ARTICLE IN PRESS

Ocean Engineering 37 (2010) 454–463

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Ocean Engineering
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/oceaneng

Lake Sihwa tidal power plant project

Young Ho Bae a, Kyeong Ok Kim b, Byung Ho Choi c,
a
Daewoo E&C Co., Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Plant Project, Ansan 425-330, Republic of Korea
b
Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, 1270 Sadong, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea
c
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Chunchun-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea

a r t i c l e in f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A Tidal Power Plant (TPP) is being constructed in the middle section of the existing Lake Sihwa dike
Received 1 July 2009 located near the southern Incheon Port in Korea. The project, which will be completed in 2010, is to
Accepted 24 January 2010 harness the largest tidal energy in the Kyeonggi Bay in the eastern Yellow Sea. While noting the current
Available online 1 February 2010
progress in terms of plant construction, this paper outlines the overall project in the tidal regime and
Keywords: uses predictive local flow modeling. The results of two-dimensional finite element method simulations
Tidal power plant that predict the real-time tidal characteristics during the construction and after the completion of the
Sihwa Lake tidal power plant are presented, including a method to estimate the electricity output from the plant in
Tidal modeling the future.
& 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction seawater exchange. The Korea Water Resources Corporation

Lake Sihwa is located in the mid-western region of the Korean
Peninsula in the Kyeonggi Bay where the coastline is irregular,
hosting numerous smaller bays and inlets of varying sizes and the
highest tides in the Yellow Sea. There are numerous possible
sites for building tidal power barrages to create reservoirs. During
the 1930s, an intensive study on the feasibility of a tidal
power plant in southern Kanghwado was first performed by the
Chosun Governer’s Office (1930). In 1978, KORDI and Shawinigan
Engineers performed extensive evaluations of the tidal power
potential in this area to prioritize sites for development by the
Korea Electric Company (1978). The most potential site was in the
Asan Bay, where a port is currently being constructed. Instead,
Garolim Bay was designated as the tidal development site (KEPCO,
1993), and Lake Sihwa was created by constructing a dike in 1994
in order to secure agricultural and irrigation water for the region
and to develop industrial/agricultural lands near the metropolitan
area. Along with the new 56.5 km2 freshwater lake, which is now
one of the largest tidal lakes in Korea, a total of 173 km2 of
reclaimed land was also created.
After the embankment was constructed, which was originally
designed to be a freshwater reservoir, severe water contamination
occurred, resulting from an excessive inflow of polluted waste
waters, mainly from an Ansan industrial complex. In order to
improve the water quality of the basin, the decision was to
abandon the original freshwater reservoir scheme and allow
 Corresponding author. Tel.: + 82 31 290 7534; fax: + 82 31 290 7549.
E-mail addresses: bhchoi@skku.ac.kr, bhchoi.skku@gmail.com (B.H. Choi).
(KOWACO, renamed as Kwater) has carried out a study on the
feasibility of the Sihwa tidal projects involving preliminary and
execution designs. Fig. 1 shows the location of the Lake Sihwa
Tidal Power Plant (TPP) construction site, indicating the mean
spring tide of 7.8 m. Choi (1980) analyzed the tide at Incheon with
an extended harmonic analysis method. Thus, while one main
purpose of this project is to improve the water quality of Lake
Sihwa by seawater exchange, another main purpose is to provide
an alternative, clean energy source (tidal energy) using a
conventional tidal power generation method (Bernstein, 1965;
Bernstein et al., 1997) where an estuary is barraged with a dam, a
technique first suggested by Struben (1921). The volume of Lake
Sihwa is 323,769,000 m3 below EL.(+)0.0 m, and the surface area
is 42,441,000 m2. The possible capacity for power generation with
a one-way flood generation scheme is 147,040,000 m3 between
EL.( )5.0 m and EL.( )1.0 m.
The tidal power plant, with a total project cost of approxi-
mately USD 355 million, will be the first of its kind in South Korea
and the largest in the world since the construction of French La
Rance tidal power plant in 1965 (Gibrat, 1966). The project will
consist of a powerhouse containing 10 ‘bulb-type’ turbines with
direct driven generators, gates and other equipment (Fig. 2). The
installed capacity of the turbines and generators is 254 MW
(25.4 MW  10 bulb-type units with runner diameters of 7.5 m at
64.29 rpm). The structure of the turbine and generator is
monolithic with an open roof that utilizes natural light and
ventilation. Eight units of culvert (B 15.3 m  H 12.0 m) are
installed in the sluice gate. Dry work is provided by installing
stoplog on the front and back sides of the flood gate. The annual
energy output is expected to be about 552.7 GWh, given the

0029-8018/$ - see front matter & 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2010.01.015
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Y.H. Bae et al. / Ocean Engineering 37 (2010) 454–463 455

Fig. 1. Location of the Lake Sihwa tidal power plant construction site with tidal datum planes.

61.10

Gantry Crane (1,500kN)

Gantry Crane (500kN)

EL(+)8.00
EL(+)8.00
H.H.W
EL(+)5.366
O/H Crane (500kN) EL(+)2.00
13.00

Controlled
M.S.L
EL(-)1.20 Water Level
7.00
EL(-)0.024
EL(-)1.00
29.00

L.L.W EL(-)5.00
EL(-)5.645
8.00

21.90
14.90

EL(-)13.00
8.00

EL(-)19.90
EL(-)21.00
1.40

EL(-)23.30
5.50

EL(-)26.50

43.30
1.00

EL(+)18.00
10.00

Gantry Crane (500kN)

9.00

EL(+)8.00
EL(+)8.00
H.H.W
EL(+)5.366
12.00

EL(+)2.00
Controlled
M.S.L
Water Level
6.00

EL(-)0.024
24.00

EL(-)1.00
EL(-)4.00 EL(-)4.00
L.L.W
EL(-)5.645
21.00
12.00

12.00

EL(-)16.00
3.00
3.00

EL(-)19.00

Fig. 2. Schematic of the turbo-generator and sluice gate.

selected mode of power generation and maintaining a water level
below EL.(  )1.0 m in Lake Sihwa. The power plant is designed for
single effect flood generation that can be operated in one
direction, from the sea to the lake, allowing up to 60 billion
tons of seawater to be circulated annually.
Kwater is the governmental water authority of the Republic of
Korea and acts as the project developer and owner. Daewoo E&C,
leading the Korean joint venture with other construction
contractors, is the project’s main contractor. VA Tech Hydro,
Austria will carry out the detailed design for the turbine/
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456 Y.H. Bae et al. / Ocean Engineering 37 (2010) 454–463

generator equipment, serving as the technology provider, while
also providing supplies and services for electro-mechanical
elements of the plant.
Since local industrial facilities take processed water from the
lake and release wastewater into it, the Lake Sihwa zone has
repeatedly been the subject of discussions during the past few
years. Regularly flushing the Sihwa Lake with seawater using a
tidal power plant was finally identified as an acceptable remedy.
It is expected that the project will be completed by 2010, and
the Lake Sihwa tidal power plant will open up a new chapter in

Tourist Area TBN & GEN 10 Units Connecting Structure Sluice Gate 8 Units Green Zone

Fig. 3. A perspective view of the plant after completion.

Fig. 4. Work procedure of the major construction stage (1) before construction, (2) silt protection, (3) cofferdam and diversion roads construction, (4) dewatering, (5)
excavation for drywork, (6) Gantry Crane for temporary wharf*, (7) transport of turbo-generator*, (8) installation of turbo-generator, (9) construction of road over sluice
gates, (10) detachment of diversion roads, (11) removal of cellular cofferdam, (12) operational test of turbo-generator. (*This original plan was changed to use special
carrier to transport machineries between erection bay and crane sites.)
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
Y.H. Bae et al. / Ocean Engineering 37 (2010) 454–463
alternative energy development as South Korea plans to sig-
nificantly increase spending on alternative energy sources in the
forthcoming years. It has been claimed that the project will help
restore the Lake Sihwa ecosystem and water quality through the
continuing seawater exchange during plant operation. However, it
is well known that flood generation schemes, which are usually
adopted to secure land within the lake for development, have the
disadvantage that the useable volume of water between the low
tide and mid tide in the lake is much less than that created by an
ebb generation scheme that utilizes the volume of water available
between mid tide and high tide. Furthermore, a large portion of
the intertidal areas are permanently exposed with flood genera-
tion schemes, resulting in a rapid change from marine ecosystem
to a freshwater ecosystem, contrary to the claims that a marine
ecosystem can be preserved (Baker, 1991). Meanwhile, Prandle
(1984) has shown that a two-way mode can be operated at a more
constant head where the flushing regime in the enclosed tidal
basin remains closer to the undisturbed state, but this aspect
cannot be exploited due to practical engineering realities. A
perspective view of the Lake Sihwa tidal power plant after its
completion is shown in Fig. 3. The TPP consists of a (1) turbine and
generator, (2) sluice gate, (3) connecting structure, (4) wing wall,
(5) road, (6) tourist site, (7) administration facilities and (8)
erection bay and central control room.
Along with technical studies on tidal power plants on the
western Korean coast, several numerical tidal models have been
developed for the entire Yellow Sea and East China Sea
Fig. 5. Photograph showing the construction progress of Sihwa tidal power plant.
457
continental shelf since the 1980s (Choi, 1981) to study how large
coastal dikes could change the tidal patterns. These studies have
shown that the changes to the Kyeonggi Bay will be limited in
scope. This paper gives a general description of the project and
construction through August 2009.
2. Construction of the tidal power plant
The construction of a Tidal Power Plant (TPP) requires
temporary circular cell cofferdams to enable dry work. The TPP
construction on Lake Sihwa is similar to the conventional La
Rance project except that there is no precast concrete caisson
structure. The Lake Sihwa cofferdams were built without
supporting rangers, and their stability is provided solely by the
cell filling. While the standard length of a circular cell cofferdam is
28 m, the required length is up to 31.5 m for the Sihwa project due
to the water depth and ground conditions. The circular cell
cofferdam at Sihwa consists of 29 primary cells and 28 spandrel
walls; welded distribution piles connect the primary cells and
spandrel walls. The construction of a circular cell was performed
offshore with the aid of a control desk. The flat sections were
lifted by crane from a pontoon and driven to the required depth at
the site with the aid of vibrating hammer. Fig. 4 shows the major
stages of the construction project.
First, the silt protection, cellular cofferdam and diversion
roads were constructed. Then dewatering and excavation were
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
458 Y.H. Bae et al. / Ocean Engineering 37 (2010) 454–463

performed for dry work, and the main concrete structures for
power plants and sluices were constructed. Then the turbo-
generators and sluice gates were installed after unloading from a
temporary wharf to the erection bay. These machines were then
transported by a special carrier to a gantry crane and a hydraulic
crane. This construction schedule was necessary considering the
non-
uniform settlement of the railway foundation and to ensure that
the gantry crane would be installed by July 2009. After a new road
is constructed over the sluice gates, the diversion roads will be
detached. Then the cellular cofferdam will be removed, and the
turbo-generators will be tested for normal TPP operation.
The construction of the circular cell cofferdam has been
completed. Immediately after dewatering and excavation in
October 2007, concrete structures have also been constructed to
house the turbines and gates inside the cofferdam. Fig. 5 shows the
photographs of the construction through December 2008. It is
expected that the Sihwa project will be completed in 2010. The
cofferdam will be maintained during the next two years or so, and
the real-time tide prediction for the localized TPP construction site
will be able to predict the electricity that can be generated and the
tidal level at the outside and inside of the dike wall.
and topographical features. Rather than refining a dynamic grid
nesting technique that retains the finite difference scheme, we
decided to adopt a finite element technique that provides more
flexibility and allows a regular coastline and bathymetry to be
fitted with elements of an arbitrary size, shape and orientation
(in particular, barrier positioning). Fig. 6 shows the mesh used for
the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea continental shelf (YS)
model.
Earlier works (Choi, 1981) have shown that the proposed tidal
barrage schemes can impose a significant effect on the local tides
of Kyeonggi Bay, but these changes are limited to the Kyeonggi
Bay and do not extend seawards. Notably, the barrage at Asan Bay
may disturb the quarter-wavelength resonating system, thus
reducing the tidal amplitudes. A previous study (Choi, 1981) has
38°00’N

3. Hydro-regime update and forecast SIHWA BARRAGE

37°30’N
3.1. Numerical model

Investigations on the tides in the East Asian Seas started during

the late 1970s with the formulation of a two-dimensional model
for basic studies of tidal propagation in the Yellow Sea and the
East China Sea continental shelf (Choi, 1981). These works were
followed by a series of studies aimed at predicting tidal changes 37°00’N
due to tidal barriers for potential tidal power exploitation, land
reclamation and port development, using a combination of the
Yellow Sea model and estuarine tidal models. This study employs
a modeling technique that converts the model equations into
discrete form and performs the calculations over spatially
unstructured meshes. This has been established as a main 126° 00’E 126° 30’E 127° 00’E
component of the regional ocean tide simulator, providing a
more accurate representation of the coastlines, coastal structures Fig. 7. Amplitude of disturbance waves due to the barrages.

Fig. 6. Mesh of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea continental shelf (YS) model.
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
Y.H. Bae et al. / Ocean Engineering 37 (2010) 454–463 459

shown that if the barrage is in a dead or impermeable mode, there
will be only slight changes to the tides compared with the
barrage’s operational (permeable) mode.
Since the Sihwa barrages are located on the fringe of the path
of major tidal propagation into the Bay, their effect on the tide is
INCHEON
Predicted
4 Calculated
2 response of non-periodic forces (e.g., wind) in addition to tides,
M.S.L (m)
negligible. Fig. 7 shows that a disturbance wave produced at the
barrage would travel seawards and lose amplitude at the open
circular boundary of the Kyeonggi Bay entrance.
A localized compact model was then developed to investigate
the behavior of water levels and currents given the power
generation scheme and its mode of daily operation; the model
incorporates the open boundary at the Kyeonggi Bay entrance.
With this simulator design, detailed meshes of the coastal and
estuarine regions can be resolved, and the computations can be
managed with parallel structures. Using a time-stepping approach
(Luettich et al., 1992), the method can accommodate the transient

unlike the harmonic approach. The external mode equations were

0 initiated using parametric relationships for the bottom friction and
momentum dispersion. The key features of the external mode
-2 solution include a generalized wave-continuity equation (Lynch
and Gray, 1979; Kinnmark, 1985) and finite element discretization.
-4 The model used 21 tidal prediction components (M2, S2, K1, O1,
N2, K2, P1, Q1, M1, J1, OO1, 2N2, MU2, NU2, L2, T2, Mf, Msf, Mm, Ssa
5 Feb 10 Feb 15 Feb 20 Feb 25 Feb and Sa) at the open boundary to simulate the tides in detail and in
2009 real time, while using a modified internal boundary at the turbine
and gates. This modified internal boundary allowed the water to
Fig. 8. Comparison of measured and simulated water levels at the Incheon Port. flow from one side of the internal boundary to the other, where

Sea water level

Basin water level a b c

Sea water level

T urbine: close
Gate: close
M.S.L.

Minimum Net T urbine: open

Head: 2m Gate: open MSL(-)1.00m
T urbine: open
Gate: close

Optimum
Basin water level
Net Head

T urbine: close
Gate: close

Stand Stand
by by
Generate Drain

Fig. 9. Three types of tidal power generation: (a) single effect operation (ebb), (b) single effect operation (flood) and (c) double effect operation. Also, a detailed diagram of
a single effect operation (flood) for the Sihwa TPP.
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460 Y.H. Bae et al. / Ocean Engineering 37 (2010) 454–463

the flow depends on a characteristic formula that accounts for
variations in the current. Fig. 8 gives a comparison of the
measured and simulated water levels at the Inchon Port.
3.2. Methodology of tidal power generation
variables, the data table becomes too large, particularly when high
accuracy is required. Furthermore, the computational time increases
for parameters with multiple variables. For parameters with
multiple variables, the values can be pre-approximated with a
polynomial raised to the power m in the form

The Sihwa tidal power plant is designed as a flood generating Electric generation during flood
system, taking advantage of the difference in the tide levels between Q ¼0 ð0 o DH o 1:07Þ
the sea and the artificial lake. Flood generating systems create power Q ¼ 150:433  DH þ 113:248179 ð1:07 r DH o1:95Þ
from the incoming tide, i.e., the water flowing from the sea to a Q ¼ 18:1077  DH þ 371:3606 ð1:95 r DH o 5:69Þ
basin. When the high tide enters, water flows through the turbines
Q ¼ 1767:8881346:5186  DH ð5:69 r DH o 7:43Þ
to create electricity. Separate gates beside the turbines are designed
þ 20:9571  DH2
to open during the ebb phase. When the low tide enters, the gates
are raised, and the water flows out. The turbines operate in a sluicing
Power generated (Megawatts):
mode during the ebb phase, and no energy is produced.
P ¼ 1:7256þ 0:3161  H þ 1:2465 ðDH o 5:64Þ
The characteristics and methods of TPP computer simulations are
H2 0:0907  H3
shown in Fig. 9. An analysis of the optimum energy modes of a TPP
P ¼ 22:29 ðDH Z 5:64Þ
should include the actual conditions under which the TPP operates,
such as parameters defining its hydraulic and power equipment,
Discharge (through sluice gate):
hydraulic engineering structures, basin and power system. Such
considerations necessitate a large number of data to be inputted into Q ¼ 800  DH ð0 o DH o 0:05Þ
the computer. Some of these parameters can be obtained by Q ¼ 600  DH þ10 ð0:05 r DH o 0:1Þ
experimental measurements, which by nature contain some errors. Q ¼ 250  DH þ 45 ð0:1r DH o0:3Þ
The values of the function for arguments other than those Q ¼ 59:56939963þ 231:1052218  DH ð0:3r DH o2:5Þ
specified in the table are computed by linear interpolation. Usually it 94:5018523  DH2 þ 26:29460961
is advisable to use this method for parameters that are the function DH3 2:754795024  DH4
of one variable because when a function in the model contains two Q ¼ 839  DH0:3855 ðDH Z 2:5Þ.

Fig. 10. FEM mesh (a) at the cellular cofferdam for Sihwa tidal power generation on December 2005, (b) on January 2007 and (c) at completed construction.
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
Y.H. Bae et al. / Ocean Engineering 37 (2010) 454–463 461

where Q is the discharge in m3/s, H the head in meter, DH the
head difference between outside sea and the basin and P the
generated power by turbine during flood in Megawatts.
The approximation of the parameter and the polynomial
degree required are both determined with a computer program.
This program has a criterion for a minimum rms deviation for
approximating polynomial based on the values of the original
parameter (KOWACO, 2004) at the points of approximation. The
discharge characteristic of a TPP generating unit is specified for
four modes of operation: FT (forward turbine), BT (backward
turbine), FP (forward pumping), and BP (backward pumping). The
reversible double-effect generating unit design allows operation
in the FT mode to be easily changed to operation in the BP mode
(and from BT to FP) without altering the direction of rotation.
Therefore, only two polynomials, one for the modes FT and BP and
another for the modes BT and FP, are required to approximate the
discharge characteristic.
In order to make multiple variable TPP computations feasible,
the mathematical model is used to provide computer-aided
recalculations from the equations. These recalculations are based
on the law of proportionality, and they provide the discharge
characteristics of the TPP generating unit specified in the source
data in terms of the diameter and rotational speed.
3.3. Prediction of tidal environments of the Lake Sihwa tidal power
plant
In this study, two compact finite element mesh systems are
established. Fig. 10 shows the finite element mesh of the Sihwa
TPP site while the project was under construction, where the tidal
prediction will still be implemented after the project has been
completed; the mesh resolution around the turbine and
discharging gate is approximately 15 m.
After completion of the Sihwa TPP, 10 turbines and 8 gates will
operate in conjunction with the established gate near Daebu Island
in order to discharge the water inside the basin, and the turbines
will only generate power during a flood tide. Inside the basin, the
water surface elevation will be kept under EL.( )1.0 m. It is well
known that the flood tidal generation method has a considerably
low efficiency and that the EL.( )1.0 m limitation causes the
intertidal ecosystem to change to the land ecosystem. However,
this type of power generation can create useful building ground.
Fig. 11 shows a snapshot of the tidal flow of the cellular
cofferdam construction site with a real-time tide velocity of
approximately 0.3 m/s. Fig. 12 shows the real-time tidal flow after
completion for discharging (left) and generation (right). This
simulator is designed to provide the field engineer with a compact

Fig. 11. Snapshot of the tidal flow of the cellular cofferdam construction site.

Fig. 12. Snapshot of the flow velocity at the Sihwa tidal power generation plant during discharging (left) and generation (right)
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
462 Y.H. Bae et al. / Ocean Engineering 37 (2010) 454–463

Fig. 13. Computed energy (up) and water level (down) at sea side (dashed line) and basin side (dotted).

prediction system that gives the tide forecast and generation
capabilities after the project’s completion. In particular, the
operator can easily use a GUI-based MATLAB or SMS to present
the numerical model results on a PC. The simulator demands a
model leading time for a cold-start; thus, the simulator saves the
water elevation and velocity data once a day in the last timestep,
and the data become the initial conditions for the hot-start model
simulation.
Fig. 13 shows the water surface level inside and outside the
basin, where the computed electricity depends on the net head.
The actual height and time of high water at the TPP site can vary
significantly due to meteorological effects. The effect of these
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Y.H. Bae et al. / Ocean Engineering 37 (2010) 454–463
parameters on the energy output from the TPP is short term and
thus often unimportant, although prediction of such surges a few
hours in advance is important for the operation of a TPP.
4. Conclusion
One of the biggest advantages of the Lake Sihwa TPP is that the
barrage construction was already completed by a previous
unsuccessful Sihwa freshwater reservoir project. The major
constraint on this project is the tidal energy scheme, which is a
single basin flood generation scheme where the land reclamation
is limited by the lake’s water level.
The reliability of the generator can only be guaranteed by an
experienced operator who follows operation and maintenance
procedures. It is necessary that the operator is familiar with the
content of this model in order to compare the calculations with the
real situation. As mentioned above, the advantage of the compact
Sihwa tidal simulator is its ease of use for application in the field.
The operators are only required to check the model start and end
time and the value of the optimum net head and minimum net
head from the hill chart, and they then input these data into the TPP
control file. The only other check points are the characteristic curves
of the turbine and sluice gate. In future studies, the sea surface
elevation induced by the wind and waves will be considered in the
next versions of the simulator. In Korea, the Sihwa TPP is currently
leading alternative energy efforts, and several coastal cities plan to
construct additional TPPs; for example, TPPs are planned for
Garolim and Incheon Bays. It is important to predict the real sea
surface elevation change in order to ensure that the correct capacity
is chosen in the feasibility study for this type of TPP simulator. The
model proposed in this paper still require further development but
it helps put the Lake Sihwa TPP on the forefront of power plant
technology along with adopted design and construction technology
allowing for further use of TPPs.
463
Acknowledgements
This paper was supported by Samsung Research Fund,
Sungkyunkwan University, 2009.
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