Focus on PRONUNCIATION THIRD EDITION Linda Lane PEARSON/3/ television /s/ sign, /z/ zero, /{/ shop, and fd Is wokeed Sel er Common 4 sister, last ss bows, address (hetween se house, vowels) purpose reason, preent please. rise commen 200, zipper mmsche, seene reesive, cent -elty, ack {silent w) anawer. sword Bo UNIT 16 shop Mf, televishon Ay Pull the tip of your tongue back from the 4! position Round your lips 6 little. b ig/ is voiced. (3! ix m rare sound in English, It does not occur al the beginning of words Ser at gee common ‘Common sit shower, cash st decision Hh patient eceuaton nation we beige, ci spectal massage physietan si) lear, presfeastin treasure pecrninivis pressure, asic sugar, insure dimension Chicago, cheti ela at aaa EXERCISE 1: Phrases with /{/ and /5/ @® Listen and repeot the phrases and sentences. Oy tt 1 Tm mot mure, 8. on television 2. the Pucific Osean as usual 3. Washing machine leimuare tise 4. Tshires measure it 5. an clogamt mustache Wty a pleasure 6, U wish Fcoulel 7. from Chicago 14, a beige jacket on occaaion EXERCISE 2: Listen for Differences @ Al Listen andsepear ihe words. 1. wm raced 4. a gushes! 7m assign be rasod be gasses b ashine 2 m cow 5. a fierce & a she'd b. caused b. fears hy seed Boom bays 6. a false 9m choos b, beige b. falls b. Suv’s 1B PAIRS: Say a word from Rart.A. Pronounce the combonant carefully so your partner cam tel you which word you sad EXERCISE 3: Spelling and Sound @ Listen to the words. Decide whether the bald letters ore pronounced ei *x /Id. org! Then write each ward under the correct column. Compare ansivers with « partner diets: Bcespentiie: 9. permission 13. purpose 2, clamsie 6, iMlusion 10, resul 14. propose 3 hose 7. collision 11, casual 15. erwse 4. dnwe & Amo 12, insure 16, glacier tsi tat ow bs dissolve (Si shan, ef ere, (Shap, and ish tetevislon BTEXERCISE 4: Sentences Full of Sounds @ Listen toehe sentences: Then choose a sentence and say it to the cass. Promourice the bold letters ‘caret 1, Sue should persuade the insurance company 10 s¥e with them. 2, She wells scashells dow 3, That sign says, “Suc’s Shoe Shine Shop.” so I gucts vou can get your shoes shined at Suc’, the deal before she insures her business by the seashore STEP 3 COMM ICATION PRACTICE LEISURE TIME EXERCISE 5: Leisure or Work? @ Al tisten to the conversation Tesesa: Cusedd to love writtng. 1d come hove from work, sit down in front of the computer, and start writing ® Sed Used to + wert: and would! + vetts can both Sac: But you still write. And now you get paid be used to describe past, repeated actions. far it. You're successful, you make a lot of | Pronounce used to 2 one ward: /yuweruw, mane ‘or fyuwsta/, The dis not pemaunced, Temes: Ehnow, But now its jst work. Inused tobe | Tse low writion ‘Use the contraction of would after San: pronmans, Fd come home from-work ane start ‘wait to retire, He wanted ta learn carpentry “ariting ‘ond make 4 table for my mom. ‘Trmesa: What happened? Su: Well, he tried carpentry, bart he cic like it. So he decided to volunteer accounting again, He'd wail about what bre wanted te do. really help people with their ts, And now he likes 82 UNIT 16BL PAIRS. Practice the conversation, Thenanswer the questions. |. How have ‘Teresa’ feelings about writing changed? Why? 2. How did Sal's father's feelings about carpentry and accounting change? Why? EXERCISE 6: Leisure Time @ A Listers anctrepeat. Make sare you understand the words, sensual quilting | Read the leisure activiries below, Then listen to the recording, Write the needs that the leisure sacrivities fie 1 Acting anid playing baseball 2. Fishing und quilting 3. Cand playing EXERCISE 7; Your Turn PAIRS: What are your three favorite FeGuure-time activities? What needs do you think they Rati? Discuss your answers with o partner. Activity. Need It Fulfills STEP 4 EXTENDED PRACTICE CQO Accuracy Practice Listen ogain to Eeercises | and 2A om page 81. Ther recaed the phretes, seatences, and words. Qprluency Practice Record youranswers tothe questions. 1, Describe your favorite leisure activities 2. How much time do yeni spend a week on these activities? 3. Why dos you like doing them? 1s! sign, fe! zea, V shop. and /y/ television 83< 17 /t{/ check and /d3/ judge STEP 1 PRESENTATIO The Consonants check Af, judge dy? Keep the tip af yotur tongue high. Pull back from the front of the south, Hound your lips a little AY starts with /¥, Te woiveleas Joy sterts with ¢ on pronauncirg the /t nf ddge like Eats, pull your tompae back and pronounce judge like jnat:, don't release the final sound so strongly: Keeps pronounce edge like efela, concentrate on making a waived ‘dl Hyou pronounce 2ere like dere, don't let your tongue make fim comtact with the top of your month (doing this produces the M4! sound) dl sour Hips, short erg Se del commen Common ch check church i fizz, majoe foh wate, kitchen Seg age, region Other ‘Other tu (inside a word) nature, future du (inside a word) gradual, educate ce celle Exceptions lt is pronounced (hi these words: architecture, Christmas cé is pronounced ‘jf in these words: machine, Chicaso 84 UNITI7STEP 2 FOCUSED PRACTIC EXERCISE 1: Phrases with /t{/ and /ds/ © Liter ad repear de phases. When for Ay/ ends @ word and te next word begin ith cconsoncnt, do nat release AL/ or Ay? strongly. Say the next word onmediately. ng Ady 1. wateh TV Judge and jury 2, whieh one college cdhucution 3. natare or nurture! a barge package 4. How much? gradual changes graduate school 6, Latehkey children’ genctic engincering EXERCISE 2: Listen for Differences @ Al Listen and repeat the phrases, 1. a. two pleasures b. two pledgers" 2. a Which watch? ‘b. Which wish? 3. a cheap land bb sheep land 4. an joki b. no choking 5. a. chcering-crowds ——B jecring* crowds %& a, about theridge’ by about the rich Bi CLASS: Choose a phrase and say it to the class, Your chassmates val ef! you which phrase you said EXERCISE 3: Differences in Meaning @ A Listen to the sentences and responses, Responses La They wan't accept ches bh, Why didn't yom catch this? 1 hurt sey wrist They doen't have must! oe the menu TH have eggs then. They don't have much on the menu Let's go somewhere else then, Hero's your share Are yous sure yen ganve me hall? b. Here's your chair You did w nice job fixing the legs. 4. a, AIDS isan important health issue. Scientists still haven't found a ctire Age is an important health issue. We need more gerontologists * nature of nuriure; the deduie over whether pemetics ("nature") ar shy emiremment {muri for detormimiag a parson 's character: * Wwakikey childeen: children wha come hase to ompey howies after schoo! hecmise thelr parents work: * plegers’ people whe pledge ar peomsy wa dinate something: *jecring: maling fim of rilge: the Hie of the hay of meuntein: * mesh hat, comhed eure" genonobapist:shavtar wi eres fixe the erty 1148 more rexpemsibte Gi check and ty! judge 85111 PAIRS: Soyo sentence. Pronounce the underfined wad caefuly so your pormer can say the covect response STEP 3 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE COLLEGE REQUIREMENTS Ls onc dntreduction ' Economicn English writing i Pry. 8Y Sto, 6 1 SWIMMING | EXERCISE 4: A Well-Rounded Education © 41 sen io te conversations 1. Low: Do 1 really have to take all these courses? Can't I just take the courses in my majo? Amvisam: No, you have te take required courses to gradumte two of courses and another year or two of paying pensive. Lows: But that means another year « tuition, College i yb university's goal is 19 produce well-rounded, lists, Ameisom: Pm sorry, but that's the veny it i. TH educated graduates, not just spe: 2. Monn: Don't you » pass a sivienrninng test before you graguaic? What? A swimming test? Lowe: Tee never heard of that before, You mean, if people © ‘swim, they couldn't sane? Mommen; Well, not exactly: If they couldn’? swim, they had te take -« swimming class Notice the meaning of no and yes answers to negative yes /si0 questions. 1 just takes courses in ny nakar? Jase enke courses in yor 8 Ar Can't just ke courses in my major? Bi Yes. (Ves, pou. cum just take 86 UNITI7(BI PAIRS: Practice the conversations in Part A. Take turns EXERCISE 5: Your Turn. ‘Al Becd the graduation requirements below Rte the requirements (1 = very imyortant, 2.= important, 3 = feast important unoloy cles — Te Science class Math class Literature class Fine arts class ‘Swimming test [BI PAIRS: Compare your answers. Explain why you think same requirements are move impartant than others. i ee ee QO Aceuracy Practice Listen again to Eeeretes 1 and 2A on page 8S. Ther recard the phases and sentences. (Qprluency Practice Recard your answers tothe questions, 1. In your country, what requirements do students have to fulfill to graduate from college? 2. Do you think colleges chould require students to take courses autside their majoc? Why or why ‘nwt? AY check ancl fty/ judge 87] 8 -s Endings STEP 1 PRESENTATI -$ eadings include the endings for regular phuruls, possessives, third person singular present verbs, aul contractions, 5 endings can be pronounced as syllable o a final consonant sound 1, Pronounce the -s ending as a new syllable (a! or fe!) wher the base word ends in ars slike sound tis. f-5 Sey) ane rose + two roses 2, Pronounce the -s covling as /x! or /x’ when the base word does not end inv an slike sound. a. Use Js! when the base wordends in jp. tk. ff They work fe works 1b, Use ff when the base word ends in a verwel sound or fb, x, ¥, mm, 9,9. reg ~ two trees ‘Nouns Ending inf: Several common nouns that the plaral Form, The plural ending ie promenmced ‘ome el in their singular form end in vi in wo keaves one knife 2, TH Sounds bofore -s Endings: TH counsls be fone month = (veo months imants! » knives -s endings are ofion simplified or dropped. 88 UNIT 18STEP 2 FOCUSED PRACTICE EXERCISE 1: Apply the Rule (© Pans. ten and reper te base words Should the ending be pronounced as anew splabeora final consonant? Check (v‘) the correct cotumn. Then practice the words, adding the -6 endings. foal or iat Final isl or raf 1. exercise i 2. wile — — 3. ship 4 bush — — 5. bonus 6 cone 7. amount 8. salary 9. judge — — EXERCISE 2: Listen for Differences (@ Al Listen to:the phrases. Count the syllables in each phrase and write the nuenbberin the blank: ‘Compare your answers with a partner, 1. a some expert advice 3 _ b. some experts advise 5 2m heclaps 1. hecollapses__ 3. a. describe your folks. b. describe your focus 4 a. Lits Ford ___ Liz Ford___ Sm quiet class b quiet classes 6m good grades good grade 7m hard course % hard courses & a our hosts 1b, our hostess 9, a. fiscal cons b. physical condi BB | PAIRS: Choose o phrase and say It to your partner. Pronounce the words carefully ro your partner can tell you which phraxe you said. sEndings 89EXERCISE 3: Phrases and Idioms ~ Many idlons Include verbs that describe plivsical exercise @ AI Listen and complere tne sentences with the words you Neat. Then compare your answers with a parines, 1. Hewasted the whole day running around in 2, Stop beating around the _ Just sev what you mean. 3 Gotthe first: Dow't jump to 4, Io bocn sitting behind this desk for so long that I'm elimbing the Te got to get out of the office! 5. Tin bending overt make yout happy, but nothing T do you, 6. (ata casino) You're won $100 vo far. Let's go home, Don't tuck, 7. Don't puss the buck. These __are your responaibiliry. 4% Youre making ___ out of molchills, Who she doesn't like your haircut 9, Is boing a __patate worse fir your body or your mind? |B PAIRS: Mach the iis in Fart A with the definitions below. White the number of each Mier i the blak ext teats definition ___ avoid responsibility Dr take unnewessary risks © expend a lot of effortienergy without results 4. do everything possible to please someone __.& make a problem out of something that isn't a problem want hadly to be active, ty take action —— & mule decisionsjudgments without enough information he speak indirectly La person who spends a lot of time lying on the eouch and watching TV 900 UNIT IeSTEP3 C ee Mle ae end a EXERCISE? EXERCISE 4: Wanted: Professional Couch Potatoes Aisi ec i cic dns wl the cn pee Pin eer oer ‘answers with a partner, Aisi newspaper recently wrote an atl about a company that ww hire ‘couch potatoes, The position involves doing nothing but eating. 1 : pretty ‘well, and the jabs “ arent tao tough, The enenpany is testing a weight-loss proxtuct they want to sell, sically the job will pay same lucky applicants to da exactly what they already da, but in addition, they have ta consume 16 percent more « + day. The additional calories must come from that are bigh tn fat, such as potute, . fast-food burgers, or plc. The mew ‘will alse take the weightloss product once a day, Beyond they don't have te do an thing but have reir weight and calorie tered oy the carmpan terester! applicants, this could be the ultimate “work from hon In words lke patato or tomato, the letter ais unstressed and pronounced /' not have an @ sound. witha tank, tonight, Camfirrow to palice (police) sEndings 91\BIPAIRS: Answer the questions about the recording in Part A, Use complete sentences and Bendings when necessary 1, What does the job invalve? 2. How does the job pay? 3. What Is the company testing? 4 What kinds of fonds wall workers add to their diets? 8. Does this job sound attractive to you? Why of why new? EXERCISE 5: Burning Calories Basal metabotism is the energy required to keep the heart pumping blood and the langs breathing ‘during rest. Basal metabolism varies according to age, gender. height, and weight, Except for seeping, everything else we do requitys additional calorves PAIRS: Find out how many colaies different activities burn, Each of you hos 0 ari that s partially complete, Don't show your arid te your partner. Take turns asking each other forthe missing information, When you finish, compare your grids. They shoutd be the same: Student A's grid és on ‘page 255, Stadent fs gris on poge 267 EXERCISE 6; Your Turn Health professionals recommend that adults get about a half hour of moderate exercise four to five days.a week ta stay healthy. AL rite your answers to thse questions in the chart, Do'you lite ta exercise? What ina of exenrive de you do? ‘How often do you ener? a. regularly idady. weekly, twice aweek) 1 once ina blue moan lalnost never) never ‘Do,you feel you ger enough exercise? BL PAIRS: interview your partner and write your partner's ansurersin the chart C1.CLASS: Report some Information about your partner tothe clas, Ue endings men necesiary. TEP 4 EXTENDED PRACTICE GO accuracy Practice Listen oginin to Exercise 24 on page 8B. Then record the phases, Qprluency Practice Recon your partner's answers to the questions in Exercise 6A above. Use ‘complete sentences ands endings when necessary. 92 unt/y/ yet and /d3/ jets = 1 Joining Vowels with /y/; Clusters with /y/: regular STEP 1 PRESENTATION The Consonants S&S & yetiyt jet igh Raise the center of your tongue The tip of your ton toward the from ef your mouth, is high and prilled back to the center of i" The tip of your tongue rests behind your lower teeth, rounded a tittle, th Ad. It is voiced, ids! starts Joining Vowels with /y/ When vowels ending in ay, oy!) are fallowed by anather vowel ent syllables. This happer has been added 10 show the prom appreciate my uncle three’ af those ‘Consonant Clusters with /y/ The sounct /y! occurs in the consonant chust common words, It is usually spelled with letter w regular ‘gy’ partiewlar ‘ky’ = popatlar ‘py? 931. Ifyou pronounce yer like dec, try this: Say JW and slide your tongue forward. Dot let your fongue press against the top ol your mouth, Or, try this: Say Jv twice, Stress the seconcl fit ites (yen. 2% Myon pronouince year like eur, say fil twice: Stress the second ifewr (your) Peer a Daa Common y yesterday, beyond ‘Other 4 theginning of a ward) use, unit (after a consonant) ‘vocabulary, eceupation it eee lee ea EXERCISE 1; Listen for Differences @ Al tisten and repeat the words 1. am yellow 4 a, yolk 7 a mayor b. sell-om b joke b. major 2. a year Bm these b. car hb, b, the juice 3m year Sw vem wes b jeer’ b. cast b. Jess BI PAIRS: Say @ word, Pronounce the consananty carefully so your partner can tell you which word you said, EXERCISE 2: Sounds and Spellings ‘Al Camptete the sentences with a aram. Use a ifthe word Begins with the cansonant saund yi Use lanl the word begins with a vowel sound, 1. He wore #0 unusual hat 2. She's a student at university in Ohio, unin meeting tonight, 3. There's poing to be 4. Take __urmbrefla 's going to rain, 5. ‘This is unique opportunity to tsik with an expert | jeer: to make fim of someone: * yeast: bactoren tht make Bread rise 94 UNIT 196, The book was about utoyplaun comamnunity! Ln tlie Cunare. 7, Vd rather live in ___ urban area than in the country: 4B, The candidate’ opponents are making united effort to defeat bien, © B11 Parr: Listen amd check your answers, Then practice saying the sentences to each other. Joinan anal the mext wed. EXERCISE 3: Sentences Full of Sounds 1@ Usten ro the sentences. Then choose a sentence and say ito the class. 1. Yes, Jess asked ifthe company’s bought a new jet yet 2, Last year my car infections were bad. 3. Before he was a mayor, he was a major in the army, 4, Yellow Sell. tastes like lemon, doesn't it? 5. The scientists looked for younger animals in the jungle. 6 The chef is famous for his use of juice in meat dishes, EXERCISE 4: Words with /y/ Clusters §@ Listen and repeat the phrases. The bok letters cre consonant clusters witty 1. arguing sive S. on a regular basts % million years 2, particular uses 6 computer users 10, vocabulary books 3. portieular juices 7. popular music MM. ambulance driver 4, regularcheckups 8, human values 12, semior year EXERCISE 5: Joining Vowels. with /y/ @ Al listen to the words. Are the underlined letters pranoumced as one vowel sound or two? White Vif there is nly ane vowel sound. Wiite 2 if there are two vewved sounds. 1. appreciate: 6. mlece: = theater 2. mcial — 7. fiance 12. threaten 3. inwnediicly __ 8. denial = AB. theory 4, official — 9. material 14, thearetical S experience __ 10, sufficient, __ 5. geography __ 1: PAIRS: Practice the words. the ferers are pronounced. as two vowel sounds, jain the ewa vowels ith At * wtupsan comemmity: a imaginary perfect warkd where everyime és apy (Py! yet and dy/ jet: Joining Vowels with /y/: Clusters with yi regular 95.TEP 3 ARGUING EXERCISE 6: Stand Up for Yourself @ Al tsten to:the conversation. Ev: Why didn’ you stand up for-yourself inthe meeting? Everyone thought vou were right. red worth it, Anyway, Eeryone thoughtchow weve right Everyone thoupht yeu were right.) interested in cooperating. They all wa push thetrown agenda," Eve Everyone hit you, it scems: Toss We're supposed to find 9 solution. That woa't happen if we can’t work together. B11 PAIRS: Practice the conversation in Part A, Then answer the questions 1. Whats the difference between arguing and fighting? 2 When dit we push our own agendas? push an agenda: 1 96 UNIT 19EXERCISE 7: Arguing Styles. Arguments are a normal part of relationships. They can lead to growth, or they can damage a relationship. Whether you argue with your lather or boyfriend, your neighbor or nephew, your boss, or best friend, you probably argue in a generally consistent way. ‘A. PAIRS: You and your parmer each hove eight questions about arguing myles. First answer the questions about yourself. Then take tuers ashing each other the questions and checking (w) your partner's answers. How smifor are your arguing styles? Student A's questions are ar ‘page 256, Student's questions are erypage 26} @ Bi irithis recording, yout hear some advice about arguing effectively. Complete the sentences with the words you hear, When yaw finish, go back to your answers to the questions in Part A Accarding te the advice, co your argue eHectvely? Does your partner? L. Don't avoid at all costs, Battled up vill find their way our in one another. 2, Don't__in front of third parties, 3. Bringing upold________ts abu ___ t's mare: focused on ane 4. Be 0 pood make qaiick axsimptions wheut what your partner's “real” motives or feelings are. 5. Atthe end of an argument, moke'a offering. Tell your partner something yeu like about him. 6 Be __ te compromise but don't __for things you haven't done or said 7. Doa’t let an argument get out of land turn inter a shouting where no one listens, i ea ee ea QO Accuracy Practice Listen again to Exercises 14, 4, and SA.on pages 94 and 95. Then record the words and phrases. QD Fuency Practice 0 you think you argue effectively? Why or why not? Record your answers to the questions. {yl yet nd fds jet: Joining Vowels with yf; Chusters with /yh regular 975 2 /r/ rate; & Consonant Clusters with /r/: growth STEP 1 PRESENTATION The Consonants & Le Ay The tip of the behind the tap teeth, = touches firmly Do NOT let the tip of your tamgue totsch the top of sour mouth as it uncurls Re your lips slighily Chusters with /r/ The consonant inf occurs in many consonant clusters. Boat se 1c the consonants in a cluster pray = train three shrink seratch 1. Rate and fate: you pronounce mute like late, remember that with it, the tip of the tongue devs hot touch the top off the snewth. With AV, the tip of the torgiie touches the tp of the mouith. Look aaguin at the dl 2. Red aud wed: UE you pronounce red like wad, make sure thal you start with the tip of your Longue turned up and hack. Then lower your tangue. IF your /t/ stl has a w sound, deat round your lips at all-~keep thern fat 98 UNIT20TEP 2 FOCUSED PRACTICE EXERCISE 1; Phrases with /c/ ten rut repeat ee ptvcse, 1L. rate of imunigeation 1. 2. rod trips & 3. the wrong direction %. 4. increasing prices 10, §. transportation problems i 6. roughly three-quarters 12. growl in turban areas strict controls foreign-born permanent residents historical trends cromded areas EXERCISE 2: Listen for Differences @ Alister to trewowd 1. a right ride 7. aw fright bb, light wide b Fight 2 aw aitive 3. a present Ba. prayed b, alive by pleasant b, played 3. a crowd 6 a correct 9. a crash h, cloud b. collect bh cash @ Bi Usten again and circle the words you hea, CI PAIRS: Say a word from Part 4. Pronounce it carefully sa your partner ean tell yeur which ward you said, EXERCISE 3: Phrases with rand/ @ Al Listen ond repeat ine phrases. Then choose a phrase and say it tothe class. 1. parallel fines h 2. religious prubh 8 4 clectric rates 9. A, inborn Moist 10. 4. really large salaries ML 6. colery and carrots iz, brilliant blue bracelet a frightful flight solitary celebrities college libra, allergic reactions Florida alligators (81 PAIRS: Read the sentences. Then say a arate fram Part A thot describes the sentences L 2B & 4 5 CEOs earn these ‘These are goed far you We landed & hours late and ther These lines never meet. ‘You don't want to go swimming with these, nthe airline conldn't find my bags Jl ate: Consamant Chesters with /r: growth 99EXERCISE 4: Differences in Meaning @ Al Listen to the sentences and resporwves: Sentences Responses 1, a, ‘They erected bridges (Over what river? b, They elected Brides To whut office? 2% & Dont step on that praset Did you b, Don't step on that glass! ‘Thanks, I might have cut myself 3. a. Do you have the white books? No, all my books are green. by Do you have the fight books? No, all my books are heavy Do you have the right books? Yes, these are the right ories 4a Not I hate all insects b, No, I'm allergic to potatoes. 3. a. Ther there 10 books lke: rain b, There’s a big crowd over there I wonder what they're looking at BI PAIRS: Say a sentence. Pronounce the undevined word éarefuly so your partner cam say the correct response ie eh NEW ARRIVALS EXERCISE 5: Immigration PAIRS: Why do people decide to live in anather country temporarily ar permanentiy)? White your Ideas or the fines beiow. 100 UNIT 20,EXERCISE 6: Human Migrations (© ats. Lister tothe econ a then answer the questions How many immigrants worldwide were there in 2010? What’ the pre 2, Look wi your answers tothe questions in Exercise 8, Which of th Which are “pull” factors? ction for 20507 factors? sons are “pus The vowels in pu an pul re the same 08 the wowel in oo (/u/). Far this wane, your lips Should Be & title rounded (bat mot tightiy rounded). For the vowels in poo! andl Boot, your lips should be ighly rounded. Pav facia cause people to leave thear borne enuntrica, Pull factors struct lmimlgrants to a oew ca EXERCISE 7: Your Turn [A To what extent do you think your country should alow people fram other countries to come and live? Circle your answer, 1. Allow many to come ane live 2. Allow some AL Mlowa few 5. 1B GROUPS: Share your answers. Do your answers depend cn which countries immigrants comme fram? Di they depenc on the socioeconaiic or educathanat background of the fmanigrarts? STEP 4 EXTENDED PRACTICE CE cies rack hn gol cer 1 nd on page thd arch ad pleases. Fluency Practice What are same ofthe problems iremigrants face wien they come fo. new untry? Record your answer to the question. ‘Aa! ato; Consonant Clusters with Jef growth 101Beginning /1/: light; 5 2 Consonant Clusters with /1/: blue; é Contrasts: /1/ and /r/, /1/ and /n/ 03 4 es The Consonants light ty wight fa sight fe ‘Touch the tip of your tongue | Turn the tip of yourtongue up | The tip of the tongue touches tbchind your top teeth and bock behind the top tecth ‘When you say /1l, there's Thea lower your tongue without | The air passes our through the contact between the tongue | touching the top of the mauth. | Ses, not through the mouth, and the top af the mouth. There's po contact between the tip of the tongue and the top of the moni Consonant Clusters with /l/ consonants kr the cluster: rs: eins, fly, show, splash. supply Final chesters: belt, hold riff, faults Night avd fight: Speakers of some Chinese dialects may substitute beginning in for /V and vice versa When you say (ni (righ), the al ‘okt NORET Aine; touch the tip af your nase when you aay these words. When you say /V (légir), the air. comes out of your mouth; touch your lower lip when you say these words to remind you of the abr flow. like, truly yellow, really 102 uNITayEP2 FOCUSED PRACTICE EXERCISE 1: Phrases with /l/ a 1. inkne 5. dimb up 9 black clouds 2 live letters 6, alarge allowance 10, clearance sale 3. a Hight lunch 7. longer and longer 1, Te fooks like rain, 4 nightlight 8, Lawand order 12, clever olchick EXERCISE 2: Listen for Differences (@ Al listen and repeat the words i. a. ded 3. a lot 5. a low bored b, mot b, row ©. Ned €. notiknot €. knowino 2 a, light 4 a, collect 6. a lock bright b. b. rock ©. night ©. connect knock | stan again and cecle the wore you hear. ‘C1 PAIRS: Say @ word from PartA, Prongunce it carefully so your partner can tell you which wordt yousaid, EXERCISE 3: Sentences Full of Sounds @ Lister to the sentences. Then choose a-sentence and say it to the class 1, you buy the right nightlight, it will use very little electricity. 2. In.your poem, be stu that all nine fines rhyme and have simiar ry 3. My connection tn the Internet depends an the correction af 3 large collection of unrelated problems. 4 Late in the year the crime rate climbed a lite, §. Public lovalty to the rayal [amily in Tiritain has ploriowss tradition 6. Are your relatives really rock and roll celebrities? Beginning /M/ light; Consarant Clusters with /Vlalue; Contrasts: and /ri, and fn’ 103.EXERCISE 4: Consonant Clusters with /l/, @ Al Lister oni repese cre wore. The frst wort the pair starts with @ consonant cluster. Don't ‘separate the consonants, The secand wed starts with « ennsonant followed ty an unstressed vowel 1 a claps 4. a. place 7 a glass b, collapse b. palatial? 1b, galactic! 2 a Pho Ba & om slew b. polluted b b. salute A a blue 6 a clone % a chm b, halloon b. cologne " BI PAIRS: Practice saying the words, Tobe tums STEP 3 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE LOVE AND MARRIAGE phe rari jays betwcen a younger person and » much older person, The re months are a metaphor for the stages of life. @ Al Listen to the conversation. ‘Yous: 1s that your sisters husband? Sou: No, that’s my brother: My 17 years alder Natural English ter's married tw a guy = she Natice how the werb have is Hts might have seen her-with trims last woek. | *tuces in modal perfect, ought he was sour father en Sona: Well, her hushandls not that old, The man you saw could have been my faiher Yours: rong: 104 UNIT21(8: PAIRS: Practice the conversation, Then answer the questions. IL. Ate May-Seplember marriages common in youir country? 2. What problems might May-September couples have? 3, What rule does gender play in May-September marriages? EXERCISE G: Quotations $@ Ai Listen to the quotes about love and marriage. Complete the sentences with the words yau hear L The wants what it wants, There's 0 ‘vo those things, (Woody Allen) 2, To say that you can Jove one person all your is se saving, that one swill continue burning as as you (Leo Tolstoy) 3B you need is __. in Lennon an Paul McCartney} 1B PAIRS: Read the statements about lave. Then match each quate in Part A with a statement below that expresses the samme sentiment, Which quotes «rnd statements do you agree with? a. Love ts nat ruled by logic. b, Love doesn't last Nothing is mare important than hove. EXERCISE 7: The Marriage Project The Marriage Project conducts research on the state of marriage in the United States. 1 investigates ‘how social and economic changes aflect the meaning and functions of mareiage. ‘Al The starements:below came from research on marriage inthe United Skates. Some statements ‘re supported dy reseatch and thers are nat. Read the statements. Then decide whether they re inue or false. Wate Truel or iFatset. 1. Men benefit mare from marriage than women ___ 2 Children bring more stress to a marriage. ___ 3. The hey tou successful marriage ts romantic love _ The more highly educated! a womun Is, the greater her chances of getting married, ___B. Because divarre is more acceptable today, people who stay married have happier marriages than in the past when divorce was not an optian. __ & The number of married young adults (aged 25-34) vox higher between 2000 and 2004 than in past decades, Beginning fi: ight: Consonant Chisters with /lbue; Contrasts: At and iri, and fny VOS18 | PAIRS: Check your answers below. Then correct the Jolie statements from Purt A. Discuss whether you think the research reflected in thete statements alse applies to marriage in your ‘eve country. TEP 4 EXTENDED PRACTICE @O Accuracy Practice. Usten again ro Exercises 1 and 2A on page 103. Then record te phases ‘ond words. (QpAtuency Practice Record your answer to che question: Hove mamiage trends in your counnry changed? Explain. pom wap PERU Joa aia Ok np Pond SATU Ai SENN 600 BT wy sas Som ine Aieg 824 rest a ‘Gourd Sees 9G) on POLLEN Sie og sojcne amgL emOUS YREORSU AepoH Mondo UN sf SOV0ATp oy UDA"y ey “S ‘puna pe wou) ARM € eR "HEMOR pNRINpS Mey LY PULIMN 34 0 K)>¥)] 9808 AFF AOL “SP aH ems ponese Het ey ajo Sie Hp egy “IO GIO IED Kan seo SHE mm epeestiy abe eu ML Ke sajna a] 10 “yp D pun ANNES +8 SEeAuLeLL dey poe Hy #0 ry D4 ex aN ysssoone soy aapuy finde aydnoo-oy: eae YS 2m Mane ROepRIN YaUNDKEN a, ANA “| UNO Pouugeanun ip Ajpetoeru jo e909G uk uD LacOm pL Ot oka rng x04 RoOy 395 pt 1314 SL Pour, nm 1aa\gp ng “=A OM por COUN OG eM SOR MIRTH | WL ASLIMANA 106 UNIT21. 22 Final /1/: feel; 5 . Contractions of will STEP 1 PRESEN 1ON The Consonants feel i Neal AU The tj) of the tongue touches behind the top | The tip of the tongue touches behind the top teeth. twee The body af the tangue “bunches up" in ihe The back of the tongue is not raised. back of the mouth: The back of the tongue rises. | jt the beginning of a word or syllable, /V is Final /U’ has a “swallowed” sound: This called a “light” For “clear” L Most languages pronunciation is called» “dark” ane a “light” Endings Pronounced with Dark /: -le, -al, -ful, -able, -ible, -ial litle = oeall capable ‘Contractions of Wil! ‘The contracted forms of will aiw pronounced with a dark i ge He'll do it You'll like her. 1. When wiil is contracted with a pronoun the vowel of the pronoun is often reduced to a shortee sound, Til po. (say “all go") Hell stay, (say “hill stay") We ‘You'll be late, (sas eo, (sry “will yo") tbe pally Shel come. (say “shull come”: she'll rhymes with sill) ‘They'll do it. (any “thell do it?s vhev rhymes with shelf) 2. Alter a noun, will is often reduced to fall and joined to the noun. The full form és usually written and does not reBect the reduced pronunciation, If itis difficult for you to make this reduction and jin it tos th can tise will after nouns, The comst will Mood. (sav "the coastal flood”) feontined on next page! 107‘Silent/ ‘The letter (is silent in many common words: walk, 1h. fa, uf, woudl, cott?, shoul, call. pabier, safc, coin o If you pronounce ali like ade, oF people like peop wouching the top of your mouth, make sire that the tip of your tongue is flemly Cais reeled aga EXERCISE 1: Phrases with Dark / © Listen ana repeot the phreres 1. single people 4. double trouble: 7. ima little while 2 time capsules 5. meanwl §. healthy children 3. onthe whole 6. old people 9. logical vesults EXERCISE 2: Endings with Dark / Several adjective endings have dark Ml: val, fal, ful, ible, -abte PAIRS: White the etiectve form af the ward in the blanks. The lit sound of the adectve ening odarkl 1. help __beipfut 7. offer 2. betliewe & reason 3. presides 9. finance A magic 10, harm 5. rest 11, sense 6. influence 12, compare vos uNIT22EXERCISE 3: Reductions of will @ Listen and repeat the sentences, Pronounce will as /al/ avd jow ito the noun before wt Practice saying the sentences with a partner. 1. What will the future bring? (say “whaddal”) 2. 1 think a cure will be found for cances, (say “curat") 3. I think population growah will slow down, (say “yrowthal”) 4. His logic will comvince you, (say “logical™) 5. Ithink electric crs will replice ga-penvered cars, (say “carzal”) 6. The carth will get warmer, and the oceans will rise, (say “earthal.” “oceanzal”) EXERCISE 4: Sounds Like... @ Too phrases thor sound the some but have diferent spelings and meanings ove caled homophrases, Listen and repeat the harnopthrases. Then work with @ partner to think of a Jomoptinase with wil (You can check your atswers on page 111) 1. royal answer_____Reyl enswer, 2. the wing dye The cattle rum away. your logical perstuader Aluka fisherman awe the comical joke EXERCISE 5: Quotations with Dark / PAIRS: Student A has clues ta the miksing words in quotes 7 and.2 fon page 256% Stadt B has clues for quotes 3 and # fan poge 262). Use the cives to help your partner figure out the missing wards in the quotes below. Then practice reading the quotes aloud. Mast af the missing word comer date L ‘Quote f: You can (a) ) —_ the (¢}__some er the (@) ___ and some of the ¢¢}____ tf) ___the time, bur you ceannos (2) —__ (hy _ the (i) ____ ))___ of the Hine. (Abrahua Lincoln) Quote 2: That's one (a) step for (b) ‘one giant (c) for mankind. (4) ( Armstrong) feovrtmied on next paged Final Af feek Contractions of wall 108Quote 3: So numy of our dreams at first seer (ad then they seem (b)___ nd then when we summon the (e) they soon become (d) ___. (Christopher Reeves ‘Quote 4: Ii ks difficult to say what és (3) (by of yesterday is the the of taday and the (c} of (Robert Goddard id OMMUNICATION PRACTICE LOOKING FORWARD AND LOOKING BACK (bien EXERCISE 6: Time Capsules Time capsules are collections of objects and information that provide a record of life ut a particular time or They may be buried in the ground or put inva safe place for future generations. More recently, several time capsules have been shot inte space, to provide a record of life on Earth for future space travellers or perhaps alicns. © Pars Liter wo the recording andthe arsner the quewtions 1. Describe the 1917 time capsule found in the New York City public school, 2. What did the fifth-graders put in their 2009 time capsule? 3, What 10 gs would you put in a 1 capauike 9 thow what life is ike rwrw? 110 uNiT22= EXERCISE 7: Predictions for 2050 AL Make predictions about what will happen by 2080 Use williwen't in your rentences. Medieineshealth 2. Enviranmentithe ex 3, Technology 4. Paliticw government 5, The familyirclationships _ 6, Transportation 7, Global population _ 4B. Other _ | se mun" then speaking, ‘Thore wen he flying cars by 2050: Most couples everrwhere wot have more than one chil Uncontracted will nat has strong meaning. Speakers use mill mot to make sirong refusals or Bong orders not to de Something. (Mather to son}: You WILL WOT watch TV before you do yaw homervork, |B GROUPS: Read your predictions to each other. Did you make similar predictions? Is your group ‘optimistic or pessimistic about the hurure? ee 3 COO Accuracy Practice Listen ogain to Erercises and 30n poges H08 and 109, Them recon the phrases and sentences Qh Fluency Practice vihct will your life be lke in 10 years? Wl you be marnied? Will you hove ‘hildren? What will you da fora fving? Where will pau be living? Record your prediction. ane aan aa mem 1 yam 15 329 Spemuod 4, afloy mg pe ar eo OE OUP LOU OU ARAL I, Moy "YP ASIANA Final feel: Contractions of will 111/m/ some, /n/ sun, and /n/ sing; . 23 Syllabic Nasals: sudden; 3 Glottalized ¢ and Syllabic Nasals: cotton A303 1 Le) Nasal (“Nose”) Consonants some Al sing ny! ‘Close your lips firnuly The air passes out through . ‘The aie passes out through | Your bottom teeth, your nse. ‘The air passes oul through, Final Nasal Consonants Pronounce nasal consonants clearly at the ends of words, Dont drop them and “nasaline” tke preceding vanvel Pronouncing ng Spellings 1. Ithe letters ng cnd @ word, don’ pronounce u fg! sound. wrong ‘o) young /y) bringin’ seeping ro! 2. Pronounce iy in the comparative antl superlative of common adjectives that end in omg i longer Jog! Jumpgest ing) 3. Pronounce dy’ tn most words with gle spellings. simgle /yg/ img ng) tingle ng) Syllabic Nasals V2 unasGlottal Sounds and Syllabic Nasals A slow stop (7) tea quick losing of the vocal cords. Is the sound that separates the two parts of this warning word: ili-ak ate’, When it! follows a stressed vowel and precedes 2 svllabic nasal is pronounced as a glottal stap or a “glottalized 1” P, Listen cotton written «sentence eaten jot san presmaunee the words with A W this pronunciation ts elifficult fo Ifyou have difficulty pronouncing /py by itself, without (g!, concentrate on letting the alr pass ‘through your nose throughout the whole sound. Pe ean ae a EXERCISE 1: Phrases with Final Nasals ita cece res rik ana cis aa) | 6Gaeeae % slong longsh some time 6. wrinen down 10, strong feelings ‘wrong decision 7, Tmdone M. someune ele 8. a long line 12, young women EXERCISE 2: Listen for Differences @ Lister ro the words, Grcle the wore with a -t/ sour. Then compare your answers with « partner ‘and practice saying the words 1. anges, hanger, angle 4, springing, mingle," stringy 2, long, longer, longest 5. single, finger: singer inger, jingle S. strong, stronger, strungest 6, tingl * mingle: 20 mie with people, chur; “tingle: «stinging semen, ax from coi, * jinghe: a ringiog count, ax from elt fet some a sun, and ey sing Syllabic Nasal: sudan; Glottalined rand Sytabic Nasais;coman 113EXERCISE 3: Silent Letters @ Listen ro the words. Cross our the underlined letters thar ave silent 1, sign 6 paradigmatic = 11 ringing 2. signal 7. columnar 12, struggly 3, autumn & column 13. stronger 4% tongue % angle ‘S. paradigm’ 10. hanger plier . humble? EXERCISE 4: Jingle Bells $@ Many words thar describe clear, musical sounds etude /: Complete the sentences with the words you hear. Then check your answers on page 117, 1. Bells and phones 2. But small bells 3, Radar screens And cold fingers. a 5. Stars 6 But water EXERCISE 5: Phrases and idioms @ Al Usten anc repeat the idioms in colurnn A. Pronounce the bold letters as syllabic noses flag ry. A 8 _£_ 1. writlen inthe sand dishonest (xs in money of power) —— 2. a hriddlen apernta tb, don't care at all A, hard-bittem fe ternparary 4. written in stone 4. clean up —— §, beaten up ©. secret plan ar purpose 6 illgouen & old and damaged 7. straighten up unchangeable (a law act, or decision) —— & Tevaldnt careless, hy tough from experience (describing a per 181 PAIRS: Match the idioms and expressions in column A with the definitions in column 8, Then practice saying the phrases, " pormligen: am example that scevex a a paticrm or mactet: + humble: mates, mat remad 114 unitsSTEP 3 COMMUNCIATION PRACTICE SHARING YOUR SPACE EXERCISE 6: Finding a Roommate A cert ihenecortng onc ciple the sorts sth the nds yu ee Taincompare yt answers with a partner, Finding a roommate can be _ And to share your 1 z _ space ean be difficult Lifes turn out to be the source af moat roommate is find out ax much as yout can abut 5 & a roonumate $0 yor don't make the: z a 3 B11 Complete the Lilestyle Survey, Cirle your answers. Then compare your answers mith eiassmates ta sre whote answers best match your awn. Do you think tis person would make a goad roammate? LIFESTYLE SURVEY 1. How would you feel if your roommate invited out-of-town visitors to stay ovemight in your ruonvaparinea? a. Twouldn’ like it at all bb, Independs on the length of stay; haw many visitars, ete & Loonildn't care bess." en The idiom j coului’t core less means the speaker doesn’t care at all, inthis idiom, the final / Is not pronounced. Some speakers use / emul eare less to mean exactly the samme thing. Leouldan care less if people borrow my things—they're all old und beaten up. ooildan care teas if my 10 ic has guests ke pepe wed em ment page) (rm some fv anal ny sing: Syllabic Nasaly: sudden; Glattalized # and Syllable Nasats: cotton 1152. How often do you throw away uneaten (ood you've left in the refrigerator? My lood never makes it inte: the refrigeratar—t eat i all, vb, About ance a week. & Maybe once, when T move out, A Every day orto, 3. Where do you like to socialize? a Dhaye a few close friends who come to my home from time to time. ‘b, Talmost always go out when I sacialize, ©, My door is always open—people ure always coming and pain 4. How much TV de yeu watch? a. Asmmich as dean, b, An hour or two a night & Two or three shows a week, d. Lalinost never watch TV. S. What fs your attitude toward money? a. Pkcep very careful track of my meney—down to the penny: 1b, T sometimes lose track of when bills are due acud have to pay a late Foe, ©) Tm prety good at keeping track of what Lowe and paying things on time 6. How often do you straighten up your raom? ‘a, Always, 'm very neat, bb, Every few days, © Mexses don't bather me, and I'm nat a very neat person, 7. How do you feel when other people borrow your things? a. Foouldn’t care bess—everything Town is old and beaten up. fh. TP don't like to lend clothing oF personal items, but 1 don't mind lending things like books oF music, ©, My things aire my ewe, and T don't want anyone else te use ther EXERCISE 7: Your Turn ‘Al Read the tuations thar require sharing space: Whot are the adwancages and disadvontages of each? White your answers.on the lines. Advantages Disadvantages Sharing a bedroom ‘with a sibling ‘Having a roommate [Being married. Staying ot a hostel or being 3 backpacker 116 uNITa231} GROUPS: Share your avers withthe cass. Bi ee a eae © Accuracy Practice Usten again to Exercises 1 and 20n page I'3. Then record te phrases ond words, Q) Fluency Practice Review your answers te the Lifestyle Survey in Exercise 68, Then record your ‘anawers to the questions, 1. What type of person could you get wlory with easily? 2. Have vou ever had a roommate? Did/Do you get along with your roommate? sopqutds w apy 2am -p Haney ay Ba nop ASL NA ‘fim! some, fv sun, and Mey! sing; Spllabic Nasals: sudden, Glottalized f and Syllabic Nasaly:cottan 1172 [h/ heavy; Reductions of H-words 364 The Consonant vis sft sound ike deep breathing produced hy air going though the voeal curds Ih’ should not sound “noisy” It at the back of the mouth, Spelling and Pronunciation of /h/ Tn some swords the letter fr is never help you decide when to prc a 1, The is never pronounced in these words, Most af the words came into English our = Manor = Keir omest «= veKememt = exibition 2. The letter is pre punced; inv others it always pronounced. These rules witl mn Freeh: ced in most other words heavy heart = umorous—harwever 3 Wir is pronounced ‘wv in these wards: whale wholly whe whom whose Hin Pronouns and Auxiliary Verbs 1. ff alten dropped in proncuns and ausiliary verbs wher: these words occur inside a sentence, “The pronoun or ausihiary verb jas closely with the preceding word, ‘What did He do? (sary “what didkely do?"} Whar’, er nome? (say “whatsar name?") eee Hf its diffeult for you to join the words toge verbs, can pronounce ih in pronouns and suxiliary 2. Pronounce 4 in pronouns and auxiliary verbs when they begin a sentence or occur before Her name is Martyui el a eas EXERCISE 1: Phrases with /h/ @ Listen and repeat the phiases Pronaunce /h/ as 2 soft, breathy sound, 1, What happesedl? 4. abealthy heart 7. ot andl humid B. holding hands 9 a helpful hint 2. a huge inhertt: 3, Who is i? EXERCISE 2: Silent Letters © ine repeat esd rns uth wen ene 3. behind 9. rehearsal 6 behavior 10. adulthood 3. inhibit 7. dishonest UL. inherit 4, inhibition 8. unhealthy 12, exhibir EXERCISE 3: Articles before /h/ @ Al Listen ancl write the article iv the blank. Cross out silent h. Then underline the joining between an and the vowel flowing bh. fn on four age s Topencous population 2, ___herb garden 9, __herw’s welcome a holy site 10, ___hoaocable agreement 4 ___ harmful substance Tt. ____ hazardous chemical 3 honest mistake 12, __ wholesome meal 6 ___ habitable area 13. __ heiress 10-0 fortune 7. ___ hospital bed 14. ___ history lesson 181 PAIRS: Pracice saying the phrases Join an fa the following wore Ant heavy: Reductions of words 199EXERCISE 4: Reduced /h/ Words (04 tenth sertences The underined word in each sentence are pronounced the same or nearly the seme: J. Would Ke ride with Woody Ri 2. Though Kim the present at the be 3, Don't wash Ker good dishes in the 4, Our church Mas asked for help from 5. know she wants to practice boning, bat dent fet Her box the Jeter bers 6. Will Ke invit 7. Oliver Tipp paid for all af fer crip. 8, ‘The paint Kad dried on the half-painted wall B)| PAIRS: Practice the sentences, Take tur. STEP 3 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE UPBRINGING OR HEREDITY? EXERCISE 6: A Hard Act to Follow Al Check (¥) the names of thase people who have ar hau @ famous parent or child, Guess if you're not sure, (Yau can check your answers an page 121) — 2 - Mossatunitod eae 2 Gere W Bl serena ee 4, Rachel Carson (bi nd conservationist) tnd Following nouns 5. Francis Ford Coppola 6, todlira Gandhi (preside 7. Johann Schastian Bach feomposer and rust Laila Ali (boxer) 1200 UNIT241B | PAIRS: Do you think the talents ofthe Famous people in Fart A are inherited, teamed, or both? Expiain, EXERCISE 7: Genetic Versus Environmental Traits ‘Some traits, such as blood type, are almost entirely dete such as native language, are entirely the result el athleticism, may be genetic, environmental, ar both ined by genetic inheritance, Other traits, bringing or ceviranment, Many traits, such as @ Ai Listen to the people tak about the ways in which they're dike their parents Weite each iat they ‘mention aue Trait que ‘Wait (BI PAIRS: Discuss the traits: Are they inherited genetical, learned theough unbringing, o ikely ‘both? For each walt, write G for generic U for upbringing, or for bath inthe blank. Puta ‘question mark) nthe blank you aren't sure 3 (CO Accuracy Practice Listen again to Exercises !and 209 page 109. Then record the phrases and words, (Qprluency Practice Record your answers to the questions 4, How oruch of who you are comes from your parents? 2. Are you more like your father or your mother? Do you think these characteristics are genetic oF come from your upbringing? spt) on fuk si 8 pose # ui 49 290 sory 99 9g pepsin sm HE a UY Asus 9.49909 eK RN FOUSPHINOD HV PUNO fo sop Sub HV PET UDpOUL aoa SU ee [NN pl a SAN Ao) UNDE 99] ‘gi 0H He ln Lp Page on Pos wes por) expe Re Dead mp sa 9 3013p 83g In OWE UN How mjde’y MyDS sou 5 epodso-y pny srg > KR [RUN suo mam oor Ouray Ne AV ABsaN- Maps rou 30 uo a ome yARN ap Nad sug sume pu spe nde wr ey yg we gm dw a Pe pean Ye aq pm sem spony NPE POO AF. "Z IOI KA PME aq OTHE Pe PN HEC) psa span eu vow wo mp HO OE SSR JOON 3 9} SOT EULA" L AE ASL IATA Mh/heevy: Reductions of words 12122 5 Beginning Consonant Clusters TEP 1 PRESENTATION Beginning Consonant Clusters ‘Consonant clusters are groups of consonant sounds. Clusters at the bezinaing of words and syllables may contain fwo or three comvonants flight stress conflict restrain A, Clusters with ff andl brain crash flood address applaud 2. Clusters with fy stop eplash spring despite square sskwi 3, Clusters with fi between quiet The fw sound is sometimes spelled u: language gv! ‘The most comin cluster: (kw, is usually spelled wir: quiet 4. Clusters with /y/ Jy! is usually spelled In chrsters cule regular popular = vocabulary onion 5. Rare Clusters, shrink je) sphere sf) thwart iw! Don't separate the consonants in a cluster with a vowel sound or add a vowel to the beginning of the word. Adding & vowel could create a different word. Separating the OO Eh Cua rad Cluster with a Vowel | atthe Beginn duress support 122 uniTasuit reay s EXERCISE 1: Phrases with Beginning Consonant Clusters 1D eter moet thephies Don? segment he tsoncen athe beldchewes 1. blood pressure S. stress and strain 9. twelve questions 2 ehronic problems 6, snowstorm 10, colloquial language 3. tribal groups 7. establish straicgics. 11. popular views 4 clear threat BL slow atcps 12, regular vorabulary EXERCISE 2: Listen far Differences @ Al Listen vo the wards and underline the sibs. A 8 A 8 1. spony grey 5S. strange estrange’ 2, drive derive clone culogme 3 steam estoom 7. sheep asleep 4. plight! polite 8. blow below (BI PAIRS: Say.o word. Your partner will tell you which word you sai EXERCISE 3: Sentences Full of Sounds @ Luster 10 the sentences: Then choose one of the sentences to say tothe class, Pronaunce the ‘consonant clusters carehly, 1, The sicep stone steps lead from school siraight to the stream, 2. Thave no esteem for the state because its estate taxes are sky-high 3. We priyed the parade would please the po 4, The twelve twins screamed tricky questions across the quiet quadrangle in an unknown language. 5. We've put shu ap, floundes, crabs, clams, crawfish, lobster; spd, and ‘6 Drive straight to-the store without stopping and don't ge- astray 8 ial tanto: * ge: do moke hail, alienate Beginning Consonant Chisters. 123EXERCISE 4: Spoonerisms is ralstakes two words, For example, bone tmvolved in sponncrisims uappen when the speaker accidentally switches the first sounds of 2 spounerisin for plone booth, Consonant chesters are often PAIRS the spoonerisms below the underiined words have switched beginning sounds. Decee what the speaker intended to say and write itn the blank. You may need to adjust sreting, (You ‘can check your answers on poge 128.) novel the shaw _ shovel the snow Wetawls through the fay sells on the TV. J was chipping the ‘ighting « lar 5. a blushing * = drain bamage chilled grease B. twepy si STEP 3 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE STRESSED OUT EXERCISE 5: Types of Stress @ Al Listen. Complete the sentences with the weds you hear 1. Acute stress is short term. oF temporary stress. It is defined as the “fight or ta etree 2. People with eptsadic acute stress are stressed 50 that their lives akwuvs 124 unas.shronic @ B) Lister crud repeat the comversation. Live: Tm so stressed out over work, I really need a vacation, Jous: [beara siren. Pull over! awe: How can | pull aver? We're in bumper-to-bumper traffic! doax: = What? Tean't hear yout Stressed Gut tsa phrasal adjective. Pull ver is a phrasal verb, in phrasal adjectives or vers. the preposition functions a an adteurb and is usually stressed, Fin lng street at wor Pull vert ‘That tha Cl PAIRS: Reread the definitians of smessin Part A and the camversation in Part 8. Besides Ling’s work what is another cause af stress? Do Ling’s stressors couse acute stress or chronic sess? EXERCISE 6: Stress Studies ‘Stress and its effects hawe been siudic ‘They've been linked to problents ranging (rom high blood pressure to abe: a great deal because they're x0 rmuch a pat of maxiern life. fy to suicide |A| PAIRS: Read and discuss the statements. White T (True) or F (Fafsel next to each statement (Vou can check your aaiwert an page 126). 1. Adolescent boys and girls experience equal amounts of stress, in boys than —— © Stress is more likely to result im depression Ta 3. These are both examples of situations that result im acute stress: (a) narrowly escaping being hit by a car ax you cross the street (b)_ ongoing: problems in your relationship with sour spouse —— 4 Persistent financial worries and pressure at work wie exampics of sittiations that canise chromic stress, SS. Virtually every system and organ in the huunast body is involved in the response lo a _— 6 The effects of stress are negative. 7. Older people have higher levels of stress hormones than younger people &, Women are more vulnerable to the effects of stress than men. Beginning Consonant Custers 125181 PAIS Were a exposed to renful uot. Some oe short-term tuations, such os trying 1 get information fem an gutamated answering xyatem. Others are fang term situations, ct as Caring for an elderly parent. Wit the stwatons thot couse you short-term ao tng-term SER Short-term stress Long-term stress (C1 PAIRS: Campare your answers. Then discuss what rou do to relieve the stress in your lif, STEP 4 EXTENDED PRACTICE QO accuracy Practice Usren again to Exercives 1 and 24 on page 123. Then record the phuases ‘ancl wort. Qprtuency Practice When do youtee! sires? How do you des with i? Record your ansivers to the questians, aunesaud peony We2Y So uOpuER IP PORE es aas doyaep oy UUM EY gry soe soe wou exp sans pues awn ay dood tafe e van Sw ure Ae poe sto a Ye od sy sae PMID SON 9 oN gg np“ noc am Apo uD SHARE cays jo eiayo 29), Zupou wand we any oRCISaud 20 sa}aND suOds ¥ Baunp afejuaspe un apdood od Airs wsauzs anon “apdumena a4 cased! oq dim suoimeyIS sears ULI UN amacKsas 6 AprRy OL ASYM Maes “ames “pr8a8 LAP AOG UTR wNTEAAGi/ Dd SMU) “EER TSSRASRD ga Aye 005 89ND ATE 0M OUD} I MBOSSFOPE RIANC "95RY *1 V9 ASIIWANA uy Asap g 2049 po] 3D cay eR uso peep mop 91 wo ys at Rd sem 20) rast owaNa pea ag Bp 28 sonu im Buyouts, Samus ony ae} syser2 ag YBN sR of “| sROUS af |2OUS 1260 UNIT25's 26 Final Consonant Clusters; S Joining Final Consonants STEP 1 PRESENTATION ‘Consonant chisters are groups of consonant sounds. They occur at the ends of many words and syllables in English. When you speak, pay attention to the ends af words: Pinal consunants are an important part of clear. fluent spezeh, work bell mis, sik wy tks! Irpe consonant clusters. Be sire that you pronounce grammatical Grammatical endings ean create rrdmpped nr simplified. endings: Granimatical endings are worked bolts mixed kt? Mes sti Joining Final Consonants to Following Words of final consonants depends on the sound! that follows. Review the rules The pronuise 1. Final consonant + sowek: Join the final consonant clearly to the vowel worked.out ask a question 2, Final consonant + same consonant: 1 one bang censor ople both thes msc lass hel ms 3. Final consonant + different consonant: Don’ pronosnee the final cansanant strongly; Say the ex! word immediate, black? van wives'clib He lives! there, iP tele ay ae EXERCISE 1; Hearing Final Consonants On to the word pir 1m bells Boa by belts b 2 a. peas ha b. peace b. A a. foes Ba. be feast » Fe 1278 Lister again wo Part And cicie the words you hear (C1 PAIRS: Say 0 word Iroen Part A. Your partner will ef! you which word you sai EXERCISE 2: Joining Words Together @ Listen and repeat the phrases. Consonant + Consonant + Consonant + Vowel Same Consonant Consonant 4, omusig wwards 5 biggit fast fone 2. a heag ittack 6 hi pele 10, He takes change. 3. whard article 2 the foaurth thing HH, a wisty vu =o 4. serambled gue & ung Fuse 12. life! goals EXERCISE 3; Listen for Differences @ Al titer and repeat the phrases, 1. a. lab broom b. bb room 2 a, talk fast fh. talked fast 3m bizeves by. big guys 4. a. golf fans course by golf Annis course 5. a, my contact’s lenses Ib, my contact lenses 6. a. logged in b. login 7% a, locked out bh logged out B | PAIRS: Say a phrase. Pronounce the final cansanants carefully so your prariner can tel you which phvase you said, $@ Ci Listen and complere the sentences with the words you hear, 1. Did you say * "or" a 2% [think I dropped 1 before I was 4. They on the phone . In the painting, there's a girl w and 128 uNITI6EXERCISE 4: Differences in Meaning BD Al io rhea sentences below. the boid consonants in the underlined phvases end a word. Theyre not strongly pronounced. nthe b sentences the bok conscnants begin a ward syllable: They're ‘more srengly pronounced Listen a the sentences and respones Sentences Responses aw Then let's park here b Tdon't wa chemica ha ayes liked cy hist b, The movie's about a gray 0 3. a. He denied all bb. He denied all The tools are probably not made of tron. Tim very sorry. a Thee ith forks, by There racks om the table You shoul fill As nn the table, t's still very str B 1 PAIRS: Say a sentence. Provicunice the under STEP 3 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE THE BUCKET LIST |phese carefully so your partner can say the EXERCISE 5: Wish Lists Use the eantraetion I'd lke rather than the ful form [would like. Pronounce the jj of like, Anas ill to see the paid in gt | Pe yee Hine Yar tsi som Awa know nities an teach you how to sail Notice the difference between Ma dike and fle Joann: A take you to the py Tal fhe to a0, (8 wa to sail) BI PAIRS: Proctice the ennversation, Take turns tik wo sai, (1 ej sien) Final Consonant Clusters: Jaining Final Consonants, 129)EXERCISE 6: New Orleans Dreams @ A tisten andi repece. Make suse you understand the words. 1. vibrant 4. pasersby 2. infrastructure 3. installation 3. rebounded 6 cartwheel @ B) Listen to the recording. Then onswer the questions. 1. Why are abandoned homes so caramon in New Orleare? 2. What did Candy Chang do with the abandoned hone in her neighborheed? Why? 3. Why was the art installation taken dawn? 4. Write three dreams that passersby wrote on the walls, a. Before I die, 1 b. Before I die. 1 © Belore I die, La ee (61 GROUPS: Compare your answers. Who do you think wrore the dreoms in question 4? EXERCISE 7: Life Goals Al Abbucket list ia list of things you'd ike to de or achiewe before you “hick the bucket“ de Read thelist below: Circle the goals an the ist that you'd chide on your own bucket lst, Then add three mone goals ta your is. My BUCKET LIST Vd like to Ls v own business. 6 pet a tation. 2. become a millionaire 7. have o family 3. travel the workd, & 4 forma band a. 5. learnioflyanirplane, 10, 1 | PAIRS: Read yours ald Haw similar are they? STEP 4 EXTENDED PRACTICE (@]O Accuracy Practice Usten again to Exercises .and2.0n pages 127 and 128. Then recard the words and phrases. OP riuency Practice if money were nor an sue, what would you include on your bucker ist? Record your answer tothe question, 130° UNIT 26SYLLABLES AND STRESS WITHIN WoRDS PRONUNCIATION FOCUS Svllables and Stress in Words ‘Overview Primary and Secondary Stress Unstressed Syllables Movable Stress. Predicting Stress; Parts of Speech and Suffixes Compound Nouns; Stress in Numbers ‘Words used as Nouns or Werbs; ‘Words with Prepositional Prefixes COMMUNICATION PRACTICE Culure Shock Screening Job Applicants Plastics Science and Fiction Habits and Addictions J LT+ “y7 Syllables and Stress in Words: Overview ez] STEP 1 PRESENTATIO syllables Aveilluble is a “beat” of a word. The center of a svlluble is usually a vowel, which can be preceded or followed by consonants, In the words below; the svllables are underlined. Use your niger to tap the beats (syllables) of these words eS fac ggprons, importa, gperation ——_gxgaigaton ‘The Stressed Syllable (’) One svilable has primary or heavy stress. This is the most important syllable in the word because listeners use the stressed syllable to identity words, ‘The vowel in the stressed syllable is longer than vowels in ather syllables, The stressed vowel may abso be loader or pronaunced on a higher pitch (nate). Focus an lengthening the stressed vowel phe apher Unstressed Syllables Unstressed syllables are short. The vowel in amv unstressed syllable is usally reduced to /%, reganiless of how ifs spelled. The alterratinn of long stressed syllables and shorter unstressed sllables isa key to natural sounding English 25 (eakaist — aadrenss (awareness) avdilabal (avallable) Secondary Stress (*) and Compound Nouns Some wards have secondary str rs el ecorlary stress aire not reduced to fal, They're pronounced on a lower pitch than vowels with primary stress and. may also be shorter in length, Compound nouns (noun + noun units} have primary stress and high pitch on the First noun, and secondary stress and law pitch ofthe second noun, =p =r 1320 UNIT27STEP 2 FOCUSED PRACTICE EXERCISE 1: Syllables @ AI Lister to the worst, Uncertine the syllatles ant then wvite the nuinber ef syliabies in the Blank. 1 ogcur 2 5. clothes —_ % idea 2, match 6 negotiation 3. pleased 7 artificial 4. management Burgeo __ 12, crash __ 1B PAIRS: Say the words, xapping the nyitables with your finger EXERCISE 2: Stressed Syllables sten to the words, Place @ stress mark (") ver the syllable with heavy stress. Then proctice saying the words with a partner imagine that you're swetching a rubber band ws you say the stressed vowel The wit hep you lengthen the vawvel, ji—z—— EK a Se 1:phickogephic «=A. free 10. ‘nutioiality 2. government 5. honey 11, historical ei 4: diewppcited. & focndaton «kk pls EXERCISE 3; Unstressed Syllables (@ A the words beiow hove been “respetiedto show how the unstressed vowels ae pronounced. Listen and repeat the words. 1. obiindand 4. policeman 1. Chmada 2. réssanabal 5. Augest 8. fishanabal 3. kantrdl 6. kensidard 9, canténtad (81 PAIRS White the comrectspelings ofthe words inthe blanks, Then practice saying the words, Use Ja/for unstressed vowels Syflables and Suess in Words: Overview 133EXERCISE 4: Listen for Differences @ A listen to the words. Put a stress mark (*} over stressed syllables 1. am pérscinal b. person’) 2 a decade by. decayed 3. a desert be dessert 4m mceret b, secrete! 3. a a rebel btw rebel Sm sores! by severe 7. a despa! 1b. despite aw attict bh attack [BI PARS: Saya word. Eraggerate the stressed syllable so your partner can teil you which word your sai EXERCISE 5: Differences in Meaning 0 tte tote seater onteesorien Sentences, Responses 1, a What's the desert ike? Is hot, dry, and desolate Jb. Whats the dessert lke? Its rich and chocolaty, 2. How do you spell espe? 1b, How do vou spell despite? 3. a What are vou going todo in the wituck? Defeat the enemy b. What are you going to do in the attic? Clean aut some old boxes. 4. a, Tnced soine pervonal infurmation, Tm single but I'm dating someone. By I nced some personne! inforrnation. Here's list af our employees BL PAIRS: Soy a sentence. Pronounce the underined word carefully. lengthening the stressed ‘spllable. Your partner wit! say the correct response secrete: fa separate a sahstaice fram amather by emitting i: wide; * sever: to ewe; * despot! tyrame dicnmtar;* atic: space terweien the roa at ceiling 134 UNIT27STEP 3 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE CULTURE SHOCK EXERCISE 6: Back from Hanoi Sonia Rakic ane Young Park are classmates in California. They've both retumed from a summer in Hanoi, @ Al Listen t0 the conversation. ‘Yous: 1 heard you spent the summer in Vietam. You were doing an internship at » mscum, right? Sonat; Yes, and fortunately my co-workers spoke Enlish. Even though Iwas Vietnamese family my Vietnamese is really weak. Three macths isn a language Thats true, but you'r know the culture: | ky you got to live with a family. ta good way to sity with students fr ‘Yours: Soa: up really avegetarian. My faruily thought Twas wor gaining weight. The grandmather kept dropping pieves of fish and meat into my rice bow! when I wasn't looking. Sc after a month, 1 gave up being a vegetarian. My Vietnamese just wasn't good enough ta explain my real reasons, 1B What challenges do people face when they move toa new county? Syllables ancl Stress 9 Words: Qvoriew 135EXERCISE 7: Reverse Culture Shock ‘Al Mate a lst of problems that people face when they return ta their home country after iting in ‘another country: Use the Hines below, (8 Reod about reverse culture shock, Then listen ta the recording and complete the sentences, Students and others wha live abrnad for an extended time may experience “reverse culture shock” suhen they return home. The fist stage ts the “honesimocn stage,” when they're happy to be back home among friends, family, and familiar surroundings, After this stage, they often go through: a difficult period that experts call “reverse culture shock" ot “re-catry shock.” Here are sone common complaints from students going through reverse culture shock: 1. Being home is 2. No one is really in hearing about my expericaces abeond. *s hard for me wo my experiences to others. 4. Tieel for my host culture, 5. My old arenit the samme as they sere before 1 belt 8. When T follow from my host culture, my Friends misinterpret my behavior, 7. Lswe my Friends, family, and country with more eves. find it hard t__the new skills and knowledge [learned abroad. 9, Ton afraid of losing the experience; Tins afraid it will beconse nothing mare than a full of old pletures. The fetter x ic pronounced /ls/ when a consonant follows.» when 4 follows a stressed vawel, at when a is at the end of a word. shepriences (expériencus) Mitksice (Mico) reli (reli) ‘The ietter x és pronounced /gz/ when it precedes a stressed vawel, eqectimple (example) emt text) The word frit isan exception, hcan'baprosounesd “est or egaie* 1360 uNIT27(CL GROUPS: Compare your tits from Exercive 6B and Exevcive 7A. How ave the challenges of culture shock and reverse cufture shock differen? How are they the samme? What are your own ‘experiences with culture shock jor reverse culture shockl? 6 2 | ade leiie 4 CO Accuracy Practice Listen again to Exerces 2 and 44 an pages 133 and 134. Them recard the word’ (Q) Fluency Practice Record your answers to the questions What aie three challenges a person faces. when moving to a new culture? Explain. 2. Do you think that culture shock is fess severe for people whe know their stay in the mew ‘country is temporary? Explain, Syllables and Stress in Words: Overview 137Primary and Secondary Stress; - 2 Unstressed Syllables; Movable Stress 0 1 ey Syllables have one of three bevels of stress: prirtury stress, no stress (unstressed), ur seconelary stress The sinested sylabie is the most important syllable ia Primary Stross polite word. Listeners use this syllable to identity the wened. [sereoe 1), on the second new of« compoued! waldo 2. twa sabes hack rom peimary sires fr sre wor nporition —_Yasndaion 2B, on some sustfines: fe, Sie (asa verb ending): apélogize educate 1, Pronauncing Unstressed Syllables Although unstressed svllables ure not prominent, in most words they must be prone especially careful ta pronounce unstressed -v endings, unstressed er, and unstresse word. iced. Be ove inside * Pronounce unstressed y: Dial you say "the party” e part"? * Pronounce unstressed er: Don't exctse! the ay of exercise, + Pronounce ur ressed i and e: Say “evidence”—nen “ev'dence.” 138 UNIT 282. Movable Stross Primary and secondary stress sometimes “exchange” syllables in a word to create a more regular sounding rhythm, Movabie Stressin teen Numbers “Stee tiem when aati fallow the rihies, The lle eatin For your ates to Pe sneer than ey timmineten. + Stes fit sylble of go word thar the nest woe begins with a srs slabs (sess"moves back"io avoid ima hoavly sirosse sylales ina row. 1998 (ninedten mnety rng) 18: MainStrect (eighteen Min Street) Movable Sts in Words Ending in Stressed Syllable + tha last sytabie ofa word has primary sess and a preceding salable has secondary tres, the two SIReRSES may ChANge HIACKE LO svENS Two PLITMrY GEROREES IM DFM Shei pan but ‘Shesatipanésecitizen, Hpandze cnzen haa more reguinesouneing myth than tqnandse cnzen is a EXERCISE 1: Secondary Stress AL Listen to the words and phrases. in each word pair, secondary stress occurs twa syllables bekare primary stress. Tes creates @ rhythmic akernanian of strexced ful vowels and umstresced Geduced) vowels. 41. sctentific, Sconfunde scientific and ecostmic evidence 2. dpporninity. erdativiey an opportunity ta show creativity 3. Jdmirdsion, r®storétion: There's admiration for the restoration 4. plinctudlity, reliabi We appreciate your punctuality an liability, 5. dnginéer. valumiger: We need an engineer ta volunteer. 1B PAIRS: Take rns reading the words ood phrases. Concentrate an creating 3 reqular- sounding rythm when you spect EXERCISE 2: Unstressed Syllables (@ Listen and repeat the phrases. join wards together smoothly and make sure to pronaunce ai the slabs. 1. vdnorms Exercise 5. 2. stihdving geonimies 6 classical architecture 3. vnyexpdrtenced 7 4 technol eal understinding 8, univérsity application Primary anal Secondary Stress: Unstressed Syllables; Movable Stress 139)EXERCISE 3: Dropped Syllables DAL titer to the wards and draw hine thraugh the unpronaunced rare, 1. intgresting 6 different PRT A 2. separate (adjective) 7. practically Wikio paki "hcg sybase & favorite vegetable See sy fy Cacily) cola ae tan intresting book (interesting) 5. miserable 10, evening DBI Listen ond write the words you hear. Orava line throug. sptlabie its mot pronounced. 1. The is unusually cold for May. 2. Tm allergic 3, Thave to study day to pass this test 4, My bass has invited ‘of us to dinner at his house EXERCISE 4: Movable Stress @ Al Listen to the comersations. Mark the syllables with heawy sires (?}.01 the underfined worl What does he like to do? Br Volunteer: Het a volunteer freighter: 2. As How much wns i? B: Fourteen, As Exactly hew much? B: Fourtcen-fifty ($14,560). 3. As What courses are you taking? B: Chinese. And Chinese history. B 1 PARS: Compare your answers. Then practice the camwersatians. 140 unt 28STEP 3 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE SCREENING JOB APPLICANTS WAL, EXERCISE 5: Sizing Up the Field To prepare for a job-intervicw, applicams shauild check cant the company’s website 19 make sure they have some intelligent questions to ask the Interviewer, They should also update their resumes, Iron a professional-looking outfit to weur for the interview, und rehearse answers to possible questions stich as, “Why did tt take you sewen years to complete a four-year callege degree?” But how do employers make their hiring decisions? How do they size up tl then narrow it down to one or two choices? Hiring a new employes Is 2 major investiaent conspany, and the employer wants to do everything it can to make suce it's found the right employee field of applicants and | Lsten t0 the words. Place a stress mark (*) over the stressed syllable Ther mach the words and definitions, Compare your arrgwers with the class. Definitions 1 & unacceptable 2 Foolproof B. honesty, loyalty 3. recruit . being outgoing, sociable d irmpassible te: trick, impossitse 1 fail kal processes such as thinking or perception 6. expertise E. carefulness 1. inappropriate to find new eterabecs 8, extraversion ‘unable to concentrate or pay attention 9. conscientiousness 1. knowledge in a specific Held Primary and Secondary Stress; Unstessed Sllobles; Movable Stess 141@ BI ead the types of tests below, Then,isten touhe recoraing, Wnite some information about each ff the tec ithe informaiton could be a traitor charactenstc the tes! mecuures, ar the purpose ofthe est 1 cognitive abilities tests 2, integrity tests 3. job knowledge tests : 4, personality tests 5. interviews EXERCISE 6: Your Turn. Al inaction to tests employers consider other types af information when they make hig deciions Far example, the reputation of the applicant’ chal enight be a impart fate. ‘Complete the chart below fora job in your fetd nthe left columin, check Wf) the factors that empoyers in your courmry cansider important. nthe night colurnn, ronk their mporiance to ‘employers. Ther aad other factors ra the chart. ‘Factors Considered in Hiring Decisions Importance in Hiring Decisiane (1 -very important, 2esamewhat important, Janot wery important} Jot tests Ycoxnitive, integrity, persocality, jobs knowledge, ete} __ Reputation ofthe applicant's schol Applicants school receedt CConsctionn (teniy ried) BI GROUPS: Campare your charts. 00 ee QQ Accuracy Practice Liter again to Exercies 1A and 2 on poge 138 Then recard the words, nates, and serene, QPrivency Practice Record your ansiver 10 the question: ln your country, what selection ortenia ‘to employers use to make hiring dlecsons In your field? 142 uNIT28- Zz Predicting Stress: Parts of Speech and Suffixes STEP 1 PRESEN 10N When you learn a new word. always lear which syllable is-stressed. The listenecs to idemify the word, Here are some rules to help you predict Stress and Parts of Speech 1, Two-Syllable Nouns Stress the first syllable 2. Two-Syllable Verbs and Adjectives Stress the “root” of the word (uh root wvllable ix alten spelled w that carries the meaning, without pr x sulfises), The Firnt syllable is the root Second syllable ix the root: concfal Stress and Prefixes 1, Short Prefixes Used to Form Warbs (res, dis-, in, um, ete.) Do mot stress the prefix, rembmber isagtialify uncover 2. Longer Prefixes and Prefixes that Are Also Words (inter-, over-, under-, out-] When used as ntouns, stress the prefix ath an interchange an dvercoat When used as verbs, en ws the verb ov vont: the prefix has secondary stress. fconinued on next 143Stress and Suffixes: 1. Primary stress usually falls on these suffixes: cer, ier, -ese, -ette, -esque, -ique, 8, volunteer Chintse cigarte unique Exceptions: 3. This sweater ie on ale for 4 There are alot of kids in eny family, and there's a big age range, [ huve a sister subo's and a brother who's 5. My clock stopped at 6. You dida’t give me enough—1 asked for. B | PAIRS: Say a senterice, using any-tean or ty number Use the comet stvesspltch pattern sa your partner can tellyou which number you sak 1520 UNIT 30EXERCISE 5: Milestone Birthdays AI PAIRS: Choose a year and say it to your partner Your partner wall describe the significance of thar birthday. Birthday Significance iy ‘You're finally in your teens! 30° ‘You're not in your twenties anymore 14 ‘You're probably in the 7th or Sth grade at schoo!, 40° 1s this the first decade of middle age? 15 ‘This is special birthday year for girks in Latin America soe ‘You've lived half a centuryt 16% ‘This is a spectal birthday for some girls in the United States ‘60 ‘You're definitely middle-aged. 17+ In one more year, youll graduate froen high school. 70" ‘Mot of people have retired by this age, is* ‘By this nge, you can got a driver's license in all U.S. states. ae ‘You're now wn octogenarian. You should extebrate! 1” This is your last year as a teenager, 0" ‘Ten more to go and you'll bea century old! 1B] What are some milestone birthdays in your country? On the lines below, make a list of the ‘irtndarys ond describe thee significance. Shave the formation with the class, Birthday Significance Compound Nouns, Stress in Numbers 153EXERCISE 6: Science Fiction Predictions Science fiction writers imagine the Future. Sometimes, they imagine devices long befare they're ever invented or developed. Other times, they imagine haw existing devices might develop, © Al Laten to the phrases in column A, Circle the underlined phases that have compound stress-pitch patter. A 1. escalator 2. olfice cubicle 3. tablet compaster 4. automatic doors 3, surveillance satellites 6 test-tube babies 7. radar &. submarine a tw 1932, Gee world, people were nes longer bien 1 that could perfect 1 In 1899, HG. Wells wrote that tie nen, insiead of leaving a room through a doorway. walked up to an apparemity sedi wall, which then rolled up, allowed them to pass, and rolled down again, we wou, Tn that oan rae en . In 1968, Arthur C. Clarke wrote 200/: A Space Odyssey. te it, a space traveller had a amall, handheld device he could pig into the main computer ta sean reports (rom Earth In 1911, Hugo Gemback wrote about the Aetinoscope, It could detect wave signals from distant objects and estimate their distance, Robert Heinlein (1907-1988) imagined a world where people rode mai In 1869, Jules Verne wrte a newvel about the advertises of a crew aboard an underwater boat wg In 1899, 1G. Wells imugined a world where everyone was constantly being watched, bh. I 1909, EM. Forster imagined a world where people worked in small Isolated spaces, without windows, BB PAIS: aanch te dfevices in column A with their descriptions kn column B. Guess which devices were imagined by science fictian writers betare they were invented oF developed. (You can check your answers on page 155) 154 uNiT30EXERCISE 7: Designer Genes. @ Al Listen and repent. Make sure you understand the words, 1. lustrous 2, life span, all @ BI head the waits below. Then listen to the recording and check (+) the traits you hear Sex Appearance Health Personality Eye colar 108 Lifespan Outgoing Hair color ___ Athletics, Heart disease (Nonviolent __ ‘Body type Music Diabetes Addictive ‘Skin color Art Epilepsy Friendly Height Breast cancer Hardworking Bakiness | Ambitious Stress abbreviations on the last jeter 6 nA GMOs (genetically modified organisms} ‘C1 GROUPS: Ifyou were a parent in a world where gemetic engineering was readily available, would you select any of your children’s traits, ar would you leave everything to chance? Explain, i SS SS OD Accuracy Practice Listen again 10 Exercise 1 on page 157, Ther record the sentences. QP presses rncsicn nacont your ensure tori ston i vari 7, aun aco. Kou Sunyoy stoi WONG amu Cy pouMPousN adm eamNAIp 2) 30 Me 6s HYD PAN ee GSK “SULIT a PUR gs | UE PAgUAyES eM YP “NORE amy 1 SEP LEO ES ae NT ee ASTIN Compound Nouns; Stas in Numbers 1553 Words Used as Nouns or Verbs; : Words with Prepositional Prefixes STEP 1 PRESENTATION Words Used As Nouns or Verbs ‘Some two-eyllable words are nouns when stvewsed on the first syllable and verbs when stressed on the second syllable. Noun: They keep good ni Here are sume other words © ons Nerks, They rectird their expenses addict convert ase! prodnce. = Rispect eorwvict ——tmstet ‘conflict defect project vetuse contract desert permit provest? subject contrast! finance! present rebel Words with Prepositional Prefixes Prepositional prefixes inchidle ont, over, ander, jm, (orfele 1. Verbs ‘The verb has primary stress; the prefix has secondary ptress atdd. Gerd bak Andersiaind ipstiige foresee 2. Nouns ‘The prefix hias primary stress: the nour has stress versight linderdeg dutrdige tapestry Same speakers sens the fret syllable of these wards a mown and vers 1560 UNIT31TEP 2 FOCUSED PRACTICE EXERCISE 1: Stress Patterns for Nouns and Verbs @ Al Listen and repeat the words. Noun Verb La. cbnduct 1b condiict 2 aw rebel b, reba Bese: Beye 4m pedigree 1b. progréss (a sau cateetit fi eeaphe & & pritest bb. provist an ee iy: pres Ba permit b. permft 9. a, dverflow 1b. overtiiw 1B} PAIRS: Say o word and promounce it carefully #0 your partner con say whether itis @nown or a verb, EXERCISE 2: Apply the Rule ‘Complete the sentences withthe correct form ofthe word in parentheses. Puta stress mark (over the stresed syllable. Then practice abe sentences with a partner 1. Alenrner’s _ you to drive when there's a licensed driver in the car, (perm 2. Although the police consider him a he's innocent. (suspect) 3. Ardigious is someone who hus from ane religion ta another (convert) 4, The farm a wide variety af ipeoduce) 8. There are opinions abaut the feonflict) 61 the large ugly you've pul there, Please neve it. (object) Words Used as Nouns or Wertas Words with Prepositional Prefixes 157EXERCISE 3: Stress with Nouns and Verbs: © Uistem to the semences. Place a stress mark ("over the stresed rilable in the underiined wesc. Then choose a sentence and say itto the class, 1. You had the foresight to foreaee the outrage we overlooked. 2. The farmhands produced recard amounts of produce. 3. There Were conllicting reports ubaut the conflict 4, The researchers subjected the subjoct’s forvarms to a series of tests, 5. They say that forewarned is forearmed 6. The soldier decided to desert in the desert, EXERCISE 4: Prepositional Prefixes @ Al tien ond repent. Make sure you understand the words, curcome — outdistance overjoyed «overtake «= underrate foresee tortoise underdog uproar @ Bi Listen to the recanding and complete the sentences with the wards you hear ‘The tortoise and the hare decided to race, The tortoise, of course, was the 1 Noe of the forest creatures in the audience for a moment that the tortoise z night the hare and win, But no one could the x of the race, And, as. we all know, the ere —___ the lorinise; ‘When the race began the hare easily ___the tortoise and was soon out of sight. But the tortoise to quit. With such a great lead, the hare * himself to rake a rest, which soon turned into # nap, and then, into a deep sleep, All the while, the Well, you ie the sleeping hare and won the race. Jortolse was creeping along the course, making slow but steady Iknonw the story. The tortoise eventuall 7 There was a joyous from the forest animals during the minute or 90 it tok @ the tortnise to cross the finish line. The entire audience was 7 to see the x arrigant hare finally get his comeuppance." “eeencappance: deserved rebuke a pemalty 158 uNITa1STEP 3 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE HABITS AND ADDICTIONS EXERCISE 5: Kicking the Habit @® Al Liteen to the comersation. Suc Stop that. Stop biting your nails, Views I don ever Kinane w doing it.I wish 1 could atop, Stas: Get a manicure so they look nice. Then you worl want ta bite them" Ves: I've tried. But when I think about something else, I start biting them again. Sixx: You've got todo something to break the habit, You stopped smoking five years ago. Ifyou can do that, you can stop biting year fingernail. Viexe Easy for you to say. When I stopped sinking, [started biting my fingernails. *Matural English Use different vowels in the words won”f and want, The vaerel in won’T'is /ow/, the same as the vowel in go, The vowel in wan is ja, the same as the vowel in father ur Fingers 1B | PAIRS: Practice me conversaion, ‘Words Used as Nouns or Verbs: Word with Prepositional Prefixes, 159)EXERCISE 6: Your Turn AL Beard the clictianary definitions of addiction anc habit. An udeliction refers to the Inability to stop the repetition of an excessive behavior that has harmful consequences. Ambir ix an act that you do regularly and usually without thinking, 81 Read the words, Make sure pou understand the meanings. (C1 GROUPS. Use the word from Port 8 to discuss the excessive behaviors below, Are they addictions or habits ar both? How serious are the consequences of these behaviors? Excessive Behaviors 4. iting your (fingernails 2. gambling 3. overeating 4, drinking (alcohol) 5. smoking (tobacco) 6 taking prescription drugs 2 a 9, 10. mM. 12 vigorous exerebse playing video games ‘the rivet shoppin ‘working ‘other TEP 4 EXTENDED PRACTICE DO Accuracy Practice Listen again to Exercise 3 on page 158 Then record the sentences. QpFvency Practice Record youranswerr to the questions. 1, What bad habits have you had in the past? 2. Were you able to break the habits? Explain, 1600 UNIT31