A.T. Kacatkny OcHosBHbie npouecci v annapatpl XUMNNeCKOM TEXHONOrMM YYEBHUK Old BYZOB Visaaune gecsatoe, crepeotunuoe, gopabotanHoe Mepenesarka c usganus 1973 +. AlsvanC Mocksa 2004YDK 66 (075.8) BBK 35.11 K28 K28 A.P. Kacatkun OCHOBHBIE MPOLECCbI VM AMMAPATbI XUMUYECKOM TEXHOSIOFUM: Yue6unk ans Bysoe.— 10-e u3a., crepeotunHoe, RopabotanHoe. Mepeneu. c uaa. 1973 r.—M.: OOO TUG «Anvate», 2004. — 753. A. T. Kacatkun CcHosibie npoteccet M annapari xmunvecKoll TexnonorHH. M., «Xumuay, 1973. 752 c.; 5 Ta6a.; 470 puc.; pekomenayeman anrepatypa 110 ccBungK. B kuure paccmorpenn TeopeTaeckie ocHoSH mpoueccoB xHMH- Neckoh TexHONOTHH, MeToni HX PaceTa H OnHCaHbi KOHCTpYRIUH THHOBEX annapaTos. Kuwra apaserca yNeOHHKOM jd XxHMHKO-TexHOMOrHYeCKHX sysop. Ova MokeT OHITL HCHONb30BaHA TaXx%Ke B KaYeCTBe NOCOGHS AIA HWKEHEPHO-TEXHANECKHX PAGOTHHKOS KHMHNECKOH H poucTBeH+ HbIX eli otpactell npowsuuneRHocTH, ISBN 5-98535-004-5 © 000 Tf «Anvancn, 2004COMEP)KAHUE Mpenneaoene K ROCHMOMY HORAHHIO 6 ee Mpenucnosne x gegatomy wozanmo 2 ee Paaea I. O6mue ceeneHHt . 2... ee ee ee et L 2. 3. 4, 5. Padea IH, Ocnows raapasmxe. O6umHe sonpocis mpuKaagnol lL 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 8. 9. 10 1. 12. 13, 14, 15. 16. 17. 18. 20. 21. FagpoctaTH#ka.........., 020. Tipeamer xypea dTpoueccss m annaparu> =... we Bosunxuosenne « passutHe HayxH o upoueccax # anhapatax » Kaacenuxauns ocnoBiiix mpollecco# .... ee OGume npauunst auamiga H pacueta npouicccos’ W annapatos Pasnuanie cHCTeME eAMHHL HOMepeHUS GUSHYECKHX BEMHIHH rHAPOMEXAHH4ECKHE MPOWECCHI ueckoH amnapatype 6 6 ee ee ee ee et et Ocuosuute onpeneteni# 6 we ee Hexoropiie pusa4eckue cBolicrsa *KMYKOcTeH . . . . Lwgepetumarsusie ypabwenia pasiosecnn Sinepa Ocuostice ypaanene THapoctaTHKH ... Hekoropse npakTaveckie MpHsoxeHHa ocHoBioro ypaBHeHHs PHApoRWHaMHKA 6.1 eee ee ee ee Ochosnwe XapakTepHCTHKH naniKenHa wuRKocTell. 111 ll. ‘Ypapnenxe nepasppisnoctu (cntowHocTH) NoToKa . ... . - Andpepemmatyysie ypaaventia ABHXKeHNA Siinepa ... Avddbepenmanvuse ypasnenns gswxenux Hasse—Croxea | Ypasuenne Bepuymme . ee ee Hexotopye npaxtiveckve mpusorenna ypasenis Bepayan rH up Ti THApABAKKH B XHD- OcHoss TeopHH nogoGua H ananu3a pasmepuocreH. Tipnaunts MoeH- Posdnma ti rerty rein ese ieee siae Tumporunauseckoe nogodie 222] 2 lll! Ywapasnnuecxne’ conpotuanenns & TpySonpoaonax Tevenme HeHtiToHOBCKHX wHAKOCTeER 2... Pacuet yXamerpa tpyGonposonos =... 1... Upuxenue ten xunxoctax 2.1 lt! Tlewxennie xRxxocrell Nepes HenoABHIKHNe JepHneTBie H MOPHCTUIe CON 19. Puapoannamnka xiinauex (iceBKooxKH2KeHHX) SePHHCTEIX COCR. . Snementa THAPORHHAMUKH RAYXpUsHDIX MOTOKa, |... Crpyerypa noroKoa 4 pacnpenenenne apeNexx tipeGusanna icant paren tS iare drives eaeiey aeicice at usuce Paaea III. Mepemewerne mngxoctel (nacocu) 2... 2... 6. 1. 2. 3, 4. 5. 6. T 8. Oomue cuenenHa . sw Ochosnbie hapametpH Hacocos . . . Hanop nacoca. Bucota scacsiaania LenrpoGexune nacoch 2... Tlopuinessie waco. 1 ll Cneuvansaue THI nopulnesuix wi HeHTpoGekunx Hacochi apyrux TANOB ww. ee ee Cpasnenie ¥ oOnacTH npHMenennn acocos pasnuensx Tinos Padaa [V, Mepememenue x cKatne rasos (KoMNpeccopiue mauiHi6s) 1 2 3. Ocime | ceenemma tase teeter aaa TepMontnamn'ecKue OcHOBH Mpowecca cxstHa Tasos | | |! Mlopumepuie Kommpeccoph . ee ee ee RUAKOCTH ere SRSZe©e© an 23 24 29 30 3l 33 36 37 43 50, 52 59 78 84 92 94 25 101 106, M1 7 127 127 128 129 132 140 144 146, 150 152 152 153 157one Som Codepocanue LUentpotexnne mann 2. Buntossie Kowmpeccopst Baxyyw-tacocit Cpaanenne w oGnacrk ipiMenenia KounpeccopRslx "Mat ‘TuTOB . Oceabie BeHTHTATOPH H KoMNpeccopH } Porawionsiae Kounpeccops # rasosytnt i) Paaea V. Paspeaenue KeogHopoawux cHcTeM . . . . . 1, Heoanopoxsbie ciictemsl M MeTowH Hx pasgemeHKA Pasbenentte ocudnux cucmem 2. Matepuasbusii Gasane mpouecca paszenenna . A. OTcTanBanHe...... 3. Cxopocts crecuexoro ocamcjenua (oretanBanns) 4. Koaryanuns vactan guicnepcnoh ask 5 B. OaaAstposanne 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. B. etpubyruposanne 11. Ocuopubie nomowKenua . . 12) Lenrposerkwan cusa % baxtop pasieneHa! 13, Tiponecc: 8 orcrolivex uentpadyrax M4. 16. Orcrofnuxn Osume caenema —. , Ypasuewne gunstponama | | Surutponaapune neperopoaxn Yerpoiictno dunetpos . . . Pactet @unetpos . . .. . Tipoueccst 8 dunsrpyroumx weHtpHpyrax 45. Yerpolicrso ucutpubyr . 2. ee Pacuer uentpHpyr . 2... 3 Pasdeaenue 2as2eelx cucmen (oeucmxa easve) | 7. “18. 19. 20. 21. 2. QGmue cresenva =... ee Epasitanuonuan owictka rasos |). ) . Omiersa rasoa non gelicranem wiepuoimbn Oancrka rasos uzLrposannem Mokpas omncTKa ra30B . 2 we ee ee DnexTpHiecKas oueTKa Ta203 neHTpober nsx cnn aK pasainannrs 23. Koaryssuua yxpynuene yacTau, OrfenseMbx mph ra3zcowicTKe . . 24. Cpasimrembnsie XapaKtepucTHKH H BLIGOp rasoONMCTHTeNbHON annapatypE Taaea VI, 1 2. 3. 4. 5, 2. 3. 4. 5. 2 8. 9. 10. 1. 12. OGmmue caeweHHa =. . Mexaniueckoe mepeesumpanne . Mexauwieckie nepemewssaiome ycrpolictaa ThepMataveckoe nepenetnpanne TENAOBHIE NPOWECCH Taaea VJ. Ocnoma rensonepenasi B xHMHMeCKOA annapaType i, O6mme crezenna Tenaosue Ganancer Ocuostoe ypasnenne teimonepenayn Tlepemewmsanne » xnsKux cpenax . Mepeeususane 8 TpyGonpokonax |... 6. Tlepemeumpanie c yoMompio conen i HacocoB ‘TemnepatypHoe nome # TeMmepatypxult Tpagnent Tepexaua Tenaa TennonposoasocTsio Tennoaoe wanyienne Tlepeaata Tenia KonBexuiteh (KONBeKTABHEIE TeMooMeN) OntiTHble anHble no TemiooTzaye Uucnennble sHatexia Kosppaunentos Tensooraasn Cnonuan tennoora%a Tenaonepexava Hecrauwonapnuk Tennoobwen | Faaea ViJJ, Harpesauwe, oxaamaeHne w KoHReNcauHA 1 OSwwe chenenna A. Harpesawmne arentw a cnocoGu warp 2. Harpesanue soxauum napom 3. Harpesaune ropaueh nono. 2 lt 4. Harpesaune ronowma rasan 2) le 5. Harpepanwe puicoxorennepatypatima TenonochTenaMn 6. Harpesaniie rasco6pasibiMH BLIcoKoTeMHepaTyPHLIMH TensOHOCHTeIAMH 7. Harpebauve onextpHieckHM TOKOM B clloe HenogBwKHO! W ABMKyNelicH TaepgoH HacaRKH 165 168 17h Wl 172 W774 176 176 178 178 178 178 181 182 186 186, 191 197 198 210 212 212 213 214 216 217 224 227 227 228 229 233 236, 238 243 244 246 246 247 253, 258 259 259Cooepscanie 5 B. Oxaamagamumue arentu. cnoco6u oxnaxgenua KROBRCHCAMMH 2. ee et ee te ee Beh 8. Oxaancene 10 OGbikHonennux TeMnepatyp 1. ll ee 888 9. Oxnarkaente o RMSKHX TeMNepaTyp o. le BS 10. Kowgeneauts mapoB ee ee ee, OS B. KowcCTpykuHn TennooGmenuwX annapaToB . 1... 326 IL. TpyG¥arbie TenmooOMeHHHKM Se ee ee ee ee 827 12. SMeesaxonse Tenm0OGMeHHAKH . se ee ee eee BL 13, Tnactunvatie tennooOmenmuKH | 1). ll ee ee 888 14, OpeGpentitve tenmooGNeHHHKH FT ee OSE 15. Cnupanbutze tenacoGmenunkn 2) le aae 16. TenacoGmennie yerpoitcrsa peakimounbix atnapaton +1) 222.2. 335 17. TenaooGmennnx apyrax THOR... eae wee secret a3 18. Cpapemretbuan xapakreporaka TenaooGMeumbx annaparos |.) )) | 337 19. Kowgeucatopsr cmeuienH® 2... es 888 20, Pacuer Tenoomennsx anmapatos . ee ee ee ee 8M QI. Packet KoHyencaTopos mapoB we ee MS (agen IX, Bamapueanne . 2... ee ee eee MT 1, Odie CBENHHT ee ee 2, Oguokopnycuse euiapniie yeranooke 1 tk ll 8a 3. Muorokopnycnue ouinapnbe ycraHoBK |) ) tl et 8OE 4. Yerpolictso mumapux annapaton .. 1 le ee ee OBE 5. PackeT MHOTOKopnycHbKX BDInapHx annaparos |)... 2. 2) O77 MACCOOBMEHHDIE MPOWECCEI Taaea X. Ochows macconepenauw oe. ee ee ee ee ee ee 882 Te Ooumlerenenetina ticcee creer tec enedsce er sey eae gue 2. Panoneche pH macconepenave 2) ee BBD 3. Cxopocts macconepenawt ve ee ee es OOD 4, Lsnxyman cuaa npowueccos wacconepemath 1111 lL ll ell 40 5. Paciet ocHopmx pasmepos MaccoobmeHHBIX annaparos 2). 1.) | 493 6. Macconepenata c Teepaot @asoh ee ee ee | 480 Faasa Xi, AGcopOuts .. ee ee ee ee ee ASE is Ocumme cheno tetaeaecae tec reer atte tg ate ees et eee ne 2. Papnonecue mpw abcopOumd tN ll aat 3. Matepnanbubil u rennosor Ganaucti mpouecca.. . +. 2... 87 4. Cuopocts mpouecea sw. ee ee eee es AMO 5. Verpoiictso aGcopOunonsink annaparon 2 11] aan 6. Pacer a6copGepos 2. eV ee ee es 458 Pip Miecopaula reset euseesereeer tortie etarederarneeHarerersiaisi ste ee Agm 8. Cxemtt aGcopOutonnix yeraHoboK | es AGP Faaca XI, Meperouka wnaxoctel 6. ee ee ee AM! 1, OGune coenena 2 Pieee eeu eee tgieaee edad 2. XapaktepuctHx asyxpasubix cuctem rxAgKoctb—nap 2. Ll ll. 4g 3. [Ipoctan neperonka se ee ATO 4 Pextuduxawta eee 182 5. Cneumanbuuie suns neperomma sf) li a Paaea XMM, QwempaKuna oe ee ee ee BOO A, Mpoueccnd skcTpakKUMH B CHCTeMAX KMAKOCTL— aR CMe iim st nist fa ume ORE a 2, PapHobecHe B CHCTeMaX 2%KHAKOCTb—XKUAKOCTS , 3. Metonis sKeTpaxumt asec 4. Yetpolicrso sxctpakuwonmux annaparos } 2. ll! 5. Pactier Skctpaxuionnux annapaToa . .. . eee B. Ilpoueccu skctpakitun a pacTBopeuHA B cucTe- Max TBEphoe TeHO—MHAKOCTH ©... 2 Le 6. OGume cueneWA we 580 S51 8. ChocoGm sKcrpaKittH H pactBopeHHR =... 9. Yerpoierao SkcrpakuNoNHBIx annapaToR | 10. Pacer 9KcTpakuMOHRWX anmapatoB 2... ee Laaaa XIV, Ancopount 2... ce ee ee ee ee 363 7. Paotioseche M ckopoct npolleccos SKCTpaKUMH H pactBopetina . | Ne Otame! cbenetinn ie yirer ice eee tes ete eee eee ete eae 2. Xapaxrepuctuxa axcop6enton # ax Bua Sl) BGa 3. Papyopecua npM aycop6unn fate et tena Hea ett te 566 4, Ckopocts ascopOult we ee OBRCodeprcanue 5. HecopGuns 6. Yerpolicrao ancopbepos i 7. Pacuet ancop6epos . 8. Houco6menmbie npouecest Paaea XV. Cywka 1, O6ume ckeneima cxembt ‘axcopéiiolntix yeTatonox 2. Ocuosusie napanetpix Ba@kworo Tasa | 3. 1 — x aMarpamMa GaaKNorO Bosayxa | 4. Pasnosecke npu eywixe 5. Marepnaabinit u Tenaosof Gamanic cyuii 6. Onpeenenue pacxogos poszyxa M Tela Ha cyWiky 7. Bapwantsr npouecca cywKH . 2... ee ee 8. Ckopoct cyinkn 9. Yerpoactso cyumnox * | 10, Cnemmanbatie katt cywKH H Tims cymnAOK afer XVI, . OOuwe chelenna . . . 2 Pantonccne TpH Kpictaaaasawin 3. Ckopoct xpucransusauna 4, Bansuwe yeroaul xpuctasaugaudn Ha caokcrsa 5. Cnoco6tt KpHerannnsaunn 6. Yerpofiereo Kpuctansusaropos Kpuctaamsauaa ss 2 ee ee KpHeTanA08 7. Pacuetui Kpuctanamsaropos 2) 1 1 1.t )1 - XOJOAMJIDUBIE MPOUECCH Taaea XVII, Wcxyccrsenvoe oxaawknenne .. 2... 1, O6uwe cseqenna 2: TepmoamHanuyeckne ocwoBit nomyuenua xonona 3. [ipyrve merogs nonyyen4a WHSKHX TeMmepaTyp YeMepenuoe oxaaxneune........ - 4, Kommpeccnonnste mapontie xononinbisbte Maxinitel 5. AGcopGumonnble XonoqHabHLe Mawes 6. Maposoaaiure SxexropHule XOMORHABHEE Malus TayGoxoe oxnaxneune 7. Uist © apocceamposankem rasa | | 8. Unknes, octosainble Ha coveranHM ApoccedMpoBanns: Bmetaumepe . . . . 9. Taxa Crupanura gaa cKWKeHAA Ta3s0B 10. Uakner c Tensoanm Hacocom 11. Cpapxenie ocHonibix wixsor rnyOoKoro oxaanuenia 12. Merogsl pasyenenua ra30B MEXAHHYECKHE MPOWECCEI Taaga XVIII, Wamenpuenne reepabtx maTepHatos 1. OGume caeqenna 2, Ousnko-MexaHHuecKHe ocHOBLI H3MenbuenuR, Pacxog sHepran A. Kpymuoe xpo6aenne 3. Hlexoasie zpoOnaxn. . 4. Konycuse apoGuaka 222 tt eanee H Menkoe xpoOnenne B.C 6. Bankosiie xpoOurky 6._Yaapno-uentpoemue xpoowaKH > B. Tonkoe usMenbuenHe 7. BapaGawabe MenbAMUB . . 6. to 8) Konvuesse membumn | I. Ceepxtonkoe usmenbuenne 9, MenbHHUB 249 cBepxToHKorO HSMenbuCHH Taaea XIX. Kaaccapuxaunn x coptaposka matepuasos 10. [poxowenne . . . . fae tieteetate culapenn IL. Tagpasnuseckad Kaacenpuxaunn i Bosiyumas cenapanna Taaga XX, CMewenwe Teepxux marepuanos ... 2. eee Fumepamypa, ss ve ee ee Tpeametuwh ykasateab el 572 574 578 580 597 600 61S 636 646 646, 6AT 654 662 671 675 676 676 678 679 679 68L 684 684 688 690 690 691 693, 693, 698 699 703 703 707 7 715 719NPEMCIOBME K BOCbMOMY H3AHHIO Kaura A. [. Kacamxuna «Ochosubie mpoueccst u alimapars! XHMH4eCKOH TexHOsOrHu» Ghia BHepBbIe H3AaHa B 1935 r. Hc Tex NOP NpHoOpeta WHpo- kyl Nonynapuoctb. Tip »xv3HH apTopa oHa BBIepxala ceMb u3qaHHA Hn cbirpaa Goviblly pOb He TOAbKO B Ka4ecTBe ydeOHUKa AA CTYACHTOB XH- MHKO-TeXHOOFHYeCKHX BY30B, HO H KaK PYKOBOACTBO AVIA HH KeHEpHO-TeXx- HMdeCKUX paGoTHuKoB XMMUYeCKO HM pomcTBeHHEIX efi oTpacuefi MpoMbILeH- HOCTH. 310 uo6ynHAO Katenpy «[lpoueccos u ammapatos» Mockosckoro opfeta Jiequna u opgetia Tpygosoro Kpacworo 3HameHu XHMHKO-TexHONOrH4ecKOrO uucratyta um. JI. H. Menyeneepa, pykoponutesiem KoTopod B TeveHue pana ner Opin A, [, Kacatkuu, 4 a3qatenpcrao «XuMMA» Upe_IpHHATS TpyA 00 Nogroroske H BbINycKy MocMepTHoro u3hanua yseOuuka A. T. Kacarkuia. 3a TOMbI, MpowequHe CO BPeMeHH BbIXOMa B CBeT NOCeAHero H3aHHA KHHTH (1960 r.), nocTHrHyTAl 3HadHTeNMbHBIe yclexu B paspaOoTKe Hay4HBIX OCHOB XHMH4eCCKOH TeXHOAOPHH, CO3qaHHH HOBbIX HHTeHCHBHBIX H BbICOKON POH3B0- AMTeCAbHDIX MpoweccoB H allapaTop, a TakKe B cOBepleHCTBOBAaH HH yxe H3- BeCTHBIX MpolleccoB H allfapaTos. STH ycnexu oOycMoBHM 3Ha4HTebHbIA TexHuYeckui Nporpecc xuMHYecKOK TexHoNorHH. upextusamu XXIV cresga KMICC no naruaerHemy mfaHy pa3BuTua Hapoatoro xosaiicraa CCCP na 1971—1975 rr. HameveHo AambHeituiee ycKo- peHHoe PpaspuTue XUuMUUeCKOH u HedTexuMuYyecKOH NpOMbILIeHHOCTH, Upeny- CMaTpHBaeTcH «,.. WIMPOKOe BHeApeHe MporpeccHBHBIX, OcoGeHHO Hempe- PbIBHBIX, TeXHONOrH4eCcKHX Mpolleccon; ycKkopeHue paspa6oTKH H_MpOMBILWIeH- HOrO BHEAPeHHA HOBBIX Mpoleccos XHMMYeCKOH TexHOMOrHH». Orciona BEITe- kaeT HEOOXOAUMOCT yrvlyOeHHA H COBepWieHCTBOBAHHA HayKH 06 OCHOBHBIX, Upoueccax H alimapatax, paspellenua Aan6omee cnoxHBIX MpobvieM rHApo- AWHAMHGECKHX, TeNTOBBIX, MaccooOMeHHbIX H Apyr4x mpoueccos. Bce sto NOTpe6OBasio OCBeTHTh B HOBOM H3{aHXH KHUH PA HOBBIX BOLpocoB H Govee YrAyONeHHO H3IOXKATb HEKOTOpBIe pasqesb Kypca. Upw wepepaGorke KHHrH YUHTbIBaIOCh, 4TO OCHOBHEIe pasmerbl Kypca MpoleccoB H alllapaTOB pa3BHHCb 3a MOCNeTHHe FOMbl B CaMOCTOATENbHbIC TeXHHYCCKHE RMCUMILIHHBI, KOTOPbIM MOCBALeHbI CHeUMaTbHBIe MOHOrpabHH H yseOuble noco6us. Kpome Toro, o6beM KHHFH Jos2KeH ObITh orpaHH4eH Comep- 2kaHHeM y4eOHOH MporpaMMbl 10 KYPCy H KOJHYeCTBOM OTBORUMEIX YacoB AIA ero usydenua. Tlostomy B yueOHuKe UpHBeZeHbI JIMWb CBeMeHHA, OcTaTOTHEIe AMA YACHeHHA HW aHaNH3a PU3HKO-XHMHYeCKOHM CylHOCTH Mpoweccos, HX Mexa- HH3Ma@ H ONTHMAJIbHbIX yenosuit TMpoBeeHHA, a Take PaCcCMOTPeHE! MPHH- UMubI yCTpolictBa THMOBEIX allllapaToR H OOllad MeTOAMKa HX pacuera. Bonee mogpo6ubie MatepHasbl, B TOM GHCNe pasIMYAbIe pacuerHbie 9MIH- PHYECKHe H MO/LYSMNMPH4ecKue ypaBHeHHA, NaHHbIe KaTaOmKHOrO XapaKTepa 06 alimapatype, 3HayeHHA cbusH4ecKHX KOHcTaHT HT. X., GHTaTeTb Haliser B CHenHanbHOH M cupaBouwNo muTepatype, Ha KOTOpyl0 UPHBOMATCA CChVIKK B TeKCTe H B KOH KHHTH.8 Tpeducaoeue Hekoropsie wacru Texcta, HalevaTaHHbie MenKHM UIpHTOM, MpequasHa- WeHLI 21a yray6ieHHoro H3yyeHHS npeqMeta wAH hpeacTaBasroT Cobo pac- YeTHBIe SaBHCHMOCTH, TIPHBOAMMBI€ B KHHT€ B OCHOBHOM B Ka¥eCTBe MIpHMepos. B csasv c Tem, 4TO Aa yueGHol awreparypbi NpuHATa Kak NpeqnouTHTedb- naa MexgyHapoquaa cucrema (CH), sce pacuerHbie ypaBHeHua H GHCIOBBIe SHaTeHHA BeAMYHH NpHBeAeHBI B STOH CHCTeMe, MpH¥eM B PAE cay4aeB yKa- sbiBalorcs (B CKOGKaXx) 3Ha¥eHHA TeX Xe BEAHYHH B cHcTeme MKICC. TipH peueHSHpoBaHHH faHHOrO M34aHHA KHMrH 3aBesyloulHM Kadenport B xamugeckoll MpomBIMNIeHHOCTH OcyHleCTBIAIOTCA pasHOOOpasHEIe mpo- feccbl, 6 KOTOPbIX HCXOHbIe MaTepHa/ib B pesy/bTaTe XHMHYECKOrO B3aHMO- AeficTBuA mpeTeptiesaior ruy6oKHe npespaliieHusA, conpoporxsaioulvecn H3Me- HeHHeM arperaTHOrO COCTOAHHA, BHyTpeHHeit CTpyKTYypbI MH CocTaBa BemlecTB. Hapany c XHMH4eCKHMH PeaKUHAMH, ABAIOULHMHCA OCHOBOH XHMHKO-TexHO- MOPM4ecKUX Mpoweccos, NocieAHHe OOLIMHO BKJUOVAIOT MHOTOUNCeHHBIe (PU3H- geckue (B TOM 4HC/Ie MexXaHHdeckHe) H PUSHKO-XHMHYeCKHe Mpoueccsl. K TaKHM _ MpoueccaM OTHOCATCA: MepeMemenve >uNKOcTel H TBepALIX MaTepHastos, HSMebYeHHe H KiaccuHKalHA MocwemHux, cxKATHe H TpalcnopTupoBaHue Ta30B, HarpeBaHve H OXJa%kJeHWe BeLeCTB, UX MepeMelmMBaHHe, pasferenue KUAKUX H Ta3OBbIX HEOLHOPOMHBIX cMeceli, BEIapHBaHHe pacTBopoB, cylKa MaTepHasioB 1 Ap. IIpv atom cnoco6 mpopexeHua yKasaHHEIx mpoweccos YacTo onpevleiaeT BOSMOKHOCTS OcyilectBAeHUA, sbeKTHBHOCTh HM peHTaGetbHocTh MpOH3BOACTBEHHOTO Mpowecca B LeTOM. Takum o6pa30M, TeXHOJOrHA IIpousBOACTRA CaMBIX pasHooGpa3sHbIX XHMH- yecKMX MpolyKTOB M MaTepHasoB (KuCJOT, UleNoUel, comeli, MHHEpanbHEIX yAoOpenuli, Kpacuteneii, NOMMMepHBIX H CHHTeTHYeCKHX MaTepHasioB, HacTH- qeCKHX Macc H T. J.) BKOGaeT PAN OMHOTHTHEIX (busHueCKHX H CU3HKO-XHMH- gecKHX [poueccos, XapakTepH3yeMBIX OGMUMH 3aKOHOMepHOCTAMH. StH mpo- Hecchl B PaSIHYHbIX NPOHSBONCTBAX MPOBOAATCA B AHANOFHYHEIX TO NPHHUWHYy RelicrBuA MaliHHaX M allmapatax. Tipoweccst u alnapatsi, oGulHe AIA PasMHGHBIX OTpacme XHMH4eCKOH TeX- HONOPHH, MOMYIHTH HaspaHHe OCHOBHEIX MpoweccoB “M anma- patos. Hanpumep, OLH¥M 3 OCHOBHLIX MponeccoB ABAReTcA ep e- rou Ka (pextHpuKauuA) — mpouecc passeneHuaA *%unKUX cMeceli, OCHOBAaH- HB Ha pa3J1M4HH JaBseHMA MapoB KOMMOHeHTOB cMecH. Dror mpouecc MpH- MeHAeTCA JWIA pasqeneHuA %KMAKOTO BOSLY Xa B MPOWSBONCTBE KHCOposa, pas- AeneHuA BOM H a30THOH KHCMOTHI B MpOuSBOscTBe a30THOH KHCOTHI, pasdenedua CHOxKHOH cMecH OpraHu4ecKUX MposyKToR ATH MonyTeHKA QHBH- HHJa B MPOHSBONCTBe CHHTeTHYeCKOrO Kay4yKa H BO MHOrHX ApyruX XHMH- wecKHX Mpow3BoncTBaX. K ancy OcHOBHEIX alapaToB OTHOCATCA TapesbyaTHle H HacagouHbie KO- JIOHHEI, UHPOKO MIpHMeHAeMBbIe He TOABKO AIT NPOBEMEHHA MpoleccoB peKTH- uKAWHH, HO TaKKe YA H3BMETeHHA KOMMOHEHTOB H3 Fa30BbIX HIM MapoBEIX emecefi XKHAKHM TOriotuTesiem (mpoueccst a6cop6uHH), OMMCTKH ra30B OT MbI- aM HT. 2 Hacocpi # Kommpeccophl, PuAbTpbI A WeHTpHyru, TennOOGMeHHHKH H Cy- WHAKH TakxKe OTHOCATCA K THCY OCHOBHBIX allMapaToB MH MaLIMH, KOTOpbIe B Pa3HBIX COWeTAHHAX COCTAaBAAIOT THMOBOe OOOpyAOBAHHe GObIHHCTBA XH- MHUECKHX MpOHu3BOcTB. B xypce «Ipoueccni 4 anmapatem usydaioTcn TEOPUA OCHOBHEX nmpoweccoB, MpuHHuUHM ycrpohctsa w MeTOAH pac- qeTa alinmapaToB HK MAIIHH, HCMOmb3yeMbIX JA MpoBeneHuA sTHX MpoueccoB. AHasH3 3aKOHOMepHocTell OcHOBHEIX IpoueccoB H paspa-10 Ta. 1. O6mue caedenua Gorka oGo6ujeHHbIX MeTOZOB pacuera alMlapaToB MpOH3BOAATCA HCXOMA H3 yH@aMeHTanbHBIX 3aKOHOB (H3MKM, XHMHH, pu3HYecKOH XHMMH, TepMogu- HaMHKH, 9KOHOMHKH HM Apyrux HayK. Kypc crpouTca Ha OcHoBe B bi 1 Be - HUA AH AA OT HH BHELIHe pasHOpOmHBIx Mpoueccos H anmapaToB Hesa- BHCHMO OT OTPaCH XHMHYECKOH MpOMbIUIeHHOCTH, B KOTOpoli OHH Hcnomb- sylorca. B stom Kypce u3y¥aiorcA TakKe 3aKOHOMEPHOCTH Nepe- XO 1a Of Aa6opaTopHEIxX Mpoueccos W annapaToB K MpOMBIIWeHHBIM. SHaHHe sakOHOMepHocteli Mepexoga oT onHOro MaculTaGa K ApyroMy x MepeHoca AaH- HBIX, MOJYYeHHBIX Ha OHO cHcTeMe — MoyemH, Ha Apyrylo cHcremy, mpeq- eTapsimoulyo cob6oH oSbeKT HaTypanbHOi BeAMYHHEI (MOJeTHpoBaHHe), HeO6- XOMHMO MIA MpOeKTHpOBAHHA GOOAbWHHCTBa COBpeMeHHBIX, O6bINHO -MHOTO- TOHHAKHBIX, MPOH3BOCTBEHHBIX MpoueccoB XHMHYeCKOH TexwonoruH. Tax, HallpHMep, XHMH¥ecKHH Mpouecc, H3yYeHHBI B a6opaTopHu (B MasIOM Mac- wTaG6e) c TOUKH 3peHHA Me€xXaHH3Ma PeaKILHH, 3aKOHOMepHOCTeli ee MpoTeka- HHA BO BPeMeHH HT. T1., 1a1eKO He Bcerza MOxeT ObITh BOCTPOUSBeLeH C TEMH KE noKa3aTeuAMH B KpyNMHoM Macuita6e. [Lua ocymecraqeHusa mpouecca B Mmpo- MbIIWICHHOM peaKTOpe NOMHMO XHMHYecKOl cyiHOCTH Npouecca LOKHBI ObITH ycTaHOBJcHbI ero MapaMeTpbl B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOHCTpyKUHM armapata, CTpyKTYpbI MOTOKOB H Pe*KHMOB HX ABHXKEHHA, CKOPOCTH MepeHoca TeNa H Maccbl 1 Ap. CopokynHoe BauaHMe sTuX daKTOpoR oMpexenAeT Tak Ha3biBae- Mylo Mak POKMHETH Ky Mponecca, CBASAHHylO C MaCCOBLIM ABH2KeHHEM MakpoyacTH, — nysbipelt, Kanes, crpyf ut. nm. B wayke 0 mpoueccax m almapaTax H3y4aeTcA MaKPOKMHeTHKa OCHOBHBIX upoueccon XuMH4ecKoli TexHovoruu. [1px sTOM HcNOmBsyiOTCA JaHHDIe 10 MHKPOKHHETHKe, XapakTepv3yeMOl SeMeHTAapHBIMH, H€3aBHCHMO MpOTeKalo- UHM Ha MOMeKyMAPHOM ypoBHe mpoueccamH, TakKHMM, Kak TenwJompoBon- HOCTb, MOJIEKYJSIPHAA LUppy3uA u T. 1., KOTOPbIe paccMaTPHBAIOTCA B (pUusuKe, cpusuyeckoH XUMHH, XMMHYECKOH TepMOqMHaMUKe M APyrux Haykax, CkasaHHbIM ONpégensetca sHayeHne Kypca «IIpoueccsl u almapatay 1a M3yYeHUA HE TOMbKO PHSHYeCKHX, HO M XHMHYECKHX MPOMBILWICHHEIX Mpolec- cop, a Tak2ke allmapaTos Jia HX MpoBeseHuA, NpHyem Mpo6memb! MaciutaGupo- BaHHA H MOMeNHPOBAHUA OcOGeHHO MHTeHCKBHO paspaOaTHIBalOTCA B Mocaen- HHe TOMI. Takum o6pasom, kype «Iponecchi H anmapatb aBanetcaA nuu>KeHepHof AMCUAIMIHHOH, Mpelctapamoulet co6oiBa KH EH pase TeopeTu- yeCKHX OCHOB XHUMHYeCKOH TexHowOorHH. Sror Kype MOXKHO OXapakTepH30BaTb KaK COCTaBHy!0 YacTh KOMMMeKca AMCLLMNWMH, OCBeMLalOMHX Pas IMTHbIe ACTeKTHI XHMHYECKOM TeXHOMOrHH Kak HayKH. K ta- KHM QHCULHIIHHaM OTHOCATCA KypcbI OOuleH XHMHYeCKOM TeXHOMOrHH H TeXHO- OPH KOHKpeTHEIX OTpacwel XHMH4eCKOH MpOMbIIUMeHHOCTH, AA KOTOPbIX MPOu3SBOAHTCA NO*roTOBKa HH KeHepoB (XHMHKOB-TexHOsoros). B yacTHocTu, c kypcom «IIpoueccst u annmapatbP TecHo cBa3aH yyeOubili kypc «OOmaa xuMH- yeckafl TEXHOOFHA», B KOTOPOM Takxe H3y4aloTcH OOUIHe 3aKOHOMeEpHOCTH XHMH4ecKOlt TEXHONOFHH MyTeM OGOOUEHHA MpHHUHMOB MOcTpoeHHA Mpou3- BOJCTBEHHBIX CXEM XHMHKO-TeXHOMOTHYeCKHX MpOweccOB H aHasusa BOMpOcoB HavOosee palHoHabHoro, KOMMeKCHOTO HCMOMb30BaHUA CLIPbA, SHEPrun WH np. OGa kypca ocpemaior 06 He Ha4da Ja, KoTOpble AOMKHBI ObITh CHH- TETHYCCKH HCHOAb3IOBAHEI MPH paspaborKe HavOonee sdpeKTHBHBIX C TEXHHKO- SKOHOMHYECKO! TOUKH 3PCHHA MpoueccoB MpousBogcTBa B MOObIX OTPacaAx XHMHYeCKOH TeXHOJIOTHH. : Tipumenenue MeToqo HM TeXHMYeCKHX CpefcTB coBpeMeHHO KuGepHeTHKH BHAYHTeIbHO OOser4uaer MOMeNHPOBAHHE XHMUKO-TeXHONOFHYeCKHX Mpoweccos, BkMOYad MaTeMaTHYecKOe MOJeMHpOBaHHe, OcyllecTBAAeMoe pH MOMOILA SNEKTPOHHBIX BBIYHCHTEIbHBIX MallHH. Tlosromy caa3b Kypca «Tpomeccer W anmlapaTbM c Kypcom «XWMH4ecKas KHGepHeTHKa» ABARETCA HaHGo.ee M10- AOTBOPHOM AA H3YYeHHA M NpOeKTHPOBaHHA CHOMKHBIX, B TOM 4HCJIe XHMH- weCKHX, MpoweccoB XUMMYecKOH TexHONOrHH.2. BosnukHosentte 4 paseumue nayku 0 npoyeccax u annapamax i 2. BosHuKHOBeHHe H pa3BHTHe HaykKH O Npoleccax Mu almapaTax XHMHYeCKaA MpOMbINNeHHOCTh Hayasa co3qaBaTecA Ha pyGexe XVIII u XIX sekos 4 3a HCTOpHuecKH KOPOTKHH mepHog, HacuHTerBalonlui Bcero 120—150 ner, npespaTHmach B TeXHHYECKH PasBUTHIX CTpaHax B OLHY M3 OCHOB- HBIX M BeLyMHx orpacnef Hapoguoro xossiictaa. C passutTHem xumnuecKol NPOMEIMVICHHOCTH BOSHHKa NOTPeGHOcTS B MHKeHepHOM HayKe, OGoGulaiomel SA€KOHOMEPHOCTH OCHOBHBIX IIPOH3BOACTBEHHEIX Mpoueccos H paspaGaTHIBalo- tei MeTOAbI pacueToB allapatos Ha OCHOBe HX palHoHadbHOl KNaccHbuKanun. B name ctpane Hen 06 oSuHOCTH pana OcHOBABIK NPOUeccos H annapatos, NPHMEHAEMEIX B PagHHYHEIX XHMHYECKHX MPOHSBOACTBAX, Ohivia BBICKa3aHa Npop. ©. A. JlencoBLIM eme 8 1628 r. *. Toannee ananornanee npmiuunst passraamics [1. H. Menzeneessis, npeatoxun- IM coScraedityio KiaccHbuKauiio OCHOBEBIX NPOWeccos KuMUMeCKOH TexHonOrHu **. ITH KEK aernk 8 ocHoBy HoROIt yreOxOl ANCUAMTHNE TO PacteTy H MpoeKTHpOBAKKIO OcHOBHEX Mpouec- coe annapaTos, KoTopas Oxia BBeRexa mpop. A. K. Kpynckum 8 Kouwte 90-x rozos npouwtoro sexa p [letep6yprckom TexHodornuecKoM HucTHTYTe H HeckaTbKO nosnHee nPop H. A. TumeriKo 8 Mockoscxom Bucwem TexHieckoM yananme. LinKit next, wuTasUUHXxca sTuM YER, MOXKHO PaccMaTpUBaTs Kak NPOOOpas coBpeMerHorO Kypca No OCHOBHNM Mpoueccam K annapa- Tam xunuuecko# Texnoxoran. Hostomy A. K. Kpynexni « H. A. Txurenxo mo npasy curaiorck ocHoBonononnnxawn xypca efIpouecce annapatse B Hauled crpane. Kuura A. K. Kpyncxoro Havanbitie rabbi yueuna 0 mpoekTuposanni m0 xuMHuecKoh rexnoxornia (1909 r.) Obvia, mo cyulecTay, omHof Ha MepaLIx TOMBITOK OOOSuKeHHs Teop iti OCHOBHEEX DUBHIECKHX H PHSKKO-XHMHYECKHX MPOUeCcO HESABACHMO OT OTPAcaH xHMHTECKOH npoMemuiedsoctH, B KoTOpol on HenomBayioter. B CLA anaaoraanmt tpyn Yoxepa, JImonca x Max-Anawca epnuuans nayxir ompoueccax u annaparats sue caer & 1923 1. Hecxone- xo ater cnyctx 8 CCCP Guta wanana xnura npop. A. A. Kuposa mo annapatype # octoBHbin Mpoueccam ximieckoa Texiosoruit (1927 r,). Boaeuro# sxviax a paspaGoTKy OTAENBEKIX pasemoB HayKK O Mpoueccax K armapatax RECA H. A. Tumeriko, aetop Teopmx paciera ebinapHbix annapatos ***, JL. [1. Koiosasos, san0Kus- nit ocuosst TeopHE NeperonKH KHAKUX cece ****, JI. D. OoRnn KK. ®. Tasos, coatanuine opurunampHbe W TayOOKHe M0 ConepaKaituio MOHOTpADKK Mo CCHOBHBM NpoueccaM annapa- ram **#**, Via sapyOennok antepatyper, mOcBateHHOR npHHMUTAM PaceTa OcHOBHEIX Mpotiec- cos, yerpolictay H pacuety TimoBEix afinapaTos, MoxHO oTMeTHTS BuItlyuLeHH tO B CLITA (1931 r.) xanty B. Bamxepa B. Mak-KsGa, uaaawnyio wa pyccxom ssuKe 1933 r. non HasBanKen «Ochopitive mpoueccet H atinapars’ KHMYeCKHX MpoHssorcTar. B revenue mocnegunx matugecaTH met Hayka O mpoueccax u ammapatax HeMpeppiBHo pasBuBasach. Ee poh nm 3Hatenue B paspaGorKke Ha Hay4HEIXx OCHOBaX alfapaTypHO-TexHOJOrH4ecKoro OOpMIeHHA XUMMYeCKHX MpoH3- BOUCTB, HX HHTeHCHPHKALHH, a TakoKe B CO31aHHH HOBDIX MpOH3BOLCTB HeH3- MeHHO Bo3pactanH. Tak, ene 8 30-x roqax KHAKOCTHAA SKCTpaKUHA HCMOMb- 30Ba/IaCb .B XMMMUCCKOH TeXHOJOPHH B OCHOBHOM A.A MpenapaTusublx W aHa- AWTHYeCKHX UeNeit H He paccMaTpHBadach B AMTepaType nO mMponeccaM alapataM TOTO BpeMeHH Kak OgHH H3 OCHOBHHIX mpoweccos. B HacTosulee BPeMA STOT MEpcneKTHBHBIi MeTOA pasqeleHHA RUAKHX cMecell NoAyaHA sHa- YHTeNbHOe MPOMbIUIMeHHOe MpHMeHeHHe H MA ero OcyuiecTBAeHHA pa3zpa- Gorawa pasHoo6pa3Han alinapatypa HHTeHCuBHOrO AelicTBUA (cM. rtaBy XIII). B kayecTBe Apyroro Mpumepa MOxKHO yKa3aTb Ha mpoweccnl agcop6unn HAA paskemenHA raz0BylxX H Mapo-ra3oBblx cMeceit. Co Bpemeun w306perenua axan. H. Jl, 3enuuckum yHupepcatbuoro yroabHoro mpotusorasa (1915 r.) alcop6uuA NpPHMeHAach B MpOMbILIJeHHOCTM rasHbIM O6pa3z0M Asa pexymie- *enucos ©. A. Mpoctpattoe pyxosogcrso k o6uell TexHOnOrKH KiK « NO3HaKIO eex paGor, epexcre, opyaitt it wali, yotpeOameNuX B paoHtsx KHNTECKHK HeRycETBA. M.y 1828. c. “Cra6umxoe B.H. JL. H. Meugences u nayxa o npoueccax # annaparax. —B c6.: Xumuueckoe Mawiuoctpoenne. Buin. 11, Kues, xaloulel cpegbt (mpotteccbt yMepeHHoro # ryGoKoro oxnaxnenuA). OlHakO BeexCTBHe MHOPHX CHeMHpHYeCKHX OcOGeHHOCTEeH, STH MPOUECChI BEILeTeHE! NHK B OTIEMbHYIO rpyiny XOTORMMBHBIX Mpoeccos. : Ckopocts Tem10BEIX I[pOueCCOB B 3HAYHTeAbHO!t CTeMeHH 3aBHCHT OT FHAPO- WMHAaMMYeCKHX yCOBUA (CKOpocTeH, pexK4MOB TeyeHHA)), MPH KOTOPHIX ocy- WecTBdeTcA MepeHoc Tenia Mexny OGMeHMBalONIMMHCA. TelIOM cpeqaMu. 3. MaccooOmennpie (quqppy3nontbie) npoueccel, xapakTepusyrouiveca me- PeHOCOM OZHOFO WJM HECKOJIDKHX KOMMOHEHTOB HCXOZHOM cMecH 43 OnHOH casei B Apyrylo Yepes moBepxHocTE paszena a3, HanGonee Meqaennoit 4 -no- STOMY OObIMHO JHMATHpyloUleH cTaHel MaccOOOMeHHBIX Mpoueccos. ABAeTCA MOJekyaApHan Qugxbysna pacmpezeinemoro semectsa. K sro rpyane mpo- WeccOB, ONMCBIBAeMbIX 3aKOHaMM Maccomepema4yn, oTHOCATCA aGcopOunA, Nepe- rouka (pekTHpukauna), akcTpakUMA H3 pacTBOpOB, pacTBOpeHHe {HM SKCTPaK- WHA M3 MOPHCTELX TREPALIX Te, KPHCTaMAN3auUMA, adcopOumA H cytuKa. Tlporekanne mpoueccos Maccoo6Mena TecHo cBA3aHO C THmpo_HHaMH4e- CKHMM yCOBHAMH B pagax H Ha rpanMue HX pasqeda nH YacTo —c conyTcTBy!O- WHMH Maccoo6MeHy MpoueccamH Mepenoca Temaa (Ten0oGMeHa). 4. Xumuueckne (peakuHOHHBie) Mpouecchl, KOTOPHIe MpoTeKaloT CO CKO- POcTbtO, ONpeRenneMol 3aKOHaMH XHMMYECKOH KUHETHKH. OHaKoO XHMHMYECKHM peakuMAM OGbITHO COMyTcTBYeT MepeHOC MaccbI H 9HeprHH, H COOTBETCTBCHHO CKOPOCTh XHMHMeCKHX Mpoueccos (OCcobeHHO MPOMbILLTeHHEIX) 3aBHCHT TAKKE oT THApoAMHamMyecKuX ycnoBHit, Benegcrsue storo cKopocTh peakuwit mon- 4HHACTCH 3AKOHAM MAKPOKHHETHKH H OlpemelnetTcA HanOonee MeaJIeHHBIM H3 “MOcMeROBaTeMBHO MpOTeKAlOWHX XHMHMECKOTO B3aMMoselicTBHA H ANdpysHH. OGuHe 3aKOHOMepHocTH MpoteKaHHA XHMHYECKHX Mpoueccos H MpHAWHN yerpolicrBa peaKTopos paccmaTpuBaiotca B cnewHanbHOm amutepatype *. 5. Mexaumueckue npoyecchl, OnnchisaeMple 3aKOHaMH MeXaHHKH, TBEPALIX Ten. StH MpOUeCcchI MPUMeHMOTCA B OCHOBHOM 1.19 MOLTOTOBKH HCXOAHBIX TBep- OBIX. MaTepHasOB H OGpaGOTKH KOHCUHEIX TBepAbIX NPOLYKTOB, a TaKKe ANA TPaHCMOpTHpOBaHHs| KYCKOBLIX M CbIMy4HxX MaTepHastoB. K mexanu4yecKUM MpoweccaM OTHOCATCH H3MeMbYcHHe, TpaHcMOpTupoBaHue, coprupoRKa (K.1ac- CHuKalluia) HM CMeWIeHHe TBepABIX BeLLecTB. * Cw, nanpumep: LeuOar K. 1. Teopua xuuuueckux peaxtopos. Tep..c aura. Thos pea. akag. H. M. 3Kasoponkosa. M., «Haykay, 1968, 191 c. :4 Ta. 1. O6uzue coedenun Oco6yto rpyntty MexaHM4eckux mpoweccos cocTaBAAioT Mpotecce! tepepa- G6orKH XHMM4eCKHX MposyKTOB B H3LeMA — MpeccoBanHe, ANTE, SKCTpy- Sua H Ap. Sta mpoueccet 4h MaLIMHet AA UX MpoBexeHHA cHeuMpH4HE! 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YBeru4eHHe KosppuuNeHTa CKOpOCTH CBepX HeKOTOPOrO 3HayeHHA YaCTO CONpoBOKMAeTCA YMCH_UIEHHEM IBHKyuel CHubl, 4TO MOKET MpHBecTH K MpeKpallleHHio yBeTHYeHUA MHTeHCHBHOCTH18 La. 1. O6uyue cseBenun mponecca. Bmecte ¢ Tem MoBbIeHHe HHTeHCHBHOCTH Mpouecca He Bcerga COMPOBOKMaeTCH IKBUBAEHTHBIM MOBEIMeHHem OGbeMHOM HHTeHCHBHOCTH ammapata, Tak Kak Hapsaqy c yMeHbilleHHeM ero paGoyero oObeMa Mox«KeT NoTpeOoBaTBCA S3HAYHTeAbHOe yBeMYeHHe BCMOMOFaTerbHOrO OGbema, Heob- XOAHMOrO, HallpuMep, 21n cenapamuu cas a T. 1. Tlostomy nospiilenne O6bem- Hoi HHTCHCHBHOCTH armapaToB 3a CHeT yBemHYeHHA CKOpocTH Mponecca He MOXET ABATECA CaMOLeMbIO MPH HX MpOeKTHPOBAaHHM HM aKenAyaTauHH. Tipu ouexke KOHCTpykuHH allnapaTa MM pexuMa ero pa6orsI pemlaiontee SHaveHHe LOMKHE HMeTh TEX HH KO-9KOHOMH4YeCKHE Xapax- TepHCTHKH JanHoro anmapata. OntumMadyubim GyeT Tako annapaT (aan Takoli pexkum ero paGoTs!), KOTOpsiit OGecne4yHT 3amaHHElit pesynbTaT C HavMeHBINMMH saTpataMn. arpatst wa ocymectanense npouecca ckxagbRaloTe Hs KaNHTaNbHNX SaTpaT H SKcnyaTa- UNORHLIX pacxonon. Veemivenne OOnemnol mitTeHCUBHOCTH NPUBOANT K YMerIBILIeHHO pasvepoB anmapata H COOTRETCTREHHO K CHHKEHMiO KANMTaMbUBIX 3aTpat. JKCTTYaTALMOMHBLe %Ke PACKONet Tpu STOM, Kak NpaBHéo, BospactaioT, TaK KAK HHTeHCKbHKAUKA Mpouecca conposorxnaercs ObsMHO yeednueHHen sHepreTiuecKKX saTpaT. MuHMMYM cyMMB SaTpaT orBeuaet onpenesteH- noft oSvemiol uNTeHCHBHOcTH annapata, KOTOPaN H ABARETCA ONTHMATLHOH. Onpenenenne ocHoBHbIx pasmepoB amnapatos. Tloap3yscb ypaBHeHHem (1,3), BbINMCAMIOT OCHOBHEIe pa3MepbI HelpepHiBHO AelicTByloulero anmapata. Ecan uapecten o6bem Q cpensi, mpotekaionlel Yepes anMapaT B eAHHHLLy Bpe- MeHH, H 3a0aHa MH MpHHATa ee AMHeHad CKOpOcTS w, TO MOllafl Mo- nepeunoro cevendun S antapata waXxogsT W3 caemyloulero COOTHOWMeHHSA: aa (1,6) Tlo peanunne S onpeeastoT OHH H3 OCHOBHBIX pasMepos almapata, Ha- MpuMep 1a anmapaTa umaMgpuueckoh dhopmel — ero nuamerp D. ZipyrHm OcHOBHBIM pa3mepoM sBumeTcH pabouan BpIcoTa (HIM Ana) H annapata. M3 ypasnenns (1,3) Haxogat paGounit oGbem anmapata (ecan A = = V) wm nosepxuocts F, tpe6yemy10 249 mpopenenua mpouecca, Suan F u soipsyacb 3aBHcHMocTEIO F = aV, rye @— noRepxnocts, MpHxogsmaaca Ha eMHHUMy OGbema anmapata (yqebHat MOBepXHOCTb), PaCCYHTEIBAaIOT ero paGounii o6bem. Ilo seanunne V onpeneasmior Bricoty MH, mpumensaa coorHo- menue V = SH. Pa6ounl o6nem V nmepwognyecku gelictayionlero anmapata OfpexelmioT Kak MpOnsBeneHHe 3aaHHOl MpovsBo_MTeNbHOcTH (HampuMep, Q m/cex) WU Nepvoga Mpouecca tT cek, BKMOYAlOULerO MpoROMKHTeAbHOCTS caMoro mpouecca, a Take BpeMA, 3aTpayuBaemoe Ha 3arpy3KY, BbiITpy3ky* HM Apyrve BcioMoraTesBHLe omepanHn: V=Qt (1,7) Mogeamposanue 4 ontamusau4a Npoueccos 4 annapatos, Mccaenopanne Mpoueccos H allmapaToB B MacuITaSax M yCHOBHAX MpoMBIUIMeHHOrO MponsBog- cTBa ABJAeTCH, Kak MpaBH0, CAOMKHBIM, QAMTeIbHBIM M JOporocToamum. B cass ¢ sTHM Gombmode 3Ha¥eHHe HMeeT MOE 1M pOBaH He— H3yue- HHe 3aKOHOMepHocTei Mpoueccon Ha MOJeMAX MPH ycHOBMAX, MonycKalomnx PacnpoctpaHeHHe MOMyHeHHEIX pe3ybTATOB Ha BCE MpoUecch!, MOAOGHEIE H3y4eHHOMY, HesaBHcuMo OT MacuiTa6a ammapata. OGurre NpHHUNME! MOLeEAHPOBAHHA BEITeEKAIOT H3 TEOPHH MO_OOHA, OCHOBET KOTOPO! H310%KeHBI B riaBe I]. Cormacto Tpe6oBaHuAm STOH TeOpHH, LOIKHDI coGmomaTEcn Crelyioulde mpaBAsia MOLeMpoBaRHs: 1) Heo6xoguMo, 4¥TOGbI Npoueccht B MOLEAH H alllapate HaTypaabHOro pas- Mepa (OpHrHHade) omicbhiBadich OMHakOBEIMH AHbpepenMalbAMH ypaB- HeHRAMH; 2) Monemb RomKHa OpiTh TeomeTpH4eckH Nogo6Ha opwrunaay;4. Odujue npunyunse anaauoa 4 pactema npoyeccos “ annapamos 19 3) UHcneHHEe SHaveHMA HauabHBIX HW rpaHH4HEX ycloBHit, BEIpPaxeH- HEIX B GespasmMepHok (bopme, 11 MOZe4H M OpHrHHana JomKHEI ObITD paBHBl; 4) Heo6xonHMO, 4TOGEI Bce GespasMepHbIe KOMMIeKCHI PHSHYeCKHX H Teo- MCTPHYCCKHX BeAHYHH, BsKAIOWNMX Ha Mpouecc (KpHTepHu nogo6uA), SEM PAaBHbI BO BCeX CXOMCTBEHHBIX TOUKAX MOMeMH M OpHTHHasa. Ecan nocaeguee TpeGoBaHne HeBBIIONHHMO HM MpoTeKaHHe mpouecca mpak- THYECKH MaJIO 3aBUCHT OT TeX HJM MHBIX KPHTepHeB Mox0GuA, TO paBeHCTBOM UX B MOJeIH HM OpHrHHase mpeneOperaiot, mposolt np uOaH xen HOE MomeaHpoBanne. MogeaupopatHe Mpouleccos MOKHO TakK)Ke OCYUIECTBAATh Ha OCHOBe MaTe- MaTH4ecKOH aHasloruu — OnMHaKOBOl hopme: ypaBHeHuil, omucHIBalOWAX (pu- BHUeCKH pasA HUH Ee aABTeHHA. IIpH HcnOALSOBAHHH SMeKTPOHHDIX BEI- WHCAMTeIDHBIX MalUHH MaTeMaTH¥ecKOe MOJeMpoBaHve MosBoameT 3Ha4H- TeAbHO YCKOPHT HcCHehoBaHHe HanGonee CAOMKHBIX MpoueccoB XHMHYECKOh TexHomOrHn. OGulHe OCHOBLI MOAeMHpPOBaHHA Mpouecco’ H anMmapaToB H3/10- *KeHBI B rviape IT. . Zak MOuNTeMbHEIM STAMOM MOJeMPOBAHHA MpoueccoR ABAAETCA HX ONT Ht - MH3atUH A — BHIOOP HaHAyYWHX, HAM ONTHMabHbIX, YCOBHH mpoBe_eHHA mpouecca. Onpeneenue aTHx ycnoBHit cBasaHo c BLIGOpoM Kp uTepus ONTHMM34W MH, KOTOPBIii MOKET 3aBMCeTS OT ONTHMATBHBIX sHayeHHit pada Mapamerpos (HalpHMep, TemMuepatypbl, AaBleWduA, CTeneHH u3B.eue- Hua 4 p.). Mexgy yKa3aHupimMH MapameTpaMu OObIYyHO CyulecTByeT CaOx%KHaA BSAHMOCBASH, TO CH/bHO 3aTpyAHAeT BEIOOP EAHHOrO KPHTepHA, BcecTOpoHHE xapaktepu3yioulero sthpeKTHBHOCTS Mpouecca. 3aqaya cBoguTcA K MOHCKY 9KCTpeMaIbHOTO 3HaveHHA (MHHHMYMa HM MaKCHMyMa) UedeBol pyHKWAH, BEIpakaioulell 34BHCHMOCTb BeAHYHHEI BHIOpaHHorO KPHTepHA ONTHMH3aLHH OT BAMAIONLHX Ha Hero dakTopos. OcHoBHBe XapaKTepHCTHKH Mpouecca, KaK MpaBHJIO, CBAZaHBI MexKIy co6of Tak, 4¥TO BOSpacTaHuHe ero sdekTHBHOCTH mo ONHOM H3 HUX CHMKaeT B TOM HAM HHO CTeMeHH sheKTHBHOCTS AaHHOrO Mpotecca NO ApyruM xXapak- TepHctukam, Tak, HalipHMep, B 106eIX Mpoueccax passeneHun cMecell (peKTH- QUKaUHA, SKCTPAaKUNA, TPOXOWeHHe H AP.) MoAHOe pasketeHHe HeAOCTHKHMO. Kauectso xe'KOHe4HOrO MponyKTAa, OMpeeanemoe co- ZepkaHwem B HeM wWeneBOrO KOMMOHeHTAa (HAM HeCKOABKMX KOMMOHEHTOB), ylyuuaercd c yBeIMMeHHeM MOAHOTH pasneaenu a. OnnaKo npn 3TOM Mpouecc yuopoxaercn, a MpOH3SBOAMTEALHOCTS annapa- Typbl yMexbaetca. B cBa3H c STHM 3agqa4a ONTHMH3ALMM CBOLMTCA, MO cy- ulecTBy, K HakorKLeHHl0 HaHGoee BHFOAHOFO KOMMpOMHCca MexKAy SHateH HAMM MapaMeTpoB, aHTarOHHCTHYeCKH BAMAIOUHX Ha Mmpouecc. Han6oaee yHuBepcatbHsl 9KOHOMH4YECK ME KpHTepHa ONTHMH- 3aUlHH, HHTerpasIbHO OTparxaloulHe (B CTOHMOCTHOM BBIpaxKeHHH) He TOABKO OcHOBHBIe TEXHHYECKMe XaPaKTePHCTHKM, MOgOSHbIe yKa3aHHBIM BBILNe, HO HM 3aTpaTbl Ha sHeprmo, paGouyio cuay uu T. 2. TipHnunn vaxoxgenna SKOHOMHMECKOrO OFTHMYMa AH OTACABHBIX OCHOBHBIX MpomeccoB 13.10- XKCH B COOTBETCTBYIOWMX TaBax KypCa. OgHako HeOGXOAMMO OTMeETHTb, 4TO ONTHMH3AUHA Ha OCHOBE SKOHOMMHeCKHX KpHTepHeB CBASAHa C HaJH4uHeM THOKOH CHcTeMbI WeH, OMepaTHBHO OTParKaloulHxX H3MeHeHMe CTOMMOCTH MIpo- AYKTOB (B TOM YHCe MPOMexXyTOUHEIX) C PpasBHTHeM HayKH MH TeXHHYeCKOTO mporpecca. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOHKpeTHBIX YCJOBHH NpHMeHAIOT TakKKe TeXHOJIOrH- weckHe, TEPMOMMHAMHYecKHe, CTaTHCTHYeCKHe M Apyrve KpHTepuH onTuMH- sauna. Jas onTuMu3auHH Mpoweccos WMpOKO HcnomDsytoT KHGepHeTMYeCKHe Me- TOMbI H MPH 9KCMepHMEHTAaMbHOM H3yYeHMH — cTATHCTH4eCKHe MeTONB M Ma - HU POBAHHA SKCHEPHMeHTOB, MO3BOMMOINHE Ha‘ OcHOBe npemBapHTesty- HOrO MaTeMaTHYECKOTO aHamH3a COKPaTHTS “HCO ONETOB 20 MHHHMabHO HeoOxonMMoro.20 Pa. 1. O6ujue ceedennn OcHosHbie MaTeMaTH4eCcKHe MeTOMBI ONTHMH3AUMH (kaaccuyeckutt MaTeMa- THYeCKHH aHaH3, BapHalMOHHoe HC4HCJeHue, ANHelHOe Hw AHHaMHueCcKoe TIporpaMMHpoBaHHe, MPpHHUM MaKCHMyMa H Ap.) OMHcEIBaloTeA B CreHavibHOH atepatype *. 5. Pasawanpie cucTembl eHHHI, H3MepenHA usnuecknx Besvann fs Uncnopble 3HavedHA BeAWYHH, Momyyaempie B pe3sysIbTATe TeEXHMMCCKHK pacietos, 3aBbHcsiT or BbiGopa eqMHHu HamMepenns. Tlostomy Heo6xogMMo Mpa- BHAbHO yYMTbIBaTb CAMHHUB! H3MEpeHHA BeTHYHH, BXOAAULHX B pac4erHple opmyn H ypapHedua. JAA BbIpaxkeHHA BEMMYMH McMObsylor pasM4HEIe CHCTEMM CRHHHM H3IMEPEH HA, COCTOMUMe H3 OCHOBHBIX (He- 3aBHCHMBIX) H MpONsBORHEIX eLuHH. TIponss0gHbe eqMHHUbI BbIpAKaloTcA yepes OcHOBHBIe eluHHUEI. Kpome toro, B pacueTHoi mpakruKe ynotpe61sioT WM HeKOTOpEe BHeECHCTEMH Be eHHMUB HSMepeHna. TIpumMenenme pa3aM4ubix CHCTeM eMHHHU, a TaKxKe BHECHCTeMHBIX CLHHHIL yCAOMKHAeT PackeTH! H HEPEAKO ABAMETCA NPHYAHOM CepbeSHbIX OWHOOK B TEX- HOMOrHYeckMX pacuerax. Coraacno rocytapcrBexuomy crangapty (FOCT 9867—61), 8 Hamel crpane MpuHATa KaK MpennourntenbHan Me KA yHaApORHaa cucTemMa eaux a u (CH). Mepexog na enuuyio x yHuBepcanbHylo cucremy enuxuu CH oGecneunpaeT emuHoob6pazve w3amepennii, MoppiilaeT: HX TOMHOCTh, a TaKxKe yupomaet Hekotopsie dopmy.tpi **. Vs ocnosnpix equnny CH B pacuerax Mo Tpoweccam H alnapataM HCMO.b- SylOT YeTbIpe CNHHHUBI: MeTp (mM), KHOrpaMM (x2), CeKyHAy (cex) M Tpamyc Keapsuua (°K). 3 neppeix Tpex envHHu, COBMaLAlOWINX ¢ OCHOBHEIMH @LHHH= Wamu cuctempr MKC, o6pa3yiorca Bce MpousBogHEle MeXaHMuecKHe eLHHHUb!, a Ha ocHope °K — nponsBogHble eMHHUbI 2A HaMepeHUA TerloBEIX BeTHYHH. Hexotopple yacro Hcnoupsyemble B pacueTax npousBogHBle enunnus! CH mpa- Begenbl B TaGa. 1-1, re yka3atbi TaKxKe 3HaveHMA MepeBOANEIX MHOKHTEWTeHt Ia UpuBexenua eauHun cHctem MKTCC, cre HW BHECHCTEMHDBIX @MHHUIL K COOT- BeTCTByIOUINM equHHnam CH. Tlepesogupie MHOKHTeIH MA ApyrHX PaCueTHHIX BeAMYHH MpHBexeHy B COOTBETCTBYIONNHX raBax KHUrH. MexayHaponuaa cuctema equuun (CH) mpu3pada 3aMeHuTb BO cHX Nop MIpHMenseMbie B pacueTax eAHHHUB! Mpyrux Cuctem (CTC, MKICC u 1. 2), PaSIHUHBIe BHECHCTeMHBIe ELMHAUEI (HTP, aTMOchepa, KaMOpuA, AOMALHHa cua H Ap.) W O6pasopaHHble U3 HHX MPOM3BORHBEIe eLnHuUe! (HaMpAMep, Kkaa/4), a TAKKE HEKOTOPbIe KPATHble 1 KOJbHbIe EMHHHIUbL, OGpasopanne H Ha- HMeHOBAHHe KOTOpEIX HpotuBopeunT CH (HanpumMep, MUKPOH, UCHTHEp HT. 11.). Zo nocneguero BpeMeHH B pacyeTax MO Mpoueccam K anmapaTam WHPOKO ucnomb30Basacb cncrema MKICC, ocHoBHBIMH eHHHLaMH KoTOpo ABAMIOTCH: Metp (#), KuJorpamM-cuna (Kec) 4 cexyHsa (cex). CymectBeHHBI HexOCcTaTOK STOH CHCTeMbI 3ak/o4“aeTCA B TOM, YTO B Ka4¥eCTBe OMHOM 3 OCHOBHBIX ee CNMHHM MpHHATa ELHHHIa CHB, a MpOMSBOAHOH cayxKUT eMHHUA Macchl — TaK Ha3bBaeMad TeXHHYeCKaN enHHAIa MaccHl (1 T. e. M.). YaHTbiBad, 4TO cua paBHa Macce, yYMHOXKeHHOM Ha yckopeHve, NonyyuM 1 Kee 9,81 Ke-1 m/cex® ease T wjee? 1 wfcen® 9,81 Ke Jipyruma caopamu, | T. e. M. nouTn B 10 pa3 mpepbiuiaer eMMHHUy MaccbI B MeTpH4ecKoli cucTeme, paBity0 | xe. Sto HecooTBeTcTBHe ABAAeTCA YacTOH “Cw, sanpumep: Bospuxos A. Kahapos B. B. Meroas ontamusauun b XWMANECKOH TexHonorun. M., OTHOCAT He K MHKpOwacTHnaM, T. €. MosleKynam, a K Makpouactuilam. Takwe 4acTHitet MOryT MepeMemlaTbcA OTHOCHTebHO Apyr Apyra B NoTOKe, HO Kaxad v3 HHX ABWKETCA KaK eRMHOe Meme. . TIpu BbiBoxe OCHOBHBIX 3aKOHOMepHocTell B rHApaBAMKe BBOAAT ToHATHE o TunorerHyeckoli ue aabHOM *KHAKOCTH, KoTOpad, B oTMM4He OT peantbuxow (BA3 KOH) MRUAKOCTH, ABCOMOTHO HECKMMaema MO, jell- CTBHeM 1aBeHHA, He H3MeHAeT MOTHOCTH MPH U3MeHeHHH TeMMepatypbl H HE O6aqaer BASKOCTLIO,24 Ta. 1. Ocnoser ewdpasaunu, O6uue eonpocer npuxaadHon eudpasaurt Peanbuble XHAKOCTH JeNATCH Ha Kanevibuble # ynpyrnve (Ta3ti KH Mapp), Kane bH ble KHAKOCTH NpakTH4eCKH RCOKHMACMBI H OGaNaloT OFeHb MaJIbIM KOMpPHUHEHTOM OGbeMHOro pacmupenun. OGbem y 1 p y THX KHAKO- creli CHABHO H3MCHAeTCA pH H3MeHeHHH TeMNepatypb! HAH LaBNeHHA. 2, Hexoreppie (usvueckue CBoiicTBa *KHAKOCTEe;t PaccmorpHM HeKotopple H3nuecKHe CBOlicTBa 2KHAKOCTeM H NapameTpH, HCHOMb3yeMbIe Mp pacdeTe MpoweccoB XHMHYeECKOH TexHONOrHh, NpoTeKato- WHX B ToKosuelicaA HIM MBYHxKyUlelicA w&AAKOCTH. TlnotHocTs 4 yzeabHbiii Bec. Macca eqHHHUb! OGbeMa XKHIKOCTH Ha3bl- BaeTcA IH TOTHOCTbIWO H O6o3HaYaeTCA Yepes P: m oa any Tae m— Macca ixwaKoctu; V — o6bem >HAKOCTH. B eaunnuax CH naotuocth u3mepsetca rp xe/m*, a B cucteme MKICC, rae Macca BbIparkaercA B kec-Cex*/M, EAWHHUA NVIOTHOCTH OymeT Kec -ceK*/m*. Bec e1HHHUb! O6beMa 2KHAKOCTH HasbiBaeTcA y LET bHDIM BECOMH oGoshauaeTcn yepes y, T. e. G 2 yaar (1,2) B eaunnmax CH yaenpneiit sec HaMepserca B a/m®, a B cucteme MKTCC, rie eanAnueli Beca aBnneTca Kec, — Kec! ms. Macca 4 Bec CBA3aHBI MexKAy co6ol coorHoueHHeM G m= g The g— yckopenHe cro6ogHoro nanenus, st/cex?, TlozctasuB sTo 3Ha¥eHHe m 6B 3aBHcHMocTD (II,1), ¢ y4eTom BBIpaxKe- hus (11,2) somyaum coorHowleHHe MexAy yiedbHbIM BecOM H MOTHOCTBIO: v= 08 1,3) Tnornocth 4 yaenbHbiit Bec KanembHBIX 2XHAKOCTeM SHaYHTeAbHO BLILIe, YeM COOTBETCTBYIOULHe XapaKTEPHCTHKH yNpyrux *xHAKOCTeH (rasoB) H cpaBHH- TeAbHO MAIO H3MeHSIOTCA NOR AeHCTBHEM JaB/eHHA MK Mp H3MeHEHHH TeM- nepatypy. Taorxocrb ra30B c 6osbulei HIM MeHDUIeH cTenetbIo TOUHOCTH MOXET ObITh PACCHHTaHa Ha OCHOBe ypaBHEHHA COCTOAHMA ATA AeaTEHBIX Tasos: pV = -7-RT () rae MpH HenOmsoBaHiN emu CH w cocTBeTCTBYIOMeEM BbipaKeHuH ZaamennA p B A/M*, TeM- nepatypsi TB °K u Maccui | xaoas (MonEHOM Macckl) taza MB Ke/kMoab yHUBepCanbHas rasoBaR- noctonuwaa pasa R == 8314 dac/(kmoas- 2pad). Vs ypasxeuun (11,4) cmenyer, ato PM 1,5 0= = BF (11,5) O6veM, 3aHHMaembIt enHHHUeH MaccbI ra3a, WIM BeNHYHHa, OOpaTHad MNOTHOCTH, Ha3bIBAcTCA WLC Mb HbIM OO BE MOM H OGO3HATAETCA Yepes U: oe ae mp pit Mapaenue. )KnaKocT. oxasnBaeT JaBAeHNe Ha AHO H CTeHKH Cocy7a, B KO- TOPOM OHa HAXOAHTCA, M Ha NOBEPXHOCTd M10Goro NorpyxKeHHOrO B Hee Tesa. PaccmoTpum HeKoTopyio 9feMeHTapHyto Nomanky F BHyTpH o6bemMa NOKOA- mefica 2xuAKocTH. HesapucHMo oT MomoxKeHuA MnolalKH B Manno TOUKE OObemMa XKHAKOCTS OyAeT AABHTD Ha Hee C HeKOTOpoi col, paBHol P Hu Ha- (11,6)2, Hexomopue pusuneckue ceoticmaa xcudxocmed 25, HpaBieHHow Mo HOpMaM K MOUlanKe, Ha KoTOpyto oa gelictsyer. Ee na- apipawoT CHAO THUAPocTaTHYecKOrO AaBAeHH A. OrHoUe- nue P/F npenxctasanet co6oi cpenhHee rugapoctaTuyecKoe ab aeH We, a npexen storo oTHowenHA np F — 0 HOcHT HasBaHHe rH A-* pocTaTH4YecKOrO ZaBACHHAA B TOKE, HH Npocto Ja B- Ten HA: f P mi () ana Uepes Kaxkaylo TOUKY BHYTPH MKHAKOCTH MOMKeT MpoxomNTh SeckoneyHO Gombilloe THCIO SAeMeHTapHbIX MouanoK. Tp stom cua P B 060i TouKe HanpapreHa NO HOPMadAH K Kao Tako moulanKe, Ha KOTOpyIo ona Aelicrayet. Unaye sty cuay MoxxHO Gbi10 Obl pasIOxKUTh Ha HOPMaBH yO MW MapaseAbHyio MMOCKOCTH MMOULaAKH CocTaBAMAIOUIHe, H MapadenbHaA CcO- CTaBAAOULAA BEIsBaa Obl MepeMeMeHHE COCR XAHAKOCTH, ITO HEBOSMOXxHO, TaK KaK MO yCNOBMIO KWAKOCTS HaXOAMTCA B MoKoe. JlaBreHHe B M060i ToUKe *HAKOCTH ORM HAKOBO 10 BCEM HanpaBAeH HAM, NOCKOAbKY B MpOTHBHOM CJlydae TaK?7Ke NPOHCXOAHO GbI MepemellenHe XHAKOCTH BHYTPH 3aHHMaeMoro ei o6beMa. His ompexenenua DaBeHHa caeayet, ato ero enuHHta BCH Bptpaxaerca B a/M, a B cucteme eauHHy MKTCC — b kec/a?. B pacuerax gaBmeHue vacTO BEIpakaioT TaKxKe B PUSHYECKMX H TeXHHYe- CKHX aTMociepax HM B efuHMUax BHIcoTh H cron6a MaHometputeckor xHa- KOCTH (BOB, pTyTH H Ap.). ~ Mexny RaBrenveM, BbIpaxxeHHBIM B A/a” (H/T B Kec/M?) HB eXHHMAX BbI- corel cTomG6a *KUAKOCTH, CyuNecTByeT MpocTad cBAsB: p= yH = pg (IL8) B coorsercrsdH c 9THM MOXKHO YcTaHOBHTb cée_yloule CooTHOWeHHAa MeKAY Pa3IHYRLIMH eLMHMUAMH LaBreHHA: 1 atmochepa usvveckan (1 amm) = 760 mm pm. cm. = 10,33 # 80d. em. = 1,033 kec/em? = 10 330 xec/a? 101 300 w/st?; 1 armoctepa Texunyeckaa (1 am) = 735,6 am pm. cm. = 10 m 40d. cm. = = 1 kecicm® = 10 000 Kec/m? = 98 100 H/m?. MIpu6ops 21A w3MepeHua AaBeHHA (MaHOMeTpEI WNW BaKyyMMeTpEI) TO- Ka3bIBaloT He a6 CO 110TH O € AaBeHHe pg, BHYTPH 34MKHYTOFO OGbeMa, a pa3HOCTh Mexy aGcouOTHEIM K aTMocHepHBIM, HIM GapoMeTpH4ecKHM, aB- NEHHEM Py ITY PASHOCTh Ha3HBaOT MSO TOTH EM RABTCHHEM Py, eciH RaBleHve B OGbeMe mpesbilllaeT aTMoctepHoe, KH pas pemKeHHEM » @CIH OHO HHKE aTMOChepHoro (B CHcTeme BakyyM). TakHM oO6pa3om Ppasp' Pate = Pus + Pars (11,9) a Pa6e = Para — Ppasp (11,10) Baskocts. [pu aswKenun peaibHo *KuAKOCTH B Heli BOSHHKAIOT CHI BHYTPeHHeFO TPeHHA, OKASLIBAIOMe COMPOTHBCHHe ABHAKEHHIO. ITH CHIE ReuCTBYIOT Mexiy COCeAHHMH CIOAMH 2XXHAKOCTH, MepeMeulalouMMHca Apyr OTHOCHTeNbHO Apyra. CBolicTBo KUAKOCTH OKAa3bIBATb CONPOTHBMEHHe YCHMAM, BBIZbIBAIOMIHM OTHOCHTeMbHOe TepeMenleHve e€ 4aCTHI, Ha3bIBaeTcA BAS - KOCTbH. TIpenctasum ce6e carol *XMAKOCTH, HaxXoMAUIMIicA MexkKay ABYMA Mapamietb- HBIMM TOPH3OHTaIbHBIMH MnacTuHamH (puc. II-1, a). [aa toro uto6b mepe- MeWaTb BEPXHiOlO NMACTHHY OTHOCHTebHO HMKHeH B TOPH3OHTaNbHOH m0- CKOCTH C MOCTOAHHOM CKOPocTbIO, HY2KHO NpHAaraTb HEKOTOPyiO MOCTOAHHY!0 KacaTeAbHY!0 CHy, Tak Kak BASKAA 2MAKOCTh OKasbinaeT COMpPoTHBTeEHHe TakoMy NepememenHio. CooTpeTcTBeHHO B KMAKOCTH IIpH HaM4HH YKa3aHHOrO NepeMeuleHHA BOSHHKHYT M GyAyT CyllecTBOBRATb KaCaTembHbIe HaNpAKeHHA MeXxKLY OTTeIbHBIMH ee CloaMM, Becb coi *KMAKOCTH, pactionomeHHol Mexay26 Fa. 11, Ocnoost eudpacauru. O6u4ue eonpocer npuxaadHott 2uApasaunt nulaCTHHaMH, Np 3TOM MOMKHO NpeLcTaBHuTb cocTosiHM M3 GecKOHedHO 6omb- woro 4HCa S1eMeHTAapHBIX CT0eB TOMMHHOH dn Kaxpbi. OuesuaHo, HanpaA- 2KEHHA CLBUTA GynyT BOSHHKaTb Mex zy JOGbIMM COCeMHHMM SeMeHTapHEIMH CJIOAMM BCMCACTBHE TPeHHA MeXKAY HHMM BAOMb MOBEPXHOCTH COrmpHKOCHOBe- Hua catoes. Ha puc. Il-1, 6 npegcrapnedb! mBa TakKMX MapatnenbHbIxX COA momlatbio F Kaxkgpli, mpuyem pacnonoxennpiit Bbille coi apyKeTcA CO cKopoctbio (w + dw), Sonbuleit, Yem CKOPOCTh pacNonOx*KeHHOTO HMIKe CIOS, Ha GeckonedHO Manyio BenuuuHy dw, Onbrr nokasbipaer, 4TO KacaTedbHaa cana T, KOTOpyiO HaxO NpunaraTb K BEPXHEMY CN1OIO ANIA ETO paBHOMePHOTO CABHTa OTHOCHTEBHO AMDKHEFO (HIM HPOTHBONONOKHO HanpaBseHHaA cHaa TpeHua 7, C KoTOpo HwxKHNK CoH eae 6 Puc, Il-l, K xapaxtepctaxe sasxocta. COMPOTHBAeTCA Nepemelienio BepxHero), TeM Oovibille, Yem Gombme rp a= AueuT ckKopocTH 2, XapakTepusyiwiuuh HSMeHeHHe CKOpocTu, MpH- xXOAAukeecA Ha CLMHMUy paccroskuA No HOpMasmM MexAy cmoAMH. Kpome Toro, Kaxiaa u3 cut T nponopuMonanbHa mnoulaqu compukochoseHua F cnoes. CaeqopaterbHo in =pe| 22 : (1) rue 2 — KospHuHeuT nponopunonansiocta, xapaktepuuh ane Aantol 2%KHAKOCTA, Ornomtenve Benpunuet | 7] K MoBepxHOcTH COnmpuKOCHOBeHHA CvloeB O60- sHa4aioT Yepe3s tT HM HasbiBalOT Han pA KeHHEM BHYTPeCHHETO TPeHHA, a TakKKe HaNpA KeHMEMCABUTA, WIM KACATeAb- HbIM Hall pa@#xeHuHeM, CoorsercrsenHo ypasHenne (II-11) npwuumaer BH : =| (11,12) Tak kak. BenMuHHa T BCerja NOMOXKUTeMbHA, TO SHAK Nepex MpaBolt YacTbIo dw dw YpaBHeHHa, BKMIONAOMero He |= a —jy> 3aBMCHT OT BHaKa TpaqueHta ckopocr. YcnosuMca Bo Bcex CYYaAX NPOBOLMTh HOPMAaJb 2 K MOBepxHocTu F CONPMKOCHOBeHHA MepeMemaiolntuxXCHd OTHOCHTeEbHO APyT Apyra coeB wHA- KOCTH B HanpaBleHMH yMenbuieHUA CKopoctH (cm. puc. II-1). Torga rpaguenT ckopocr Bcerga SyneT OTpuuaTenbHLIM, H ypaBHeHHe (11-12) npeo6pasyetca K BHAY —p oe (11,124) Ypasuenne (II-12), unu (I1-12a), puipaxaer 3aKOH BHYTDeH- Hero TpeHxusa Hbwro#a, cormacno KoTopomy Kanpagenue enympen- Ne20 MpeHUA, eoSHUKarOWWee menCOY CAOAMU ICUOKOCMU NpU ee meveHUuu, NPAMO nponopyuonaarHo epaduenmy cKopeemu. Snax munyc B mpasoit vactu ypasnenus (II-12a) B coorpercTBHH c BLINe- H3JIOMECHHEIM YKA3HIBaeT HA TO, YTO KACaTeMbHOe HarlpAxXeCHHE TOPMOSHT coi, ABYKyUMiica C OTHOCHTeENbRO GonbUel cKOpocTbio (MIM pa3sroHHeT OTHOCH- TebHO MeWeHHO ABHWKyulHlica cnof). pyroe o6ocHosanue BEIpaxeHuA 3a-2. Hexomopue pustuecrue ceottcmea acudkocmett a kona Hpioroua ypaBuennen (I]-12a) nao HecKONbKO Hu>Ke NPM paccmoTpeHuH ele OLHOrO PU3HYeCKOrO CMBICa 3TOTO 3aKOHA. Koshpuunert mponopinonambuoctu » B ypasnenun (11,11), wan (11,12), HasbBaeTCA LH HAMMTECKHM KOIPGPHULKEHTOM BAZ KOCTH, RHHAMHYeECKOH BASKOCTHNH, HIM MpocrOB AS KOCTbW. Basxocts 8 CH sptipakaerca caemytouum o6pasom: eh ce _ f escek eee In} a B cucreme CTC a: w= [stag] Sl iM CeR-om B cnpapounoi wTepatype sHavenHa BASKOCTH YACTO MIpMBOAATCA He B IIya- 3aXx (na), a B CaHTMMyasax (crs), panHbtx 0,01 ns. CootHouleHve M@KLY eEAHHHUAaMH BASKOCTH B CHcTemax equHuL CH u CIC: 100 000 scen/Ht = LLOE . 1 a cen/m 10000 OH-ceK/cm® = 10 na 000 cna B cucreme MKTCC saskocth W3MepaeTca B TeXHH4eCKMX eAMHUUAX BHS- KOCTH: te) Bl - | [a] Lo. Km CoorHouleHve MexAy TeXHNYeCKOH eMMHULei BASKOCTH HM eAMHNUAMM BA3- kocTH B cucreme CIC: 981 000 1 Kee-cen/m* = 0000" Taaag7 OH scen/em? == 98,1 na = 9810 cng Vivorga Ba3KocT xKHaKOCTeli xapakTepusylor KUHEMATHYeECK UM KOIPPHULHEHTOM BASKOCTH, HK KHHEMATHHeECKOH BASKOCTHW: vot (11,13) ° Y Exunuuelt KunemaTuyecKol BASKOCTH B cucteme CIC apanetca cToKc (cm), papubit 1 c*/cex, wan 100 canTucroxcam (ccm). B cuctemax CH » MKTCC eUHHKia KHHeMaTHYecKo BA3KOCTH paBHa | m°/cex = 10* cm. Ba3Kocth KaneAbHbIx *KUAKOCTeH KOAeGeTCA B LIMpoKHX Mpemetax. Tak, Tipit KoMHaTHoit TeMMepaType BASKOCTb BoABI cocTaBsAeT ~1 cns, a BASKOCTb ‘raunepHva — oKoa10 1500 cna. BasKkocTb Ta30B 3HadHTebHO KWOK: HaMpHMep, BA3KOCTb BO3LYXa MPHOHSHTeNbHO B SO pas MeHbIlle BASKOCTH BOLbI. BaskoctTb KanembHbIX %KHAKOCTel 3HAYHTeMbHO CHHKACTCA C BO3pAaCTaHHeM Temmepatypbl. BaskocTb rasoB, HaOSopot, yBeTH4MBaeTCA Cc ee NOBbIUeEHHeM. [lpi yMepeHHoM qaBAeHHH BA3KOCT ra30B NpakTHyeckH OT HefO He 3aBMCHT, O4HaKO, HaYMHaA C HeKOTOPOTO MaBNeHMA, BOSpacraeT pH ero yBenHUeHMM. Upvavnet pasimunoro BAMAHMA TeMMepatyPbl Ha BASKOCTb KaMe/bHBIX XuLKOCTel H Ta380B, a TAaKKe OTMEYCHHOFO XapakTepa BAMAHHA aBeHKA Ha BA3KOCTh MOCIeLHUX OGYCMOBMeHBI TEM, YTO BASKOCTh Ta30B HMeeT MOICKY- JAPHOKMHETHIECK yO PAPO, a BASKOCTS KaNe/bHbIX KHAKOCTel B OCHOBHOM BaBHCUT OT CHM. CIeMWeHHA MexKLY MOMeKy amu. SHayeHMA BASKOCTeH KaNeAbHBIX *KMAKOCTeH WM ra30B NPHBOAATCA B cnpa- BOWHOH AHTepaType, HO MOTYT ObITb ONpeAeMeHb! TAKKE WA YHCTEIX BeuleCTB “4 HX cMecefi pacueTHpim fyTem * * Cu., xanpumep: Bpetmxaigep C. Caottcraa rasos a xugKoctes; Hikenepunie meroau pacuera, [ep. ¢nonsex. [oa pea. [1. T. Ponanxosa M.—Jl., «Ximuse, 1966, 536 c.28 Fa. 11. Ocnoset 2udpasauxu, O6uue eonpoce npukaaduot 2udpassucu Ypaprenmo (I1,12a) MowkHO mpHtaTs H Apyrof @usduecknit cmpcn. Croit XKHAKOCTH MaccoM m, MpHMbIKalOWWHH K MepeMetiaemol Bepxieli miacruHe (cw. puc. JI-1), npvo6peraeT HeKOTOpy!0 CKOpOCTh wv, CeELOBAaTeENbHO, KOmN- NecTBO ABWKCHHA, HH HMMyJIbc (mw), B HallpaBnenuu Mepememtenua. Stor cio MpHBORUT B ABHXKeHHE CHeLywUHit, NepeflaBan eMy HeKOTOpyio YacTb WMNYWbCa, HT. A. — OT cHOA K CHOW, CnenoBaTerbHO, MpH TedeHHH *KAAKOCTH NpolcxoMHT NEpeHOC KONHYECTBA ABH KCHHA(HMMYAbCa) B HanpaBleHHH, MepneHAMKyAApHOM HanpaBsienmio cKopocTH xMAKOCTH. CoorpercTBeHHo KacaTeAbHoe HallpaxKenne t (#/M”) MOMKeT paccMaTpHBaTECA Kak YOETbH A NOTOK RMN YTBCa, HIM KONMYeCTBO DBWKEHHA, “TepelaBaeMoe vepe3 eLHHHILy NIOULaRM B eMHMIYy BpemeHH: io [4S] - 92] - ey Takum o6pa30M, corwacHo ypaBuenmio (11,12a), ydenonelit nomox Koau- wecmea GeuxeHUuR NPAMO NponopyucHaren epaduermy cKopocmu. 3Hak MHHyc B JaHHOM ypaBHeHHH yka3piBaeT Ha TO, 4TO MepeHoc KONH- UeCTBA DBMXKCHHA OCYULECTBIAeCTCA B HaMpaBeHHH YMeHbLIIeHHA CKOpPOCTH (HanpaBnenua noToKa HMNYbca W BOS pacTaHua CKOpPOCTH TpOTHBONONOKHE!). Tpaguert ckopoctu Mp 8ToM MOmHO CuMTaTD ABMKYWLeH CHTOf MepeHoca MMITyJIbca, Takada uBTepnperanua ypaBHenua (11,12a) nosBonseT BRIABUTb aHanorHio Me2%KAy NepeHOcoOM MeXaHHYeCKOTO ABHXKeHHA (TpeHHA), Telia H MaCCBI, pac- cMaTpuBaemy10 B rape X. Kpome toro, owa oTBeuaer dbusH4ecKOMy Mexa- HMSMY, JeKallemy B OCHOBe 3akOHa BHYTpeHHero Tpenua. Tak, npM 2BHKeHHM B NoToke rasa AByX COCeQHUX SJIEMCHTAPHBIX CIOCB C HECKOIBKO OT/IHYHBIMH CKOpOocTAMH (seasay HHMH HMeeTCA rpanhexT 2), BCNeACTBHE XAOTHYECKOTO ABYWKEHMA MOJeKY BO BCeX HaNpaBNeHHAX, YWaCTb HX HB Gonee 6nicTpo BH- OKyulerocA cos, NoNawaA B 6onee MeMeHHBI COM M CTauIKHBaAch C ero MoleKyaMu, 6yqeT yckopaTb nocnequuf. Hao6opot, MonekysEt u3 6onee MeANeHHOrO CNOA, NoNadaA B Govlee GulcTpE coceaHuit col, SyayT eTay gaTOpMaxKHBaTh, O6meti MONCKYJAMH Mey CIOAMH H BbISbIBAeT TepeHOC KONHYECTBA ABHAKEHHA NONepeuvo CKOPOCTH C10eB, NPHYEM AIA MpeowouenHa CHJIbI CONPOTHBeHHA MexLy CHOAMM TpeOyeTcCA MpHaraTe oMmpeseneHHyIo cHay. DKwaKocru yaue Bcero NogquHHaiorcA 3aKoHy BHYTpeHHero TpeHua Hpio- Towa. TakHe %XMAKOCTH Ha3biBaioT HOPMAJbHBIMH, HIH Hb OTOH OB- c¢kKuMH. Ognako B MpoMpitumeHHo npaxTuKe NpuXoAWTCA WMeTb AeO0 WH C HEHBWOTOHOBCKHUMH KHAKOCTAMH, o6NaqatoulHMH aHOMaJIbHbIMH csofictpamu. He cnegyot saxony Hpiotowa pacrBopel MHOrux nosHMepoB, KO/IMOUAHBIE pacTBopl, rycrbie CycHen3nu, nacTel u Ap. Hexorophie Xapak- TePHCTHKH HEHbIOTOHOBCKHX 2KHRKOcTelt paccMoTpeHbt HIKE (cTp. 92 ca.) B CBASH C OCO6CHHOCTAMM MX ABMIKeHHA. Baskoctb oKasbipaeT CyUlecTBeHHOe BIMAHHe Ha pexHMBI TeYeHHA XKHKO- cre w Ha COMPOTHBICHHA, BOSHUKAIOUINe NDH HX TBHKEHHH. Tlostomy HHTCH- cuukanna MEHOIFHX PHAPOAHHAMHYeCKHX, a TAKKE TENOBbIX H MaccOOOMeHHEIX MpomeccoB YacTO ROcTHTaeTcA NPM yMeHbUICHHH BASKOCTH CpeAbl, HafipHMep NyTem MOBbILeHHA TeMNepatypbl KaneabHbIX XMAKOCTEM. NowepxnoctHoe waTsxKenve. B page npoweccos xuMHYecKol TexHOnOrHH KallebHaA MKHAKOCTh NpPH ABYKCHHH compuKacaerca c ra30M (nau mlapom) wan ¢ —pyrof KanenbHok xxuKOCTbIO, MpakTHYeCKH He CMellMBaloulelicA c neppoit. Tlopepxnocth pasgena Mexmy ba3amu CTpeMuTCA K MHHHMYMY Noa HelicrBHeM NOBepXHOCTHHIX CH. CoorBercrBeHiiO KafJIH, B3BeWICHHbIe B raze (ape) 41H B Apyro# xKHAKOCTH, M Ny3BIPbKM [asa B KAAKOCTH NPHHUMAaIOT copy, Gonee uM MeHee 61usKyI0 K WapoobpasHoh. Sto o6bACHAeTCA TeM, 4TO MOM€KYJbI HKHAKOCTH BHYTPH ee OObEMA HCMIBITHIBAIOT MpHMepHO OHHAa-2. Hexomopeie ppusuueckue caoiicmea xcudKocmett 29 KoBoe BOSsTeliCTBHE COCeEAHHX MOJCKY, B TO BPeMS Kak MoneKYyABI, HaXona- uHecA HemocpeacTBeHHO y ToBepXxHOcTH pa3sneta a3, NpUTArMBaTCA MOvIe- KYaMH BHYTPEHHHX CAOeB AHAKOCTH CHébHee, YEM MO/IeKyaMH OKPy2alo- mel cpett. B pesymbTaTe Ha NOBepXHOCTH XKHAKOCTH BOSHMKaeT AaBJeHHe, HampaBneHHOe BHYTPb AKUAKOCTH MO HOpMaH K ee MOBepXHOCTH, KOTOpoe W CTPEMHTCH YMCHBIIHTS 9TY MOBepxXHOCTh O MHHHMyMa. CreqosaTerbHo, AIA YBeMYeHHA MOBePXHOCTH, T. e. AMA CO3aHHA HOBO! MoBepxHocTH, HeOGXOAWMa HeKoTopas.3atpata sHepruu. PaGory, Tpedyemyio AA O6pasoBaHiA eAHHHUbI HOBO Hi MOBEPXHOCTH, Ha3bIBaIQT M e %K () a3 H bi M, WIK MOBEPXHOCTHBM, HATAKCH HEM H OOoSHAYAIOT 4epes a, TlopepxtoctTHoe HaTAxKeHHe BbIP axKaeTCH B CCAYIOMIMX eEAMHHAX: B cxucteme CH Lo] = [Bo1e/2] = [we se/a®] = [n/m] B cucteme CTC lo} B cucrene MKTCC {apefea®| [0] = [x2e-n/x?| = (xec/x] V3 mpupexeHHEIX BEIPAaKeHHH O Cae_yeT, ITO MOBepXHOCTHOe HaTAKeHHe MOXKAO pacCMaTPHBATb TakxKe Kak CHmy, AEHCTBYIOULYIO Ha eAMHHLY AIMHbI NOBEPXHOCTH pa3hena *KHAKOCTM M CoMpHKacaloulelica c Heit CpembI. lOBepXHOCTHOe HaTAMeHHe yMeHBUIAeTCA C yBeNH4eHHeM TeMMepatypsI. C BenM4aunol o cBA3aHb XapakTePHCTHKH CMA@4HBaHHA KanleAbHbIMH 2KHAKO- CTAMH TBCpAbIX MaTepMasOB; CMaYHBaHHe OKAaSbIBACT CYULECTBEHHOe BVIMAHHE Ha [HApORMHaMMyecKHe YCIOBHA MpoTeKkaHHA Mpoueccos B . a6cop6uHOHHBIX nH pekTMbuKauHOHHBIX amlMapatax, KOHReHCaTOpaXx MapoB u-Ap. B cnpasoqnolt autepatype OObIMHO IpHBOMATCA 3HAYeHUA MOBepXHOCTHOTO HaTAXKCHHA Ha [paHutle KUAKOCTS — Boanyx. Haraxkenuve Ke, BOSHHKatoulee IPH COMPHKOCHOBeHHH HECMeMIMBaIOULHXCA (MH YaCTH4YHO CMeLIMBaIOULKXcA) KalleMbHEIX %KHAKOcTel, Ha3biBaloT TakKwKe TpaHHUYHBIM HaT aA Ke - HHeM. Tlocaeguee, Kak MpaBHso, 3HauHTebHO MeHbIe HaTAKeHMA Ha Ppa- Hume *KHAKOCTb—ra3. Tak, Ha rpaHHue Bowa—Bosnyx 0 ~ 73 dux/cm (apH 20° C), a Ha rpaHuie Boa—6ex30n0 o = 35 Oux/cm. Tpanuanoe HaTaxKeHMe 3HaMuTeABHO BANAeT Ha AMCMeprupoBaHve OAHOH 2KHLKOCTH B Apyrof, c Heli He cMeMmMBaloulelca, 4 NO3TOMy CYLLeCTBEHHO CKa- 3bIBAeTCA Ha PHAPOAMHAMMYeCKHX YCOBAAX MPOBCRCHHA MpPOWeCccOB *KHAKOCT- HoH SKCTpaKUHH. A. HIPOCTATHKA B ruapocratuKe u3yYaeTca paBHOBecue 2MAKOCTeH, HaxoaAUuxca, B O6- uXeM Cydae, B COCTOAHHH OTHOCHTCTbLAHOLO MoOKOA, IPH KOTOPOM B ABMAKYUIeHCA ARUAKOCTH Ce YACTHILB He MepeMeUlaloTcA Apyr OTHOCHTENBHO apyra. [px stom cub BHYTpeHtero TpeHHA OTCYTCTBYIOT, YTO MOZBOMAET CTH TaTb HAKOCTS HAeaTDHOl. B cocroaHMH OTHOCHTeIbHOrO NOKoR opMa oGbeMa 2*MAKOCTH He H3Me- HAeTCA, MH OHA, MOAOGHO TBepfomy Tey, NepemeulaeTcH Kak eAMHOe WelOe. Tak, MHAKOCTb HAXOAMTCA B OTHOCHTE/IbHOM NOKOe B NepeMeLtaoulemca cocyae (HampHMep, B LHCTepHe), BHYTPH Bpalllalouleroca c NocTOMHHOH yrs10- Boi CKOpoctbio 6apa6ava ueHTpHpyru HT. a. B noxo6nnx cayyanx noKol PaccMaTpHBaloT OTHOCHTeBHO CTEHOK ABMKyULerocA Cocyza. DKMAKOCTb B HEMOABHOKHOM cocye HaXOMHTCA B a6 COT HOM floKoe (OTHOCHTebHO MOBEPXHOCTH 3eMTH), KOTOPbIt B TAKOM MOHHMAHHH ABMAeTCH YacTHBIM Cly4aeM OTHOCHTeMbHOrO MOKOS. HesaBucumo oT Bua MOKOA Ha *KHAKOCTD AelicTByioT CHIBI THKECTH HW AaB- menus. B cay4ae OTHOCHTeIbHOrO NOKOA CHeLyeT YAHTHIBATh TakxKe CHTYy MHEPUHH MepeHocHoro (BMecTe C COCYAOM) ABHAKEHHS MKUAKOCTH.30 Ta. Il. Octoces eudpagnunu, O6usue sonpoce npuxaadnod eudpasauru Coornomenve Mexay Camu, JelicTByiOULMMH Ha XKUAKOCTb, KoTOpan Ha- XOMHTCH B COCTOAHHM NOKOA, ONpekeNAIOMee YCMOBHA PABHOBECHA XKHKOCTH, BEIpaxactca AndbepewinatDHbIMH ypaBHeHHsAMH paBHoBecuA Oiiwepa. 3. Augcbepenuvanbubie ypaBHenusa papHonecua Siiuepa B oGneme %KHAKOCTH, Haxofauleiica B NOKOe, BELIeHM 3eMeHTapHEli Napamenenunen o6bemom dV c peGpamn dx, dy u dz, pacnonoxeHHEImMH Napa A@bHO OCAM KOOPAHHAT x, y H 2 (puc. II-2). Cuma TAxecTH, AeficrByloulaA Ha napamsenenuneg, BLipaxkaerca NpOusBepeHHeM ero MaccEl dm Ha ycKopenne cBoOomHOTO NageHuA g, T. e€. paBHa gdm, Cua rampocraTmyeckoro RaBleHHA Ha J10- Gyo m3 rpanef napanmenenunena pasHa MpousBexeHMio FHApOCTaTMYeCKOrO RaBeHMA Pp Ha Dnoulagy sro rpanu. Byzem canratp, uTO RapneHue p ABIAeTCA byHKuMell Bcex Tpex Koopgunat: p =f (x, y, 2). Batacne- Hve BHAa Sto dyHKUMH, T. e€. 3aKOHAa Pactpenenenua ruipocratuyeckoro AaBie- HUA 10 OObeMy XXHKOCTH, HW ABIIReTCA Ha- mei 3anayeit, Coraacho ocHoBHOMy MpuHuMty craTHKH, cymma npoexyud Ha ocu Koopdunam ecex cua, Oedcmeywuux Ha sremenmapnolt 06M, Haxodnuulicn @ pasHoeecuu, pasha HY2IO. Puc, 11-2, K speony andbepenun- B mporusHom cnyyae mpoucxonuno Ont aubHBIX ypaBHexnit pasHosecus © MepeMelleHHe »KMJLKOCTH. SAaepa. Paccmorpum cymMy mpoexuuii cw Ha och z. Cyuia TaKeCTH HampaBreHa BHMS, Mapassenbuo oc z, Tlostomy mpu BEiG6pasHOM floO10x%KUTeNbHOM HalpaB- deHwu ocH 2 (cM. puc, 1-2) cua TaxecTH OyeT MpoeKTHpOBaTbCA Ha STY OCb co 3HaKOM MMHyC: — gdm = — gp dV = — pg dz dy de Cua ruapocraTnueckoro maBjenua RelictByeT Ha BUXKHIOIO Tpanb fapas- aenenunefa No HOpManH K Heli, M ee MpoeKuHa Ha Ocb z paBHa p dx dy. Ecnm H3MeHECHHE FAAPOCTATH4eCKOLO AaBEHHA B aHHol TouKe B HalpaBsieHHu OCH Z a, paBHo ee, TO No Bceli ANMHe pe6pa dz ono cocrapur—22. dz. Torga rujpoctatu- WecKOe MaBeHHe Ha MpOTHBOMONOXKHyiO (BepXHtolo) Tpavb paBHO (p + £ az) H MpoeKWHs CHIH THAPOCTATHYeCKOTO TaBNeHHA Ha OCb z ay — (0+ ae) ae ey Tpoexuua papuogelicrsyomeh cumbt MaBieHua Ba och z op ap padrdy (e+) dix dy == — 32 de de dy Cymma mpoekunit cul Ha Ocb 2 papHa Hyd, T. e& ~pg dx dy de— 22 dx dy de =0 (114) HIM, YUHTLIBAA, YTO OObem Napannenenunena dx dy dz = dV +0 (Benn4HHa, 3aBeLOMO He paBHad HyJio), NOomyaHM ap Ea 94, Ocnoanoe ypastenue 2udpocmamurt 3t Tpoekunn cua TaxectTu Ha OCH x Hy paBHbl Hysto, [lostomy cymMa mpoek- anil CHA Ha OCb ¥ py de — (9-4-0 de) dy dz =0 orkywa mocae packpsirna CKOOOK H COKpallleHuA HaxoquM op. a eua= (IL 1a) WH op ETE laa CoorseTcTBeHHO Mia och y op. ip ey de m0 (L146) wan op wy = Takum o6pasoM, ycioBHa paBHoBecua SieMeHTapHoro mapassenenunera BbIpaxkalOTCA CHCTeMOH ypaBHeHHi: op. —ea0 ‘or op. oy (11,15) op —eg—-o-=0 Ypasuenua (11,15) npegcrasaaior co6oh AupbpepeHuHadabune ypaBHeHHA PaBHOBecHA Diinepa. flag Noay4enva 3akoHa pacnpesenenuA ZaBneHuA BO BCeM OObeMe MoKoA- mefica %HAKOCTH Cile_yeT MpowHTerpHpoBaTb cucremy ypaBHeHul (11,15). Vuterpasiom stax ypapHeuli aBaseTca OcHoBHoe ypaBHeHue ruaApoctaTHKH, LWIHPOKO HCIIOJIb3yemMoe B HH2KeHepHOA MpakTHKe, 4. OcHosHoe ypasHeHe ragpocTaTHKK ‘Hs ypasnenuii (11,15) caegyer, uro fassenue B MoKoauelica %xHAKOCTH H3MeHACTCA TOKO 10 BeEpTHKaJH (BAOMb OCH 2, puc. 11-2), ocraBaach OfHHa- KOBBIM BO Bcex TOUKAX TOGO TOpH3OHTaMbHOM MOcKOCTH, TaK Kak H3MeHEHHA AaBlenu BAOAb Oce x Hy PaBHEI Hyio. B cBa3H C TeM, 4TO B 9TO cHcTeMe ypaBHenuit yacTHbie mpousBoAHLie a a a paBHit Hy, 4acTHad mpon3- BosHaAn 2 MOxKeT ObITb 3aMeHeHa Ha a H, CIEMOBATe/IbBHO dp _ —eg—-B=0 Orciona —dp—pgdz =0 (11,16) PasqeauB aepyl0 H fipaByio YacTH MocaeqHerO BEIpaxKeHuA Ha Og H Mepe- Me€HHB 3HAKH, IpeCTaBHM 9TO ypaBHeHHe B BHC L dz +—~——dp=0 et pe32 La, JI, Ocrose: eudpasauxu, O6uue eonpoce: npuxaddnod eudposaucu Zlna HecxxMMaeMoli OAHOPOAHOH *AHAKOCTH MOTHOCTh MocTOmHHa A, CMe ROLAaTebHO r er eo @e4 a( a ) 0 WH p a(z ~)=0 7 oTkyna Moce HHTerpnpoBakHA MoryYHM 2 = 17) zt pe const (11.17) Tina BBYX MPpOWSBOMbHbIX FOPH3OHTAVIbHEIX mlocKocTef 1 H une (11,17) BbIpaxkatoT B cpopme Py Pe 18) at De at 7 (IL, 18) ypaBre- Ypapuenne 11,17) nau (11,18) aBsaetca OCHOBHEIM ypaBHe- HHEM FHApPOCTATHK He B ypaptenuu (11,18): 2, WZ; — BBICOTEI pacnonoxeHna aByX TORK BiyTpa noKosileHcs ORHOpOAHOH KanenbHO 2XHAKOCTH HAY MPOU3BONbHO Bb|IOpaHHol TOPH3OHTAIbHOM NnocKOCTbIO OTCHeTA (MOCKOCTbIO CpaBHeHHA), a Py HP, — THApOCTaTHYECKHEe DaBJCHHA B SITHX TOUKAX. PacemoTpHM, HanpHuMep, ABe YaCTHUbI %*KHAKOCTH, H3 KOTOPbIX OfHa pac- nojoxweHa B TOUKe / BHYyTpH OObema xHUKOCTH (pc. 11-3) — Ha BHIcoTe 2 pisisstisebstsiveioeiassssisisonty OT MpOH3BoIbHO BEIGpaHHoli = nviocKocTH cpaBHenva 0—O, a apyraa HaXOMHTCA B TOU- ke 2 Ha NopepxHOCTH 2HAKOCTH — Ha BbI- coTe zg OT To .2%xe NuocKoctu. Mycts p a Po — RaBnenun B TOuKax J H 2 cooTBeTCT- BeHHo. Tpu atux o603Ha¥eHHAXx, CormacHo s i ypapHentio (11,18) p Po pee ple 18; tty Zot “og (U1, 18a) oO Oo HAH Pac, 11-3. K octosiomy ypasxenmo THApOcTaTHKH. yz (11,186) 08 Unen z B ypaBHeHna rugpocratuKu lypasnenue (11,17) ], npencrasnaiounit co6of BbICOoTy pacnonoxeHHA Rao TOUKH Had MpowsBONDHO BHOpaHnok NJOCKOCThIO CpaBHeHHA, HasbIBaeTCA HUBeE NMP HOH BLCOTOH, Ona, Kak 4 Apyrof uneH eroro ypasnenHa _ BbIPAxkaeTCA B EMBAAAX QML Pee ele G wad B cucteme MKTCC (4) Gee] - [St] = Beauguny aa Ha3blBaloT HANOpPOM RaABJCHHA, HIM NbesO- MeTpHYeCKHM Hanopom. CnegopatenbHo, coracHo OcHOBHOMy ypaBHeHmio rHapoctatuKn, dar Kaxcdol mouku noxonuyetica #cu@Kocmu cymma HuseAUpHO BbICOMbL U nbesO- mMempuxeckoeo HANOpa ecm eeauduna nocmoaKHan. tat]5. Hexomopwe npakmuveckue npuacxtenun ochostoe ypastenun etdpocmamaxi 33 Usewst ocHoBsHoro ypaBHeHHA ruApocTaTHKu HMeloT oMpeseneHHEIA sHep- Tetuueckuit cmpicu. Tax, BEIpaxkenwe Wena oe BO coxpatiienua [+4] = {=] xapakrepu3yeT y LEA BHY WH SHEP Hio, T, e. sHepriio, MpH- 0K Kees At XOMAIylocA Ha enHHWMy Beca 2KHAKOCTH [ a Ban |: Auasornunui aHepreTHyecKHii CMBICA Momy¥aeT H HMBeHpHaA BbIcOTa, ecmM ee BHIparKe- nue [mM] yMHoxkHTb H 3aTeM pasweHTb Ha eMHHHUy BeCa KMAKOCTH. Takum o6pasom, HHBeJHPHaA BHICOTA 2, HASbIBACMaA TAKE T COMET P H- geCKHM (BLICOTHEIM) HaNOpoOM, XapaKkTepwsyeT ye bHYy 10 MOTCHHLHAABHYW JHEPFHW HOMTOKCHHA AaHHOH TOUKH Hal BHOpaHHOl nAOcKOCTHIO cpaBHeHua (cm. puc. II-3), a mbesomerpHyecKHit Ha- flop—-yHeAbuH yi NOTCHHUHAABHYW 3HEPrHiO AaBMe- HH 4 B 3TOM TOUKe. Cymma ykKasaHHbix sHeprua, Ha3bIBaeMaf [1 O JI H BI M THApOcCTaTHYeCKHM HANOPOM, HH Mpocto cTaTHYeECKHM HamopoM, paBHa o6uwel noTeHuHanbHOA sHeprun, Mpuxogsaultelica Ha eqWHMNy Beca 2HAKOCTH. CuegopatetbHo, OcHoBHOe ypaBHeHHe ruxpoctaTHKu mpeactaBaaet coGoli YWacTHblii clyuait 3aKOHa COXpaHeHHA 3HEprHH: YOe~bHaA nomenyuaabHan SHEpeuA 80 Bcex MOUKAX nOKOALYelICA NCUOKOCMU ecm eeAULUHA nOCMOAHHAA. Ypasuenne (I1,18a) MowxHO 3anucatb u B opme P+ Paz = Pat Pao (1,188) P= Dot PE (za— 2) (11,18r) Tlocneguee ypapHeHue aBmaetca BEIpaxeHHeM 3aKkOHA IlacKasa, cordacHo KoTOpoMy Gaasenue, cosdasaemoe 6 aroGod mouKe nokontyeiica Hecmu- maemo wcudxocmu, nepedaemca oduKaKoso ecem motKam ee O6vema. JleficrBu- TeMbHO, B COOTBeTCTBHH c ypaBHeHHen (II,18r), npH w1060M u3MeHeHHH 2aB- JHA Py B TOUKE Zy MAB/EHHE P BO BCAKOM Apyrod TOUKe 2%KHAKOCTH H3MeHUTCH HACTOABKO xe, 5. Hekoropsie npakTHueckHe NpHOKeHHA OCHOBHOrO ypasHenma rugpocTaTHKH OchosHoe ypaBHenve ruipocTaTHKu, BBIPaKaeMoe yacTO B BHye 3aKOHa Tlackans, uMeeT pa BaxKHEIX NpaKTHdeckux UpHOKeHHi; HeKOTOpLIe 13 HX paccmaTpuBaiorcd HiDKe, Puc, 11-4. Yenoana papuonecia 8 cooSutaiomuxca cocynax: @ — ofnopoquan KHAKOCTE; 6 — pasHOpo_uBle (HECMeMIMBaIOU\ReCA) *KARKOCTH Tipauuxn cooGujatouuxca cocysoB H ero uchombsoBanHe. TycTb aa oT- KPBITLIX COOSUIaIONLHXCA cOcyta (puc. II-4, a) 3amonHeHbI 2xHAKOCTbIO NOT- HOcTbIO P. BeidepeM Mpou3BOMbHO MOCKOCTh CpaBHeHua O—O uw HeKOTOpy!O touxy A BHYTpH %KHAKOCTH, MexKauyio B 3TOM MAocKocTH. can cuHTaTb Touxy A MpuHasexauieh eBoMy cocyay, TO, cormacHo ypaBHenuio (II, 18r), daplenve B WaHHO TOUKe P= Par + PE 2 ALT. Kacarean4 Ta. 11. Ocnoens eudpasnucu, O6wue sonpocs npuxaadwok eudpacauce Ecau xe cuvtatb rouxy A npananiexauei mpasomy cocyzy, To AaBrenHe B Heit P= Par + Pl% (2 = 2" = 0, Tak Kak naocKkocth O—O npoxogut yepe3 TouKy A). Tipu pasvosecun gaa Kaxkgoi TouKH RaBNeHHe OAWHAKOBO B JIOGOM Ha- npaBsleHun (B NpOTHBHOM cayYae NpoOuCxOnHAO Obl Mepememlenue %*xHAKOCTH). Crenopateabio Par + PE%)= Paru + PE%9 Hae m= 2% (11,19) AnanorH4Hbl BBO MOXeT ObITh ChewaH WA ABYX 3aKpbITLIxX CooGuralo- WHXCA COCYAOB, B KOTOPbIX AaBIeHHA Ha CBOGORHOM NOBepXHOCTbIO %#HA- KOCTH ORHHAKOBLI. ‘ Puc. 11-5. K onpeeaeniio aiico- Puc. 11-6. Tueematnieckuh nme Tet FHAPABAMeCKOrO SaTBOpAB He- puTedb yPoBtia 2AZKOCTH. MpepbBno AeficTAyiomeM *xHLKOCT- HOM cenlapaope, Takum 06pa3om, 6 omxpuimelx wau saKpoinbix HaxodsyUxca nod OOUKAKOGULM Gasrenuem coobujyaiouuxca cocyBax, sanoanenneix odHOpodHO scudKocmen, YposKu ee pacnorageaomca Ha OOO Boicome HesasUCcUMO OM PopMot LU noneped- ozo cedenua cocydos. Srot NpHHUHN HcNoALSyeTcA, B YaCTHOCTH, JA H3Mepe- HHA YPOBHA %KXHAKOCTH B SaKPBITBIX alla paTax C NOMOULbIO BOLOMEPHBIX CTEKO. Ecan coo6ulaioutueca cocybl 3alOvJHeHbl AByMa HeCMeLIMBaloulHMHcA OKWXKOCTAMH, HMeIOULMMH MioTHOCTH p’ (JeBbIit cocya) Hp” (npaBbiit cocyy), TO IIpH MpoBemeHuu MocKocTH cpaBHenua O—O yepes rpaHiuy pasgeuta *KHKO- ctefi (puc. 11-4, 6) ananorn4Ho npesbyuiemy noay4uHM e'24= 0°25 (11,20) HH : Jo: ot (11,20a) 5 F Orcioga caeqyer, 4YTO B coobn\aioMxeA CocysaXx BbICOMe YpoBHetl PasHO- podxeix seudKocmed Had nosepxnocmoto ux pasdena o6pamno nponopyuonanonot naomnocmam amux scudKocmett. Ecan cocyabl 3anoaHeHbl O2HOM *KHAKOCTbIO MVICTHOCTHIO P, HO LaBneHHA Hal YPOBHeEM X%KHAKOCTH B HHX HeOJHHaKOBLI MH paBHEl p’ (aeppili cocya) up” (upaseii cocyaz), To ‘ ‘ P’ + pg2g= p" + Pee OTkyfa pasHocrh yposielt *xHAKOCTH B cocyqax eee ee (11,21) ae5. Hexomoptte npakmuneckue npunoseenua ocHoanoz0 ypasnertin eupocmamucu 35 Ypasnenne (11,21) npuMensiot np# H3MepeHHAX RaBAeHHi HH pasHoctelt TapnenWii Me@ExLy pa3iHYHbIMH TONKaMH C MOMOMIbIO AMbpepenuMarDHEIX U-o6pasHex Mavomerpos (cm., Hanpumep, pue. I-16 1 II-17). YcsiosuA paBtoBecHa %HAKOCTel B COOOMMaIONMXxXCA Cocymax HCNOMb3yIOT Take JIA OMpeseAeHHA BEICOTHI FHAPABAMYECKOFO 3aTBOpa B PasTHYHBIX ari- Mapatax. Tak, B HempepbiBHo JelicrByiomux cenapatopax (puc.. 11-5) cmece *KHAKOCTeH pasIHYHOH NvoTHOCTH (3MyubcHA) HenpepbiBHO NoctynaeT B arl- nlapat / no yeHtpasbnod tpy6e 2 u paccnauBaetcs B HeM, NpH4eM Goslee aerKaa 2KAAKOCTh NOTHOCTHIO p’ yRanAneTCA CBepxy Yepes uITyUep 3, a Gomee TAKETAT HMeloWlad MMOTHOCTL Pp”, — cHH3y Yepes U-oOpa3nnii sarsop 4. Ecau mpu- HATb, WTO ypOBeHb rpaHHUsl pasyena baa noMeprxkuBaeTcA Ha TpaHuue WH- JMHApHyecKOH H KOHUYeCKOM Yactel anmapata H mMposecTH Yepes sty rpaHHuy mMocKocTS cpaBHeHua O0—O, To . HeoOxogquMaaA sBbIcoTa THApaBAMYecKoro 3aTBOpa, CoracHo ypaBHe- auto (11,20), coctasur y=% oa (11,206) Tipu stom fofyeKaetcs, 4YToO AaBAenHe Han OKHOKOCTbDIO BHYTPH alNapaTa HM Ha BbIxoZe 43 3aTBOpa O{HHAKOBO. Puc. II-7, Cxema ragpapanue- Titepmatuueckoe 3MepeHHe KOJHueCTBa cKoro mpecca. *MEKOCTH B pesepayapax. J]1a KOHTpoA 3a O6beMOM 2KHZKOCTH B KaKOM-1H60 pe3epByape J, HanpuMep mog3eMHOM (puc. II-6), B Hero nomeujaior tpy6y 2, HuxKHHH KOHeL KOTOpOH nOxXO_HT MOYTH fO MHHWa pe3zsepByapa. Tlapnenue Ha MKXHAKOCTBIO B pe3sepByape PpaBHo po. To tpy6e 2 nogator cxxatblit Bostyx HM Apyroii ras, NocreneHHO MOBBILAaA CO LaB/IeHHe, 34MepAeMoe MaHOMeTpoM 3. Korga Bo3LyX Npeomoseer COMpoTHuBJeHHe CTONGa %HAKOCTH B pesepByape H HauHeT Oap6oTHpoBaTh CKBO3b XHIKOCTb, MaBAeHHe p, UKCHPyemMoe MaHoMeTpoM, NepecraHeT BO3- pactTaTb # OyneT paBHo, cormacHo ypaBHenuio (11, 18r) P= Po + Paz OTKya ypoBeH 2XHAKOCTH B pesepsyape = P=Po a= i (11,22) Tlo BeJIHGHHE 2) H H3BeCcTHOR Aowlagqu MorepedHoro ceveHHA pesepByapa ompenenmor oGbem Haxomamtelica B HEM 2KHNKOCTH. Punpoctataueckue mauiMubl. Ha vcnoab30BaHn OcHOBHOrO ypaBHeHHa THAPOCTATHKM OCHOBaHa pa6oTa rHApocTaTH¥ecKHX MalMH, HaNpHMep FMD - papaunuveckux npeccos (puce. II-7), npamMensempix B XHMHYeCKOH MPOMBULNeHHOCTH JIA MpeccoBaHHA HW OpuKeTHPOBAaHHA PasMGHbIX MaTepHa- op. Ecav mpusoxkurb OTHOCHTebHO HeGosbUloe ycuMe K NopulHio 7, ABH- 2%yWeMYCA B WHAMHApe MeHbulero AHaMeTpa d,, H CO3faTb WaBeHHe p Ha nope, TO, cormacHo 3aKony Tackaaa, Takoe 2xe qaBaeHue p OyneT mpH- XOQUTECA Ha NOpwerb 2 B WHAMHApe GombUlero AMamerpa dy. pm arom cua apseHHA Ha Nopulenb / coctaBuT a CHJa RaBAeHUA Ha tlopuledh 2 B pesyiptate NopmeHb B uWAHAApe Gombulero nuaMetpa NepegacT culy AaBeHHA, BO CTONbKO pas 6onbulyto, 4eM Cilla, MpHOwKeHHaA K MOpLIHIO B WHAHHApe MeHbLUIeroO THaMeTpa, BO CKOJIBKO NonepeqHoe ceveHHe WHAKHApa 2 ” 3536 Ta. 11. Ocnoest eudpasauxu. O6ujue sonpocee npuxaddwott eudpasaunu Gonpue, 4em unanHopa 1. Takum cnocoGom ¢ MOMOMbIO CpaBHHTebHO He- Gonpmux ycwani ocymlecTBaAT mpeccopanke matepHasia 3, moMeuleHHoro Mexkay noputHem 2 4 HenogBHxKHO mito 4. Masnenve *uAKOCTH Ha AHO H CTeHKH Cocygza. Ecru 2xwAKOCTR noMemeHa B COcyA 060i thopMEI, TO rHApocTaTH¥ecKoe MaBNeHHe BO BCeX TOUKAX TOPH- SOHTAIbHOFO Mila COcyHa OHHaKOBO, aBJeHWe »%e Ha ero COKOBBIe CTeHKH BospactaeT ¢ 'yBenM4eHHeM rayOHHEI Norpy2KeHHa. i Tugpoctatuyeckoe JaBaenne p Ha yposHe Ana cocysa (cm. puc. II-3), Kak 4 Jad a060i% TOUKH BHYTPH %KMLKOCTH, ONpegenaeTca ypaBHenuen (II,18r), HO la BCeX TO4eK THA BeMMYMHA (Zo — 2) NpescTaBsAeT co6oll BbICOTY *KHI- KOCTH B Cocyye, O6o3HayHB MocneLHioIo Gepes H, nomy4HM ~ p= pot og (11,23) Takum o6pa3om, cua 2aByeHua P Ha ropH30HTabHoe WHO Cocysa He 3aau- cum om opmet cocyda u o6sema ocudxocmu 6 nem. TIpH qanHow NAOTHOCTH 2KHMKOCTH 9Ta CHJla Onpedeanemca Au 6oicomoll cmoaba 9UudKOCmU H u nAO- wadoro F Ona cocyda: P= pF Han t P= (po + pgll) F (1L,24) Tumpoctaruueckoe qaByeHve 2KHAKOCTH Ha BepTHKAaNbHyIO CTeHKy cocysa W3MeHAeTCA No BbicoTe. CooTBeTcTBeHHO CHa LaBeHHA Ha CTeHKy TakxKe pas- JH4Ha NO BEIcoTe cocyfa. Tostomy P= (po +.pgh) F (11, 24a) THe A — paccToauwe Or HepxHero yposua >%xHJKOCTH JO WeHTpa TAKeCTU CMOYeHHOA MM0- magn F crenxu. B ypaprenun (11,24a) saipaxenuve B ckoOKax mpegctasaser co6of rHzpo- cTaTH¥ecKoe JaBIeHHe B LEHTpe TaAxeCTH, CMOYeHHOH Moutagqu crenKu, Io- STOMY cura GaBreHUA Ha BepmuKaALHyto cmeHKY pasHa npouseedenuio ee CMO- yennod naowjadu na eudpocmamureckoe Oasnenue 6 YeNmpe marecmu cMOLeEHHOL naowadu cmenku. Touka npHsoxeHua paBnonefcrByiomei P cu yaByeHua Ha cTeHKy Hasbipaetcad WeHTPOM HaBJeHHU A. Dra rouka pacnosoxKeHa Beerya Heke WeHTpa TAXKeCTH CMOYeHHOH naomagu. EcaH Aapsenve py nepesaerca XKHAKOCTHIO B OMMHAKOBOM cTeMeHH KaxKMOMY d/leMeHTY CTCHKH, HeSaBHCHMO oT riy6uHbI ero norpyxenha, 4, CienoBaTebHO, paBHoselicTBywlaA cusa 39TOrO AaBeCHHA NpHAORKeHa B WEHTpe TAKECTH CTCHKH, TO JaBseHHe ero16a 2KHKOCTH Ha CTeHKy Tem Goubule, ¥eM rvryGxKe pacnlonoxeH COoTBeTCTBYIOWHA ee semen. B pesyabtate, B YaCTHOCTH, AJA BEPTHKAbHOM MpaMoyroubHol 2 CTCHKH WeHTP aBneuuA pacronoxKeH Ha pacctonuuu ~y H oT BepxHero ypoBHa *KWOKOCTH, i B, PHJPOQWHAMHKA Aswxyuwed cuaoi npu teyenun xHAKOcTeh aBNaeTCH pasHOCTb mapnrenna, KOTOpaA CO3aeTCA C NOMOIbIO HaCOCOB HH KOMMpeccopoB au6o BevleACTBHe pa3HOCTH ypoBHeli HH MyoTHOcTeli *xu_KOCTH. 3vatke 3aKOHOB FH{pOAHHaMHKH NOSBOARET HAXOANTH pasHocTb LaBNeHHit, HeOOXOJUMYIO JJM NepeMewleHHA AAHHOTO KONMYeCTBa 2%HAKOCTH ¢ Tpe6yemol CKOPOCTHIO, a 3HAYHT, H pacxOy 3HEPrHH Ha 3TO NepemenlenHe, HIM HaOGopoT — OMpexenATb CKOPOCTE M pacxOs 2%KHAKOCTH MpH H3BECTHOM Nepenage LaBieHHA. Pasnnualot BH YT Pe HH1O10 H BHEe UH 1010 3afa4¥ FHApOAHHaMHKH. Buytpeniaa 3aqava cBa3aHa C aHaJH30M ABWKeHHA %KHIKOCTeH BH y TP H tpy6 H KaHasop. Buewneli sanaveit rHapoxHHaMUKH ABAAeTCA H3ydeHHe 3aKO- HOMepHocteli 06 Te K AHH A KMAKOCTAMH pasAMYHEIX Ten (pH MexaHHGe- CKOM nepeMeWIMBaHHM, OCaK_CHHH TBEPALX YaCTHL B AKHAKOCTH HT. T1.).6. Ocnosnwe xapaxmepucmuxu deumcenua acudxocmed 37 Bo MHorux caygasx, HallpHMep MpH ABH>KeHHH KHAKOCTH Yepes 3epHHCTHIit cao TBepzoro MaTepHasia, eHa MepemeliaeTcA BHYTPH KaHas0B cnoxKHOA (PopMbI H OAHOBpeMenHO OGrTeKaeT TBepAwe YacTHuL. TakHe ycnoBHA HaGzI0- naloTcd B npoweccax (pHbTpOBaHUA, MaccorepemayH B annapatax c Hacal- KaMH, B XHMHYECKHX Mpoueccax, OCyLeCTBAAeMBIX B peakTOPax C TBEPALIMH KaTasW3aTopaMH, WT. 2. AHaJIH3 ABMKeHHA XKHMKOCTeH B CNysaAX TaKua cMeMaHHOM 3amaqH rHApONHHaMMKA MpoBogsT, Kak MpaBHulo, MpH- 6aW2KeHHO CBOAA CFO K pelleHHiO BHYTpeHHel WM BHeLIHel 3aqadu. 6. OcHosHble XapakTepHCTHKH JBHMCHHA AKHAKOCTeA Cxopocts 4 pacxog KugkKocTH. PaccmoTpHM ABHxKeHHe KuAKOCTH M0 TpyGe MOcTOAHHOrO ceyeHHA. Koau4ectBo *%HAKOCTH, npoTeKawuleli sepes nomepesHoe ceseHHe NoTOKa (ero «kuBOe» cegeHHe, T. e, 3aTOMMeHHOe Ceyenue TpyOonpoBoa) B enHHHUY BpeMeHH, HaSbIBaloOT pacXOAOM KHAKOCTH. PasmHyaoT OO be M- HbIH pacxog, H3Mepsembili, HanpHMep, B #°/cex Haw #8/4, HM aC CO BE A pacxon, H3MepseMBIH B Ke/cex, Kel, HT. 2. B PasHbIx TOUKAX MKHBOFO ceyeHHA MOTOKA CKOPOCTh FaCTH MHAKOCTH HeojMHakopa. Kak MOKa3aHo HHXKe, OKONO OCH TPy6bI CKOPOCTS MaKcHMaJbHa, a lo Mepe NpHOAMmxKeHHA K CTeHKaM OHa yMeHbmTaeTca. OxHaKO BO MHOrHX cAy4adX 3aKOH pacnpeseteHHA cKopocteit B MotlepeuHOM CedeHHH HOTOKa HeH3- BecTeH HJIM ero TpyZHO yuecTb. Ilostomy B pacueTax OObINHO HcnOMb3yIOT HeHCTHHHBIe (10K 441 b H BI e) CKOpOCTH, a PUKTHBHYIO CpeMHWW cKopocts. 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MCUB02O Ce4eEHUA NOMOKG, K CMONEHHOMY nepumempy: nat (11,26) rae S —naomags cevenna noroKa xuaKocrs, 4% Tl —cMovennell mepumerp,38 Ta. Il. Octoset eudpasauru, O6wue eonpoce npuxaaduot eudpasnucu Zlaa Kxpyraoii tpy6st c BHYTpeHHHM AHaMeTpom d 4H, 3Ha4UT, NaoUalbO cpodoaHore cesenna S = xd?/4 pH CHVOWIHOM 3aNONHeHHH ero HKHAKOCTHIO Tl = ad, orkyaa ruapasanyeckuii panuyc Ss mud?/4 d Zivametp, sBbipaxkenHpii yepes ruapaBauyeckHit pamuyc, npeazctaBaer coG6oH sKBHBaseHTHBI quameTp: d= dy=4ry (1L27) CaenopateibHo, coraacHo ypaBHeHuio (11,26) dy = (11,274) SKBuBaNeHTHBI AvaMetp pape AHaMeTpy ranoterH4ecKoro TpyGonpoBora Kpyrvloro ceveHHA, 11a KOTOporo oTHOWeHHe naomagH S K cMOUeHHOMY nepH- metpy I] to xe, 3TO H AJA MaHHoro Tpy6ompoBoga HeKpyrsoro ceveHHA. 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H3 yKa3aHHbIx @akTOpos, HanpHMep CKOPOCTb W, B HeKOTOPOM HallpaBJieHHH +, MOMKeT HMCTb pa3sHYHble 3HayeHHA B pasubix TouKax [w, = f (x, y, 2)], HO B wO6of TOUKe CKOpocTD He H3Me- HAeTCA CO BpeMeHeM, T. e. & =v. Tlycrb, HampuMmep, ycraHOBMBIeecA JBMKeHHe 2%KHAKOCTH MPOHCXOLHT No tpy6e mepemennoro ceyenus. Ec 3a Hayao KOOpAMHAaT MPHHATb HeEKOTOPyIO (PHKCHpOBaHHy10 TOUKY Ha OcH Tpy6b!, TO cKOpocTs w, GyeT nepemMeHHa B. Npo- CTpaHcTBe, YBeJHYHBaACh C YMeHbIVeHHEM MJ/OMalH nNonepedHoro ceyeHHa Tpy6bi No OcH x HW YMeHbIasacb BUOWb OCeli y HZ NO Mepe NpHOMH2KeHHA K CTeHKE tpy6ut. Oqnako cKopocts ‘w, GyseT NOCTOAHHa BO BpeMeHH B TI060i ToOUKe. B oraugue of crauMoHapHoro npH He yCTAaHOBUBIEMCA, HAH HecTaWHOHAPHOM, NoTOKe fakTOpH, BANAIOUINe Ha RBH KeHHe *HI- KOCTH, U3MeHAIOMCA BO BpemeHu. TaK, CKOPOCTb KHAKOCTH B oMnpezeseHHOM HanpaBeHHH x B J060H TOUKe ABJAeTCA He TOKO yHKmHel NpoctpancrBeH- HBIX KOOPQHHAT X, y HZ WaHHOH TOUKH, Ho TaKxKe BpeMeHH T, T. €. 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Zan rasos naoriocrs mpumepHo Ha TPH, a BasKocTS Ka 1,5—2 nlopanka HiDke, NEM Aaa Ka- Menbusx mugKoctell. Tax, py HOPMaNbHEIX- TeMMepaTypax Py cq = 1000 Ke/M, Pagan 1,29 rela, ty} © 0,001 1. ceR/ a, yosn ~ 0,00002 x. con/n®, CoormercraeHio Vy. Fv 1-10", a Vaoan AY 15-10" s%/cex. Tlostomy Rep W TypOyacuTHEIA peKUM IBwKeHUA NAR Taso ROcTuTaroTeH MDH BKSUuTeMSHO GTAUNE exOpOCTN, eM BAR NENeAMHEEX aeuaKocrell (pit papunix d). B caywae qBwKeHHA *MMKOCTH depes KaHaJIb HeKpyrsoro ceyeHHA Mp Pacuete KpuTepua Re BMecTo d HCNOAbSY!OT 9KBUBAJCHTHI AHaMeTp, OMpe- Reasembii oTHoueduem (II,27a). B sbipaxenwe aa KputTepus PeiHonbaca BxO_MT cpeaHAa CKOpoctb noToka, xapaktepusyemas ypapuenhem (11,25). Jleictautenbubie Ke CKOPOCTK 2KHAKOCTH HEOMMHAKOBEI B pasHbIX TOUKax ceseHHa Tpy6onposoga. TIpx stom pacnpeuesenue yKasaHHbIx CKOpocTeli Mo ce4eHHIO NOTOKa Pas/H4HO AIA aMu- HapHoro H Typ6yexTHOrO yBuxeHHA. [L718 JaMHMapHoro NOTOKa BAA pacupe- ReleHua CKOpocTeli MoxeT ObITh yCTAHOBMeH TeOpeTHyeCKH. Pacnpezenenne ckopocteli H pacxON %KHJKOCTH pH ycTaHOBHBIeMcA JamuHapHom moToxe. B caydae aMMHapHoro ABHAKeHHA BASKOH %KHLKOCTH B 1pamo# TpyGe Kpyrsioro CeqeHHA BCIO 2KHAKOCTb MOMKHO MBICACHHO PasOuTb Ha PAX KOAbLEBHIX CJIOeB, COOCHIX ¢ Tpy6oii (puc. II-9, a). Benegctsue geitcTBHA MeKAy CHOAMH CHI TpeHHA COM GyAyT ABHraTECA ¢ HeOmMHaKoBbiMu cKopocramH. LlenTpasbneii WHMHApH4eCcKH cao y ocH TpyGbl HMeeT MaKCHMA@TbHYI0 CKOPOCTb, HO, MO Mepe yaasleHHa OT OCH, CKO- POCTb SfeMeHTAPHEIX KOMbUEBbIX ClOeB Gy eT yMeHbIIATECA. HenocpercTBeHHO Y CTEHKM %XHAKOCTE Kak OLI «IIPHAMMAeT» K CTeHKe, H ee CKOPOCTD 37ecb O6pa- wlaeTca B HYJIb. BpigetHM B MOTOKe XHZKOCTH, JaMHHAapHO ABHKYyUleMcA No Tpy6e panny- com R (puc. 11-9, 6), tununapHyeckui cnoi nnunod 1 uw panuycom fr. Zipmxenue clos NponcxoxuT Nol AeficTBHeM pasHocTH CH naBIeHHA P, HP, © OGeHX TOPIOBEIX CTOPOH WHAHHApA: Py — Py = (py — Pa) ur® Tae pj, Pj — Tumpoctatwueckue nanaenua B cevenuax I—/ u 2—2.