the hyperbolic stress-strain relationships (22) were developed for use in nonlinear incremental analyses of soil deformations. In each jncrenent of such analyses the stress-strain behavior of the soil is tzeated as being Linear and the relationship between stress and strain is assumed to be governed by the generalized Hooke's Law of elastic deformations, which may be expressed as follows for conditions of plane strail do, (GB +E) GB-#) 07] de, Ao, = (p- =z) GB+E) 0 | {be wm y y ° ° e}\a Oy Ney in which do, = normal stress increment do = normal stress increment Ot = shear stress increment xy de, = noxmal strain increment de, normal strain increment ¥y ay, = shear strain increment = = Young's modulus B= bulk modulusBy varying the values of Young's modulus and bulk modulus appro= priately as the stresses vary within the soil, it is possible using the simple equation (1) to model three inportant characteristics of the stress-strain behavior of soils, namely, nonlinearity, stresé- dependency, and inelasticity. the procedures used to account for these characteristics are described in the following paragraphs. Nonlinear] stres: ‘train Curves Represented by Hyperbolas. Kondner and his co-workers (29, 30), have shown that the stress-strain curves for a number of soils could be approximated reasonably accurate by hyper~ bolas like the one shown in Fig. 1. This hyperbola can be represented by an equation of the form (o,-0)) o— @ * Wa FD are While other types of curves could also be used, these hyperbolas have two characteristics which make their use convenient: (1) The parameters which appear in the hyperbolic equation have physical significance. £, is the initial tangent modulus or initial slope of the stress-strain curve and (0)-05) 114 iis the asymptotic value of stress difference which is related closely to the strength of the soil. The value of ~ ways greater th compressive strength” (04-05) ,,, i8 always greater than the compressive strengt! of the soils, as discussed subsequently. (2) The values of B, and (0)-03),, for a given stress-strain(o)-03) TRANSFORMED meee (g\-03) ey we (G-oxure cz FIG. HYPERBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF A STRESS-STRAIN CURVEcurve can be dete: mined easily. If the hypertolic equation is transformed as shown in the lower part of Fig. 1, it represents a Linear relationship between €/(0,-0,) and &. Thus, to determine the best-fit hyperbola for the stress- strain curve, values of ¢/(c,-,) are calculated from the test data and are plotted against ©. The best-fit straight Line on this transformed plot corresponds to the best-fit hyperbola on the stress-strain plot. When data from actual tests are plotted on the transformed plot, the points frequently are found to deviate from the ideal linear relation- ship. The data for stiff soils, such as dense sands, usually plot on a mild curve which is concave upward, whereas the data for soft soils, such as loose sands, usually plot on a mild curve which is concave downward. Experience with several hundred stress-strain curves for well over a hundred different soils indicates that a good match is usually achieved by selecting the straight line so that it passes through the points where 70% and 95% of the strength are mobilized (22,32). Thus, in practice, only two points for each stress-strain curve (the 70% point and the 95% point) are plotted on the transformed diagram. Stress Dependent Stress-Strain Behavior Represented by Varying Ey a) aie With Confining Pressuze. For all soils except fully satu and_(9, rated soils tested under unconsolidated-undrained conditions, an increase in confining pressure will result in a steeper stress-strain curve and a higher strength, and the values of By and (0,-0,),,,, therefore increase with increasing confining pressure. This stress-dependency is taken intoaccount by using empirical equations to represent the variations of E, and (9,-0,) g) ye With confining pressure. The variation of E, with 0, is represented by an equation of the following form, which was suggested by Janbu (28): 5 a 782, (2) ‘ ° The variation of £ with 0, corresponding to this equation is shown in Fig. 2. The paraneter K in equation (3) is the modulus number, and n is the modulus exponent. Both are dimensionless numbers. p, is atmospheric pressure, introduced into the equation to make conversion from one systen of units to another more convenient. The values of K and n are the same for any system of units, and the units of B, are the same as the units of Pg: To change from one system of units to another it is only necessary to introduce the appropriate value of p, in equation (3). ‘The variation of (0,-03),,, with 6, is accounted for as shown in alt Fig. 3 by relating (0,-c,),.,, to the compressive strength or stress dif- ult ference at failure, (0)-0,)¢, and then using the Mohr-Coulomb strength equation to relate (0)-0,), to.G. The values of (9,-03),14 and (0;-03)¢ are related by: @ (4-09) ¢ = Re(YO re in which R, is the failure ratio. Because (0,-,)_ is always smaller 1 the value of R, is always smaller than unity, and varies than (04-0) 3. 7 from 0.5 to 0.9 for most soils. The variation of (¢,-0,), with 0, is represented by the familar Mohr- Coulomb strength relationship, which can be expressed as follows:Log (Ei/Pa) Log (03/4) FIG. 2 VARIATION OF INITIAL TANGENT MODULUS WITH CONFINING PRESSURE10 PNis £02 + $S09 92 . AYNSS3Yd ONINIANOD HLIM HLONSHLS 4O NOLLWINVA € ‘91d an (20-10) ty = *(£0-!0) Pp NIS-1 ‘£0- locry 2c cost + 20, sind T > sind @) in which ¢ and > are the cohesion intercept and the friction angle, as shown in Pig. 3. Relationship Between E and the Stresses. The instantaneous slope of the stress-strain curve is the tangent modulus, Ey- By differentia~ ‘ting equation (2) with respect to © and substituting the expressions of equations (3), (4), and (5) into the resulting expression for E,, the e following equation can be derived: R,(1-sind) (04-05) 7 po +e 1 Me (BY Be cowpeas, sind | *Palp, ‘Tais equation can be used to calculate the appropriate value of tangent modulus for any stress conditions (9, and (¢,-0,)) if the values of the parameters K, n, c, >, and R, are known. HTHSIGSEIQ schavior Represented By Use of Different Modulus Values for Loading and Unloading. If a triaxial specimen is unloaded at some stage during a test, the stress-strain curve followed during unloading is steeper than the curve followed during primary leading, as shown in Fig. 4. If the specimen is subsequently reloaded, the stress-strain curve followed is also steeper than the curve for primary loading and is quite similar in slope to the unloading curve. Thus the soil behavior is inelastic, because the strains occurring during primary loading are only partially recoverable on unloading. on subsequent reloading there is always some hysteresis, but it is usually reasonably accurate to(0, -03) FIG. 4 UNLOADING -RELOADING MODULUS 1213 approximate the behavior during unloading- oading stress changes as linear and elastic, in effect ignoring any hysteresis effects. In the hyperbolic stress-strain relationships, the same value of unloading-reloading modulus, £,., is usea for both unloading and reload- ing. The value of E,, is related to the confining pressure by an equation of the same form as equation (3): Pur 7 Fur Pa) ” In this equation K,_ is the unloading-reloading modulus number. The value of K,, is always larger than the value of K (for primary loading). K,_ Ray be 208 greater than K for stiff soils such as dense sands. For soft soils, like loose 's: i, x,, may be three tines as large as K. the value of the exponent n is always very sinilar for prinary loading and unloading, and in the hyperbolic relationships 4t 1s assuned to be the jonlinear Volume Change Accounted for By Using Constant Bulk Modulus. Many soils exhibit nonlinear and stress-dependent volume change characteristics, as illustrated by the volume change curves shown in Fig. 5. The assumption that the bulk modulus of the soil is independent of stress level (¢,-0,) and that it varies with confining pressure pro vides reasonable approximations to the shapes of these volume change curves. Furthermore, the assumption that the bulk modulus is independent of stress level provides perhaps the best representation of soil behavior which is possible within the framework of incremental elasticity, because it correctly reflects the fact that the response of the soil to changesHigh o5 © g fi Intermediate 2 2 6 2 e a | Axial Strain, &% I I Axiol Strain, Eg s i e Low a sy a 2 Intermediate o € 2 High ©, 3 3 Fig.5 NONLINEAR AND STRESS-DEPENDENT STRESS-STRAIN AND VOLUME CHANGE CURVES15 in mean stress s virtually unaffected by the value of (0,-c,). According to the theory of elasticity, the value of bulk modulus is defined by (3) im which B is the bulk modulus; 4o,, 0,, and Ag, are the changes in the values of the principal stresses, and Ac, is the corresponding change in volunetric strain. For a conventional triaxial test, in which the deviator stress (61-04) increases while the confining pressure is held constant, equation (8) may be expressed (,-0. ee 9) oem ‘The value of bulk modulus for a conventional triaxial compression test may be calculated using the value of (0,-0,) corresponding to any point on the stress-strain curve, such as point A in Pig. 5, and the corresponding point on the volume change curve (A") Because real soils undergo some volume change as a result of changes in shear stress in addition to those caused by changes in normal stress, the values of 8 calculated using equation (9) vary somewhat depending on which points on the stress-strain and volune change curves are employed in the calculation. Study of the volume change behavior of a wide variety of soils has led to the following criteria for select- ing which points to use in calculating the value of B: (1) Z£ the volume change curve does not reach a horizontal tangent prior to the stage at which 70% of the strength is16 mobilized, use the points on the stress-strain and volume change curves corresponding to a stress level of 708. (2) IE the volume change curve does reach a horizontal tangent prior to the stage at which 708 of the strength is mobilized, use the point on the volune change curve where it becones horizontal, and the corresponding point on the stress-strain Variation of B with Confining Pressure. when values of 8 are cal- culated for tests on the same soil at various confining pressures, the bulk modulus will usually be found to increase with increasing confining pressure. As shown in Fig. 6, the variation of B with confining pres sure can be approximated by an equation of the form Ree a a 3 N= OGL ra) 4 (0) in which K, is the bulk modulus number and m is the bulk modulus exponent, both of which are dimensionless. p, is atmospheric pressure, expressed in the same units asc, and B. For most soils the values of m vary between 0.0 and 1.0. In the case of undrained tests on clays compacted ary of optimum, values of m less than zero have been determined, which corresponds to a decrease in the value of B as the confining pressure increases. This unusual behavior is believed to result from a breakdown in the structural arrangement of the soil particles due to the application of larger pressures.7 10 100 ol 1 wo (22) Fig. 6 VARIATION OF BULK MODULUS WITH CONFINING PRESSURE1s Restrictions on the Range of Values of B. approaches E,/3, the corresponding value of v, (tangent Poisson's ratio) E,/6B. Ther approaches zero, because Vv, = 1/2 re in finite element computer programs, the values of V, may be restricted to positive values © by using B = E,/3 in cases where equation (10) indicates lower values. Similarly, by using B = 17 E, where equation (10) indicates nigher values, oh the value of v, may be restricted to values less than or equal to 0.49. 21 Summary of Hyperbolic Parameters. In all, nine parameters are employed in the hyperbolic stress-strain relationships described in this report. These parameters and their functions within the relationships, are listed in Table 1. The hyperbolic relationships outlined previously have proven quite useful for a wide variety of practical problems for the following reason: (1) The parameter values can be determined from the results of conventional triaxial compression tests. (2) The sane relationships can be used for effective stress analyses (using data from drained tests) and total stress analyses (using data from unconsolidated-undrained tests). (3) Values of the parameters have been calculated for many dif- ferent types of soils and this information can be used to estimate reasonable values of the parameters in cases where the available data are insufficient to define the parameters for all of the soils involved in a particular problem. The information is also quite useful for assessing the reliability of parameter values derived from laboratory test results.19 TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF THE HYPERBOLIC PARAMETERS Parameter Name Function Ky X,, | Modulus’ number Relate £j and BL, too, a Modulus exponent © Cohesion intercept Friction angle parameters Relate (01-03), to 0, Failure ratio Relates (94-05), tO (0,-03)¢ Bulk modulus number Value of B/P, at 0, = P, Bulk modulus exponent Change in B/P, for ten-fold increase in 0,20 ‘The simple hyperbolic relationships have some significant limitations which should be understood any anyone who uses them: @ Q) 3) Being based on the generalized Hooke's Law (equation 1) the relationships are most suitable for analysis of stresses and movements prior to failure. The relationships are capable of predicting accurately nonlinear relationships between loads and movements, and it is possible to continue the analyses up to the stage where there is local failure in some elements. However, when a stage is reached where the behavior of the soil mass is controlled to a large extent by the properties assigned to elements which have already failed, the results will no longer be reliable, and they may be unrealistic in terms of the behavior of real soils at and after failure. ‘These relationships are not useful, therefore, for analyses extending up to the stage of instability of a soil mass. They are useful for predicting movements in stable earth masses. The hyperbolic relationships do not include volune changes due to changes in shear stress, or "shear dilatancy." They may therefore be limited in the accuracy with which they can be used to predict deformations in dilatant soils, such as dense sands under low confining pressures. ‘The parameters are not fundamental soil properties, but only values of empirical coefficients which represent the behavior of the soil under a limited range of conditions. The values of the parameters depend on the density of the soil, its wateray content, the range of pressures used in testing, and the @rainage conditions. In order that the parameters will be representative of the behavior of the soil in the fiela condition, the laboratory test conditions must correspond to the field conditions with regard to these factors.22 TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINING VALUES OF THE HYPERBOLIC RAMETERS FROM LABORATORY TEST RESULTS The values of the hyperbolic parameters can be determined in a series of simple, straightforward steps using the data from either drained or unconsolidated-undrained triaxial tests. The procedures for evaluating the parameters are described in the following paragraphs. Selecting Data and Elininating Inconsistencies. The first step in evaluating the parameters is to select data appropriate to the problem being analyzed. tn the case of natural soils, the laboratory tests must be performed using undisturbed specimens. In the case of fill materials, the laboratory tests must be performed using specimens compacted to the same density and water content as in the field. And, in both cases, the drainage conditions in the laboratory tests should correspond to those in the problem being analyzed. ‘ests performed at pressures mich higher or much lower than those of interest in the problem should not be used in evaluating the parameters, because the values of the parameters which best fit the results of the tests depend to some extent on the range of pressures used in testing. The test data should be inspected closely to eliminate experimental errors and inconsistencies. For example, in Fig. 7, the stress-strain curve for 0, = 0.95 kg/em? is inconsistent with the data from the remain- 3 ing four tests, and should be discarded. Smooth curves should be drawn through the data, using good judgment test data, For to make the most reasonable interpretations of all of example, in Fig. 8, the data points do not describe smooth variations of23 8.00 ka/em® DEVIATOR STRESS (kg/cm?) 0 4 8 12 16 20 AXIAL STRAIN (%) FIG. 7 STRESS-STRAIN CURVES FOR CD TRIAXIAL TESTS, CANYON DAM SILTY CLAY (CL-29C)DEVIATOR STRESS (kg/cm?) TESTS RESULTS —— CURVES AFTER ADJUSTMENT. ° = 8 12 16 20 24 AXIAL STRAIN (%) FIG. 8 ADJUSTMENT OF STRESS - STRAIN CURVES25 stress and strain because of differences in the length of time the loads were in place when the axial deformations were measured. The smooth curves represent reasonable interpretations of the data, corresponding to a relatively slow rate of loading. If necessary, the stress-strain and volume change curves should be shifted so that they pass through the origin. For example, in Fig. 9, the stress-strain and volume change curves include the axial strains and volume changes resulting from application of the confining pressures. In Fig. 10 these data have been replotted with the curves shifted so that they pass through the origin. Note also that the curves for the test with the highest confining pressure have been eliminated because the pressures in this test were outside the range of interest for the dam. Evaluation of ¢ and $ for Cohesive Soils. The values of strength parameters c and $ which appear in the hyperbolic stress-strain relation- ship can be evaluated using any convenient procedure. The two methods used most frequently are shown in Figs. 11 and 12. In Fig. 11, the Mohr's circles have been plotted and the values of c and $ were determined by grawing the failure envelope and measuring the intercept and angle of inclination. The actual failure envelope for this material (Oroville Dan core material tested under U-U conditions) was significantly curved with- in the range of pressures of interest in the dam, and therefore two sets of stresses and move- of strength parameters were used in the analysi: ments in the dam (31). As shown in Fig. 11, these paraneters correspond to two digferent ranges of pressure. A second procedure for determining the values of ¢ and $ is illus- trated in Fig. 12, This involves plotting the values of 3(0,-0,) at26 DEVIATOR STRESS, TSF VOLUMETRIC STRAIN (%) FIG.9 STRESS-STRAIN AND VOLUME CHANGE CURVES OF UU TRIAXIAL TESTS, NEW DON PEDRO DAM CORE MATERIAL (SC-3) (BECHTEL, 1969)40) = 21.6 TSF 30 los 7 u G 2 20) 7 & 54 10} 4 0575.4 TSF L o 16 -'PF # 10.8 2 Ss 3 21.6 4 FIG. 10 STRESS-STRAIN AND VOLUME CHANGE CURVES OF NEW DON PEDRO DAM CORE MATERIAL (SC-3), (AFTER ADJUSTMENT)SHEAR STRESS, TSF 50, T T T T T T———T 40 30L GC-2A 6c-28 cHLSTSF c= 10.3 TSF $= 237° $= 3.5% 20-0 1o- ° 1 1 1 1 1 ° lo 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 NORMAL STRESS, KG/cM* FIG. 11 MOHR ENVELOPES FOR OROVILLE DAM CORE MATERIAL (GC-2AqB). (DATA FROM DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES, 1969)30 = Sin“! (Tan y) = 264° c * @/Cos d =2.68 TSF np ° (o\-03)/2 , TSF S ° 19 20 30 40 50 (0,+03)/2, TSF FIG.12 MODIFIED MOHR ENVELOPE FOR UU-TRIAXIAL TESTS ON NEW DON PEDRO DAM CORE MATERIAL (SC-3). (DATA. FROM BECHTEL, 1969)30 fatture against the vaiues of H1o,t0,) at fatture. the advantage of this sethod is that it is somexhat sinpler to £18 the best straight 2ina through a series of points which do not fall in a straight line than fe de to draw the best straight envelope for a series of cizoles which do not have a common tangent. Tho disadvantage of thie method is that the intercept and the angle of inclination of te line in Fig. 1? ace not © and $, and the value of c and $ must be calculated using the equations shown in Pig. 12. Evaluation of 9, and Af for Cohesionless Soils. The Mohr Envelopes for almost all soils are curved to some extent, and the wider the range of pressures involved, the greater the curvature. In the case of cohesion- less soils, such as sands, gravels, and rockfills, this curvature can make it difficult to select a single value of $ which is representative of the full range of pressures of interest. For example, in the bottom near the center of a large dam, rockfill may be confined under such large pressures that the friction angle may be several degrees smaller than near the surface of the slopes. If a value of @ is selected which is appropriate for the center of the dam, it will be too small to represent the strength of the material near the slopes, and if a value appropriate for the slopes is selected, it will be too large to represent the strength of the material near the center of the dan. One means of circumventing such difficulties is to use values of ¢ for the material which vary with confining pressure. As shown in Fig. 13, the values of $ can be determined from each triaxial test, assuming the envelope for that circle passes through the origin of stress, by using the formulao% 1200) a 2 ge 800 « b | « = u r a 400 ° 1 7 L ° 400 800 1200 1600 2000 NORMAL STRESS, PSI FIG. 13 MOHR ENVELOPE FOR CD-TRIAXIAL TESTS ON OROVILLE DAM SHELL e MATERIAL (GP-6). (DATA FROM HALL and GORDON, 1963)32 or by drawing separate envelopes for each of the circles of stress, each envelope passing through the origin. When this is done, it is usually found that the values of $ decrease in proportion with the logarithm of the confining pressure, as shown in Fig. 14. This variation may be represented by an equation of the form a 3 , ~ So 05 ,9( 5 (a2) In this equation ¢, is the value of $ for 0, equal to p,, and Ad is the 3 reduction in > for a 10-fold increase in o,. Equation (12) can be used to evaluate the friction angle appropriate for any confining pressure within the range of pressures encompassed by the test results. values of $5 84 bp are given for all of the cohesionless soils in Table 5, Evaluation of K and n. Two steps are involved in evaluating the modulus parameters X and n. The first is to determine the values of E, for each test, and the second is to plot these values against 0, (on log- log scales) to determine the values of K and n. These procedures will be illustrated using the data for the Oroville Dam shell material as an example. The stress-strain and volume change-strain curves for four tests on the Oroville Dam shell material, taken from the publication by Hall and Gordon (25) are shown in Pig. 15. only three of these tests were used in evaluating the stress-strain parameters because the fourth was conducted using a value of 0, which was beyond the range of interest for the analysisFRICTION ANGLE, ¢ 56 od +S o T b & T 40- 36 T T T FRICTION ANGLE AT | ATMS., ¢)°556° DIFFERENCE IN ANGLE PER LOG CYCLE, a¢=i05° as 5 10 50 100 CONFINING PRESSURE, 03/Pq FIG. 14 VARIATION OF FRICTION ANGLE WITH CONFINING PRESSURE FOR OROVILLE DAM SHELL MATERIAL (GP-6).2400 - T T . 650 2000 | = | o | = i600 | 3 425 8 i z f ° | we 1200 & e 2 5 a 8 2 3 5 400 ° 5 10 15 AXIAL STRAIN (%) ° 5 10 15 A 8 1 | Lee | ot VOLUMETRIC STRAIN (%) TEST PIT NO. 28 FIG. 15 STRESS-STRAIN AND VOLUME-CHANGE CURVES FROM CD TRIAXIAL TESTS ON OROVILLE DAM SHELL, SILTY SANDY GRAVEL (GP-6). (HALL and GORDON, 1963)25 of the dan. The data for the three tests used in the evaluation have been replotted in Fig. 16. Most real stress-strain curves are only approximately hyperbolic, _ and sone consideration must be given to the method of fitting a hyper- bolic curve to the experimental data. As explained previously, Duncan and Chang (22) found that the best fit is usually achieved by matching the hyperbola to the experimental curve at the points corresponding to 70% and 95% of the strength. These points are indicated by arrows for each of the three stress-strain curves in Fig. 16, and the corresponding values are listed in Table 2. hen the hyperbola is matched to the data at the 70% and 958 points, only these two points need be plotted on the transformed stress-strain diagran shown in the lower part of Fig. 1. These points for the Oroville Dam shell mater: 1 have been plotted in Fig. 17. Through each pair of points on this diagram a straight line is drawn, corresponding to the hyperbola which matches the stress-strain curve at the 708 and 958 points. The values of £; and (G,-9y),,4 are the reciprocals of the intercepts and the slopes of these lines, and are calculated as shown by the numbers in the lower part of Fig. 17. the values of K and n are determined as shown in Fig. 18. The value of Ey , for each of the three tests has been plotted against the corres- ponding value of 0,/p, on logarithmic scales. The equation of a straight Line on tl diagram is GE) + «(@) v8 which may be seen to be the same as equation (3). The value of K is equalG +125 PSI +125 PSI 8 &,(%) : FiG. 16 REPLOTTED STRESS-STRAIN AND VOLUME- CHANGE CURVES FOR OROVILLE DAM SHELL MATERIAL (GP-6).TABLE 2. CALCULATION OF TRANSFORMED STRESS~STRAIN DATA FOR OROVILLE DAM SHELL Ma! AL (GP-6) 70% Stress Level 958 Stress Level o. (,-95)¢ | (6-05) ce (o,-95) (psi) (esi) (psi) : (psi) _ 125. 620. 434 02 589 +043 250. 1100. 025 | .324x107% 1045, 055 | .526x107* 425. 1550. 1085 +03 =276x10~" 1472 063 | .427x10~" ue0.00006; (psi)! 0.00004 €3/(q,-03) 0.00002 ;— FG. 17 3 = 425 PSI 3 a ERY Daur F-Pt (Psy psu“! (psn psu (ps cps) 125 0.0000227 44053 O.00116 862 620 072 250 0.000015 64516 0.000675 1481 100 0.74 425 Q.0000141 70922 000045 2222 1500 0.70 AVERAGE RF =0.72 L L L L 4 6 8 10 AXIAL STRAIN, Eq (%) ok TRANSFORMED STRESS-STRAIN PLOT FOR OROVILLE DAM SHELL MATERIAL (GP-6).39 1 5 10 50 CONFINING PRESSURE, [3/Pq FIG.I8 VARIATION OF INITIAL TANGENT MODULUS WITH CONFINING PRESSURE FOR OROVILLE DAM SHELL MATERIAL (GP-6).40 to the value of (£,/p,) at the point where (0/p,) is equal to unity. The value of n is equal to the slope of the line on this plot, and may be determined graphically. Alternatively, the value of n may be deter- mined numerically using the equation Mog (B,/p,) "= Mog(,/p,) (4) Evaluation of K\,. ‘The value of K,. is usually determined assuming that the value of the modulus exponent for unloading-reloading (equation 7) is the same as the value of the modulus exponent for primary loading (equation 3). This has been found to be an accurate assumption in most cases where sufficient data were available to check, and it simplifies the ae’ once the value of n has been determined as described in the preceding paragraph, the value of K,_ may be determined using data from a single unloading curve. The best straight line is fitted to the unloading curve, and the corresponding value of £,, (slope of the line) is determined. Then the value of K,, is calculated using the equation In this equation ¢, is the value of confining pressure during unloading, 3 and n is the modulus exponent for primary loading. Frequently, data for unloading is not available, and it is necessary to assume the value of K,.. The available data indicate that the value of is always greater than the value of K. The ratio K,/K varies from4a about 1.2 for stiff soils such as dense sands up to 3 or so for softer soils such as loose sands. If the zones undergoing unloading and/or reloading are not large and do not have a dominant effect on the results of the analysis, assuming the value of , within the range from 1.2K to 3K is probably sufficiently accurate. Evaluation of K\ and m. Two steps are involved in determining the values of the bulk modulus parameters K and m. The first is to deter mine the value of B using the data from each test, and the second is to plot these values of B against 9, on log-log scales to determine the values of K, and m. For soils with volume change curves which do not reach horizontal tangents prior to the stage at which 708 of the strength is mobilized, the values of B are calculated using equation (9) together with (0,-¢,) = 0.7 (01-05) ¢- and the corresponding value of ¢,. These points are S indicated on the stress-strain and volume change curves for the Mica Creek bam core material, which are shown in Fig. 19. Yor purposes of organizing the calculations involved in determining the values of K, and m, as well as K, n and R,, it is convenient to use the calculation form which is shown in Fig. 20. an example of the use of this form for the Mica Dan Core Material is shown in Fig. 21. The hyper~ bolic stress-strain curves are shown with the test data in Fig. 22. For highly dilatant soils having volumetric strain curves which reach horizontal tangents prior to the stage of the test at which 708 of the strength is mobilized, the data corresponding to the stage at which the volumetric strain curves become horizontal are used in calculating values of B. The volume change curves for Monterey No. 0 sand which are800/,-— 5 * 250 psi 600- 150 psi 400}-- 100 psi 200 oO 0 750 psi ih 100 psi ie 150 psi > rs + 250 psi Note: } = points on curves corresponding to (oj -03)/0) -03) =0.7 3L Fig. 19 STRESS-STRAIN AND VOLUME CHANGE CURVES FOR MICA CREEK DAM CORE MATERIAL (SM-SC-IB) (INSLEY AND HILLIS, 1965)Dolo for Deviatoric Modulus Parameters 70 % Stress Level 95% Stress Level Bulk Modulus Parometers &q @ ae Gop ® GOS | 3 ® = @xO Average Ry= ee ©+®-@+{@+@] Po Fig.20 FORM FOR COMPUTING HYPERBOLIC PARAMETERS osSoil: Mica Dom Doto for Deviotoric Modulus Porameters Core Moteriat pote tor _— 70% Siess Level 95% Suess Levi Burk Modules Porometers G £ oO" © -0y, | (0,-05) gE wo | (oy Lo -! (0, - 9), & tos | tose] tps? |e) | F931] Gos cay | (FO | Gos?) em @ @ @® ® © ® @ © | 30 | 160 | ue | 0.040 |2esxo*| 2 o.7z2 | sies 100 tee 205 0.047 | 169x104} 205 095 7193 150 426 298 0.0275 |9.23x10"% 0.050 |1.23«10"*| 298 23 so76 250 690 483 0.0260 |5.3ex10% 0.054 | 823x075} 483 1.50 | 10,733 Po = 14.7 psi 5000 = oy [a B - Po GO] Ry Po | e_|'e"| 6 @_} 2000 3.4 464x107 | 9.74 878 353 68 2.60x07 0.76 1452 489 10.2 136x107 0.58 1238 549 1.02x103| 0.70 2496 730 @-9 ats 200} ——-| Average Ry 0.70 i 220 a ©+@-@+(@+@) Po st 3 2 .@ or 02 05 1 3 0 20 50 Po Po z oy/Po Fig, 21 EXAMPLE OF DETERMINATION OF HYPERBOLIC PARAMETERS FOR MICA CREEK DAM CORE MATERIAL (SM-SC-18) bp45 800 r K = 425 Oy = 250psi 600 Sede = 150 psi e oS ——— 100psi 200/- SOpsi 2b Ky=205 SII 200 psi m =0.44 = Test data Hyperbolic —-———— Fig. 22 HYPERBOLIC STRESS-STRAIN AND VOLUME CHANGE CURVES FOR MICA CREEK DAM CORE MATERIAL (SM-SC-IB)46 shown in F g. 23 exhibit this characteristic, The calculations for the hyperbolic parameters for these tests are summarized in Fig. 24. Incremental elastic stress-strain relationships of the type described in this report do not model dilatant volume changes resulting from shear stresses, and thus always indicate compression under in- creasing values of stress like those involved in conventional triaxial tests. asa result, the hyperbolic volume change curves are always compressive, even though the test data may indicate dilation at larger values of axial strain. Computer Program for Determining Parameter Values. A computer program has been developed for determination of the stress-strain and volume change paraneters using least square procedures for fitting the curves illustrated in Figs. 14 and 21. a user's guide and listing for the program are given in the appendix. Parameter values compuved using the computer progran are compared to those calculated by hand for the Oroville Dam shell material in Table 3. It may be seen that although the values are not identical, the differences are small, and for practical purposes the two sets of values are the same.a7 Test dota 0.04/- ~ Hyperbolic q 1 1 1 1 1 1 L 1 1 L Fig. 23 HYPERBOLIC STRESS-STRAIN AND VOLUME CHANGE CURVES FOR MONTEREY NO.O SAND (SP~-178B) (LADE, 1971)Sot; Monterey Doto for Deviotoric Modulus Parameters: Sond Doto tor 70 % Stress Lew 95% Stress Level Bulk Modulus Porometers € G05) a3 |G -oy,| -o9} & |e] oy -oy,} « |? agZem® | xa/emt) | (wafer tie teogsnt trogech ou __® @ ® @ ® 0.30 0.99 0.69 | 0.0081 |1174x10"*| 0.94 0.54 | 0.00062 230 0.60 1.99 1.39 | 0.0101 |7266x103| 189 1.23 | 0.00120 342 1.20 s.e4zx3| 3.94 | 0.0997 |2530x107| 2.58 |0.00220| 391 Po = 1.033 kg/cm® 5000) 23 | _ acy 8 Po fOi- 31) Po Po @ © © | 0.29 9.77x10"'| 0.967 253 281 | 107 ose [asin] oe7r | a2r | 331 oe 16 2.35x10"| 0.975 s2i 379 7 8/Po 1 = © . Gro Ore Averoge Ry = 097 f& ,_ 8 ©+@-O+{@+@) Pe 7 4 4 fae oi 0g 05 1 >} 30 Po Po o,/eo Fig.24 EXAMPLE OF DETERMINATION OF HYPERBOLIC PARAMETERS FOR MONTEREY NO.O SAND (SP ~ 178) erTABLE 3. COMPARISON OF STRESS-ST@AIN PARMETER VALUES FOR OROVILLE aN SHELL RAGEREAL DBTERAINED USING COMPUTER PROGRAN AND BY HAND EALOULATIONS Foramcer | Computer Program | Hand calculation | value Value | 1289 1320 : oat as ¢ 55 degrees | 55 degrees ad 10 degrees | 8.5 degrees 7 0.73 °. 49