JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

SESI DISEMBER 2020

HYDRAULICS
LABORATORY REPORT

LAB TITLE : BERNOULLI’S EQUATION REPORT

DATE : 3 JUN 2021

STUDENT NAME : NUR SYAHIRAH BINTI JARKASI

REGISTRATION NUMBER : 04DKA19F1011
PROGRAMS / CLASS : DKA 4D
CODE AND COURSE NAME : DCC40172-HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
LABORATORY LECTURER : ENCIK ZULKIFLI BIN MUSTAFA
1.0 OBJECTIVES

 The objective of the experiment is to prove that the correlation between the
static head and thekeltic head is existing according to BernoulliÕs equation.
During this experiment, BernoulliÕsequation and continuity equation should
be used to test the conservation of mass and energy respectively.

2.0 THEORY

 In a fluid system, such as airflow and current, with the increase in flow
velocity,the pressure which produced by fluid will decrease. Daniel Bernoulli
discovered this principle in 1738. And this principle was called as BernoulliÕs
principle. The content of BernoulliÕ¹¹
p+1/2 ρ v 2 + ρ gh=C

This equation is called BernoulliÕs equation. In this equation, p represents

pressure,v representsflow velocity,ρ represents density,g represents
acceleration of gravity, h represents height and C is aconstant number. This
equation can also shown as:

P1+1/2 ρv 12 + ρgh 1= p 2+1/2 ρv 2²+ ρgh2

In this equation,p1 represents the static pressure at section 1,p2

represents the static pressure atsection 2.Cause BernoulliÕs equation is
inferred by the conservation of mechanical energy.So onlyideal fluid is
available,which viscosity can be ignored and can not be compressed.From
the Figure1,BernoulliÕs equation can be understood more clearer
 Figure 1:continuum mechanics

When liquid flow,the mechanical energy of liquid flow will exist in three different
kinds ofform.The three different kinds of forms are potential energy,pressure energy
and kinetic energy.Andthese three different kinds of form can be converted to each
other.In the ideal situation,whichwithout flow energy loss.The total energy of these three
different kinds of form is constant.Bothsides of the equation,which is shown above,are
divided by ρg.So BernoulliÕs principle can berepresented like:

v 12 2
P1/ρg+ =h 1= p 2/ ρg+ v 2 /2 g+h 2
2g

Also,the principle of plane takes off is based on BernoulliÕs principle.In hydraulics

andfluidics,BernoulliÕs principle is applied widely.During this experiment,only water
passes through the tube.Based on the conservation of mass,thetotal rate of fluid is
constant.So the formula is shown below:

A1v1=A2v2=constant

From this equation,A1 is the cross sectional area at section 1,v1 is the velocity of the
flow,A2 is thecross sectional area at section 2,v2 is the velocity of the flow.
2. diagram

Figure 2: experiment set up

3.0 PROCEDURE

1.The equipment of this experiment was shown in Figure 2.

2.Firstly,the experiment set-up was checked and a piece of paper was put behind the
manometertubes.

3.Secondly,the pump was started and a flow of water was initiated through the test rig.

4.Next,the swivel tube was adjusted at the outlet tank to obtain a head of 100mm

5.Thirdly,the height of the water level was marked in each manometer tube on the
paper,which was put behind the manometer tubes before.

6.After this,data was recored on results sheets.

7.Finally,the time taken to fill the measuring tank from 0 to 10 litres was measured and
recorded.
4.0 RESULTS
5.0 CALCULATION

The experiment has given that:

Density of water=1000kg/m³
Quantity of water collected(litres)=1L
The time taken to fill the measuring tank from 0 to 10 litres are 10.65s and
11.15s.The average of
the time is:
(10.65+11.15)/2=10.9s
Time to collect water(secs)=10.9s

Because 1L=10⁻³m³ , hence:

volumetric flow(m³/s)10⁻³m³/10.9s=9.174*10⁻⁵m³/s(3 d.f.)
Because 1mm²=10⁻⁶m²,hence:
102.56mm²=102.56*10⁻⁶m²

If static head from manometer is 0.409m and flow area is 102.56mm²,

Velocity=9.174*10⁻⁵m³/s/102.56*10⁻⁶m²=0.895m/s(3 d.f.)
Dynamic head=0.895²/2*9.81=0.041m(3 d.f.)
Total head=0.409m+0.041m=0.450m(3 d.f.)

According to the same method,remaining results can be calculated.

6.0 DISCUSSION

After we calculated the total head,the magnitude of total head of different distance
from inlet is different.Compared with tapping 1 and tapping 11,although the value of
flow area,velocity and dynamic head is the same,the total head of tapping 1 and
tapping 11 is different. Compared with tapping 2 and tapping 10,tapping 3 and
tapping 9 and so on,the same problem existed.We can see that,from the error for
total head is really high.It means that this problem effect the final results and
error is existed during this experiment.

1.Cause pipe inner surface cannot frictionless absolutely.When fluid flow through
the pipe,fluid and pipe will produce frictional resistance.This frictional resistance will
consume the fluid pressure.That
is the reason why after fluid flow through a certain length pipe,the pressure of fluid
will decrease.To explain this phenomenon,the formula is shown below:

This equation is called drag equation.From this equation, F D is the drag force,ρ is
the density of the fluid,\

v is the velocity of the object relative to the fluid, C D is the drag coefficient-a
dimensionless number and A is the cross sectional area.

2.When we mark the height of the water level on the paper,which was put behind
the manometer tubes before,it is impossible to keep the same level with water level
entirely accurate.

7.0 CONCLUSION

In this experiment,with the measurement of static head, the relationship between

the static head and the keltic head is existing according to Bernoulli’s equation