Ric aucune Basic Principle of Extraction Ba: Principle of Extraction NEED FOR EXTRACTION OF METALS Section - 1 We all use metals in our day to day life sometimes directly and sometimes indirectly. For example, Iron is used in making electromagnets, chains, et. Stee is used in making machinery parts, household utensils. Silver and gold are used in making Jewellery. We can find numerous examples where we use metals. Since metals do not occur in pure form in earth's crust, we need to extract metals from their ores or minerals, Occurrence of Metals : ‘Metals occurin various forms. Some in native form, some in carbonate form and some in oxide form. Those metals that arc Teast reactive and have very litle affinity for oxygen, moisture and other chemical reagents oceur in free or metallic or native state. > Natural substances in which metals or their compounds occur in earth are called ner. > Those minerals from which metals ean be extracted conveniently and profitably are known as 07s Mlustration : Acertain metal M occurs in three compounds namely A, B, C, Ahas 15% of M, B has 66% of M and C has 714% of M. Ifwe extract M from A, it costs Rs 35 per kg, if we extract it from B, it costs Rs 45 per kg and if we extract from C, it costs Rs 1110perkg. Now both A, B, C are minerals as they contain M, but all cannot be called ores. Extraction of M from mineral A would cost less but would result ina very less amount. Similarly, extraction from C would result in large amount but it will also cost a large sum. Hence, B is the appropriate mineral from which M should be extracted as it would give sufficient amount and ‘would not even cost much, In that case, B is the ore of M. For example: Bauxite (Al,0, 2 H,0) and Clay (AI,0,2 SiO, 2,0) both are minerals of Aluminium. But still Bauxite is appropriate ore but not Clay since we can extract Aluminium more profitably and quantitatively from Bauxite. Commercially Important Ores : 1. Native Ores : ‘These ores contain metals in the free state. They exist in free state because they are very unreactive. Some of important metals are Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), Platinum (PO), Mercury (Hg) ete, 2. Sulphurised and Arsenical ores ‘These ores consist of sulphides and arsenides in simple and complex forms of metas, Metal Name of the Ore Pb Galena Pos Z Zine blende 2S Hg Cinnabar Hes Set Study Course for TEE with Ontine suppor 1Basic Principle of Extraction ECU ered is aa [as] Fe ion pyites FS, ce Copper ries cures, Eres cus 3. O ised Ores In these ores, metals are present as their oxides or oxy-salts such as carbonates, nitrates, sulphates, phosphates, silicates, ete. Oxides: Carbonates : Nitrates Sulphates Haematite Fe,0, Magnetite Fe,0, Bauxite 1,0, 21,0, Corundum ALO, Chromite Fe0.Cr,0, Tinstone (Cassiterite) Sn0, Pyrotusite Mn0, Magnesite Msco, Lime stone cco, Dolomite CaCO, MgCo, Calarine ZO, Malachite exo, CuO), Anurite CuO), 2CxCO, Cerussite PbCO, Siderite FeCO, Chile salepetre NaNO, Salt petre KNO, Epsom salt MzS0,.7H,0 Gypsum €:S0,211,0 Glauber’salt 1Na,S0,1011,0 2 QESISTONNNININIINIINIA, sey cure omen one ipoVidyamandir Classes Phosphates and Silicates Fluor-apatite 3Ca,(PO,), CaF, Felspar KAISi,O, 4, Halide Ores : Metallic halides are very few in nature, Chlorides are most common ores, Common salt Nal Horaailver Agcl Carmalite KCLMgCI, 61,0 Floorspar GE, ryote Na, AIF, ‘Note: You Don't need to cram all these compounds in one go. As you will read the chapter these compounds will slowly set in ‘your mind, METALLURGY Section - 2 ‘The complete process of obtaining a pure metal from one ofits ores is known as metallurgy, The method to extract a metal is generally not universal, as it depends upon a number of factors such as its chemical nature and reactivity, nature of ore, ‘nature of impurities and local conditions, ete. But still in general, metallurgy is divided into following three steps. 1 Concentration of the Ore LL Obtaining Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore ML Refining of Crude Metal Different methods are available for each of these stages. Choice of any method depends upon the nature of metal and type of impurity present inthe ore. 1. Concentration of the Ore : Concentration of an ore deals with the removal of unwanted impurities. Ores usually contain soil, sand, stones and other useless silicates. These unwanted impurities are named gangue or matrix. For concentration, metal is crushed and powdered and then it undergoes concentration, Concentration of ore involves physical as well as chemical methods. Itis also known as Dressing or Benefication of the ore. (Hydra Principle : Itis based on the difference in specific gravity of ore and gangue particles. Sel study Course for MJEE with Ontine Suppor 3