2016 International Conference on Information Technology
A Scalable Hierarchical Ring Based Wireless
Network-on-Chip
Munshi Mostafijur Rahaman, Prasun Ghosal, Siddhartha Biswas
Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, WB, INDIA
Email: {munshi, p ghosal}@it.iiests.ac.in, wakeupsiddhartha@gmail.com
Abstract—Network-on-Chip (NoC) based systems are becom-
ing more acceptable nowadays compared to System-on-Chips
(SoC) for nanoscale system development due to increasing scaling.
The weakness of wired communication leads to insertion of
wireless links in NoC Systems to mitigate the multihop problem.
Present work provides significant improvements of NoC and
Wireless NoC (WNoCs) systems contributing salient techniques
related to necessary hardware and communication protocols. This
work also explores experiments on NoC and WNoC systems.
Proposed WNoC design offers 33.19% - 47.49% improvements
in latency with 15.73% - 23.06% gain in energy consumption and
latency improvements of 52.60% - 56.55% with 22.65% - 29.16%
savings in consumed energy over mesh based wired traditional
NoC and another state-of-the-art WNoC respectively.
Index Terms—Wireless NoC, Network-on-Chip, Scalability,
Performance, Hierarchical Architecture
I. I NTRODUCTION
Embedded high-performance computing systems are
equipped with a large number of cores nowadays due to
increased scaling of integration levels in present Si technology.
Bus based System-on-Chip (SoC) [1] infrastructure is not
sufficient to construct such system. Network-on-Chip (NoC)
has opened a new and innovative approach [2] in on-chip
communication world keeping system performance intact.
But outrageous latency, high power consumption and
interconnect routing problems for long distance multihop
among the cores create restrictions on traditional NoCs
use. Alternative strategies are needed to overcome the
limitations of conventional NoCs, occurring due to planar
metal interconnect based multi-hop communication. New
architectures and techniques are being explored to develop
and evaluate the NoC research area. As example of new
approaches, 3D [3] and photonic NoCs [4] have been designed
using vertical vias with stacked architectures, nano-photonics,
and RF interconnect techniques. These aforementioned
approaches add improvement in the latency and throughput
of traditional NoCs.
WNoCs replaces wires by wireless radios based on RF
interconnection to improve accessibility, bandwidth utilization,
reduce delay, and cross-talk noise of traditional NoC. In the de-
sign of on-chip communication, use of high-bandwidth single-
hop long range wireless link leads to gain preeminent data
rate in the range of tens of gigahertz to hundreds of terahertz.
Carbon-nanotubes (CNTs) [5] and graphene [6] are examined
in the WNoC design to enhance on-chip wireless communi-
cation. Global signal distribution problem for intrachip clock
978-1-5090-3584-7/16 $31.00 © 2016 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/ICIT.2016.57
network can be alleviated by including wireless interconnect
in WNoC. Distinct media control access (MAC) techniques
and routing protocols run for WNoCs to achieve significant
performance. WNoCs can make multicasting, broadcasting,
and distance-independent communication with CMOS com-
patibility. WNoCs allow transmitting data with low latency,
high throughput and reduced hop count using minimal power
and resource.
Our aim here is to design novel approach to build a highly
scalable NoC with both wired and wireless links base. Wireless
interconnects present following exclusive advantages.
1. The viability and cost benefit of being CMOS suitable.
2. Decreasing area overhead due to no wires or waveguides.
3. Transmitting from one end to other over the chip by low
power.
II. R ELATED W ORK
Today WNoC is the most efficient and acceptable solution to
face the challenge to increase performance and reduce energy
consumption in the era of the multicore processor. It [7] has
already been shown that by including Radio Frequency (RF)
node, the performance of the whole system can be improving.
If we are able to decrease the number of hops in a transmission
path of a message, we might improve the performance in
latency, power consumption, and throughput. Use of wireless
links guarantees the increase of transmission range. As a result
for the same given transmission distance between two nodes,
a message can go through small numbers of wireless nodes
than wired nodes. Use of RF nodes arises the issue of power
consumption. We can rescue this situation by the carbon-nano
tube antenna usages. In [8], the researchers have shown carbon
nano-tube antenna is the solution for long range wireless
communication.
On-chip wireless interconnects were revealed first in
[9],[10] for distributing clock signals. A short while ago, the
design of a wireless NoC based on CMOS Ultra-Wideband
(UWB) technology was proposed [11]. But, the use of UWB
has its own disadvantages, necessarily requires multi-hop
communication through the on-chip wireless channels. Also,
the particular work has totally focused on pure wireless
systems. Every data channel between nodes is wireless without
considering the control link because that does not work on
data transmission. The drawback of that system is each PE
of a sub-network is connected with an RF node with direct
wired link and if a node of a sub-network wants to connect
154
to other node of another sub-network then wireless communi- good combination of the wireless and wired links and suitable
cation is the only way, even the destination node is the very system structure, one can alleviate the above problems.
neighbor to each other. In [12], the author has proposed a Here, the whole hybrid networks consist of N×N processing
better solution where they use two-tier hybrid wireless/wired elements/IP. Where N is multiple of 3. A sub-network will
architecture to demonstrate the benefits of long-range wireless consist of 9 PE elements as shown in figure 1. A sub-network
links. By embedding CNT-based antenna in their work they may or may not have a wireless hub/RF node, depending upon
have improved system performance. In [13] the author has the position of the sub-network in the system. If a sub-network
use WNoC architecture, based on a conventional wired 2-D has an RF node then the RF node will be connected by wired
mesh NoC architecture called Network-based Processor Array connection with one of its PE. RF node can communicate with
(NePA). In that work, WNoC is constructed by replacing any RF node of other sub-network within its communication
some of the routers in NePA with Wireless Routers (WR), range. The architecture has a central sub-network which will
which have wireless links to other routers in addition to the play the major role in long distance communication and traffic
original wired links and the whole system has split into sub- control maintenance.
networks and in each sub-network, a WR has placed and
corresponding routing scheme has proposed. Here also there
is no clarification of sub-network size and proper placement
of RF node.
In this work, we have proposed a sophisticated RF node
placement algorithm and its routing scheme. Here we have
used conventional mesh network and the whole network has
been divided into smaller sub-network of size 3×3. A sub-
network may have a wireless hub or may not have, depending
upon the position of the sub-network in the system.The major
contributions of this work include the followings.
1. Design of a Hybrid WNoC Network architecture.
2. A supporting node placement scheme.
3. Corresponding routing policy implementation.

III. W IRELESS N O C A RCHITECTURE

A WNoC essentially contains antennas, transceivers with
wireless interfaces. Both scalable wired and wireless hybrid
architecture is endorsed to interconnect many cores in WNoC
system [14]. The prospective advantages of wireless link
over wired have described previously in Section-I. A WNoC
is proposed in [15] using Ultra-Wideband technology. The
closest cores are interconnected with conventional metal wires
while broadly scattered cores are interconnected with long
range, single hop wireless links. This hybrid architecture offers
a sustainable and resilient infrastructure in WNoC design [16]
with respect area overhead and energy consumption. Many
researchers have explored different architectures of WNoC in
[13], [17].
A. Proposed Architecture
In this work, we have used hybrid WNoC, rather than pure
wireless NoC. Here the node is basically a router, there will be
both two types of router, generic router, and Wireless Router,
also known as Radio Frequency (RF) node. Recent literatures
[12], [13], [18] recommend hybrid WNoC more, than the
pure WNoC. One reason is the limitation of the frequency
band. Another major reason is the efficiency and necessity
of transmission between two short-distance nodes. Because
the most valuable characteristic of wireless communication
is it can decrease the number of hops in a long distance
transmission, if there is none or just a few hops between two
nodes, the benefit of wireless is not so great over the wired
transmission. In a hybrid Wireless NoC system, by designing a
Fig. 1. Proposed Hybrid WNoC Network
1) Wireless / RF node Placement: In proposed architecture
we have inserted / placed some radio frequency node in
the network. First, the whole network has been divided into
small sub-networks, where each sub-network will contain 9
processing elements. Now, we place RF nodes in the net-
work, but keep in mind that we have to use less number of
RF nodes and also have to cover the entire network with
radio communication. Depending upon the position of the
sub-network in the system, the position of wireless-hub/RF
node will be also different. For that, we have proposed a
Radio Frequency node placement algorithm which follows
a specific pattern. The network will be either Odd network
or Even network, depending upon the value of a number of
the processing element. For, even and odd network it has the
different base to construct the entire network. The placement
algorithm discussed bellow. we have shown the even and Odd
network in figure 2 and 3 respectively.
2) Area Consumed by RF node and comparison with fully
Regular Placement: Area consumed by Radio Frequency node
in the network is always less than 10% has been shown in
figure 5. In figure 6, a brief comparison has been shown
between the proposed model and a fully regular RF node
placement, where an RF node is placed in every sub-network.
The proposed model requires less number of RF nodes com-
pare to regular placement model.
The coverage area of each RF node is equal. In this work
we have placed an RF node such a way that a radio link can

155
 Algorithm : RF Node Placement Algorithm
Input: N, where NxN is the number of processing element.
Output: Number of RF nodes required and Position of RF nodes in each
sub-network.

1. Begin
N × N , Total Sub-network SUB NET = PE/9,
2. Total Processing Element PE = 
Degree of the Network Deg = (SUB N ET ) − 2, Required Radio
Frequency Node RF = SUB N ET − 2 × Deg;
3. A two dimensional matrix MAT [ ][ ] will contain the position of the RF node
of the network.
4. Integer B determines the base of the network, Matrix BASE[ ][ ] will define
LEN determine length of the matrix.
the base of the network and 
Where LEN = (SUB N ET );
5. Assigning Base of the Network
 
5 5
EV EN [ ][ ] =
5 5
⎡ ⎤
8 5 8
ODD[ ][ ] = ⎣0 5 0⎦
2 5 2

6. If (N%2 == 0) then
B = 0;
Fig. 2. Even Network BASE[ ][ ] = EV EN [ ][ ];
7. else
B=1;
BASE[ ][ ] = ODD[ ][ ];
8. end if;
9. If ( B==0 && LEN >=4) then /∗ creating matrix for even network ∗/
10. For i= 4 to LEN
11. Assign (i, MAT[ ][ ], BASE[ ][ ]);
12. i = i+2;
13. end For
14. else /∗ creating matrix for odd network ∗/
15. For i = 5 to LEN
16. Assign (i, MAT[ ][ ], BASE[ ][ ]);
17. i = i+2;
18. end For
19. end if;
20. End

Algorithm : RF Node Placement Algorithm i.e. Assign ( )

Input: Length of the matrix, matrix MAT where output value will be stored,
base matrix BASE;
Output: Position of RF node in matrix form in each sub-network.

1. Begin
2. Upper left and upper right position of RF node in sub-network is always 8;
i.e. MAT [0][0] = 8 and MAT [0][LEN − 1] = 8
Fig. 3. Odd Network 3. Lower left and Lower right position of RF node in sub-network is always 8;
i.e. MAT [LEN − 1][0] = 2 and MAT [LEN − 1][LEN − 1] = 2
4. Upper and Lower rows intermediate value is always 5;
5. Assign Left and Right columns intermediate value for even network;
6. Assign Left and Right columns intermediate value for odd network;
7. MAT [1 to LEN − 2][1 to LEN − 2] = BASE[ ][ ];
8. BASE[ ][ ] = MAT [ ][ ];
9. End

Fig. 4. RF node’s coverage Area

Area

Processing Elements
Fig. 6. Required RF nodes in Regular and Proposed Placement Model
Fig. 5. Area consumed by RF nodes in the different size of network of the
proposed Placement Model

156
be established with its neighbor nodes horizontally, vertically
as well as diagonally depending upon their position in the sub-
network, if the both sub-network has RF node, shown in figure
4.
As the network is mesh, so the wired distance between two
IP cores is same with others. Let’s, the wire distance between
two IP cores is x m. Here we assume the coverage area (radius)
of an RF node is 4x m, which efficiently avoid interference
of other RF node and also establish wireless connection with
diagonally neighbor sub-network.
3) Routing Algorithm: As we previously mentioned, the
routing algorithm in the lower wired mesh can be extremely
simple, while in the upper wireless mesh, the routing algorithm
needs to handle massive data volume passing through the
wireless nodes. For the proposed wireless NoC architecture,
we design a routing algorithm combined with deterministic
and adaptive characteristics.
First, packets routed in the wired mesh follow the deter-
ministic XY routing algorithm, which has a low algorithm
complexity and guarantees the shortest wired path [19].
Second, in the top wireless mesh, the partially adaptive
routing algorithm is used to route packets, so the congestion
level of the wireless mesh can degrade, and the wireless path
is the shortest.
When a PE wants to communicate with another PE, first the
coordinate of both the source and destination is calculated. If
the source and destination are within the same sub-network
then only wired communication is established, otherwise
searching of destination in sub-network continued. Each time
source sub-network’s co-ordinate value is increased and a com-
munication is established with the newly explored neighbor
sub-network. If newly explored sub-network and current sub-
network has RF node and both are within their communication
range, then a wireless connection is established otherwise
wired connection established. The increasing/decreasing of co-
ordinate value of source sub-network depends on the coor-
dinate of the destination node. The exploration of neighbor
sub-network continued until the destination sub-network is
reached. Proposed routing algorithm has described below. A
long distance communication from source to destination using
wireless router has been shown in figure 7.
Algorithm : Routing Path Determination Algorithm
Input: Source PE id and Destination PE id
Output: Path to reach destination and number of hop count.
1. Begin
2. Compute the sub-network co-ordinate of Source and destination from their
nodes ID.
3. S P E = [x, y] D P E = [X, Y ] ; coordinates of source and destination
4. If the source subnet [x, y] = destination subnet [X, Y ] Then
5. wired connection();
6. Else if source subnet and destination node is neighbor, two nodes are
immediate to each other and wired distance is ≤ 3 Then
7. wired connection();
8. Else explore(x, y, X, Y ) until destination sub-network (coordinate) is
reached.
9. End if
10. End
4) Wireless Router Design: The wireless router has 9
input ports, among these 5 wired ports and 4 wireless ports
for Base Router, and 11 input ports, among these 5 wired
ports and 6 wireless ports for Non-Base Router, as shown in
157
Algorithm : Destination Finding Algorithm i.e. explore( )
Input: Source PE coordinate [x,y] and Destination PE coordinate [X,Y]
Output: Path to reach destination and number of hop count
1. Begin
2. If x = X and Y > y Then
3. y =y+1
4. Else If x = X and Y < y Then
5. y = y − 1;
6. Else If X > x and y = Y Then
7. x = x + 1;
8. Else If X < x and y = Y Then
9. x = x − 1;
10. Else If X > x and Y > y Then
11. x = x + 1 and y = y + 1;
12. Else
13. x = x − 1 and y = y − 1;
14. End If
15. Now communicate with the newly explored neighbor sub-network
16. If the current sub-network and next sub-network has a RF node and they are
within the communication range then communicate with it. Else communicate
with it through wired connection.
17. Continue, until Destination sub-network (co-ordinate) is reach.
18. End
Fig. 7. A long distance communication and routing path
the below figure 8(a) and 8(b). On the other hand, the wired
router has 5 input ports, all are wired port. Each wired port
can receive both types of packets with two virtual channels,
VC0 and VC1. VC0 is for the long distance packets and VC1
for the short distance packets. As the wireless port handles
long distance packets only, one buffer (VC0) is sufficient.
The Switch Allocator handles the requests of the virtual
channels and the switch is used alternately by these VCs.
The long distance packets and the short distance packets are
routed through different virtual channels. No VC can dictate
the switching fabric indefinitely. As a result, the possibility
of having a deadlock can be eliminated.
IV. P ERFORMANCE A NALYSIS
A SystemC based cycle accurate simulator named Noxim
[20] is used here to obtain WNoC platform. Here, we also
present comprehensive examination of the latency and energy
dissipation parameters [12] to evaluate the performance of our
design. Latency is defined as the time takes to be transmit
packet successfully from the source node and its complete
reception at the destination node. The average or maximum
latency is the average or maximum number of clock cycles
elapsed to be sent out the packet successfully at the target
node from the beginning of the transmission of the packet.
The experimental configuration for simulation process is listed
in Table I.
 Average latency Average latency
100 350
90
300
80

average latency (cycles)

average latency (cycles)

70 250
60 200
50 Prop_Wireless_NoC Prop_Wireless_NoC
40 Default_Wired-NoC 150 Default_Wired-NoC

30 100
20
50
10
0 0
0.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.0070.0080.009 0.01 0.011 0.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.0070.0080.009 0.01 0.011
packet injection rate (packet/node/cycle) packet injection rate (packet/node/cycle)

(a) 6 × 6 Mesh (b) 9 × 9 Mesh

Average latency Average latency
350 500
450
300
400

average latency (cycles)

average latency (cycles)

250 350

200 300
Prop_Wireless_NoC 250 Prop_Wireless_NoC
150 Default_Wired-NoC 200 Default_Wired-NoC

100 150
100
50
50
0 0
0.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.0070.0080.009 0.01 0.011 0.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.0070.0080.009 0.01 0.011
packet injection rate (packet/node/cycle) packet injection rate (packet/node/cycle)

(a) Base Router

(c) 18 × 18 Mesh (d) 21 × 21 Mesh

Fig. 9. Comparative analysis of average latency for different dimension mesh

based proposed WNoC over traditional NoC

Average latency Average latency

120 350

300
100

average latency (cycles)

average latency (cycles)

250
80
200
60 Prop_Wireless_NoC Prop_Wireless_NoC
Default_Wireless_NoC 150 Default_Wireless_NoC
40
100
20 50

0 0
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.011 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.011
packet injection rate (packet/node/cycle) packet injection rate (packet/node/cycle)

(a) 6 × 6 Mesh (b) 18 × 18 Mesh

Fig. 10. Comparative analysis of average latency for different dimension

mesh based propsed WNoC over previously proposed WNoC

(b) Non-Base Router

TABLE II
Fig. 8. Wireless Router A N IMPROVEMENT STUDY BETWEEN PROPOSED WN O C AND
TRADITIONAL WIRED N O C.

TABLE I Mesh Network Size Average latency (cy- Energy consumption

E XPERIMENTAL CONFIGURATION . cles) (μJ)
6×6 33.19% 15.73%
Element Specification 9×9 33.96% 18.47%
System size 6x6, 9x9, 18x18, 21x21 21×21 47.49% 22.28%
Number of RF nodes 4 to 81
Subnet mesh size 3×3, 2×2
Width of flit 64 bits TABLE III
Baseline mesh routing XY routing A N IMPROVEMENT STUDY BETWEEN PROPOSED WN O C AND PREVIOUSLY
Total simulation cycle 10,000 DESIGNED WN O C.
dataRate 16 Gb/s
Mesh Network Size Average latency (cy- Energy consumption
Traffic distribution Random
cles) (μJ)
Injection rate 0.001-0.11
6×6 52.60% 22.65%
18×18 56.55% 29.16%

In the simulation process, evaluation has been done con-

sidering different size mesh based wired and wireless net-
work with the wireless hubs using RF nodes ranging from
4 to 81. Figure 9 depicts the average latency under dif-
ferent packet injection rate with different system size. The
latency of proposed WNoC named Prop Wireless NoC is
lower than that of the mesh based wired traditional NoC,
Default Wired NoC [21]. Further in the analysis, we consider
different sizes 2D meshes with 2×2 subnet based wireless
NoC called Default Wireless NoC [22] with respect to our
proposed scheme. Here, the proposed WNoC design has the
average latency improvements of 33.19%-47.49% compare to
Default Wired NoC for different system size meshes network
shown in Table II. Figure 10 shows the average latency of the
Proposed WNoC design compare to Default Wireless NoC.
Proposed WNoC also provides performance enhancements in
the average latency of 52.60%-56.55% compare to other one
WNoC is shown in Table III.
Figure 11 shows the energy consumption including dynamic
and static energy of different size mesh based networks for
the proposed WNoC design compare to conventional wired
NoC under different packet injection rate. Here, the Energy is
decomposed with wired, wireless, and router energy. Figure
12 shows the energy overhead for proposed WNoC infras-
tructure is less compared to previously designed WNoC. The
Proposed WNoC system provides average energy savings of
15.73%-23.06% over Default Wired NoC for different system
size. Prop Wireless NoC also offers 22.65%-29.16% gain in
energy consumption compare to other one WNoC. Above
mentioned both improvement analysis of energy has been
shown in Table II and III

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