of economy stability and grows at a quick rate. also, investors can make profit in the
long-term investment option because insurance companies insure themselves against disasters. in
short insurance companies are risk aware companies.

Trend Chart

Adamjee Insurance
48

46

44

42
Price

40

38

36

34
10th-Nov-20 12-Nov-20 17-Nov-20 19-Nov-20 24-Nov-20 26-Nov-20

Date
Reason for Buying and Selling

I bought by selling Jubilee because Jubilee’s Shares did not give me as much profit as Shares of
Adamjee gave me but I sold it at the end of the period of investment because to find out how
much I have earned at that point through out the whole investment it gave me profit
 4th Reading

Reading 4
12-Nov-20
Price of Number of Total
Company Sector Percentage
share shares investment
Engro Fertilizer
Limited Fertilizers 66.95 90 5985 28.687012
30.8468060
Attock Petroleum 321.78 20 6435.6 8
13.2290982
Adamjee Insurance Insurance 46 60 2760 6
25.1017346
Fauji Fertilizer Fertilizers 104.74 50 5237 4
Technology and 2.13534901
PTC Communication 8.91 50 445.5 3
        20863.1  

Reading 4

2%

Engro Fertilizer Limited 25% 29%

Attock
Adamjee Insurance
Fauji Fertilizer
PTC

13%

31%
 Selling HBL Shares
Number of shares 45 price of Shares 130.6 5877
Buying Engro Fertilizer limited Shares
Number of shares 90 price of Shares 66.95 5985
 Engro fertilizers limited

Introduction to Company

Engro Fertilizers Limited is a subsidiary of Engro Corporation and a renowned name in

Pakistan’s fertilizer industry. It is traded on the stock market under the symbol ‘EFERT. Engro
holds a vast, nationwide production and marketing infrastructure and produces leading fertilizer
brands optimized for local cultivation needs and demand. The principal activity of the Holding
Company is manufacturing, purchasing and marketing of fertilizers.

Reason for investing

The worth of investing the amount depends on the economy and the performance of the
company. Buying stock signifies ownership in a corporation and represents a claim on the part of
the corporation earnings and assets. moreover, it is declared that in June 2020 the urea sale
increased 81% as compared to last year and it is expected that in future financial conditions of all
the companies of fertilizer sector will be improved and because of this investor’s confidence to
invest in fertilizer sector increases. So, it is beneficial for us to invest in Engro fertilizers ltd

Trend Chart

Engro Fertilizer
68
67
66
65
64
Price

63
62
61
60
59
58
12th-Nov-20 17-Nov-20 19-Nov 24-Nov 26-Nov-20

Date
 Reason for Buying and Selling

I bought it because of good will of company but I sold it at the end of investment but
throughout the whole investment it gave me loss
 5th Reading

Reading 5
17-Nov-20
Price of Number of Total
Company Sector Percentage
share shares investment
Engro Fertilizer 28.9270178
Limited Fertilizers 66.96 90 5985 8
30.6234896
Attock Petroleum 316.8 20 6336 1
Adamjee
Insurance Insurance 45 60 2700 13.0497825
25.2295795
Fauji Fertilizer Fertilizers 104.4 50 5220 1
Technology and 2.17013049
PTC Communication 8.98 50 449 8
        20690  

Reading 5
2%

25% 29%
Engro Fertilizer Limited
Attock
Adamjee Insurance
Fauji Fertilizer
PTC

13%

31%

6th Reading
 Reading 6
19-Nov-20
Price of Number of Total
Company Sector Percentage
share shares investment
Engro Fertilizer
Limited Fertilizers 66.7 90 5985 28.83434105
Attock Petroleum 321 20 6420 30.9300701
Adamjee Insurance Insurance 45 60 2700 13.00797341
Fauji Fertilizer Fertilizers 104.26 50 5213 25.11502421
Technology and
PTC Communication 8.77 50 438.5 2.112591236
        20756.5  

reading 6
2%

Engro Fertilizer Limited 25% 29%

Attock
Adamjee Insurance
Fauji Fertilizer
PTC

13%

31%

7th Reading

Reading 7
24-Nov-20
Company Sector Price of share Number of shares Total investment Percentage
Engro Fertilizer Limited Fertilizers 61.85 90 5566.5 27.55965937
Attock Petroleum 317 20 6340 31.38924646
Adamjee Insurance Insurance 44 60 2640 13.07060105
Fauji Fertilizer Fertilizers 104.26 50 5213 25.80948609
Pakistan Tobacco Company Tobacco 8.77 50 438.5 2.17100703
        20198  

reading 7
2%

28%
26%
Engro Fertilizer Limited
Attock
Adamjee Insurance
Fauji Fertilizer
Pakistan Tobacco Company

13%

31%

Selling PTC Shares

Number of shares 50 price of Shares 7.77 388.5
Buying Pakistan Tobacco Company Shares
Number of shares price of Shares 8.77 438.5
Pakistan Tobacco Company Limited:

Introduction to Company

Pakistan Tobacco Company Limited was incorporated in 1947 immediately after partition, when
it took over the business of the Imperial Tobacco Company of India which had been operational
in the subcontinent since 1905. It is engaged in manufacturing and sale of cigarettes.

Reason of investing

Investing in a tobacco company is very risky but higher the risk higher the return will be also the
tobacco companies gained investor intentions by giving reliable profit and dividends. as PTC is
the part of growing industry and also the meeting held on October 23,2020 declared the dividend
of Rs.20 per share paid to the shareholders so there is the possibility of improving its financial
conditions in the next years.

Trend Chart

Pakistan Tobacoo
12

10

8
Price

0
17th-Nov-20 19-Nov-20 24-Nov-20 26-Nov-20

Date

Reason for Buying and Selling

I bought it because trend chart showed that it price was increasing and I sold it because I have to
find how much I have earned.
 8th Reading

Reading 8
26-Nov-20
Price of Number of Total
Company Sector Percentage
share shares investment
Fertilizer 26.5753847
Engro Fertilizer Limited s 61.16 90 5504.4 9
Petroleu 31.4787277
Attock m 326 20 6520 2
12.8908286
Adamjee Insurance Insurance 44.5 60 2670 8
Fertilizer 26.6169058
Fauji Fertilizer s 110.26 50 5513 1
Pakistan Tobacco
Company Tobacco 10.1 50 505 2.43815299
        20712.4  

reading 8
2%

27%
Engro Fertilizer Limited 27%
Attock
Adamjee Insurance
Fauji Fertilizer
Pakistan Tobacco Company

13%

31%
 Starting Balance of Investment 20201.4
Closing Balance 20712.4

Overall Capital Gain Yield

0.025295277
PERCENTAGE 2.529527656

What I learned from this project

Although this project increased my analytical skill but also enable me how to take decision
regarding investment sectors. And it also increased the skill of team and time management.
Important thing that I have learnt is that now I am able how to think any situation my different
point of views in different situations.
 Conclusion (Date Wise)

Reading 1
 Initial Investment 20201.4

Reading 2

 Worth of investment 20328.7

Reading 3
 Worth of Investment 20494.2

Reading 4
 Worth of investment 20863.1

Reading 5
 Worth of investment 20690

Reading 6
 Worth of investment 20756.5

Reading 7
 Worth of investment 20198

Reading 8
 Worth of investment 20712.4
Bibliography

https://www.hbl.com/

https://www.apl.com.pk/

https://www.jubileelife.com/

https://www.ffc.com.pk/

https://www.adamjeeinsurance.com/

https://www.engrofertilizers.com/