5 R.K.MALIKS NEWTON CLASSES JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, IX & X CHAPTER 3: MATRICES Inthe middle of the 19th Century, Arthur Cayley (1821-1895), an English mathematician created anew discipline of mathematics, called matrices. He used matrices to represent simultaneous system of equations. As of now, theory of matrices has come to stay as an important area of mathematics. The matrices are used in game theory, allocation of expenses, budgeting for by-products ete. Economists use them in social accounting, input-output tables and in the study of inter-industry economics. Matrices are extensively used in solving the simultaneous system of equations. Linear programming has its base in matrix algebra. Matrices have found applications not only in mathematics, but in other subjects like Physics, Chemistry, Engineering, Linear Programming etc. In thislesson we will discuss different types of matrices and algebraic operations on matrices in details. BJECTIVE After studying this lesson, you will be able to: . define a matrix, order ofa matrix and cite examples thereof, . define and cite examples of various types of matrices-square, rectangular, unit, zero. diagonal, row, column matrix; e state the conditions for equality of two matrices; . define transpose of a matrix; . define symmetric and skew symmetric matrices and cite examples, . find the sum and the difference of two matrices of the same order, . multiply a matrix by a scalar; . state the condition for multiplication of two matrices; and . multiply two matrices whenever possible. . use elementary transformations . find inverse using elementary trnsformations ED BACKGROUND «Knowledge of number system ¢ Solution of system of linear equations Office ular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968 |Suppose we wish to express that Anil has 6 pencils. We may express it as [6] or (6) with the understanding that the number inside [ ] denotes the number of pencils that Anil has. Next suppose that we want to express that Anil has 2 books and 5 pencils. We may expressit as [2 5] with the understanding that the first entry inside [ ] denotes the number of books; while the second entry, the number of pencils, possessed by Anil. Let us now consider, the case of two friends Shyam and Irfan. Shyam has 2 books, 4 notebooks and 2 pens; and Irfan has 3 books, 5 notebooks and 3 pens. A convenient way of representing this information is in the tabular form as follows: Books Notebooks Pens Shyam 2 4 2 Irfan 3 5 3 We can also briefly write this as follows: First Column Second Column Third Column + + + First Row 2 4 2 Second Row 3 5: 3 This representation gives the following information: (1) The entries in the first and second rows represent the number of objects (Books, Notebooks, Pens) possessed by Shyam and Irfan, respectively (2) The entries in the first, second and third columns represent the number of books, the number of notebooks and the number of pens, respectively. Thus, the entry in the first row and third column represents the number of pens possessed by Shyam. Each entry in the above display can be interpreted similarly, The above information can also be represented as Shyam Irfan Books 2 3 Notebooks 4 Ei} Pens 2 3which can be expressed in three rows and two columns as given below: 23 4 51 the arrangement is called a matrix. Usually, we denote a matrix by a capital letter of 23 English alphabets, i.e. A, B, X, etc, Thus, to represent the above information in the form ofa matrix, we write 2 3 2 A= 4 5 er 4 Zz 3 x Note: Plural of matrix is matrices. 20.1.1 Order ofa Matrix Observe the following matrices (arrangement of numbers) Ii 10 -1 ~2 2-1 ws i oy i itil 23 4 5 +i 1 4-1-2 0 In matrix (a), there are two rows and two columns, this is called a 2 by 2 matrix ora matrix of order 2 x 2. This is written as 2 x 2 matrix. In matrix (b), there are three rows and two columns. It is a3 by 2 matrix or a matrix of order 3 x 2. Itis writtenas3 x 2 matrix. The ‘matrix (c) isa matrix of order 3 x 4. Note that there may be any number of rows and any number of columns ina matrix. If there arem rows and 7 columnsin matrix A, its order is m x manditisread asanm x nmatrix. Use of two suffixes / and / helps in locating any particular element ofa matrix. In the above m x nmatrix, the element a, belongs to the ‘th row and jth column. Fy a Ny“ yore Ay oy Aan 35 Fg an A=| a, ay a, a, Ay Ay Ay Ay ody, Ay) By Ips Igy °° yy A matrix of order m x can also be written as 1, 2, 40.) m3 and 1, 2, -05 4 A=laj) (0651-2562523, 9835508812, ‘ircular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.RESET rite the order of each of the following matrices: on 3) i 123 ® |4 5) @ - @y) [23 7) w 48 10 Solution: The order of the matrix (iis x 2 Gi)is3 x 1 (iis 1 x 3 (iv)is2 x 3 REESE For the folowing matsix 2014 A=|0 3 2 5 3—2—3-—6. (i) find the order of A (ii) write the total number of elements in A »d,,anda,,ofA (iii) write the elements a, 4, (iv) express each element 3 in A in the forma, Solution: — The order of the matrix (i) Since A has 3 rows and 4 columns, A is of order 3. x 4. (i) number of elements in 4 =3 x 4=12 2,a,,=4 anda. (iv) a,,,a,, and a, SETI PU) If the element in the ith row and jth column ofa2 x 3 matrix 4 is given by i+2 7 ow ite the matrix A. : = ahh Solution: Here, a, = (Given) 1+2xl_ 3 12x25 = =i a, = = SES nS 24+2x1 2+2%2 ay = A = 2, ay = 2 Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968NIE & tu Arla 4-|% % As Thus, a [EEE] There are two stores A and B. Instore A, there are 120 shirts, 100 trousers and 50 cardigans; and in store B, there are 200 shirts, 150 trousers and 100 cardigans. Express this information in tabular form in two different ways and also in the matrix form. Solution: Tabular Form 1 Matrix Form Shirts Trousers Cardigans Store A 120 100 50 120 100 50 StoreB 200 150 100 200 150 100 Tabular Form 2 Matrix Form StoreA StoreB 120 200 Shirts 120 200 Trousers 100 150 = {100 150 Cardigans 50 100 50 100 CHECK YOUR PROGRE! 1 Marks scored by two students A and B in three tests are givenin the adjacent table. Represent this information in the matrix form, in two ways Test 1| Test2| Test 3 56 65 71 B 29 37 57) > 2. Three firms X, Y and Z supply 40, 35 and 25 truck loads of stones and 10, 5 and 8 truck loads of sand respectively, to a contractor. Express this information in the matrix form in two ways. In family P, there are 4 men, 6 women and 3 children; and in family Q, there are 4 men, 3 women and 5 children. Express this information in the form ofa matrix of order 2 x 3. 4, Howmany elements in all are there ina (a) 2% 3matrix — (b)_ 3 x 4matrix (6) 4 x 2 matrix (d) 6 x 2 matrix (e) a x bmatrix (f) mm x nmatrix 151-2562523, 98355088 6th Floor, H5. What are the possible orders of a matrix if it has (a) 8elements (b) 5 elements (c) 12 elements (d) 16 elements 6, In the matrix A, 5 18 5 767 6 A= 3.9 3-3-9 4°48 5 1 find: (a) number of rows; (b) number of columns, (©) the order of the matrix 4; (d) the total number of elements in the matrix A; ©) Fy .45..45yoMys and A, 7. Construct a3 x 3 matrix whose elements in the ‘th row and jth column is given by a (i+2. @ij © oC 3-21 J 2 8. Construct a 3 2 matrix whose elements in the ith row and jthcolumn is given by (ai43) )Si7 Op (a) i+ j-2 TYPES OF MATRICES Row Matrix : A matrix is said to be a row matrix if it has only one row, but may have any number of columns, e.g. thematrix [1 6 0 1 2] isarowmatrix T[he order of arow matrixis 1 xn Column Matrix : A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column, but may have any number of rows, e.g. the matrix | 3 | is a column matrix. The order ofa column matrix ism x 1 Square Matrix : A matrix is said to be a square matrix if number of rows is equal to the 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 06! 162523, 9835508812, 8507613968}number of columns, e.g. the matrix |! 2 3 | having 3 rows and 3 columns is a square 061 3.4 2 matrix. The order ofa square matrix is 7 x n or simply n ‘The diagonal ofa square matrix from the top extreme left element to the bottom extreme right element is said to be the principal diagonal. The principal diagonal of the matrix 23°55 4 1 7| contains elements 2, 1 and 9. 3.8 9 Note: In any given matrix A=[a,] of order m x 1, the elements ofthe principal diagonal are Cece Rectangular Matrix : A matrix is said to be a rectangular matrix if the number of rows is not equal to the number of columns, e.g, the matrix | 2 5] having3 rows and 4 columns eeeoee se ee epee eee is a rectangular matrix.It may be noted that a row matrix oforder 1 x # (#1) anda column matrix of order 7 x 1 (m # 1) are rectangular matrix. Zero or Null Matrix : A matrix each of whose element is zero is called a zero or null matrix, e.g. each of the matrix 0 0) /0 0 0 {o Oo], 0 of [0 0 0 isa zero matrix. Zero matrix is denoted by O. Note: A zero matrix may be of any order m 1. Diagonal Matrix : A square matrix is said to be a diagonal matrix, if all elements other than those occuring in the principal diagonal are zero, ie., if A = [4, ] isa square matrix of order m x_n, thenit is said to be a diagonal matrix ifa,=0 for all i # j Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Towe:700 0)... . Forexample,73 are diagonal matrices 0300 0 4 of 0010 0 6 5 0008 Note: Adiagonal matrix A = [a,],,, isalsowrittenas A = diag [4,,.,2.4,3.--..4,,] Scalar Matrix : A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if all the elements in its principal diagonal are equal to some non-zero constant, say e.g.,thematrix{~3 9 9 ] 0-3 0 Oo oO -3] isa scalar matrix. Note: A square zero matrix is not a scalar matrix. Unit or Identity Matrix : A scalar matrix is said to be a unit or identity matrix, ifall of its elements in the principal diagonal are unity. It is denoted by /,,, ifitis of order e.g., the 10 0 0.10 matrix] yg | isaunit matrix of order 3 0, wheni # j Note: Asquare matrix A = [a, ] isa unit matrix if 4 { Ce Equal Matrices : Two matrices are said to be equal if they are of the same order and if their corresponding elements are equal. IfA isa matrix of order m x n and Bisa matrix of order p x r,then A=Bif () m= pn=r; and (2)4, =, forall 3 x 2 andj=1,2,3,...0 Two matrices X and ¥ given below are not equal, since they are of different orders, namely 2 x 3and3 x 2 respectively. 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, 162523, 9835508812, 8507613968}72 _ i713 X= Ly=|1 1 215 [35 Also, the two matrices P and Q are not equal, since some elements of P are not equal to the corresponding elements of Q. ee _|-)- 3-6 “lo 1 2 o oe ee eeae! ind whether the following matrices are equal or not Pala ees O "Is of |i 6 ol (i) 235 00 2 13 2 13 gi) ¥=]-1 0 6) y=|-1 0 0 mee Solution: @ — Matrices A and B are of the same order 2 x 2. But some of their corresponding elements are different. Hence, A #B. i) Matrices P and Q are of different orders, So, PQ. (ii) Matrices Xand Y are ofthe same order 3 3, and their corresponding elements are also equal. So, X =F [BEEEEEIE Determine the values of and y, if se GE) «© bores Solution: Since the two matrices are equal, their corresponding elements should be equal. @ x=2 x= 4, y=3 di) x= 1, y=-5 @ [r 5] Office th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968}PRETEEN For what values ofa, b, c and d, are the following matrices equal? a -2 2b 1 -2 4] @ 45 , B= onan mac 6 5¢ 2) a b-2d 5 (i) 3 2b ate 7 Solution: (@) _ Thegiven matrices 4 and B will be equal only if their corresponding elements are equal, ie. if a=l, 2b=4, 3=5c, and d=2 Thus, for a =1, b=2, c= 3 and d = 2 matrices A and B are equal. (i) The given matrices P and Q will be equal if their corresponding elements are equal, ieif 2b =6, b-2d=1, a=5 andate=4 => a=5,b=3,c=-landd=1 Thus, for a= 5, b=3, c=—1 and d =1, matrices P and Q are equal 1 Which of the following matrices are (a) row matrices (b) column matrices (c) square matrices (d) diagonal matrices (e) scalar matrices (f) identity matrices and (g) zero matrices [° ool, Los} ouo coal 1651-2562523, 98355088! Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Towe: cular Road, Ranchi -834001,124 100 E=|3 9 8|,F=|0 10 102 oo 1 -1 237 G=[3 4 10 8, H= pi=|3 2 149 2. Find the values of a, b, c and dif 6 2%] flo 2 a+2 4) [4 2 @ ~ |bta c-2a}[8 2] © [o+3 25} > |6 sa 2a 6] [3 -2 Sy 1 /s| "la 3c 3 Can a matrix of order 1 x 2 be equal toa matrix of order 2 x 1? 4. Cana matrix of order 2 3 be equal to a matrix of order 3 x 3? Associated with each given matrix there exists another matrix called its ranspose. The transpose of a given matrix 4 is formed by interchanging its rows and columns andis denoted by A’ ode. if In general, If A= {a,] isan m x n matrix, then the transpose 4’ of A is the m x m matrix; and, (a,)th element of A = (a,)th element of A’ 20.3.1 Symmetric Matrix A square matrix A is said to be a symmetric matrix if A’ = For example, Be 2 3 1-7 YA=|3i 4 2i) then A'=| 3h 4 i l-i 2k 5 l-i 2 5 Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Towel 9835508812, 8507613968Since A’ = A, Ais asymmetric matrix. Note: (1) In asymmetric matrix 4=[a,],,_ ,. a, =a, for all /andj (2) Arectangular matrix can never be symmetric. 20.3.2 Skew-Symmetric Matrix A square matrix A is said to be a skew symmetric if A’ = — A, ie. a, ~~a, forall andj. For example, 0 ec d Jo -¢ -d 1 CED f|then A =|e 0 =f PF la f 0 0 -¢ But 4=|¢ ° —/) whichisthesameas 4’ d f 0 A=- Hence, A isa skew symmetric matrix Note: Ina skew symmetric matrix 4=[4, |, ,a,=0, for /=/ i.e. all elements in the principal diagonal ofa skew symmetric matrix are zeroes. 20.4 SCALAR MULTIPLICA OF A Mé Let us consider the following situation: The marks obtained by three students in English, Hindi, and Mathematics are as follows: English Hindi Mathematics. Elizabeth 20 10 1S Usha 22 25 27 Shabnam 17 25 21 It is also given that these marks are out of 30 in each case. In matrix form, the above information can be written as Office iom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968}20 10 15 (It is understood that rows correspond to the 22 25 27 names and columns correspond to the subjects) 17 25 21 Ifthe maximum marks are doubled in each case, then the marks obtained by these girls will also be doubled. In matrix form, the new marks can be given as 2x20 2x10 2x15 40 20 30 2x22 2x25 2x27 oe 44 50 54 which is equal to 2x17 2x25 2x21 34 50 42 So, we write that 20 10 15 2x20 2x10 2x15 40 20 30 2x/22 25 27) =|2x22 2x25 2x27/=/44 50 54 17 25 21 2x17 2x25 2x21 34 50 42 Now consider another matrix 542 A=|-2 0 1 6 Let us see what happens, when we multiply the matrix A by 5 3 2 5x3 5x2 15 10 Le. 5x A=5A=5 x] -2 0]/=|5x(-2) 5x0 ]=/-10 0 1 6 Sxl 5x6 5 30 ‘When a matrix is multiplied by a scalar, then each of its element is multiplied by the same scalar. For example, el ree ee ee ea ee lax kx | [6k 3k -2 When -bad=C4=| 4 Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranc! 151-2562523, 98355088So, (-I)A=-A thus,it A =|? ene ela lus, 1 = 6 then -A = 6 3 peg =| > 41 tina Soe =o yt L ? 2 @ 24 Gi), =A Gi) ~-A Ww) F 2 3 Solution: , [i 3 H| eae 2x3 ml [E (i) Here, 24 =2x SI és -1 0 1} [2x 2x0 2x1} [2 33 daa} a Gi) 1 mN\1 =x0 =x1] Joa [ 2 i) iv) 1 @® 44 ® -4 © 34 ® 34 aJ° 72 re bis 1 1 @ 54 @ 34 @ 54 @ ->A Oo NIw N90, oA b> lar Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968}-1 0 3. aa=|4* ? 4. 5. 7 . find (-7)A 3°01 IfX=| 4 —2 0}, find: -105 (@ 5X (b) -4X © =x @ -2x Find A’ (transpose of 4) VA pees Opi anae o) 4= 100 A=)0 10 @) 6 9 001 For any matrix 4, prove that (A')! = A Show that each of the following matrices is a symmetric matrix: 2 23] @ aa © LDA g abe 10 0 ode @ (oto ce f 0-0 0 8. Office : 606, 6th Floor, sular Road, Ranchi -834001, 1651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968 215Oeeoeo Os © |2 ° @ 105 0 -4 0 7-5 0 ADDITION MATRICES ‘Two students A and B compare their performances in two tests in Mathematics, Physics and English. The maximum marks in each test in each subject are 50. The marks scored by them are as follows: First Test Second Test M P E M P E A 50 38 33 A 45 32 30 B [3 40 4 B [i 30 a How can we find their total marks in each subject in the two tests taken together ? Observe that the new matrix giving the combined information of two matrices M P E M PE A [es 38432 Se A [9s 70 63 B | 47+42 40430 36439 B [so 70 75 This new matrix is called the sum of the given matrices. If A and B are any two given matrices of the same order, then their sum is defined to be a matrix C whose respective elements are the sum of the corresponding elements of the matrices A and B and we write this as C= A + B. 1 The order of the matrix C will also be the same as that of A and B. Ps It is not possible to add two matrices of different orders. 5 2 PEELED tf 2x2 and B -[; ote +B. Solution: Since the given matrices A and B are of the same order, i.e. 2 x 2, we can add them. So, 1+5 3+2 A+B= 4+1 2+0 162523, 9835508812, 8507613968}[3] 01 -l 3 4 Example 20.10 img and B= , then find A + B. 23 0 Neral Solution: Since the given matrices A and B are of the same order, i.e. 2 x 2, we can add them. So, O+3 140 -1+4 Bab 3 A+B= = 24+1.34+2 O+1 > 51 20.5.1 Properties of Addition Recall thatin case of numbers, we have @ X+Y=Y+X, ie. addition is commutative di) x+(y+z) = (x+y) +z, ie, addition is associative di) =x +0 =X, ie., additive identity exists (iv) X+(-X) = 0, i.e., additive inverse exists Let us now find if these properties hold true in case of matrices too: 1\2 0 -2 Lt A= 3 | and B= 3 |, Then, el 3 1 3 1+0 2-2 10 A+B= = -14+1 °93+3 0 6 O+1 =242 10 BtA= = 1+(-1)_3+3 0 6 We see that A + B and B + A denote the same matrix. Thus, in general, For any two matrices A and B of the same order, A + B= B+A i.e. matrix addition is commutative 0 3 1 -4 10 Let A= , B= and C = Then, 21 0 2 2 3 151-2562523, 98355088 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranc!0 3 1+1 -4+0 comers ik he all +2 34+(-4)] [2 —2+2 145 |7 [es 3+(- ~ a ‘ [: 3 : 4 + = + 240-142 23 —2. 3 2 3 1+1 —-14+0 2 -l —24+2 “343 0 6 We see that A +(B + C) and (A + B) + C denote the same matrix. Thus, in general and (A+B)+C= For any three matrices A, B and C of the same order, A+(B+O)=(A+B)+ Cie, matrix addition is associative. Recall that we have talked about zero matrix. A zero matrix is that matrix, all of whose elements are zeroes. It can be of any order. a-[2 2].,0-/° ° Let lq 5 [and =! |. Then, 2+0 —2+0 2 A+O= = 4+0 5+0 4 oraa[o?2 0-2] _[2 ane : and 0+4 045] [4 We see that A + O and O + A denote the same matrix A. Thus, we find that A +O =4 =O+ A, where O isa zero matrix. The matrix O, which is a zero matrix, is called the additive identity. Additive identity is a zero matrix, which when added to a given matrix, gives the same given matrix, i.e., 4+ O=A=O+ A. 2 0 301 0 Pee WA=|7 4p B=|) 4 land c= 3 then 3 find: (a)A+B (b)B+C— ()(A+B)+C AF (B+C) Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranc! 1562523, 9835508812, 8507613968}Solution: 2 0] [-3 1 2+(-3) O41) f-1 1 (@) A+B= a|t = = aes: ee 1+1 342 ee pace? [2 ]_ [Coren 10] pa ® 1 2]7Lo 3}-> | 140 243]>L1 5 __f-1 1] f-1 0 (@ (At+B)+C = 2 s\*lo 3 [From (a)] _fEn+Cl 1+0]_f-2 1 ~ “| 240. 543] 2.8 2 0] f-41 Oca hea ee [From (b)] 2+(-4) O+1] f-2 1 ~ | 1+t 345] [2 8 2 on DEMME 4=| > | jJawo “Ti -1 of" l0 0 0 then find (a)A +O (b)O+A What do you observe? 2 3 5] fooo Solution: (a) A+O= + 1 -1 0|"|0 0 0 1+0 -1+0 0+0 1-1 0 000 S Se 5 (b) O+A= 000 1-1-0 O+(-2) 043 O45] f-2 3 5 “| 0+1 0+(C1 o+0f [1 -1 0 [eo 3+0 5+0 2g q From (a) and (b), we see that AtO=O+A=A 334001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968} 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranc!20.6 SUBTRAC OF MATRICES Let A and B two matrices of the same order. Then the matrix A-B is defined as the subtraction of B from. A-Bisobtained by subtracting corresponding elements of B from the corresponding elements of A We can write A-B = A+(-B) Note : A-B and B-A do not denote the same matrix, except when A= B. 2 10 3 af) "lana [) 3 en (a)A-B — (b) BA Solution : (a) We know that A-B=A+(B) 32 -3 -2 SinceB=|, 4|,wehave -B=|_) _4 Substituting it in (i), we get 1 0 =o 2 ABH ly alt [1 4 1+(-3) 0+(-2) 2 -2 24+(-) (+(-4)] [1-5 (b) Similarly, B-A=B+(-A) 3.2) [-1 0} [3+p 240] [2 2 BA=l1 4}*]-o 1)>|a4cay aga} [1 5 Remarks : To obtain 4-B, wecan subtract directly the elements of B from the corresponding elements of 4. Thus, 1-3 0-2) [2 2 ABH 9-1 1-4] [1-5 Office : 606, 6th Floor,3 ab 14 ,B= aa and A+B =O, find B. 2 Det Ceiae) If = [ Solution: Here, itis given that A#B=O Bet] [2+a 346] [0 O]_ > |-t+e 44d} [0 of > 2+a=0 5 345-0 -1+c=0 : 4+d=-0 => (a=-2, b=-3; c= 1and d=-4 ld In general, given a matrix A, there exists another matrix B = (— 1) A such that A+ B= 0, then such a matrix Bis called the additive inverse of the matrix of A. 34 04 1 A=45), , Jand B= B49), |then find (@)AtB (b)244+B (c)A#3B (dd) 24+3B 123 Weeeotod 2, 1fp=Q 41 -sfamdQ=] 4 _, |pthensind (a)P-Q (b) OP (c)P-2Q (d)2Q-3P Office : 606, 6th Floor,1 2 3 440 3. a=|4 ! ZF ande=F=]! © 1) then find 4 (a) A+B (b)4-B ()-AtB () 34 2B 01 _,_Ad0 4 : Z 4. IfA= | find the zero matrix O satisfying A+O = A inl 2-1 0 5. fa=f 62 3) then fina 4 1 (a)-A (R)A+CA) (c)CA)+A 19) 51 6. 1fA= 4 3 2/andB=|. |, then find (a)2A (b)3B (c)2A+3B_ (d) If2A+3B+5X=O, what is X? Ol Se peer eel 7. IfA= 432 and B= 2 40 , then find (a)A’ (b)Bo (ce) A4B (d)(A*BY — (@) A+B’ What do you observe ? lea 2 pa 8 HA=|_) ,|,B=]3 _,/andC=C7, 5 | thenfind (a) A-B (b) BC (c)A=C_(d)3B-2C__(e) A-B-C._ () 2A-B-3C 20. (ULTIPLICATION OF MATR Salina and Rakhi are two friends. Salina wants to buy 17kg wheat, 3 kg pulses and 250gm ghee; while Rakhi wants to buy 15 kg wheat, 2kg pulses and 500 gm ghee. The prices of wheat, pulses and ghee per kg respectively are Rs. 8.00, Rs. 27.00 and Rs. 90.00.How much money will each spend? Clearly, the money needed by Salina and Rakhi will be Salina Cost of |7kg wheat => 17 x Rs. 8 = Rs. 136,00 Cost of 3kg pulses =>3 x Rs.27 =Rs. 81,00 Cost of 250 gm ghee => + x Rs. 90 Rs. 22.50 Total =Rs. 239.50 1651-2562523, 9835508812, 507613968}Rakhi Cost of 15 kg wheat => 15 x Rs. 8 = Rs, 120.00 Cost of 2kg pulses > 2 x Rs.27 Rs, $4.00 Cost of 500 gmghee=> + Rs.90 = Rs. 45.00 Total =Rs. 219.00 In matrix form, the above information can be represented as follows: Requirements Price Money Needed Wheat pulses ghee 8 . 17 3 0.250| |27|_[17*8+3«27+0.250x90] _ [239.50 15 3 0500! | 90| [15 «8 +2 x27 +0.500 x 90|=| 219.00 Another shop in the same locality quotes the following prices. Wheat : Rs. 9 per kg.; pulses : Rs.26 perkg; ghee: Rs. 100 perkg. ‘The money needed by Salina and Rakhi to buy the required quantity of articles from this shop willbe Salina 17 kg wheat => 17 x Rs.9 =Rs. 153.00 3kg pulses 3 x Rs.26 =Rs. 78.00 250 gmghee=> fx Rs. 100 = Rs. 25.00 Total =Rs, 256.00 Rakhi Rs. 135.00 Rs. 52.00 15 kg wheat => 15 x Rs.9 2kg pulses =>2 x Rs. 26 500 gm ghee=> + x Rs, 100=Rs. 50,00 Total =Rs. 237.00 In matrix form, the above information can be written as follows Requirements Price Money needed [I 3 asco 9.00] [17 x 9.00 +3 x 26.00 + 0.250 x 100] [256.00 15 2 0500]} 100.00} [15 x 900+2 x 26.00 + 0.500 x 100 |_| 237.00 To have a comparative study, the two information can be combined in the following way: 8 9 [i 3 osoo| =-|27 26 = [oso ree 15 2 0500} }99 yoo] [219.00 237.00 Offic 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranc! 151-2562523, 98355088Let us see how and when we write this product i) The three elements of first row of the first matrix are multiplied respectively by the corresponding elements of the first column of the second matrix and added to give element of the first row and the first column of the product matrix. Inthe same way, the product of the elements of the second row of the first matrix to the corresponding elements of the first column of the second matrix on being added gives the element of the second row and the first column of the product matrix; and so on. ii) The number of column of the first matrix is equal to the number of rows of the second matrix so that the first matrix is compatible for multiplication with the second matrix. a, bi om B, Thus, If4=} p, c,|andB=|% P| then be a, Py a, B, Ax B= Jo Bs a, Bs ao, +ba, +e, a, +b, +8, “[a,g, +ba, +60, 2,8, +b,B, +¢,B, Definition : If4 and B are two matrices of order m x pandp x nrespectively, then their product will bea matrix C of order m xn; andifa,, b, and c, are the elements of the ith row and jth column of the matrices A, Band C respectively, then Laas it 2 (ERIE 4-1-1 2] and =| ° |, then ting 2 (@4B (BA Is AB= BA? Solution : Order of A is 1 x 3 Order of Bis3 x 1 Number of columns of A = Number of rows of B AB exists= [Ix (-2)+(-1)x0+2x2] = Thus, AB =[2], a matix of order 1 x 1 Again, number of columns of B= number of rows of A BA exists Now, 2 0 PA = 1 -L 2. 3 |! ] -2x1 (-2)x(-l) (-2)x2] [-2, 2 -4 =|0x1 oxen ox2 |-}0 0 0 2xb 2xCh 2x2 2 204 22 -4 ret | OOO) ratte ocoder 30 2 2 From the above, we find that AB + BA RPT eE LNT Find AB and BA, if possible for the matrices A and B -1 a(t ih mele o1 3 Solution : Here, Number of columns of A# Number of rows of B “. AB does not exist. Further, Number of columns of B # Number of rows of A ~. BA does not exist. ee 21 Example 20.17 [iS [A “ and B= ? | , then find AB and BA. Also find if AB= Solution: Here, Number of columns of A= Number of rows of B - AB exists, Further, Number of columns of B= Number ofrows of A ~. BA also exists. Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 85076139681 2)f2 1 Now, 4B =|_1 g||> > Pix2+2x2 9 1x1+2x2 TL-1x240x2 -1x1+0x2 f2+4 144 _ 6 5 -2+0 -1+0] [-2-1],, 2 12 anasa~|> Sieh 2xl+lx(Cl 2xBwWs1«O ~ |axlt2x(l) 2x2+2x0 2-1 4+0 1 4 “|[2-2 4+0 -[ ‘I. Thus, AB + BA Remarks : We observe that AB and BA are of the same order 2 x 2, but still AB # BA 4) 4 0 Example 20.18 tw a 3 and B= [: ‘] find AB and BA. Is AB =BA? Solution : Here, both A and B are of order 2 x 2. So, both AB and BA exist. Now 2 07] [40 8+0 0+0] [8 0 AB= lo 3] Jo -1|,,~[o+0 0-3|= Jo 3] and 4 O0]f2 0] [8+0 o+0] [8 0 BA=l allo 3}-[o+0 0-3]~[0 3], Here, both AB and BA are of the same order and AB= BA Hence, iftwo matrcies 4 and B are multiplied, then the following five cases arise (i) Both AB and BA exist, but are of different orders (ii) Only one of the products AB or BA exists. (iii) Neither AB nor BA exist (iv) Both AB and BA exist and are of the same order, but AB# BA (v) Both AB and BA exist and are of the same order. Also, AB= BA 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Rancl 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968}0 Hl , verify that A*-24-3/-O 3 0] [3 0] [940 040] [9 0 A-AA~) 931 |o f° |o+0 049] [0 9 3.0] Jo 0 0 jp 6 te olf 5] 9-9 0-0] fo 0 “lo-0 9-9}~|0 o|-° Hence, verified EXELL sove the matrix equation 2 -3) fx] fl 1 tf}ly} > [3 Solution: Here, 2 -3) [x] f2x-3y] _ f2x—3y] [1 vas=[; EL 1-{ . y x+y xty 3 => 2x-3y=hx+y=3 Solving these equations, we get x=2andy=1 +2711 -1 1 Frsamie202 i and B [; J sentnaan Soution: Here, 11 11) fixeptixt ixt+cn A-B= : = i 1-1 ix@petxtixt+Cn, _f-l+1 1-1] [0 0 “|-141 1-1] [0 0[ 7° Hence, we conclude that the product of two non-zero matrices can be a zero matrix, whereas in numbers, the product of two non-zero numbers is always non-zero. 12 4 0 -1 0 Example 20.22 Bigg 3.5 , B= 12 and C= 03 » find (a)(4B)C(b) ABC) Is (AB)C= A(BC) ? a \o oe fT IE 4+2 0-4 10 12-5 0+10}|0 3 -7+0 04+30 -7 30 1 -2 4 O]-1 0 305 -1 20 3 151-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968 | [ase ova “LE 30] | (6) A(BC) =(alee a (alles 4-2 0-12 6 -12 ~|=124+5 0+30]~|-7 30 From (a) and (b), we find that (AB)C =A(BO), ie, matrix multiplication is associative , find AB and BA. Is AB = BA? w a > os =e 8 a i = [x yz], find AB and BA, whichever exists. -1 0 4. IfA= [ a jen i Sf sm2 Does AB exists? 0 223 y, 5. IfA: and B o1 : (a) Does AB exist? Why? _(b) Does BA exist? Why? 21 -1 0 6. IfA [° : and B | ¢]- toa anda Is AB=BA? 27. 1fA=| , find AB and BA. Is AB=BA? 2 0 5 0 8. IPA: andB 1 , find AB and BA. I: AB=BA? 9. Find the values of x and y if 1 1]|x 2) @la s|ly}> [7 pe [: AIE} [aI 2.0 0 0 10. For4=|, 4] and B= |, 4 |, verify that AB=O 2 5 he) is 2 2 43 12, 1fA=45, |),B-F4_) jpandC==|_ |, find (@A(BC) —(b)(AB)C_— (@) (ABYC i For A= ] , verify that A+SA+I =O, where 1 isa unit matrix of order 2. (d)AC+BC (e) A?—B’(f) (A-B) (A+B) 24 40 13. © A=4 1 , B=4 1 -2{andc Is AC fiz 1 9|> find : (a) AC (b) BC BC? What do you conclude? j-1 0 1-1 3 8 4 AS) 9), B= and C= find 2.0 71-1 (a) B+C (b)A(B+C) (c) AB (d)AC — (e) AB+AC What do you observe? 2 -1 2 3 15, Formaicesa=| “| wan-| D seit (48) = Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, 1651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968 |a b 10 17 IfA=| and I=) 1 of show that , A(atd) A= (be-ad) I cd ol ol 18 IfA 21 and B. Lap isit true that (a) (AB)? =A+B+2AB? (b) (A-B)?=A%+B*-2AB? (c) (A+B) (A-B) = AB”? y POEM USS (0) SY 8 INVE Definition : A square matrix of order 77 is invertible if there exists a square matrix B of the same order such that AB = I, =BA, Where I, is identify matrix of order 7 In such a case, we say that the inverse of A is B and we write, A! = B Theorem 1 : Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse. Proof: Let A be an invertible matrix of order Let B and C be two inverses of A. Then, AB = BA=1, a) and AC = CA (2) Now, AB = > C(AB)= CI, [Pre-multiplying by C] > (CA)B= Cl, [by associativity] > InB= C1, (Ge CA = 1, from (7) > BEC [- InB=B,C1,=C] Hence, an invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse CORROLLARY If A is an invertible matrix then (A)! Proof : We have, AAl= ATA => Ais the inverse of A i.e, A= (A) 1651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968]Theorem 2 : A square matrix is invertible iff it is non-singular. Proof : Let A be an invertible matrix. Then, there exists a matrix B such that =BA => |ABl=IE => |A|B|=1 [AB] = |Al [Bi] > |Alx0 = Aisanon-singular matrix Conversely, let A be a non-singular square matrix of order 7, then, 1 = A (Lai) 1 1 = | —adj 4) A P A 10. ess Al ( . PAR TEN \Al re xe A [By def of inverse] Hence, Ais an invertible matrix. Remark : This theorem provides us a formula for finding the inverse of a non-singular square matrix. The inverse of A is given by 1 Al = adj A [Al 20.9 ELEMENTARY TRANSFORMATIONS OR ELEMENTARY OPERATIONS OF A MATRIX The following three operations applied on the rows (columns) of a matrix are called elemen- tary row (column) transformations. (i Interchange of any two rows (columns) If "row (column) of a matrix is interchanged with the jth row (column), it is dennoted by R, @ Ror (C, @ CG). 1-3 forexample, A=|-1 2 1], then by applying R, > R, 3.24 213 we get B=|3 24 -12 1 Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower,(ii) Multiplying all elements of any row (column) ofa matrix by a non-zero scalar Ifthe elements of ith row (column) are multiplied by a non-zero scalar k, it is denoted byR, > kR [C, 9k C] For example J ol Cat 2 IfA=| 0 1 2|, thenby applying R, > 2R; we getB=|0 1 2 123 123 (iii) Adding to the elements of'a row (column), the corresponding elements of any other row (column) multiplied by any scalar Ifk times the elements of jth row (column) are added to the corresponding elements of the ith row (column), it is denoted by R, > R, + KR, (C, > C, + C)). ee IfA=|—1 -1 0 2], then the application of elementary operation 0 1 3 1| Ry—R,+2R,, gives the matrix 2/13 B=|-1 -1 0 2 413) 9:3 ‘We can find the inverse of a matrix, if it exists, by using either elementary row operations or column operations but not both simultaneously. Let Abe an invertible square matrix of order n, if we want to find A"! by using elementary raw operations then we write A=1,A i) As an elementary row operation on the product of two matrices can be affected by subjecting the pre factor to the same elementary row operation, we shall use elementary row operations on (i) so that its L.H.S reduces to In and R.H-S (after applying corre- sponding elementary row operations on the prefactor I,), we get 1, = BA ii) Which means matrix B and matrix A are inverse of each other i.e. A! = B Similarly if we want to find A by using elementary column operations, we writeA= Al, (iii) Now use elementary column operations on (iii) so that its L.HLS reduces to I, and R.H.S (after applying corresponding elementary column operations on the post factor I,) takes the shape Then AT=B The method is explained below with the help of some examples. Lye TiN) 43) Find the inverse of matrix A, using elementary column operations where, [ial Solution : Writing daar, =|? S|-a\) ° 744 211 2] "lo 1 2fo]_ 41 3 = traf “fo 1 1o) fi, Si. jsal2 Operating C, -» C, + 3C, > \ Od WIT |) o ing C, > 4 => }o 1 FAl1 , | Operating c, > 5, z = , > 1,=AB, where B=| 1 | Operating C, > C,~ 5C; 2 7 3 Hence A”! 1 = 2 PRET EREN] Find the inverse of the matrix A using elementary row operations, where aSolution : Writing A=LA 10 -2] [1 0 - - A =) sla 1) [49 “sl=lto °Y > 5}=|10 1A Operating R, > + R, 5 1 ol 10 ft 1) |= 0 1 |) "lg rele al eC | Operating R, > R, +5 Ry, As the matrix in L.H.S contain, a row in which all elements are 0. So inverse of this matrix does not exist. Because in such case the matrix in L.H.S can not be conversed into a unit matrix. Find the inverse of the matrix A, where 3-1 -2 A 2 0-1 3-5 (0 Solution : We have A=IA 3-1 2] [10 0 or [2 0 =1]=|0° ola 3 +5 o| [oo 1 1-1 -1)-f1 -1 0 = |? 2 TN=]O TOA Operating Ry > Ry — Ry, 3-5 of lo o 1-1-1) f 1-10 = [2 2 Ma)? 3 OAoperating Ry >» Ry — 2Ry, R;OR, - 3R, 2 3) [3 31 :1-1 -l 1-10 ee a =|-1 3/2 O|A 1 > 2] |, 5 y| Operating R, > > Ry 0 8 3 _- a0 0 ol O|A = |5 9 Operating R,> R,+ R;, R, > R,+ 2R, 10 0 1 gk, >—R, = 14 0A Operating R, > 7, 1 00 4 k 10 8 1 il | ing = aan > ; ; MK |A Operating ® >R ATR R > R-SR | ls Hence At = CHECK YOUR PROGESS 20.6 1. Find inverse of the following matrices using elementary operations 7 1 14 5 10 @ [i 1 0) L ‘| © E ‘| Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower 1651-2562523, 9835508813 2 3.0 -l @ |-3 0 -1 @|2 3 0 21 0 o4 1 LE SUM UP e A rectangular array of numbers, arranged in the form of rows and columns is called a matrix. Each number is called an e/ement of the matrix. e The order ofa matrix having ‘m’ rows and ‘n’ columns is m x 7. e If the number of rows is equal to the number of columns in a matrix, it is called a square matrix, e A diagonal matrix is a square matrix in which all the elements, except those on the diagonal, are zeroes, e ——_ Aunit matrix of any order is a diagonal matrix of that order whose all the diagonal elements are ° Zero matrix is a matrix whose all the elements are zeroes. © —_ Twomatrices are said to be equal if they are of the same order and their corresponding elements are equal. e A transpose ofa matrix is obtained by interchanging its rows and columns. e Matrix A is said to be symmetric if A’ =A and skew symmetric ifA’ =—A. e Scalar multiple ofa matrix is obtained by multiplying each elements of the matrix by the scalar. © Thesumoftwo matrices (of the same order) is a matrix obtained by adding corresponding elements of the given matrices. e Difference of two matrices A and B is nothing but the sum of matrix A and the negative of matrix B. e Product of two matrices A of order m x mand B of order x p is a matrix of order mx p, whose elements canbe obtained by multiplying the rows of A with the columns of B element wise and then taking their sum. Product of a matrix and its inverse is equal to identity matrix of same order. Inverse of a matrix is always unique. All matrices are not necessarily invertible. Three points are collinear if the area of the triangle formed by these three points is zero, Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, RanchiCHECK YOUR PROGRESS 20.1 56 29 a 40 10 eae 2 eee: 71 57 . 25 8 4 6 3 : : 3 : 4 (a6 (b)12 (08 (a) 12 (e) ab (nm 5. (a) 1x 8:2 x 44x 2:87 Tx 5:5 x 1 (©) 1 x 1232 x 63x 454 x 356 x 2,12 x 1 (d) 1 x 16;2 x 8:4 x 4:8 x 2;16x% 1 6. (a4 (b)S (4x5 (d) 20 ().4,,=0; a= 7; @,,=—3; a ,,= Landa, =3 Dea) 9 as a9 0-1 2 23) 2 2 2 1 7 7 @h? fol) 2 3fo%, & Blalo a) 21 Mal \o 9 2 3 25 49 8 30 3 2 2 2 447 5 10 oe me 8 10 2 24 12 s @l> 8} wl % © @ 6 9 15. 30 3.9 2 3 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 20.2 1 (aG (b)B (c) A, D, Eand F (d) A, D and F (e)DandF (fF (g)C 2 (a)a=2, b=10, ¢ =2 (b)a=2, 6=3, c=2, d=5 (a= 562523, 9835508812, 8507613968}3 No 4 No CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 20.3 2 a1 43 28 8 7 2) (2 2 L @ fs pl Oe af, 3} O |, 2 2 2 -1 2 0 3 6 ° 33 2 @ MO» 3 -p} O Al 4 3 3 70 a 3 [8 4 0 7 id) 10) =a ao w [6 8 0 4 0 -20 1 oo + 3 -1 5 2° a Oo 210 © aN @ 1 =5 z 5 Us o 2 2 D 3 6 100 24 1 4-6 10 8 010 (a) [ 4 (b) (©) [: | (d) ne 97 p AP 001 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 20.4 3 2 6 -3 3-4 © @ls 4] Ol 6] Ola 8 162523, 9835508812, 8507613968}3.40 13 6] f--3 -6 0 197) 4-1 -15 2 @I-5 3 s]] 5 3 -s}@}-9 2 10J [11 -10 -10 0 6 3) [2 2 3 22 3) fi -4 9 » ol 2 3lo-7 t]el3 7 “lel % 8 6 5 7] [2 5s -7] [2-5 7] [16 15 14 0 0 4 @|%? 0 MS 0 00 0 0 0 s/ @ | -2-3) @|2 °F @|2 Oe 40-1 000 000 a7 22 2 18 153 17 21 3S & @ 6 4] © far 27] © [27 31] © 27 31 5 5 24 12 10 0 0 3 0-4 nN {a) (b) | | Te : 6 -1 2 1 6 1 6 tPA) ot 2 02 We observe that (4+ B) =B +4 02 =1.3] f-1 5 -1 8 8 @[-s 2} fo s/s a] @l[3 -7 23 3 9 1-3 of ®|-16 -3 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 20.5 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ran 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968]0 0 0 1 AB=[-6] ;BA= 4 ®apzpa 2 3 0 _ 3 13-4 2 2 “1 2 2 AB=|) _¢|;BA= AB#BA L 6 0 ax ay az | 3. AB= bx by bz ; BA does not exist. 2 4. BA= i amas not exist. 5, BothAB and BA do not exist. AB does not exist since the number of columns of A is not equal to the number of rows of B. BA also does not exist since number of columns of Bis not equal to the number of rows of A. 05 2 -1 6 ABI 6 5/5 BA=| 4 17[;AB#BA a3 7 16 -8 -11 3 7 aB-]> 17 4 | opa-l16 M3 | ap eps 14 -13 17 10 21 11 10 0 8 AB} gy: 9. (a)x=3, y=-l —14 18 2 @! 4 61 2 12 13. @)4 g (b)) 4g |sAC=BC Here, AB and CO, yet AC= BC i.e. cancellation law does not hold good for matrices. 4-7 4-7 4. @y ®) 4 9 AF 3-8 & O}3°-1 @)-11 10 Ol14 9 We observe that A(B+C)=AB+AC 3 16 Hl 18.(a)No —(b) No (c)No CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 20.6 1/3 1 1/5 -6 1 @ 35\4 -7|® 3513 1) © does not exist rive 3 3-4 3 @ |-2. 4 7/@ |-2 3 -2 325 9 8 12 9 1835508812, 8507613968}