Prepared by : eng. M.

sonbol & Helwan university & Electrical Power

engsonbol@yahoo.com

Transformer
Index:
(1) Power flow.

(2) Open and short circuit test.

(1) Power flow:

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂= =
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟+ 𝑃𝑐𝑢
(1) p.f supply=Cos(𝜃v-𝞱i)=cos(0-𝞱i) =cos(-𝞱i)

(2) 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉1 𝑥𝐼1 𝑥𝑝. 𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 =

(3) 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐼2 2 𝑅𝐿 = 𝐼2 ′2 𝑅𝐿 ′ = 𝑆𝑥𝑝. 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
(4) 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝐼2 ′2 𝑅𝑒𝑞1
(2) Open and short circuit test
: R & X ‫ مثل‬parameters ‫الهدف من االختبارين هو ايجاد ال‬
(1) (First) Open Circuit test:
From O.C. Test (Given):
(2) (Second) Short Circuit test:
 Apply direct circuit
𝑁1 4800
( )=𝑎= = 20
𝑁2 240
𝑁2 2 1
𝑍𝑒𝑞2 = 𝑍𝑒𝑞1𝑥 ( ) = (120 + 𝑗300)𝑥 ( ) = 0.3 + 𝐽0.75
𝑁1 400
find supply voltage:
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 ′ + 𝐼2 ′ 𝑥(𝑍1 + 𝑍2 ′ )
𝑆
(1) 𝐼2 = 𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐼𝐿 ∠𝝋 = ∠ − 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝒑. 𝒇)
𝑉2
10000
𝐼2 = 𝐼𝐿 ∠𝝋 = ∠𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟏)=43.4∠0
230
𝑁2 240
(2) 𝐼2 ′ = 𝐼2 ( ) = 43.4𝑥 ( ) = 2.17𝐴
𝑁1 4800
𝑁1
(3) 𝑉2 ′ ∠0 = 𝑉2 = 230𝑥20 = 4600∠0
𝑁2
 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 ′ + 𝐼2 ′ 𝑥(𝑍1 + 𝑍2 ′ )
𝑉1 = 4600∠0 + 2.17∠0𝑥 (120 + 𝑗300) = 4671∠8deg

𝑁1 2300
( )=𝑎= = 10
𝑁2 230
To find V1:
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 ′ + 𝐼2 ′ 𝑥(𝑍1 + 𝑍2 ′ )
𝑃
(1) 𝐼2 = 𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐼𝐿 ∠𝝋 = ∠ − 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝒑. 𝒇)
𝑉2 𝑥𝑝.𝑓
75000
𝐼2 = 𝐼𝐿 ∠𝝋 = ∠ − 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟖𝟓)=383∠-31.7
230𝑥0.85
𝑁2 1
(2) 𝐼2 ′ = 𝐼2 ( ) = 326𝑥 ( ) = 38.3∠-31.7
𝑁1 10
𝑁1
(3) 𝑉2 ′ ∠0 = 𝑉2 = 230𝑥10 = 2300∠0
𝑁2

(4)
𝑁1
𝑅2 ′ = 𝑅2 ( )2 = 0.003𝑥100
𝑁2
𝑁1
𝑋2 ′ = 𝑋2 ( )2 = 0.0065𝑥100
𝑁2
𝑍2 ′ = 𝑅2 ′ + 𝐽𝑋2 ′ = 0.3 + 𝑗0.65
 𝑍𝑒𝑞1 = (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ′ ) + 𝐽(𝑋1 + 𝑋2 ′ )
𝑍𝑒𝑞1 = 0.3 + 0.3 + 𝐽(0.65 + 0.65)
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 ′ + 𝐼2 ′ 𝑥(𝑍1 + 𝑍2 ′ )
𝑉1 = 2300∠0 + 38.3∠ − 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝑥 (0.6 + 𝑗1.3) = 2345.9∠𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟗
𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐼1:
𝐼1 = 𝐼0 + 𝐼2 ′ =
𝑉1
𝐼𝑚 = = 2.345𝐴
𝑥0
𝑉1
𝐼𝑤 = = 0.522𝐴
𝑅𝑤
𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑤 + 𝑗𝐼𝑚 = 0.522 + 2.3𝐽
𝐼1 = 𝐼0 + 𝐼2 ′ = 37.5∠ − 𝟐𝟖. 𝟓
Power flow:
p.f supply=Cos(𝜃v-𝞱i)=cos(0.61+28.3) =0.87

(1) 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉1 𝑥𝐼1 𝑥𝑝. 𝑓 = 𝑆𝑥𝑝. 𝑓 = 2345.5𝑋38.3𝑋0.876 = 78.6𝑘𝑊

(2) 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 75000
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 75
𝜂= = = = 95.4%
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟+ 𝑃𝑐𝑢 78.6
(1) Zeq1:
𝑁1 2300
( )=𝑎= = 10
𝑁2 230
𝑁1
𝑅2 ′ = 𝑅2 ( )2 = 0.015𝑥100
𝑁2
𝑁1
𝑋2 ′ = 𝑋2 ( )2 = 0.024𝑥100
𝑁2
𝑍2 ′ = 𝑅2 ′ + 𝐽𝑋2 ′ = 1.5 + 𝑗2.4
𝑍𝑒𝑞1 = (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ′ ) + 𝐽(𝑋1 + 𝑋2 ′ )
𝑍𝑒𝑞1 = 1.5 + 1.5 + 𝐽(2.4 + 2.4)
𝑁2 2 1
𝑍𝑒𝑞2 = 𝑍𝑒𝑞1𝑥 ( ) = (3 + 𝑗4.8)𝑥( )
𝑁1 100
𝑆
(1) 𝐼2 = 𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐼𝐿 ∠𝝋 = ∠ − 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝒑. 𝒇)
𝑉2
25000
𝐼2 = 𝐼𝐿 ∠𝝋 = ∠ − 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔)=108.6∠-30
230
𝑁2 1
(2) 𝐼2 ′ = 𝐼2 ( ) = 108.6𝑥 ( ) = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟔∠ − 𝟑𝟎
𝑁1 10
𝑁1
(3) 𝑉2 ′ ∠0 = 𝑉2 = 230𝑥10 = 2300∠0
𝑁2

(4)
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 ′ + 𝐼2 ′ 𝑥(𝑍1 + 𝑍2 ′ )
𝑉1 = 2300∠0 + 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟔∠ − 𝟑𝟎𝑥(3 + 𝑗4.8) = 2354.5∠𝟎. 𝟕
p.f supply=Cos(𝜃v-𝞱i)=cos(0.7+30)=0.859
(1) 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉1 𝑥𝐼1 𝑥𝑝. 𝑓𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 = 21986𝑤
(2) 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑆𝑥𝑝. 𝑓 = 25000𝑥. 866 = 21650
(3) 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝐼2 ′2 𝑅𝑒𝑞1 = 𝐼2 ′2 (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ′ )
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 21650
𝜂= = = = 98.47%
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟+ 𝑃𝑐𝑢 21986

𝑉𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 − 𝑉𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 ′ 2354 − 2300

𝑉. 𝑅% = 𝑥100 = 𝑥100 = = 2.36%
𝑉𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑉2 ′ 2300

To find V1:
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 ′ + 𝐼2 ′ 𝑥(𝑍1 + 𝑍2 ′ )
𝑆
(1) 𝐼2 = 𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐼𝐿 ∠𝝋 = ∠𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝒑. 𝒇) lead
𝑉2
100000
𝐼2 = 𝐼𝐿 ∠𝝋 = ∠𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟖)=434.7∠36.8
230
𝑁2 1
(2) 𝐼2 ′ = 𝐼2 ( ) = 434.7𝑥 ( ) = 43.47∠36.8
𝑁1 10
𝑁1
(3) 𝑉2 ′ ∠0 = 𝑉2 = 230𝑥10 = 2300∠0
𝑁2

(4)
𝑍𝑒𝑞1 = 0.6 + 𝐽(1.3)
 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 ′ + 𝐼2 ′ 𝑥(𝑍1 + 𝑍2 ′ )
𝑉1 = 2300∠0 + 43.47∠𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝑥 (0.6 + 𝑗1.3) = 2287.77∠𝟏. 𝟓°

𝑁1 2400
( )=𝑎= = 10
𝑁2 240
To find V1:
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 ′ + 𝐼2 ′ 𝑥(𝑍1 + 𝑍2 ′ )
𝑆
(1) 𝐼2 = 𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐼𝐿 ∠𝝋 = ∠ − 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝒑. 𝒇)
𝑉2
15000
𝐼2 = 𝐼𝐿 ∠𝝋 = ∠ − 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟖)=62.5∠-36.86
240
𝑁2 1
(2) 𝐼2 ′ = 𝐼2 ( ) = 62.5𝑥 ( ) = 6.25∠-36.86
𝑁1 10
𝑁1
(3) 𝑉2 ′ ∠0 = 𝑉2 = 240𝑥10 = 2400∠0
𝑁2

(4)
𝑍𝑒𝑞1 = 5 + 8𝑗
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 ′ + 𝐼2 ′ 𝑥𝑍𝑒𝑞1
𝑉1 = 2400∠0 + 6.25∠ − 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔𝑥(5 + 𝑗8) = 2455∠𝟎. 𝟒𝟗
𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐼1:
𝐼1 = 𝐼0 + 𝐼2 ′ =
 𝑉1 2455
𝐼𝑚 = = = 0.1636𝐴
𝑥𝑚 15000
𝑉1
𝐼𝑐 = = 0.491𝐴
𝑅𝑐
𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑐 + 𝑗𝐼𝑚 = 0.49 + 0.16𝐽
𝐼1 = 𝐼0 + 𝐼2 ′ = 6.56∠ − 𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟔

𝑁1 2400
( )=𝑎= = 10
𝑁2 240
To find V1:
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 ′ + 𝐼2 ′ 𝑥(𝑍1 + 𝑍2 ′ )
𝑆
(1) 𝐼2 = 𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐼𝐿 ∠𝝋 = ∠ − 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝒑. 𝒇)
𝑉2
25000
𝐼2 = 𝐼𝐿 ∠𝝋 = ∠ − 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟖𝟓)=104.16∠-31.7
240
𝑁2 1
(2) 𝐼2 ′ = 𝐼2 ( ) = 104.16𝑥 ( ) = 10.4∠-31.7
𝑁1 10
𝑁1
(3) 𝑉2 ′ ∠0 = 𝑉2 = 240𝑥10 = 2400∠0
𝑁2
(4)
𝑍𝑒𝑞1 = 3.45 + 5.75𝑗
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 ′ + 𝐼2 ′ 𝑥𝑍𝑒𝑞1
𝑉1 = 2400∠0 + 10.4∠ − 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕(3.45 + 5.75𝑗) = 2462∠𝟎. 𝟕𝟒
𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐼1:
𝐼1 = 𝐼0 + 𝐼2 ′ =
𝑃𝑐 120
𝐼𝑐 = = = 0.048 𝐴(𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡)
𝑉1 2462
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 ′ = 10.4∠-31.7

𝑉𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 − 𝑉𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 ′ 2462 − 2400

𝑉. 𝑅% = 𝑥100 = 𝑥100 = = 2.58%
𝑉𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑉2 ′ 2400

Power flow:
p.f supply=Cos(𝜃v-𝞱i)=cos(0.7+31.7) =0.844

(1) 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉1 𝑥𝐼1 𝑥𝑝. 𝑓 = 𝑆𝑥𝑝. 𝑓 = 2462.5𝑋10.4𝑋0.844 = 21.61𝑘𝑊

(2) 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 25000𝑥. 85 = 21.25
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 21.25
𝜂= = = = 98.33%
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟+ 𝑃𝑐𝑢 21.61
 𝑁1 440
( )=𝑎= =2
𝑁2 220
𝑁1
𝑅2 ′ = 𝑅2 ( )2 = 0.04 𝑥4 = 0.16
𝑁2
𝑁1
𝑋2 ′ = 𝑋2 ( )2 = 0.08𝑥 4 = 0.32
𝑁2
𝑍𝑒𝑞1 = (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ′ ) + 𝐽(𝑋1 + 𝑋2 ′ )
𝑍𝑒𝑞1 = 0.32 + 𝐽(0.64)
𝑃
(1) 𝐼2 = 𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐼𝐿 ∠𝝋 = ∠ − 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝒑. 𝒇)
𝑉2 𝑥𝑝.𝑓
20000
𝐼2 = 𝐼𝐿 ∠𝝋 = ∠ − 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟖)=113.6∠-36.86
220𝑥.8
𝑁2 1
(2) 𝐼2 ′ = 𝐼2 ( ) = 113.6𝑥 ( ) = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟖𝟏∠ − 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔
𝑁1 2
𝑁1
(3) 𝑉2 ′ ∠0 = 𝑉2 = 220𝑥2 = 440∠0
𝑁2

(4)
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 ′ + 𝐼2 ′ 𝑥(𝑍1 + 𝑍2 ′ )
𝑉1 = 440∠0 + 𝟓𝟔. 𝟖𝟏∠ − 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔𝑥(0.32 + 𝐽(0.64)) = 476.7∠𝟐. 𝟏°
p.f supply=Cos(𝜃v-𝞱i)=cos(2.1+36.8)=0.77
(1) 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉1 𝑥𝐼1 𝑥𝑝. 𝑓𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 = 476.7𝑥56.81𝑥0.77 = 21𝑘𝑊
(2) 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 20𝑘𝑊
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 20
𝜂= = = = 95.23%
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟+ 𝑃𝑐𝑢 21
(First) Open Circuit test:
Measurement on low voltage side:
From O.C. Test (Given):

𝑋𝑚 = 𝑋0
𝑅𝑐 = 𝑅0
165
cos(𝛷) = = 0.2148
3.2𝑥240
𝐼𝑤 = 3.2𝑥0.2148 = 0.6875𝐴
𝐼𝑚 = .97𝑥3.2 = 3.125𝐴
240
𝑋𝑚2 = 𝑋0 = = 77 𝑜ℎ𝑚
3.125
240
𝑅𝑐2 = = 350 𝑜ℎ𝑚
. 68
𝑁1 2
𝑋𝑚1 = 𝑋𝑚2 𝑥 ( ) = 77𝑥100 = 7700 = 7.7 𝑘Ω
𝑁2
𝑅𝑐1 = 350𝑥100 = 35000 Ω = 35𝑘Ω

(2) (Second) Short Circuit test:

Measurement on high voltage side:
From S.C. Test (Given):

375
𝑅𝑒𝑞1 = = 3.46 𝑜ℎ𝑚
(10.4)2
55
𝑍𝑒𝑞1 = = 5.28 𝑜ℎ𝑚
10.4

𝑋𝑒𝑞1 = √𝑍𝑒𝑞1 2 − 𝑅𝑒𝑞1 2 = 3.88 𝑂ℎ𝑚

𝑅𝑒𝑞1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ′
𝑋𝑒𝑞1 = 𝑋1 + 𝑋2 ′
𝑅𝑒𝑞1
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 ′ = = 1.73
2
 𝑋𝑒𝑞1
′
𝑋1 = 𝑋2 = = 1.94
2
𝑍𝑒𝑞1 = 𝑅𝑒𝑞1 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒𝑞1
𝑁2 2 1
𝑍𝑒𝑞2 = 𝑍𝑒𝑞1 𝑥 ( ) = (3.46 + 3.88𝑗)𝑥 = 0.034 + 𝑗0.038
𝑁1 100
′ 𝑁2 2
𝑅2 = 𝑅1 = 𝑅1 𝑥 ( ) = 0.0173
𝑁1
′ 𝑁1 2
𝑋2 = 𝑋1 = 𝑋2 𝑥 ( ) = 0.0194
𝑁2
To find VR
𝑆
(1) 𝐼2 = 𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐼𝐿 ∠𝝋 = ∠ − 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝒑. 𝒇)
𝑉2
25000
𝐼2 = 𝐼𝐿 ∠𝝋 = ∠ − 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟖)=104.16∠-36.86
240
𝑁2 1
(2) 𝐼2 ′ = 𝐼2 ( ) = 104.16𝑥 ( ) = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟒∠ − 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔
𝑁1 10
𝑁1
(3) 𝑉2 ′ ∠0 = 𝑉2 = 240𝑥10 = 2400∠0
𝑁2

(4)
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 ′ + 𝐼2 ′ 𝑥(𝑍1 + 𝑍2 ′ )
𝑉1 = 2400∠0 + 𝟏𝟎. 𝟒∠ − 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔𝑥 (1.73 + 𝑗1.94) = 2426.5∠𝟎. 𝟏𝟐°
𝑉𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 − 𝑉𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 ′ 2426 − 2400
𝑉. 𝑅% = 𝑥100 = 𝑥100 = = 1%
𝑉𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑉2 ′ 2400
p.f supply=Cos(𝜃v-𝞱i)=cos(0.12+36.8)=0.79
(1) 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉1 𝑥𝐼1 𝑥𝑝. 𝑓𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 = 2426.5𝑥10.4𝑥0.79 = 20.159𝑊
(2) 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 25𝑥. 8 = 20𝑘𝑊
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 20
𝜂= = = = 99.2%
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟+ 𝑃𝑐𝑢 20.159